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EV BMS Project

The thesis presents a project on an Electric Vehicle Battery Management System (BMS) that integrates charge monitoring and fire protection using Arduino. It aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of EV batteries by continuously monitoring their state of charge and health while preventing thermal runaway through fire protection mechanisms. The project is a low-cost prototype designed for educational purposes, showcasing the importance of robust BMS solutions in the growing electric vehicle market.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views51 pages

EV BMS Project

The thesis presents a project on an Electric Vehicle Battery Management System (BMS) that integrates charge monitoring and fire protection using Arduino. It aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of EV batteries by continuously monitoring their state of charge and health while preventing thermal runaway through fire protection mechanisms. The project is a low-cost prototype designed for educational purposes, showcasing the importance of robust BMS solutions in the growing electric vehicle market.

Uploaded by

sahil.akhtar1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EV BMS WITH CHARGE MONITORING AND FIRE

PROTECTION USING ARDUINO

A thesis submitted
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
The degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering

Submitted by

Anjelina Dutta (210910003002)


Kalpita Kalita (210910003023)
Nandan Jyoti Ray (210910003031)
Sahil Akhtar (210910003043)
Silpisikha Bharadwaz (210910003045)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


BINESWAR BRAHMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOKRAJHAR, ASSAM
NOVEMBER-2024
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BINESWAR BRAHMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOKRAJHAR-783370, ASSAM, INDIA

Date…………....

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in the entitled as “Electric Vehicle Battery
Management System with Charge Monitoring and Fire Protection Using Arduino”
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY” in Electrical Engineering submitted in the Dept. of Electrical
Engineering of Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar under Assam Science
and Technology University is a real record of our own work carried out under the
supervisor.

We also declare that the same report has not been submitted anywhere else as a part
of any requirements for any degree/diploma, etc.

Anjelina Dutta
(210910003002)

Kalpita Kalita
(210910003023)

Nandan Jyoti Ray


(210910003031)

Sahil Akhtar
(210910003043)

Silpisikha Bharadwaz
(210910003045)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BINESWAR BRAHMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOKRAJHAR-783370, ASSAM, INDIA

Date…………...

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the work embodies in project “Electric Vehicle Battery
Management System with Charge Monitoring and Fire Protection Using Arduino”
being submitted by Anjelina Dutta (210910003002), Kalpita Kalita 210910003023),
Nandan Jyoti Ray (210910003031), Sahil Akhtar (210910003043), Silpisikha Bharadwaz
(210910003045) to the department of Electrical Engineering is carried out under my
supervision.

The project work has been prepared as per regulation of Bineswar Brahma Engineering
College, Kokrajhar and I strongly recommended that this project work would be accepted
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering.

Supervisor Dr. Dayal Ch. Shill


Head of the Department
Department of E.E
BBEC, Kokrajhar
Assam - 783370
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude and special thanks
to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Dr. Dayal Ch. Shill (HOD) of Bineswar
Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar, Assam forgiving us the opportunity and guiding
us through the entire project.

We express our deepest thanks to the supervisor who took the initiative and gave us
necessary advice and guidance, and arranged all facilities to make our project easier.

We would also like to express our gratitude towards Dr. Dayal Ch. Shill, Head of the
Dept., Electrical Engineering Dept., Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar,
Assam for his kind attitude, invaluable guidance, immense help, and encouragement,
which helped in carrying out our project work.

We are extremely thankful to all our department faculty members and our friends who
helped us in successful completion of this project.

i
ABSTRACT

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates advanced battery management
systems (BMS) to ensure safety, efficiency, and longevity of the battery packs. This paper
presents an innovative BMS solution integrating charge monitoring and fire protection
functionalities using Arduino. The proposed system continuously monitors the state of
charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) of the EV battery, employing precise voltage,
current, and temperature sensors. To enhance safety, the system includes a fire protection
mechanism that detects abnormal thermal events and activates appropriate
countermeasures to prevent thermal runaway.

The integration with Arduino provides a cost-effective and flexible platform for real-
time data processing and control. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed BMS in maintaining optimal charging conditions and preventing potential fire
hazards, thereby contributing to the overall reliability and safety of electric vehicles.
Additionally, the modular design of the system allows for easy scalability and adaptability
to various EV models, paving the way for broader application in the growing EV market.
This research underscores the importance of robust BMS solutions in fostering a
sustainable and safe electric vehicle ecosystem.

