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Model Question Paper-1 with effect from 2021(CBCS Scheme) highlighting the reliance on both domestic production and
imports.
US
N 3. Natural Gas :
Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Examination - Natural gas production in India has been steadily
Renewable Energy Power Plant
increasing, with production rising from just 0.516 billion
TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: cubic meters (bcm) in 1969 to 27.860 billion cubic meters in
SET -2 100 2000. This growth reflects a shift towards cleaner energy
sources, with natural gas contributing about 7.47% to the
Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each total energy production in 2000.
MODULE. - The production of natural gas is expected to peak around
2025, indicating a growing reliance on this resource as oil
CO production declines.
Module Bloom’s s Mar
–1 Taxono ks 4. Water Power :
Download my - Water power, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable
Level energy source that contributed about 5.25% to India's total
Q.01 a Elaborate on India’s Production and reserves of L2 CO 10 energy production in 2000, with an annual production of
Commercial Energy 1 74,362 GWh.
Sources - This energy is generated from flowing water, typically
from rivers or dams, and relies on the natural water cycle.
India's production and reserves of commercial energy
sources are primarily dominated by fossil fuels, which play 5. Nuclear Power :
a crucial role in meeting the country's energy demands. - Nuclear power, while a smaller contributor, produced
Here's a detailed overview: 16,621 GWh in 2000, accounting for about 1.37% of the
total energy production. The capacity for nuclear energy has
1. Coal : been gradually increasing as more units are commissioned.
- Coal is a significant primary energy source in India,
accounting for a substantial portion of the country's energy fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) meet approximately
production. In the year 2000, India produced approximately 93% of India's commercial energy requirements, with coal
310 million tons (Mt) of coal, which contributed around being the dominant source. The country's total energy
56.16% to the total energy production. production from commercial sources in 2000 was about
- The production of coal has seen a remarkable increase 14,559 × 10^15 J, which represented only 3.5% of the total
over the past 50 years, with an eleven-fold rise from 1951 to world production. This highlights both the reliance on
2004, reflecting an average annual growth rate of about fossil fuels and the potential for growth in renewable
4.5%. energy sources as India seeks to diversify its energy
- As of 2006, India had large reserves of coal, with proved portfolio in response to the anticipated decline in fossil fuel
reserves estimated at 95,866 Mt and total resources reserves.
(including indicated and inferred reserves) reaching b List advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy L2 CO 10
approximately 253,301 Mt. resources 1
2. Oil : Renewable energy resources come with a variety of
- Oil is another critical energy source, with India advantages and disadvantages. Here’s a detailed
producing about 103.44 Mt in 2000, contributing breakdown:
approximately 29.75% to the total energy production.
- The domestic production of crude oil has varied over the Advantages:
years, with significant imports to meet the growing demand. 1. Sustainability : Renewable energy sources, such as
The data shows a consistent increase in oil consumption, solar, wind, and hydro, are continuously replenished by
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nature. This means they can provide energy indefinitely as The mechanism of absorption, scattering, beam, and diffuse 4
long as they are managed responsibly. radiation received at the Earth's surface can be explained
2. Environmental Benefits : Unlike fossil fuels, renewable through a schematic representation of solar radiation
energy sources are generally environmentally clean. They interactions with the atmosphere. Here’s a detailed
produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions during breakdown:
operation, helping to combat climate change.
3. Energy Independence : Utilizing renewable resources 1. Solar Radiation : The sun emits energy in the form of
can reduce dependence on imported fuels, enhancing electromagnetic waves, which travel through space and
energy security for countries. reach the Earth. This radiation is categorized into two main
4. Job Creation : The renewable energy sector is labor- types: beam radiation and diffuse radiation .
intensive, which can lead to job creation in manufacturing,
installation, and maintenance. 2. Beam Radiation : This is the direct solar radiation that
5. Diverse Energy Supply : Renewable energy can be travels in a straight line from the sun to the Earth's surface
