d2-R - Test of Attention – Revised

Instructions:
This test is designed to evaluate your selective attention skills. A sequence of letters will be
presented, and your task is to mark all the "p" and "d" letters. Ignore the other letters and only
mark the "p"s and "d"s.

Instructions:

1. Carefully read each letter.

2. Mark every d you find.

3. Do not mark any other letters.

4. Try to work quickly but with accuracy.

5. The test lasts for 8 minutes. Don’t worry about the exact time, but aim to complete the
task as quickly as possible without sacrificing precision.

6. If you make a mistake, don’t worry, just continue.

Tip: Stay focused on the "d"s to avoid errors.

pdppddpddpppddpddpdpppdpppdpdpdppdpddpdppdpdppd

pdpdpppddpppdddpddppppdpddppddpddpdpddpppdpddpp

ppdpdppdddpppdpdpppddppddppdpdpdppdddpppddpdpdd

dpddpppdppdppdppdppddppdppppdpdppdpppddpdpdpdpp

dpppdpddppddppddppdppppdppdppddpppdppdddpdddppp

pdpdppdpddpddpppppdddpppppddppdpdppdpdddpddppdp

dddpddppdppdpdpppppppdppdpddppdpppddpppdppdpdpp

pdpdddpdppddppdpppdpppdpdpdppdppdpddppddppppddp

ddppdpdppdpdpdppddddppddppppdppdppdpdpdpppddppp

dpppdppdpdddppppdpdpdpddddppppddppddppddpppdpdp

pddpdpdpddpdpddpdppddpddppdddppdpppdddppppdpddp

dpddppdpdpdpdppdpppdpdppdpddpppdpddpddpddpppppp

ppppdpdpppdppdppdddppppdpdpdpddddppppdpppppdpdp

dpdppdpdpppdddppdppdpppddppddpdpdpppdpddpdddppd
d2-R - Test of Attention – Revised

D2-R Test of Attention Methodology for Correction:

Correcting for the "P" and "D" Test:

The test is based on identifying the target letters ("P" and "D") from distractor letters (e.g.,
other letters, no letters, or other types of symbols).

The d2-R Test typically uses "d" and "p" with diacritical marks, but in this case, we can adapt it
to just the regular letters "P" and "D."

Scoring System:

Hits (Correct Identifications): Each time the participant correctly identifies a "P" or "D", it
counts as a correct response. The accuracy is the ratio of correct responses to the total
number of target letters ("P" and "D").

Formula: Hits = Number of correctly identified P’s and D’s

Errors (False Positives or Misses): If a participant marks an incorrect letter (i.e., marking a non-
target letter as a "P" or "D") or misses a target letter, it counts as an error. This can be further
divided into:

False Positives (Type I Errors): Marking a letter that isn’t "P" or "D".

Misses (Type II Errors): Failing to mark a "P" or "D" that was present.

Speed/Time:

Total Time: The total time taken to complete the test is one of the key metrics in the d2-R
Test. The ideal time for the test should be around 8 minutes.

The number of correct responses within this timeframe is measured against the expected time
norms.

Steps to Correct:

Total Hits:

Count how many "P"s and "D"s the participant identified correctly in the test sheet.

False Positives:

Identify any non-target letters (other than "P" or "D") that the participant mistakenly marked
as "P" or "D".

Misses:

Review the test sheet and ensure no "P"s or "D"s were overlooked. If a "P" or "D" is missing
from the participant's list, it’s considered a miss.

Final Score Calculation:

Correct Responses (Hits) = Total number of correctly marked "P"s and "D"s.

Errors = False positives + Misses.

The final score can be calculated as follows:

Accuracy = (Hits / Total Target Letters) x 100

A higher percentage of accuracy reflects better attention and focus.

Evaluation of Speed:

Measure how quickly the participant finishes the task. The ideal time for the test should be
around 8 minutes.

If the participant finishes too quickly, they may have rushed, and if they finish too slowly, it
might indicate attention or processing issues.

Example:

Test Duration: 8 minutes

Total Target Letters (P’s and D’s): 1600 (total letters to identify in the test).

Correct Identifications (Hits): 1500.

Errors (False Positives and Misses): 100.

The Accuracy would be:

Accuracy Percentage:

The accuracy percentage shows how well the participant was able to identify the target letters
(P and D) and avoid making mistakes.

What it means:

Higher accuracy percentage (90% or above): Indicates good selective attention, speed, and
accuracy. The participant was able to focus on the task, identified the correct targets ("P"s and
"D"s), and avoided distractions.

Lower accuracy percentage (below 80%): Indicates the participant may have struggled with
either identifying the correct targets, misidentified distractors, or had attention lapses during
the task. This could suggest poor concentration or visual scanning issues.

Example:

If a participant identifies 1500 correct "P"s and "D"s out of 1600 targets:

Result: The participant had high accuracy, which is a good sign of strong attention and
concentration.
d2-R - Test of Attention – Revised

2. False Positives (Errors):

False positives occur when a participant marks a letter as a "P" or "D" when it isn't one. This
could be a random letter or an incorrect guess.

What it means:

High false positive rate: This could indicate impulsivity, where the participant is marking too
quickly without checking carefully.

Low false positive rate: Indicates careful scanning and checking before marking letters.

Example:

If the participant accidentally marks 30 non-target letters as "P" or "D", this is counted as 30
false positives.

3. Misses (Errors):

Misses occur when a target letter (either "P" or "D") is present but the participant does not
identify it.

What it means:

High miss rate: This could indicate lack of attention, fatigue, or difficulty in processing the
targets. It might also suggest that the participant was distracted or could not maintain focus
over the 8-minute duration.

Low miss rate: Indicates good attention to detail and an ability to maintain focus throughout
the test.

Example:

If there are 50 "P"s and "D"s that the participant fails to identify, this is counted as 50 misses.

4. Speed (Time Taken to Complete the Test):

The time it takes to complete the test is another critical measure. Participants should ideally
finish in 8 minutes.

What it means:

Fast completion: If the participant completes the test too quickly (in less than 6 minutes, for
example), it may suggest that they are rushing and not paying careful attention to the task.

Slow completion: If the test takes longer than 9 minutes, it might indicate difficulty in
processing information or maintaining focus over the full duration.

Ideally, 8 minutes is considered an optimal completion time.

Example 1: High Accuracy

Hits: 1500

Total Target Letters (P's and D's): 1600

Accuracy: 93.75%
d2-R - Test of Attention – Revised

False Positives: 10

Misses: 90

Time Taken: 7 minutes 30 seconds

Interpretation: The participant showed high accuracy, meaning they were attentive and
focused throughout the test. The low number of false positives indicates they didn’t rush, and
the misses could be slightly reduced, but the overall result is still positive.

Example 2: Low Accuracy

Hits: 1200

Total Target Letters (P's and D's): 1600

Accuracy: 75%

False Positives: 50

Misses: 350

Time Taken: 9 minutes

Interpretation: The participant had a lower accuracy score, which suggests they struggled to
focus on the task. The high number of misses shows that they didn’t identify many target
letters, and the false positives indicate that they might have rushed through some sections.
The longer time taken could reflect fatigue or difficulty maintaining focus.

Interpreation:

High Accuracy (90% or more) = Good attention and concentration.

Low Accuracy (below 80%) = Struggles with selective attention, visual scanning, or distraction.

False Positives (few) = Careful, accurate scanning.

Misses (few) = Strong attention to detail and focus.

Optimal Time (around 8 minutes) = Balanced speed and attention.

By looking at both the accuracy percentage and the number of misses and false positives, you
can get a better understanding of the participant's attention and visual scanning abilities.