ii
CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
ABBREVIATIONS v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3 SCOPE 2
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 4-7
2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 4
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6
2.4 FLOW CHART 7
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN & IMPLIMENTATION 8-9
3.1 SOFTWARE USED FOR SIMULATION 8
3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN 9
CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS 10-34
4.1 ARDUINO UNO 10
4.1.1 FEATURES 10
4.1.2 ARDUINO UNO TO ATmega328 PIN 11
MAPPING
4.1.3 COMPASION BETWEEN ATmega48 12
PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA
AND ATmega328P
4.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 13
4.2.1 TRANSFORMER 13
4.2.2 RECTIFICATION 15
4.2.3 DIODE 16
4.2.4 CAPACITOR 17
4.2.5 RESISTOR 17
4.2.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 19
4.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) 20
4.4 TEMPERATURE 21
4.4.1 LM35 SENSOR SPECIFICATION 21
4.4.2 LM35 SENSOR PINOUT 22
CONFIGURATION
4.5 VOLTAGE SENSOR 22
4.6 CURRENT SENSOR 23
4.6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 24
4.6.2 ACS712 CURRENT SENSOR 24
4.6.3 ACS712 IC PIN CONFIGURATION 25
4.7 BUZZER 25
4.7.1 SPECIFICATIONS 26
4.7.2 TYPES OF BUZZERS 27
4.8 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY (11.2V) 27
4.8.1 FEATURES 28
4.8.2 APPLICATIONS 28
4.8.3 SPECIFICATIONS 28
4.9 LCD UNIT 29
4.9.1 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION 30
4.10 RELAY DRIVER IC 32
4.10.1 ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS 33
4.10.2 DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS 33
4.10.3 RELAY DRIVER 34
CHAPTER 5 OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM 35-37
5.1 OPERATIONS 35
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 35
5.3 ADVANTAGES 36
5.4 APPLICATIONS 37
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK 38
6.1 CONCLUSION 38
6.2 FUTURE WORK 38
REFERENCES 39
APPENDIX I 40-41
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of EV BMS circuit 5


Figure 2.2 Circuit diagram of EV BMS using Arduino uno 6
Figure 2.3 Flow chart of the operating system 7
Figure 3.1 Circuit diagram on Proteus 8 9
Figure 4.1 Arduino Uno 10
Figure 4.2 Pin configuration of Arduino uno 11
Figure 4.3 Circuit diagram of regulated power supply 13
Figure 4.4 Step down Transformer 14
Figure 4.5 Full wave Bridge rectifier 16
Figure 4.6 Diode 16
Figure 4.7 Capacitor 17
Figure 4.8 Resistor 18
Figure 4.9 Colour bands in resistor 18
Figure 4.10 Voltage regulator 19
Figure 4.11 Inside a LED 20
Figure 4.12 Parts of a LED 20
Figure 4.13 LM35 sensor 22
Figure 4.14 Voltage sensor 23
Figure 4.15 Current sensor 24
Figure 4.16 ACS712 Pin Configuration 25
Figure 4.17 Buzzer 26
Figure 4.18 Li-ion rechargeable battery 27
Figure 4.19 LCD unit 30
Figure 4.20 Relay driver IC 33
Figure 4.21 Schematic circuit diagram of relay driver 34

iii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

Table 4.1 Memory Size Summary 12


Table 4.2 LM35 pin description 22
Table 4.3 LCD pin configuration 31

iv
ABBREVIATIONS

EV Electric Vehicle
BMS Battery Management System
SoC State of Charge
SoH State of Health
SoA Safe Operating Area
PWM Pulse Width modulation
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
MOSFET Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor
PCB Printed Circuit Board
IoT Internet of Things
MCU Microcontroller Unit
IC Integrated Circuit
Li-ion Lithium-Ion
LED Light Emitting Diode
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
DMM Digital Multimeter
USB Universal Serial Bus

v
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Over the past decade, Electric Vehicles (EVs) have become an obvious response to a
topical problem of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles that result in
sustainability and environmental issues. The Battery Management System (BMS) is a key
part of EV technology, designed to maximize the performance, safety and life of the battery
pack. Since batteries are likely to degrade or become dangerous and explode under certain
conditions, charge monitoring is necessary and below we talk about robust BMS with good
battery charge detection and fire protection mechanisms.

The BMS has many important roles to play; some of these include monitoring the
state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH) and temperature values for the battery.
Important monitoring of these parameters and protecting the battery from causing defects
can prevent safety events. By introducing fire protection measures particularly in the BMS,
means risks like thermal runaway are minimized. Additionally, the charge monitoring
feature of a BMS is essential for keeping track with high accuracy on how much energy
has been stored and discharged to manage power effectively as well as taking measures
into account so that battery life can be extended.

The project exposes how to build an Electric Vehicle Battery Management System
(EV BMS) with Arduino platform. An open-source, versatile and easy-to-use
microcontroller like Arduino would provide an adaptable architecture to develop &
prototype this BMS. We can use Arduino to realize the real-time monitoring of voltage,
current, temperature and fire indication signals associated with EV batteries for further
enhancing their safety. In this report the designed, developed and tested EV BMS is
discussed in relation to charge monitoring and fire safety focusing the attention on
Arduino-based systems as they may cover vital areas of the required functionalities for an
academic but high-tech compliant BMS in modern Electric Vehicles (EV).

1
1.2 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to create a Battery Management System (BMS) for an
Electric Vehicle with charge monitoring and fire protection by using Arduino. Objectively,
the specifics are:

i. Real Time Charge Monitoring: The primary aim of this phase is to develop a
Proteus system that can accurately monitor the state of charge and health of
batteries, timely during operation to ensure safe power levels throughout EV>Error
detection. (Completed in 7th semester)
ii. Simulation in Proteus 8: The purpose of the simulation phase is to test and verify
the design of the electronic circuit in a virtual environment using Proteus software.
Simulation reduces risks by allowing troubleshooting and debugging without the
need for physical components. This helps identify and fix potential issues early,
saving time and resources in the later stages. (Completed in 7th semester)
iii. Hardware Compilation: In this phase, the focus is on translating the simulated
design into actual hardware by assembling the physical components. Hardware
compilation involves gathering the necessary components (like resistors,
capacitors, microcontrollers, etc.), creating PCB (printed circuit board) layouts if
needed, and setting up the circuit according to the specifications verified in Proteus.
(Will be completed in 8th semester)
iv. Hardware Demonstration: The final stage involves demonstrating the fully
assembled hardware to showcase its functionality. This includes showing that the
hardware meets the project requirements, performs as expected, and achieves the
intended goals. It also gives an opportunity to display the project’s usability,
robustness, and readiness for deployment or further development. (Will be
completed in 8th semester)

1.3 SCOPE

An Electric Vehicle Battery Management System is a critical component in electric


vehicles, designed to monitor, manage, and protect the battery pack. This project scope
encompasses basic BMS prototype development; charge monitoring and fire safety feature
for electric vehicle applications (design-implement-partial testing).