harnessed from various sources (solar, wind, hydro, without being altered. It is also referred to as direct
geothermal, and biomass), providing a diversified energy radiation. The intensity of beam radiation is influenced by
portfolio. the angle of the sun, which varies throughout the day and
across seasons.
Disadvantages:
1. Intermittency : Many renewable energy sources, such as 3. Atmospheric Interaction : As solar radiation enters the
solar and wind, are not always available. Their output can Earth's atmosphere, it encounters various gases and
be affected by weather conditions and time of day, leading particles. This interaction leads to two primary processes:
to challenges in reliability. - Absorption : Certain wavelengths of solar radiation are
2. High Initial Costs : The installation of renewable energy absorbed by atmospheric components such as ozone and
systems, like solar panels or wind turbines, often requires water vapor. This absorption increases the internal energy
significant upfront investment, which can be a barrier for of the atmosphere, contributing to warming. For example,
some users. ultraviolet (UV) radiation is largely absorbed by ozone,
3. Space Requirements : Renewable energy installations, while infrared radiation is absorbed by water vapor and
particularly solar farms and wind farms, require large areas carbon dioxide.
of land, which can lead to land use conflicts. - Scattering : This process occurs when solar radiation
4. Energy Storage Challenges : Efficiently storing energy interacts with atmospheric molecules and particulate
generated from renewable sources for use during non- matter. Scattering redistributes the radiation in all
productive times (like at night for solar energy) remains a directions. There are two types of scattering:
significant challenge, often adding to costs. - Rayleigh Scattering : This occurs with smaller
5. Resource Location : The availability of renewable particles and is responsible for the blue color of the sky, as
resources can vary significantly by location. For example, shorter wavelengths (blue light) are scattered more than
solar energy is more abundant in sunny regions, while wind longer wavelengths (red light).
energy is more effective in areas with consistent wind - Mie Scattering : This occurs with larger particles and
patterns. affects all wavelengths more uniformly, contributing to the
white appearance of clouds.
while renewable energy resources offer a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels, they 4. Diffuse Radiation : The scattered radiation that reaches
also present challenges that need to be addressed to the Earth's surface from all parts of the sky is known as
maximize their potential. diffuse radiation. It is the result of the scattering process
OR and is not directed from the sun. The combination of beam
Q.02 a With schematic representation explain mechanism of CO2, radiation and diffuse radiation is referred to as total or
absorption, scattering beam and diffused radiation L2 CO 10 global radiation .
received at Earth’s surface 3,
CO 5. Schematic Representation : Imagine a diagram where:
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- The sun is depicted at one end, emitting rays of light. the atmosphere, contributing to warming. For example,
- As these rays enter the atmosphere, some are shown ultraviolet (UV) radiation is largely absorbed by ozone,
being absorbed by ozone and water vapor (indicated by while infrared radiation is absorbed by water vapor and
arrows pointing towards the atmosphere). carbon dioxide.
- Other rays are shown scattering in various directions - Scattering : This process occurs when solar radiation
(indicated by arrows spreading out). interacts with atmospheric molecules and particulate matter.
- Finally, the remaining rays that reach the Earth's surface Scattering redistributes the radiation in all directions. There
are split into two categories: direct (beam) radiation and are two types of scattering:
scattered (diffuse) radiation. - Rayleigh Scattering : This occurs with smaller particles
and is responsible for the blue color of the sky, as shorter
wavelengths (blue light) are scattered more than longer
b Explain with neat sketch working of pyranometer CO wavelengths (red light).
L2 2, 10 - Mie Scattering : This occurs with larger particles and
The mechanism of absorption, scattering, beam, and diffuse CO affects all wavelengths more uniformly, contributing to the
radiation received at the Earth's surface can be explained 3, white appearance of clouds.
through a schematic representation of solar radiation CO4
interactions with the atmosphere. Here’s a detailed 4. Diffuse Radiation : The scattered radiation that reaches
breakdown: the Earth's surface from all parts of the sky is known as
diffuse radiation. It is the result of the scattering process and
is not directed from the sun. The combination of beam
radiation and diffuse radiation is referred to as total or
global radiation .