2
The scope are as follows:

i. On Hardware: Sensors (voltage / current / temperature) monitoring battery


conditions. The Arduino platform will act as a primary controller that processes the
data and forwards them.
ii. Software (Programming): This is writing and testing code in the Arduino IDE to
provide data acquisition, processing and safe response. It Manage real-time checks
and alerts based on-threshold.
iii. Prototype Testing and Evaluation: Test the prototype in a controlled
environment for function testing related to charge monitoring, fire protection as
well as some overcharging, discharge cycle and overheating condition simulations.

This project is constrained to be a low-cost prototype using only the Arduino


development board and therefore isn't applicable directly for use in high performance EVs,
but an illustration meant as proof of concept of BMS designs.

3
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE


Battery management systems do not have a fixed or unique set of criteria that must be
adopted. The technology design scope and implemented features generally correlate with:

• The costs, complexity, and size of the battery pack.


• Application of the battery and any safety, lifespan, and warranty concerns.
• Certification requirements from various government regulations where costs and
penalties are paramount if inadequate functional safety measures are in place.

There are many BMS design features, with battery pack protection management and
capacity management being two essential features. We’ll discuss how these two features
work here:

1) Battery Monitoring:
• The BMS continuously monitors the voltage, current, and temperature of each
battery cell.
• It calculates the SoC of the battery pack and ensures that the cells are balanced.
• If any cell deviates from the safe operating range, the BMS triggers an alarm and
can take actions like reducing charging current or stopping charging altogether.
2) Motor Control:
• The motor controller receives commands from the BMS and other sensors.
• It regulates the voltage and current supplied to the motor to control its speed and
torque.
• It also monitors the motor's temperature and current to prevent overheating.
3) Charge Monitoring:
• The BMS monitors the charging current and voltage to ensure that they are within
safe limits.
• It also monitors the battery temperature to prevent overheating during charging.
• Once the battery is fully charged, the BMS automatically stops the charging
process.

4
4) Fire Protection:

• Flame sensors continuously monitor the environment for signs of fire.


• If a fire is detected, the BMS triggers an alarm and initiates fire suppression
measures, such as activating a fire extinguisher or disconnecting the battery pack.

Arduino's Role:

Data Acquisition: The Arduino reads data from various sensors, including voltage,
current and temperature sensors.

Data Processing: It processes the sensor data to determine the state of the battery pack
and the motor.

Decision Making: Based on the processed data, the Arduino makes decisions, such as
controlling the charging process, regulating motor speed, or triggering fire alarms.

Communication: It communicates with other components, such as the BMS and motor
controller, to coordinate their actions.

By integrating these components and leveraging the capabilities of the Arduino


microcontroller, an effective EV BMS can be implemented to ensure the safety, efficiency,
and longevity of electric vehicles.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of EV BMS circuit

5
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 2.2: Circuit diagram of EV BMS using Arduino uno

6
2.4 FLOW CHART

Figure 2.3: Flow chart of the operating system

7
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 SOFTWARE USED FOR SIMULATION


Proteus 8 Professional:

Proteus 8 Professional is a comprehensive software suite designed for electronic circuit


design and simulation. It offers a wide range of features that make it a popular choice for
engineers, students, and hobbyists.

Key Features:

1) Schematic Capture:
• Powerful schematic capture tools for creating complex circuit designs.
• Extensive component libraries, including microcontrollers, digital ICs, analog ICs,
and more.
• Customizable component libraries.
2) PCB Design:
• Advanced PCB layout capabilities for creating professional-quality PCBs.
• Automatic and interactive routing tools.
• Design Rule Check (DRC) to ensure design integrity.
• Gerber file generation for manufacturing.
3) Circuit Simulation:
• Mixed-mode simulation for both analog and digital circuits.
• Real-time simulation with accurate component models.
• Support for a wide range of microcontrollers and peripherals.
• Virtual prototyping to test designs before physical implementation.
4) Virtual System Modelling (VSM):
• Model and simulate complex systems, including hardware and software
components.
• Integrate microcontroller code with circuit simulation.
• Visualize system behaviour and debug issues.

Arduino IDE: The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and
upload it to the board.

8
This software can be used with any Arduino board. The Arduino Integrated Development
Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) contains a text editor for writing code, a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of
menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them.

3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN

Figure 3.1: Circuit diagram on Proteus 8

9
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 ARDUINO UNO


Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and
the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past, or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Figure 4.1: Arduino Uno

4.1.1 Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller.
• Advanced RISC Architecture.
• 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution.
• 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers.
• Fully Static Operation.
• Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz.

10
4.1.2 Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping
When ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image below
shows the pin mapping between the two.

Figure 4.2: Pin configuration of Arduino uno

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pin
Mode(),digital Read () and digital Write () functions in Arduino programming. Each pin
operates at 5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has an internal
pull-up resistor of 20-50 K Ohms which are disconnected by default.

Out of these 14 pins, some pins have specific functions as listed below:

• Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit
TTL serial data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to
TTL serial chip.
• External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

11
• PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using
the analog Write () function.
• SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for
SPI communication.
• In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with a built-in LED. When pin 13 is
HIGH, the LED is on, and when pin 13 is LOW, it is off.
• Analog Pins: There are 6 analog input pins, each providing 10 bits of resolution
i.e., 1024 different values. They measure from 0 to 5 volts but this limit can be
increased by using the AREF pin with the analog Reference () function.
• Analog Pin 4 (SDA) and Pin 5 (SCA): These are used for TWI communication
using the Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

• AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analog reference
() function.
• Resent Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

4.1.3 Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and


ATmega328P

Table 4.1: Memory Size Summary

Device Flash EEPROM RAM Interrupt Vector Size


ATmega48PA 4K Bytes 256 Bytes 512 Bytes 1 instruction words
ATmega88PA 8K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 1 instruction words
ATmega168PA 16K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 2 instruction words
ATmega328P 32K Bytes 1K Bytes 2K Bytes 2 instruction words

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in


memory sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 4.1 summarizes the
different memory and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P support a real Read-While-Write


Self-Programming mechanism. There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM

12
instruction can only execute from there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write
support and no separate Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction can execute from the
entire Flash.

4.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY


A regulated power supply is an electronic circuit designed to provide a stable and
consistent DC voltage output, regardless of fluctuations in input voltage or load conditions.
It typically includes a combination of components such as a transformer, diodes,
capacitors, and resistors to convert and stabilize the AC input to a steady DC output.

Figure 4.3: Circuit diagram of regulated power supply

The components mainly used in above figure are

• 230V AC MAINS
• TRANSFORMER
• BRIDGE RECTIFIER (DIODES)
• CAPACITOR
• VOLTAGE REGULATOR (IC 7805)
• RESISTOR
• LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above are as follows:

4.2.1 Transformer

The transformer is essential for converting high AC voltage from the mains (e.g., 120V or
230V) to a lower, more manageable AC voltage. This reduction is crucial for safe operation

13
and for providing the right input level to other components in the circuit. Transformers
have two sets of coils: the primary and secondary windings.

The ratio of turns (or coils) between the primary and secondary winding determines
the voltage conversion. By lowering the voltage, the transformer allows the circuit to
handle lower, safer voltages and prevents damage to sensitive components in the power
supply.

Figure 4.4: Step down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the Turns Ratio.

If the primary voltage is 240 volts, then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller =
24 volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal
the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected across a 24-
volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts.

Step up transformer:

In case of step-up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to secondary
winding. Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy, and it
releases more voltage at the output side.

Step down transformer:

In case of step-down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the secondary
winding, and secondary winding is having a smaller number of turns because of that it
accepts a smaller number of fluxes, and releases less amount of voltage.

14
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This is to
prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the mains
supply.

4.2.2 Rectification

The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is called as


rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

Rectifiers:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components
of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid-state
diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.

When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is
merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert
AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for
more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the
development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide
or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Full wave bridge rectifier:

The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in figure 4.5, which converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown
in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage
is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected
between the other two ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with
the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

15
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the
previous half cycle. Thus, a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input Output

Figure 4.5: Full wave Bridge rectifier

4.2.3 Diode

Diodes in the circuit act as rectifiers, which means they convert the alternating current
(AC) from the transformer to a direct current (DC). DC is essential because most electronic
devices run on DC, not AC. A single diode allows current to pass only in one direction
(forward direction), blocking the other half of the AC cycle.

However, a more efficient design uses four diodes in a bridge rectifier configuration,
which allows the full AC cycle to be used. This results in a pulsating DC output with both
halves of the AC wave converted to positive. This process allows the conversion of AC to
DC, making it usable for DC-powered circuits.

Figure 4.6: Diode

16
4.2.4 Capacitor

After rectification, the output is still not a smooth DC but rather a pulsating one. The
capacitor acts as a filter to smooth out these pulses, reducing ripple and creating a more
consistent DC output. The capacitor charges up when the voltage rises and discharges
when the voltage falls, effectively filling in the gaps of the pulsed DC waveform. This
results in a smoother voltage output. By smoothing out fluctuations, the capacitor ensures
that the DC output is closer to a flat, stable voltage, which is more suitable for sensitive
electronic devices.

Figure 4.7: Capacitor

4.2.5 Resistor

Resistors are sometimes included to limit current, adjust voltage, or help discharge the
capacitor when the power is turned off. They play various roles depending on the specific
design of the power supply. When used as a current limiter, the resistor restricts the amount
of current flowing through certain parts of the circuit. When placed across a capacitor, it
can help safely discharge the stored energy, ensuring there’s no residual charge when the
power supply is switched off. Resistors provide safety and fine-tuning. They prevent
excessive current that could damage components and aid in safely discharging stored
energy.

17
Figure 4.8: Resistor

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below
which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the
limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design, materials and
dimensions of the resistor.

Figure 4.9: Colour bands in resistor

18
4.2.6 Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to be a
simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input
voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in a
variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage
regulators are designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative input, the
LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’ resistors can increase the output
voltage of a regulator circuit.