5. Schematic Representation : Imagine a diagram where:

- The sun is depicted at one end, emitting rays of light.
- As these rays enter the atmosphere, some are shown
being absorbed by ozone and water vapor (indicated by
arrows pointing towards the atmosphere).
- Other rays are shown scattering in various directions
1. Solar Radiation : The sun emits energy in the form of (indicated by arrows spreading out).
electromagnetic waves, which travel through space and - Finally, the remaining rays that reach the Earth's surface
reach the Earth. This radiation is categorized into two main are split into two categories: direct (beam) radiation and
types: beam radiation and diffuse radiation . scattered (diffuse) radiation.

2. Beam Radiation : This is the direct solar radiation that

travels in a straight line from the sun to the Earth's surface Module
without being altered. It is also referred to as direct -2
radiation. The intensity of beam radiation is influenced by Download
the angle of the sun, which varies throughout the day and Q. 03 a Define the following
across seasons. (i) Declination Angle CO
(ii) Hour Angle L2 2, 10
3. Atmospheric Interaction : As solar radiation enters the (iii) Latitude CO
Earth's atmosphere, it encounters various gases and (iv) Zenith Angle 3,
particles. This interaction leads to two primary processes: (v) Surface Azimuth Angle CO
- Absorption : Certain wavelengths of solar radiation are 4
absorbed by atmospheric components such as ozone and Sure! Here are the definitions for each of the terms you
water vapor. This absorption increases the internal energy of requested:

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(i) Declination Angle (δ) : The declination angle is the higher temperatures compared to non-concentrating types.
angle between a line extending from the center of the Sun Here are two common types of concentrating collectors
to the center of the Earth and its projection on the Earth's along with a brief explanation and a neat sketch for each:
equatorial plane. This angle varies throughout the year due
to the tilt of the Earth's axis, ranging from +23.5° on June 1. Parabolic Trough Collector
22 to -23.5° on December 22. On the equinoxes, which Description:
occur around March 21 and September 22, the declination A parabolic trough collector consists of a long, curved
is zero. mirror that focuses sunlight onto a receiver tube located at
the focal line of the parabola. The receiver tube contains a
(ii) Hour Angle (ω) : The hour angle is the angle through heat transfer fluid, which is heated by the concentrated
which the Earth must rotate to bring the meridian of a sunlight. This type of collector is commonly used in large-
specific point directly in line with the Sun's rays. It is scale solar power plants.
measured in degrees and is equal to 15° per hour, • Structure: These have a parabolic-shaped reflector
indicating the time since solar noon. that focuses sunlight onto a receiver tube located along the
focal line of the parabola.
(iii) Latitude (φ) : Latitude is the geographic coordinate • Application: Commonly used in solar thermal power
that specifies the north-south position of a point on the plants for electricity generation.
Earth's surface. It is measured in degrees, with the equator
at 0° latitude, the North Pole at +90°, and the South Pole at
-90°.

(iv) Zenith Angle (θz) : The zenith angle is the

complementary angle of the Sun's altitude angle. It is
defined as the vertical angle between the Sun's rays and a
line perpendicular to the horizontal plane at a specific
point. Mathematically, it can be expressed as θz = 90° - α,
where α is the solar altitude angle.

(v) Surface Azimuth Angle (γ) : The surface azimuth angle

is the angle between the normal to the collector surface and
the south direction. It is measured in degrees along the
horizontal plane, indicating the orientation of the collector
relative to true north.

b Calculate the angle made by beam radiation with the CO

normal to a flat- plate collector on May 1 at 09ooh (local L3 2, 10
apparent time). The collector is located in New Delhi CO
(28035’N, 77012’E).It is tilted at an angle of 360 3,
with the horizontal and is pointing due south. CO
4 2. Paraboloidal Collector (Dish Collector)
OR Description:
Q.04 a With a neat sketch explain any two types of concentrating CO A paraboloidal collector, also known as a dish collector, has
collectors L2 2, 10 a dish-shaped reflector that focuses sunlight onto a receiver
CO located at the focal point. This type of collector can achieve
Certainly! Concentrating collectors are designed to focus 3, very high temperatures and is often used for applications
sunlight onto a small area, which allows them to achieve CO4 like power generation or cooking.
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Solar Pond Working
1. Layered Structure: A solar pond typically consists of
three distinct layers:
• Upper Convective Zone: The top layer is relatively
shallow and exposed to the atmosphere. It absorbs solar
radiation and allows heat to transfer to the layers below.
• Middle Non-Convective Zone: This layer is thicker and
acts as an insulating barrier. It contains salts or other
additives that help retain heat by preventing convection and
heat loss to the surface.
• Lower Convective Zone: The bottom layer is where the
highest temperatures are achieved. It stores the bulk of the
thermal energy collected by the pond.
2. Heat Capture and Storage: Solar energy is absorbed by
Parabolic dish geometry concentrates light in a single focal the pond's surface and transferred to the lower layers
point, i.e., all sun rays that are parallel to the axis of the through conduction. The thermal gradient created by the
parabola are directed towards the central receiver. This layered structure allows the pond to store significant
allows this type of collector to achieve the highest amounts of heat over extended periods.
concentration ratios among all other type of solar collectors 3. Heat Extraction: Heat can be extracted from the solar
. pond through various methods, such as piping hot water to
The process is economical and, for heating the pipe, thermal a heat exchanger or using the thermal energy for industrial
efficiency ranges from 60 to 80%. The overall efficiency processes or electricity generation. The extraction can
from collector to grid, i.e. (Electrical Output Power)/(Total occur at different depths depending on the temperature
Impinging Solar Power) is about 15%, similar to PV required.
(Photovoltaic Cells) but less than Stirling dish concentrators.