It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. We cannot use a 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These can
withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the
regulator will cut off before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to
apply reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost instantly.
Use a voltage regulator when the system needs a very precise and stable voltage supply.
The voltage of an unregulated supply will vary depending on a number of factors. If it is
based on house current, then the voltage will vary according to the power company,
equipment, and time of day.

Figure 4.10: Voltage regulator

19
4.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern
versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness.

Figure 4.11: Inside a LED Figure 4.12: Parts of a LED

The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting semiconductor
material is what determines the LED's colour. The LED is based on the semiconductor
diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon)
is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area
(less than 1 mm²), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern
and assist in reflection. LED’s present many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size,
faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively
expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light
sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than
fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They also enjoy use in applications as

20
diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly
indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LED’s has allowed new text and
video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology.

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

• Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED
to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
• Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of
these objects.
• Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the
human visual system.

4.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The Temperature Sensor LM35 sensor series are precision integrated-circuit temperature
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.

4.4.1 LM35 Sensor Specification

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit LM35 temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 sensor
thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is
not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 sensor does not require any external calibration or trimming
to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full -55°C to
+150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer
level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single
power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply,
it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over
a -55°C to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C sensor is rated for a -40°C to
+110°C range (-10°C with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in

21
hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also
available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D sensor is also available in
an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

4.4.2 LM35 sensor pinout configuration

Figure 4.13: LM35 sensor

Table 4.2: LM35 pin description

Pin Number Pin Name Description


1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications
2 Analog Out There will be increase in 10mV for raise of every
1°C. Can range from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)
3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

4.5 VOLTAGE SENSOR

A voltage sensor is an electronic device designed to measure and monitor voltage levels in
a circuit, whether it's DC (Direct Current) or AC (Alternating Current). These sensors work
by detecting the electrical potential difference between two points and converting it into a
form that can be interpreted by control systems, data loggers, or microcontrollers like
Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

Voltage sensors come in various types, but they generally fall into two categories:
resistive dividers and non-contact (or capacitive) types. A resistive divider is a basic type
of voltage sensor that scales down high voltage levels by splitting the voltage

22
proportionally across resistors. The lower voltage is then sent to an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) on a microcontroller, which reads it and calculates the actual voltage
based on the scaling factor. This method is simple but effective for monitoring DC or low-
frequency AC voltages.

On the other hand, non-contact voltage sensors detect voltage without direct contact
with the conductor. These sensors are often used in applications requiring safety, where
direct contact with high voltages would be hazardous. They operate by detecting the
electric field generated by AC voltage and use this field to infer the voltage level.

For more complex applications, voltage sensors may also include additional circuitry
for signal conditioning, noise reduction, or isolation. Isolation, especially in high-voltage
environments, is essential to protect sensitive electronics from potential surges or spikes.
This way, voltage sensors play a crucial role in power systems, automation, and safety
applications, allowing for precise monitoring and control over voltage levels.

Figure 4.14: Voltage sensor

4.6 CURRENT SENSOR

A device that is used to detect & also change current to assessable output voltage is known
as a current sensor. This output voltage is simply proportional to the current flow
throughout the measured path. After that, this output voltage signal is used to display the
current measured within an ammeter, for controlling purposes or simply stored for more
analysis within a data acquisition system. So, this is the function of a current sensor.

23
Figure 4.15: Current sensor

4.6.1 Working Principle

The working principle of the current sensor is; once current is supplied throughout a circuit
or a wire then a voltage drop takes place and also magnetic field will be generated nearby
the current-carrying conductor. So, there are two kinds of current sensing direct current
sensing & indirect current sensing. Direct sensing mainly depends on Ohm’s law whereas
indirect sensing depends on Ampere’s & Faraday’s law. Direct Sensing is used to measure
the voltage drop associated with the flow of current throughout passive electrical
components. Similarly, indirect sensing is used to measure the magnetic field nearby a
current-carrying conductor. After that, the magnetic field which is produced is used for
inducing proportional current o voltage which is afterward changed to use measurement or
control purposes.

Current sensors are designed in different types like wireless, analog, and digital. These
are used as sensing devices based on the type of benefit. These sensors will monitor the
current values continuously in the appliances or machines within various applications.

4.6.2 ACS712 Current Sensor

The ACS712 Current Sensor is used to measure both AC & DC currents precisely. So, this
current sensor is based on Hall Effect & this IC includes an inbuilt Hall Effect device. The
output of this sensor is an analog voltage that is proportional to AC/DC currents. The
working of this current sensor circuit is quite simple. Once current is supplied from Pins
1,2 and 3,4 throughout the conduction lane, then it produces a magnetic field which is
detected by the hall effect sensor. After that, it is changed into proportional o/p voltage.
So, this equivalent o/p voltage will be attained from the pin-1 of the ACS712 IC.

24
4.6.3 ACS712 IC Pin Configuration

The ACS712 IC includes 8-pins where each pin and its function are discussed below:

Figure 4.16: ACS712 Pin Configuration

• Pins 1 & 2 (IP+): These are positive terminals that are used for sensing current.
• Pins 3 & 4 (IP-): These are negative terminals that are used for sensing current.
• Pin5 (GND): This is a Ground pin.
• Pin6 (FILTER): This pin is used for the external capacitor that sets the bandwidth.
• Pin7 (VIOUT): This is an analog output signal pin.
• Pin8 (VCC): This is a power supply pin.

The IC ACS712 is a low-cost Hall Effect current sensor used to measure up to 20A
current. This IC includes a copper conduction lane through which the flow of current is
measured. The o/p voltage of this is proportional to the input flow of the current.

4.7 BUZZER

Basically, the sound source of a piezoelectric sound component is a piezoelectric


diaphragm. A piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectric ceramic plate which has
electrodes on both sides and a metal plate (brass or stainless steel, etc.). A piezoelectric
ceramic plate is attached to a metal plate with adhesives. Applying D.C. voltage between
electrodes of a piezoelectric diaphragm causes mechanical distortion due to the
piezoelectric effect. For a misshaped piezoelectric element, the distortion of the
piezoelectric element expands in a radial direction. And the piezoelectric diaphragm bends
toward the direction. The metal plate bonded to the piezoelectric element does not expand.
Conversely, when the piezoelectric element shrinks, the piezoelectric diaphragm bends in

25
the direction Thus, when AC voltage is applied across electrodes, the bending is repeated,
producing sound waves in the air.

Figure 4.17: Buzzer

The pin configuration of the buzzer is shown above. It includes two pins namely
positive and negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a
longer terminal. This terminal is powered through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is
represented with the ‘-’ symbol or short terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal.

4.7.1 Specifications

The specifications of the buzzer include the following:


• Black in colour
• The frequency range is 3,300Hz.
• Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C.
• Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC.
• The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm.
• The supply current is below 15mA.

26
4.7.2 Types of Buzzers

A buzzer is available in different types which include the following:

• Piezoelectric
• Electromagnetic
• Mechanical
• Electromechanical
• Magnetic

4.8 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY (11.2V)

This is an original 1200mAh 18650 battery. 18650 battery is a Li-ion rechargeable


battery with a 1200mAh Battery Capacity. This is not a standard AA or AAA battery but
is very useful for applications that require continuous high current or high current in
short bursts like in cameras, DVD players, iPod, etc. An 18650 cell can be charged and
discharged up to 1000 cycles without much loss in battery capacity. They are safe to use,
environment friendly and have long battery life. It comes with high energy density and
provides excellent continuous power sources to your device. It should be used with a
protection circuit board that guards the battery against over-charge, over-discharge of the
pack, and avoid over-current drawn.

Figure 4.18: Li-ion rechargeable battery

27
4.8.1 Features

• High energy density.


• High working voltage for single battery cells.
• Pollution-free.
• Long cycle life.
• No memory effects.
• Capacity, resistance, voltage, platform time consistency is good.
• Good consistency and low self-discharge.
• Lightweight, small size.
• Shape: Cylindrical battery.
• Battery Type: Lithium-Ion battery.
• High performance and capacity.
• Flat top to suit many devices fitting.

4.8.2 Applications

• Electric Scooter
• Electric Bicycle
• E-Skate Board
• Electric Motorcycle
• E-Wheel Chair
• Electric Tool
• Drone
• Power Bank

4.8.3 Specifications

• Nominal Voltage: 3.7V


• Max Charge Voltage: 4.2V
• Discharge Voltage: 2.8V
• Form Factor: 18650
• Life cycle: 200 Cycles
• Rechargeable: Yes

28
• Capacity: 1200mAh
• Weight: 35gm
• Height: 65mm
• Diameter: 18mm

In this project, a three battery pack is used which consist of 11.2 volts.

4.9 LCD UNIT

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated


optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly, instead display backlight or reflector to produce images in colour
or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed
or hidden, such as pre-set words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock.
They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary image are made up of a large
number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a wide
range of applications including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels,
aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common
in portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile
telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics
products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced
heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications.

LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma
displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very
large television receivers. Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer
image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table
frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to
image persistence. The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more
safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can be. By 2008, annual
sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the
CRT became obsolete for most purposes. One of the most common devices attached to a

29
micro controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCD connected to the
many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by
2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

4.9.1 LCD Pin Description

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical, easily programmable,
have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions
given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.

Figure 4.19: LCD unit

30
RS: RS is the register select pin. We need to set it to 1, if we are sending some data to be
displayed on LCD. And we will set it to O if we are sending some command instruction
like clear the screen (hex code 01).

RW: This is Read/write pin, we will set it to 0, if we are going to write some data on LCD.
And set it to 1, if we are reading from LCD module. Generally, this is set to 0, because we
do not have need to read data from LCD. Only one instruction "Get LCD status", need to
be read sometimes.

EN: This pin is used to enable the module when a high to low pulse is given to it. A pulse
of 450 ns should be given. That transition from HIGH to LOW makes the module
ENABLE.

VSS: This refers to the ground pin (0V reference) in a circuit and would be the most
negative part of the power supply, serving as the return path for the current to the power
supply.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1,
DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Table 4.3: LCD pin configuration

Pin No Name Function Description


1 Vss Power GND
2 Vdd Power +5 V
3 Vee Contrast Adjust 0 to 5 V
4 RS Command Register Select
5 R/W Command Read / Write
6 E Command Enable (Strobe)
7 D0 I/O Data LSB
8 D1 I/O Data
9 D2 I/O Data
10 D3 I/O Data
11 D4 I/O Data
12 D5 I/O Data
13 D6 I/O Data
14 D7 I/O Data MSB

31
4.10 RELAY DRIVER IC

A relay driver IC (Integrated Circuit) is a specialized electronic component designed to


interface between a microcontroller or other digital circuit and an electromagnetic relay.
Relays are switches that are activated by an electrical signal, and they are commonly used
to control high-power or high-voltage devices with low-power digital signals.
The key function of a relay driver IC is to provide the necessary current and voltage
to energize the coil of the relay, which, in turn, closes or opens the relay contacts. This
allows the relay to control a separate circuit with higher power requirements. Relay driver
ICs help isolate the low-power control circuitry (such as a microcontroller) from the
higher-power load, providing protection and ensuring proper functioning of both circuits.
A relay driver IC is a high voltage and high current integrated IC that uses a Darlington
array.