Summary of Advantages:
- High Efficiency: Both types can achieve higher
temperatures, making them suitable for power generation
and industrial heating.
- Modularity: They can be scaled up for larger applications
or used in smaller setups.

These concentrating collectors are essential in harnessing

solar energy efficiently, especially in applications requiring
high temperatures
b Describe Solar Pond for Solar Energy Collection and CO2,
Storage L2 CO 10
3,
A solar pond is a type of thermal energy storage system CO
designed to capture and store solar energy in a body of 4
water. Unlike conventional solar collectors that use flat
panels, solar ponds utilize the entire volume of water to
absorb and store thermal energy. The water in a solar pond
is stratified into layers with different temperatures, which Advantages of Solar Ponds
allows it to store heat efficiently. 1. High Thermal Storage Capacity: Solar ponds can store
large amounts of thermal energy due to their volume and
the thermal gradient created within them.
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2. Long-Term Storage: Unlike some other thermal storage considering the impact on local ecosystems, wildlife
systems, solar ponds can retain heat for extended periods, habitats, and existing land uses, such as agriculture or
making them suitable for balancing energy supply and recreational activities. Wind farms require a significant
demand. amount of land, and careful planning is needed to minimize
3. Simplicity and Low Cost: Solar ponds are relatively disruptions.
simple to construct and maintain compared to other
advanced thermal storage technologies. 4. Environmental Impact : It's important to assess the
4. Versatility: They can be used for various applications, potential environmental impacts of the wind farm,
including heating, cooling, and even electricity generation including effects on local wildlife, particularly birds and
in conjunction with thermoelectric generators. bats, which may collide with turbine blades. Community
Applications acceptance is also a factor, as local opposition can hinder
1. Heating: Solar ponds can provide heating for project development.
residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The
stored thermal energy can be used directly for space 5. Accessibility : The site should be accessible for
heating or hot water supply. construction and maintenance activities. This includes
2. Electricity Generation: In some cases, solar ponds are considering the logistics of transporting equipment and
coupled with thermoelectric generators or organic Rankine personnel to the site.
cycle systems to produce electricity from the stored
thermal energy. 6. Regulatory and Permitting Requirements :
3. Industrial Processes: The high-temperature heat from Understanding local regulations and obtaining the
solar ponds can be utilized in industrial processes that necessary permits is essential for the development of wind
require significant thermal input. projects. This may involve environmental assessments and
Module community consultations.
-3
Download 7. Grid Connection : Proximity to existing power lines and
Q. 05 a Describe the main consideration in selecting the site for CO2, grid infrastructure is important for the efficient
wind generator L2 CO 10 transmission of generated electricity. The site should allow
3, for easy integration into the local or regional power grid.
When selecting a site for a wind generator, several key CO
considerations must be taken into account to ensure optimal 4 By carefully considering these factors, developers can
performance and efficiency. Here are the main factors: select optimal sites for wind generators that maximize
energy production while minimizing environmental and
1. Wind Resource Assessment : This is crucial for social impacts
determining the potential energy that can be generated. The b Wind at 1 standard atmospheric pressure and 150C has
site should have a consistent and strong wind resource, velocity of 15 m/s. Calculate :
which involves measuring wind speed and direction over (i) The total power density in the wind stream
time. Higher wind speeds significantly increase energy (ii) The maximum power density CO
production, as the kinetic energy of the wind increases with (iii) Reasonable power density, assume efficiency = L3 2, 10
the cube of the wind speed. 35% CO
(iv) Total power 3,
2. Topography : Local geographical features, such as hills, (v) Torque and axial thrust CO
valleys, and bodies of water, can influence wind patterns Given : Turbine Diameter = 120 m, and Turbine 4
and speeds. Understanding these local effects is essential, Operating speed = 40 rpm at maximum efficiency.
as they can either enhance or reduce the wind energy Consider Propeller type wind turbine
potential at a specific location. OR
Q. 06 a Explain the biomass sources for biogas generation L2 CO2, 10
3. Land Use : The site must have sufficient land available CO3,
for the installation of wind turbines. This includes Biogas generation primarily relies on various biomass
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sources, which are organic materials that can be broken food processing, such as pulp from fruit juice production or
down through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, mainly spent grains from breweries, can also serve as a feedstock
composed of methane and carbon dioxide. Here are some for biogas production.
key biomass sources for biogas production:
The effective use of these biomass sources not only
contributes to renewable energy generation but also aids in
waste management and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
By utilizing organic waste materials, biogas production
supports sustainable energy practices and enhances soil
fertility through the use of digestate, the nutrient-rich by-
product of the anaerobic digestion process.

1. Agricultural Residues : This includes leftover materials

from crop production, such as corn stalks, wheat straw, and
rice husks. These residues are often abundant and can be
effectively utilized for biogas generation.

2. Animal Manure : Livestock waste, such as cow, pig, and

poultry manure, is a significant source of biomass for biogas
production. Manure not only provides a rich source of
organic matter but also helps in managing waste and
reducing environmental pollution.

3. Food Waste : Organic waste from households,

restaurants, and food processing industries can be collected
and processed to produce biogas. This includes vegetable
peels, fruit scraps, and leftover food, which are often
disposed of in landfills.

4. Energy Crops : Certain crops are specifically grown for

energy production. Examples include:
- Short-Rotation Woody Crops : Trees like poplar and
willow are harvested every few years and have high energy
content.
- Herbaceous Crops : Fast-growing grasses such as
switchgrass and miscanthus can be used for solid biomass or
converted into biofuels.

5. Organic Municipal Solid Waste : This includes

biodegradable materials collected from urban areas, which
can be processed in biogas plants to reduce landfill use and
generate energy.

6. Food Processing By-products : Waste generated from

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Inside the digester, microorganisms break down the organic
CO4 material in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas
b Sketch and explain the working of a floating dome type CO2, (primarily methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate (the
biogas plant used in India L2 CO 10 solid and liquid residuals).
3,
A floating dome type biogas plant is an innovative design CO 3. Gas Collection : As biogas is produced, it collects in the
commonly used in India for the production of biogas 4 floating gas holder. The design allows the dome to rise as
through anaerobic digestion. Here’s a detailed explanation the gas volume increases, providing a visual indication of
of its working and components: gas production.

4. Gas Utilization : The biogas can be directed through the

gas valve to various applications, such as powering
generators for electricity, heating systems, or even as fuel
for vehicles.

5. Digestate Management : The remaining digestate can be

processed and used as a nutrient-rich fertilizer for
agricultural purposes, enhancing soil fertility and reducing
the need for synthetic fertilizers.

Advantages of Floating Dome Biogas Plants

- Gas Storage : The floating dome allows for effective gas
storage and easy measurement of gas production.
- Scalability : Suitable for small to medium-scale
operations, making it ideal for rural settings.
1. Floating Gas Holder : A flexible dome that rises and
- Cost-Effectiveness : While the initial construction may
falls with the volume of gas produced.
be more complex, the long-term benefits include reduced
2. Inlet Pipe : Where the mixture of organic waste (like
energy costs and the ability to utilize local organic waste.
cattle dung and water) enters the digester.
3. Underground Digester Tank : The main chamber where
Floating dome biogas plants are a sustainable solution for
anaerobic digestion occurs.
energy production in India, particularly in rural areas
4. Gas Valve : Controls the release of biogas from the
where organic waste is abundant. They not only provide
system.
renewable energy but also contribute to waste
5. Outlet for Biogas : Where the collected biogas exits the
management and soil enrichment, promoting a circular
plant for utilization.
economy.
6. Mixing Tank : Ensures the feedstock is well mixed for
Module
optimal digestion.
-4
7. Overflow Tank : Manages excess slurry and prevents
Download
overflow.
Q. 07 a With a neat sketch explain general layout of Hydro- CO2,
electric power plant L2 CO 10
Working of the Floating Dome Biogas Plant
3,
The general layout of a hydroelectric power plant typically CO
1. Feedstock Preparation : Organic waste, such as cattle
includes several key components that work together to 4
dung mixed with water, is collected and prepared. This
convert the potential energy of stored water into electrical
mixture is essential for the anaerobic digestion process.
energy. Here’s a detailed explanation along with a neat
sketch to illustrate the layout:
2. Anaerobic Digestion : The prepared feedstock is fed
into the underground digester tank through the inlet pipe.
General Layout of a Hydro-Electric Power Plant
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field.

6. Tail Race :
- After passing through the turbine, the water exits into
the tail race, which is a channel that carries the water back
to the river or body of water from which it was originally
sourced.

7. Powerhouse :
- This is the structure that houses the turbine and
generator. It is designed to protect these components from
environmental factors while allowing for maintenance
access.