Here are some common features and characteristics of relay driver ICs:
1. Current Amplification: Relay coils typically require more current than what a
standard digital output pin from a microcontroller can provide. Relay driver ICs
amplify the current to meet the requirements of the relay coil.
2. Voltage Regulation: They may include voltage regulation circuitry to ensure that
the relay coil receives a stable and appropriate voltage.
3. Protection Features: Relay driver ICs often include protective features such as
flyback diodes to suppress voltage spikes that occur when the relay coil is de-
energized.
4. Input Compatibility: They are designed to be easily controlled by digital signals
from
microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other digital control circuits.
5. Isolation: Some relay driver ICs provide electrical isolation between the control
circuit and the relay coil. This is important for safety and to prevent interference
between circuits.
6. Multiple Channels: Many relay driver ICs come with multiple channels, allowing
them to control multiple relays independently.

32
Popular relay driver ICs include the ULN2003, ULN2803, and MCP23017. When
selecting a relay driver IC, it's essential to consider the specific requirements of your
application, including the voltage and current ratings of the relay, the number of channels
needed, and any additional features required for your circuit. Always refer to the datasheet
of the specific IC you are using for detailed information on its specifications and usage
guidelines.

Figure 4.20: Relay driver IC

4.10.1 Advantages of relays

• Relays can switch AC and DC; transistors can only switch DC.
• Transistors cannot, relays can switch high voltages.
• Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
• Many contacts can switch at once with relays.
• Relay can control high-power circuits with low-power signals.

4.10.2 Disadvantages of relays

• Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.


• Relays cannot switch rapidly; transistors can switch many times per second.
• Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
• A low power transistor is needed to switch the current for the relay's coil, so relays
require more current than many ICs can provide.
• Relays use moving parts, so they wear over time.

33
4.10.3 Relay Driver

The current needed to operate the relay coil is more than can be supplied by most chips
(op. amps etc), as shown in the diagram below, so a transistor is usually needed.

Use BC109C or similar. A resistor of about 10 kΩ might be alright. The diode is


wanted to short circuit the high voltage “back emf” induced when current flowing through
the coil is suddenly switched off.

Figure 4.21: Schematic circuit diagram of relay driver

34
CHAPTER 5
OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM

5.1 OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM

I. Monitoring: The BMS continuously monitors battery parameters, such as voltage,


current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC), for each cell or module.
II. Data Acquisition: It collects data from sensors placed within the battery pack to
assess the health and status of the battery.
III. Cell Balancing: It manages the balancing of individual battery cells to ensure they
charge and discharge evenly.
IV. Charge Control: The BMS regulates the charging process to prevent overcharging
and ensure efficient energy transfer.
V. Discharge Management: The BMS manages the discharge of the battery pack that
could damage the cells.
VI. Temperature Control: It monitors and manages the temperature of the battery
pack, activating cooling or heating systems as needed to maintain optimal operating
conditions.
VII. Safety Management: The BMS incorporates safety features that detect faults, such
as short circuits or thermal issues. In case of a malfunction, it can disconnect the
battery to prevent damage or hazards.
VIII. Diagnostic Functions: It performs regular diagnostics to assess battery health and
predict potential failures, allowing for proactive maintenance.
IX. Communication: The BMS interfaces with the vehicle’s central control unit,
relaying information about battery status, performance metrics, and alerts.
X. Data Logging: It records historical data related to battery performance, charging
cycles, and environmental conditions, which can be used for diagnostics and
predictive maintenance.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

I. Increased Electrification: As the automotive industry shifts towards


electrification, the demand for efficient BMS will rise to manage complex battery
configurations in hybrid vehicles.

35
II. Advanced Battery Technologies: Innovations in battery chemistry, such as solid-
state batteries and lithium-sulphur batteries, will require more sophisticated BMS
to monitor and optimize performance.
III. Enhanced Safety: As battery packs become larger and more powerful, BMS will
need to incorporate advanced safety protocols to prevent overcharging,
overheating, and other risks.
IV. Integration with Smart Technologies: The integration of BMS with IoT and AI
can enhance real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and energy
management, improving overall vehicle efficiency.
V. Cost Reduction: As hybrid vehicles become more mainstream, cost-effective
BMS solutions will be crucial for manufactures to remain competitive.
VI. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Systems: The growing interest in V2G technology will
necessitate BMS capable of facilitating bi-directional energy flow between the
vehicle and the grid.