A hydroelectric power plant utilizes the potential energy of

water stored in a reservoir, which is released through a
control gate and flows down a penstock to turn a turbine.
1. Dam and Reservoir : The turbine drives a generator that produces electricity, and
- The dam is constructed across a river in hilly areas to the water is then returned to the river through the tail race.
create a reservoir. The height of the water level in the This layout is essential for harnessing renewable energy
reservoir, known as the water head, is crucial as it efficiently while considering environmental impacts and
determines the potential energy stored in the water. The operational costs.
dam holds back a large volume of water, creating a b Explain with a neat sketch pumped storage plant CO
significant elevation difference. L2 2, 10
Pumped storage plants are a type of hydroelectric power CO
2. Control Gate : generation facility that can store and generate electricity to 3,
- This component regulates the flow of water from the meet varying demand. They use two water reservoirs at CO4
reservoir to the penstock. By adjusting the control gate, different elevations to store and generate energy by moving
operators can control the amount of water released, which water between them.
in turn affects the energy output of the plant. How Pumped Storage Plants Work?
1. Pumping Mode:
3. Penstock : • Low-Demand Periods: During times of low electricity
- The penstock is a large steel pipe that carries water from demand, excess power (often from renewable sources like
the reservoir to the turbine. It is designed to withstand high wind or solar) is used to pump water from the lower
pressure as water flows through it, and its diameter is reservoir to the upper reservoir.
crucial for maintaining the flow rate. • Storage of Energy: This process effectively stores
energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in
4. Turbine : the water stored at the higher elevation.
- As water flows through the penstock, it strikes the 2. Generation Mode:
blades of the turbine, causing it to spin. The turbine • High-Demand Periods: During peak electricity
converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into demand, the stored water is released from the upper
mechanical energy. reservoir, flowing down through turbines to generate
electricity.
5. Generator : • Electricity Generation: The falling water turns the
- Connected to the turbine, the generator converts the turbines, converting the potential energy back into
mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. electrical energy, which is then fed into the grid.
This is achieved through electromagnetic induction, where
the rotation of the turbine spins a rotor within a magnetic
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• High Efficiency: Typically has an overall efficiency of
70-80%, making it one of the most efficient large-scale
energy storage options.
Disadvantages of Pumped Storage Plants
1. High Initial Costs:
• Construction Costs: Building the reservoirs, penstocks,
and powerhouses involves significant capital investment.
• Site Requirements: Suitable sites with the necessary
elevation differences and water availability are limited.
2. Environmental Impact:
• Ecological Disruption: Construction and operation can
affect local ecosystems, water quality, and wildlife habitats.
• Land Use: Requires substantial land for reservoirs and
1. Upper and Lower Reservoirs: infrastructure, potentially leading to displacement and land-
• Upper Reservoir: Stores water during low-demand use changes.
periods. 3. Dependency on Water Availability:
• Lower Reservoir: Receives water during the generation • Water Resource Management: Efficient operation
process and serves as the source for pumping water back depends on the availability of water, which can be affected
up. by seasonal and climatic variations.
2. Pumping/Turbine Units:
• Reversible Pumps/Turbines: These units can function OR
both as pumps (to move water to the upper reservoir) and Q. 08 a Explain principle of generation of tides CO
as turbines (to generate electricity when water flows back L2 2, 10
down). The principle of generation of tides is primarily driven by the CO
3. Penstocks: gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun on the 3,
• Conduits: Large pipes or tunnels that carry water from Earth's oceans. This gravitational pull causes the water in the CO4
the upper reservoir to the turbines and from the turbines to oceans to bulge out in the direction of the Moon, creating a
the lower reservoir. high tide. As the Earth rotates, different areas of the planet
4. Powerhouse: move into and out of these bulges, resulting in the cyclical
• Facility: Houses the reversible pump-turbine units and rise and fall of sea levels known as tides.
generators, controlling the operation of the plant.
There are two main types of tides:
Advantages of Pumped Storage Plants
1. Spring Tides : These occur when the Earth, the Moon, and
1. Energy Storage: the Sun are aligned, which happens during the full moon and
• Grid Stability: Provides a reliable way to store excess new moon phases. The combined gravitational forces lead to
energy from intermittent renewable sources, helping to higher high tides and lower low tides.
stabilize the grid.
• Peak Shaving: Reduces the need for expensive and less 2. Neap Tides : These occur when the Moon is at a right
efficient peaking power plants by supplying energy during angle to the Earth-Sun line, typically during the first and third
peak demand periods. quarters of the moon. The gravitational pull of the Sun
2. Flexibility and Reliability: partially offsets that of the Moon, resulting in lower high
• Quick Response: Can quickly switch between pumping tides and higher low tides.
and generating modes, making it highly responsive to
changing electricity demands. The regular and predictable nature of tidal patterns is a
• Load Balancing: Helps balance supply and demand on significant advantage for harnessing tidal energy, as it
the grid, ensuring a stable electricity supply. allows for accurate forecasting of energy production. Tidal
3. Efficiency: energy systems, such as tidal stream generators and tidal
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barrages, exploit these predictable movements to convert the 7. Navigational Hazards: Offshore wave energy devices
kinetic and potential energy of tides into electricity. can pose a threat to navigation, as they may not be easily
b List advantages and disadvantages of wave energy CO2, detectable by radar.
L2 CO 10 Module
Advantages of Wave Energy: 3, -5
CO Download
1. Abundant Resource: Oceans cover over 70% of the 4 Q. 09 a Explain with a sketch, the closed Rankine Cycle OTEC CO
Earth's surface, providing vast areas for wave energy System L2 2, 10
exploitation. CO
2. Consistency: Wave energy is more consistent and The Closed Rankine Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy 3,
predictable than wind energy, as waves can be accurately Conversion (OTEC) system is an innovative technology that CO4
forecast several days in advance. harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface
3. Environmental Benefits: Wave energy systems have a seawater and cold deep seawater to generate electricity.
smaller visual impact compared to other renewable energy Here’s a detailed explanation along with a sketch
sources and can coexist with marine activities like fishing description:
and shipping.
4. Pollution-Free: Wave energy generates little to no Closed Rankine Cycle OTEC System
pollution, making it a clean energy source.
5. Modular Design: Wave energy devices are modular and
can be easily sited, allowing for additional devices to be
added as needed.
6. Coastal Protection: Wave energy systems can dissipate
wave energy, helping to protect shorelines from coastal
erosion.
7. No Barriers to Marine Life: These systems present no
barriers or difficulties for migrating fish and aquatic
animals.

Disadvantages of Wave Energy:

1. Technological Maturity: Many wave energy

technologies are still in the experimental or early Principle of Operation:
commercial stages, requiring further development. 1. Warm Surface Seawater: The process begins with warm
2. Maintenance Challenges: The harsh marine seawater, typically around 25°C to 30°C, which is pumped
environment can lead to damage or destruction of wave into an evaporator.
energy devices, resulting in higher maintenance costs. 2. Evaporator: In the evaporator, this warm seawater heats
3. Location Dependency: Wave energy conversion a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia.
devices require suitable sites where waves are consistently The heat causes the ammonia to vaporize into gas.
strong, limiting their deployment. 3. Turbine: The high-pressure ammonia gas expands and
4. Intermittent Power Generation: Power generation can drives a turbine connected to a generator, converting thermal
be intermittent, as waves come in intervals and do not energy into mechanical energy, which is then transformed
generate power during calm periods. into electrical energy.
5. Visual Impact: There can be a visual impact from wave 4. Condenser: The gas then enters a condenser, where it is
energy conversion devices on the shoreline and offshore. cooled by cold deep seawater (drawn from depths of around
6. High Distribution Costs: Sending generated power from 1000 meters, where the temperature is approximately 4°C to
offshore devices to land can incur high costs due to long 5°C). The cold seawater absorbs heat from the ammonia
underwater cables. gas, causing it to condense back into a liquid.
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5. Pump: The liquid ammonia is then pumped back to the temperature differential between warm surface water and
evaporator, increasing its pressure and preparing it to absorb cold deep water. This limits the amount of energy that can be
heat again, thus completing the cycle. generated compared to other energy generation methods.