5.3 ADVANTAGES

I. Enhanced Battery Life: BMS optimizes charging and discharging processes,


preventing overcharging or deep discharging, which prolongs battery lifespan.
II. Safety Monitoring: It monitors temperature, voltage, and current, ensuring the
battery operates within safe limits and preventing potential hazards, like thermal
runaway.
III. State of Charge (SoC) Management: BMS accurately estimates the SoC,
providing drivers with reliable information on battery status and range.
IV. Cell Balancing: It ensures uniform charging and discharging of battery cells,
enhancing overall performance and efficiency.
V. Fault Detection: BMS can identify and diagnose issues within the battery pack,
allowing for timely maintenance and reducing the risk of failure.
VI. Efficiency Improvement: By optimizing energy use, BMS enhances the overall
efficiency of the hybrid vehicle, improving fuel economy and reducing emissions.
VII. Integration with Vehicle Systems: BMS can communicate with other vehicle
systems for better energy management, contributing to smoother performance and
improved drivability.

36
VIII. User Interface: It provides real-time data and diagnostics to the driver, enhancing
user awareness and control over the vehicle’s energy usage.
IX. Better Thermal Management: Fire protection systems often include thermal
management features, ensuring the battery operates at optimal temperatures and
preventing overheating.

5.4 APPLICATIONS

I. Battery Monitoring: BMS continuously monitors the state of charge (SoC), state
of health (SoH), and temperature of each battery cell, ensuring optimal
performance and longevity.
II. Cell Balancing: It manages the charging and discharging of individual cells to
maintain balance, preventing overcharging or deep discharging, which can damage
the cells.
III. Thermal Management: BMS regulates the temperature of the battery pack,
activating cooling or heating systems as necessary to maintain optimal operating
conditions.
IV. Safety Management: It provides protection against over-voltage, over-current,
and short circuits, ensuring safe operation of the battery system.
V. Energy Management: BMS optimizes the energy flow between the internal
combustion engine, electric motor, and battery, enhancing overall vehicle
efficiency and performance.
VI. Lifecycle Management: It tracks battery usage and performance over time,
helping to predict when maintenance or replacement is needed, thus, maximizing
the vehicle’s operational lifespan.

37
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION

The development of an Arduino-based BMS for EVs with integrated charge monitoring
and fire protection offers a low cost, scalable solution for enhancing safety and efficiency
in EVs. By continuously monitoring battery parameters, such as voltage, current, and
temperature, this BMS can maintain optimal charge levels and ensure safe battery
operations, reducing risks associated with overcharging and overheating. The inclusion of
fire protection measures, such as temperature-triggered alerts and automatic disconnect
systems, adds a critical layer of safety. This project demonstrates the feasibility and
effectiveness of using Arduino for real-time battery management, paving the way for more
accessible EV technology in both commercial and personal applications. Future
improvements may include enhanced data analytics and integration with IoT for remote
monitoring. The Arduino-based BMS is effective in reducing emissions, enhancing battery
life, and ensuring cell management.

6.2 FUTURE WORK

Future development could focus on incorporating complex algorithms, including machine


learning, for enhanced charge monitoring. This would enable early alerts for issues, like
overheating or overcharging, enhancing system safety. These future work areas are critical
steps to further refine the EV BMS’s functionality, reliability, and readiness for practical
application.

Some of the future work of the project includes:

I. Designing and integrating the hardware for voltage and current measurement. This
allows the real time monitoring of battery charge.
II. This circuit handles both the charging and discharging cycles with adequate safety
features.
III. Designing of fire prevention mechanism like Halon system.
IV. Thermal management system can be introduced such as heat sinks, cooling fans,
etc.
V. There is use of thermal sensors like thermistor or thermocouple to detect excessive
heat in battery pack.

38
REFERENCES

[1] Y. Liu, X. Qian, and H. Guan, "Development of electric vehicle battery


management system with charge balance control," IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2901-2908, Jun. 2013.
[2] D. Chao, C. Shen, and K. S. Low, "Real-time state-of-charge estimation for electric
vehicle batteries using a coupled electrochemical-thermal model," Journal of
Power Sources, vol. 329, pp.261-268, Jan. 2017.
[3] J. Li, J. Fan, and J. Li, "A novel active cell balancing scheme for series-connected
battery packs of electric vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4138-4148, May 2019.
[4] D. Wang, Z. Xu, and L. Xu, "An integrated thermal management system for
lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicles," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 329,
pp. 337-348, Jan. 2017.
[5] H. Guo, M. H. Ang, and Y. Cheng, "Development of a fire detection system for
lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 325, pp.
405-412, Nov. 2016.
[6] H. Kioumars and L. Tang, "ATmega and "XBee-based wireless sensing," in
ICARA 2011 - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automation,
Robotics and Applications, 2011, pp. 351-356.
[7] T. H. Y. Ling, L. J. Wong, J. E. H. Tan, and C. K. Lee, "XBee Wireless Blood
Pressure Monitoring System with Microsoft Visual Studio Computer Interfacing,"
in Proceedings - International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and
Simulation, ISMS, 2015, vol. 2015-Octob, pp. 5-9.
[8] N. S. A. Zulkifli, F. K. Che Harun, and N. S. Azahar, "XBee wireless sensor
networks for Heart Rate Monitoring in sport training," in 2012 International
Conference on Biomedical Engineering, ICoBE 2012, 2012, pp. 441-444.

39
APPENDIX I

SNAPSHOT OF CIRCUIT SIMULATION ON PROTEUS

Snapshot 1: Simulation Design

Snapshot 2: Simulation shows battery management system (BMS) is active

40
Snapshot 3: Simulation shows temperature sensor and current sensor

Snapshot 4: Simulation shows voltage sensor and the result is system is working ok

41

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