Advantages of Closed Rankine Cycle OTEC: 4. Environmental Impact : OTEC can have significant
- Efficiency: This system can achieve higher efficiencies ecological impacts, including disruption of marine habitats,
compared to open-cycle systems due to the closed nature of changes in local water temperatures, and the potential release
the working fluid. of cold, nutrient-rich water that could affect local ecosystems
- Environmental Benefits: It generates clean energy and biodiversity.
without the direct release of seawater vapor, minimizing
environmental impact. 5. Geographic Limitations : OTEC is most viable in tropical
- Desalination Potential: The system can be integrated with regions where there is a significant temperature gradient
desalination processes, providing fresh water as a byproduct. between surface and deep ocean water. This geographic
limitation restricts the widespread implementation of OTEC
Challenges: technology.
- High Initial Costs: The construction and deployment of
closed-cycle OTEC plants require significant capital 6. Energy Transmission : Transmitting electricity from
investment. offshore OTEC plants to the mainland requires undersea
- Technical Complexity: The technology involves cables, which can be costly and complex to install and
advanced materials and engineering to withstand harsh maintain.
marine environments.
7. Maintenance and Durability : OTEC systems operate in a
This closed Rankine cycle OTEC system represents a marine environment that subjects them to corrosion,
promising approach to harnessing renewable energy from biofouling, and other wear and tear, necessitating regular
our oceans while addressing some of the challenges maintenance and the use of robust materials to ensure long-
associated with energy generation. term operation.
b List and explain the problems associated with OTEC CO2,
L2 CO 10 These challenges highlight the need to address both
The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology 3, technical and economic issues for OTEC to become a viable
faces several significant problems and challenges that can CO and sustainable option in the future energy landscape.
hinder its implementation and operation. Here are some of 4 OR
the most notable issues: Q. 10 a List various sources of Geothermal Energy. What are the CO2,
problems associated with Geothermal Energy Conversion. L2 CO 10
1. High Initial Costs : The construction and maintenance of 3,
OTEC plants require substantial capital investment. The costs Geothermal energy can be extracted from various sources, CO
associated with advanced materials, engineering, and marine which are primarily classified as follows: 4
infrastructure are high, making it difficult for OTEC to
compete with other energy sources in the initial stages. 1. Hydrothermal Resources : These are the most
commonly exploited and consist of hot water and steam
2. Technical Challenges : OTEC technology involves found in permeable rock formations. They are divided into
complex engineering and the use of materials that can high-temperature and low-temperature resources.
withstand the harsh marine environment. Issues such as
corrosion, biofouling (the accumulation of marine organisms 2. Geopressured Resources : Found at great depths and
on structures), and structural integrity are major concerns that under high pressure, these are often associated with natural
require innovative solutions. gas deposits, which can be co-produced with geothermal
energy.
3. Low Efficiency : The thermal efficiency of OTEC systems
is relatively low, typically around 3% to 4%, due to the small 3. Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Resources : Also known as
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Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), these are found in
dry rock formations with high heat content but low natural 1. Steam Extraction : The process begins with the extraction
permeability. They require artificial stimulation, such as of high-pressure steam from a geothermal reservoir located
hydraulic fracturing, to create a reservoir of hot water or deep underground. This steam is typically found in areas
steam. with significant volcanic activity, where the Earth's heat is
concentrated.
4. Magma Resources : These involve accessing the Earth's
magma directly. They are highly experimental and not 2. Steam Turbine : The extracted steam is directed to a
commercially viable due to extreme conditions and steam turbine. As the steam enters the turbine, it expands
technical challenges. and causes the turbine blades to spin. This mechanical
motion is crucial as it converts the thermal energy of the
Regarding the problems associated with geothermal energy steam into mechanical energy.
conversion, the following issues are highlighted:
3. Electricity Generation : The spinning turbine is
1. High Initial Costs : Developing geothermal power plants connected to a generator. As the turbine rotates, it drives the
involves significant investment for exploration, drilling, generator, which converts the mechanical energy into
and construction, which can be a barrier to entry. electrical energy. This electricity can then be fed into the
power grid for distribution.
2. Site Specificity : Geothermal resources are
geographically specific, meaning not all locations have 4. Condensation : After passing through the turbine, the
accessible and economically viable geothermal resources, steam exits and enters a condenser, where it is cooled and
limiting their applicability. condensed back into water. This cooling process typically
involves a heat exchanger, where the steam loses its heat to
3. Environmental and Structural Risks : The extraction of a cooling medium, often water or air.
geothermal energy can lead to land subsidence, induced
seismicity (earthquakes), and the release of trace gases 5. Reinjection : The condensed water, now in liquid form, is
from geothermal reservoirs, requiring careful management. reinjected back into the geothermal reservoir. This step is
crucial for maintaining the pressure and sustainability of the
4. Resource Depletion : If not managed properly, geothermal resource, ensuring that the system can continue
geothermal resources can become depleted or experience a to operate efficiently over time.
decline in productivity over time, necessitating sustainable
management practices. 6. Closed-loop System : The entire process operates in a
closed-loop system, meaning that the water is continuously
5. Geographical Limitations : Effective geothermal energy cycled between the surface and the geothermal reservoir.
production is often limited to regions with high geothermal This minimizes environmental impact and maximizes
activity, such as volcanic areas or tectonic plate boundaries, resource utilization.
which may not be accessible or feasible in many regions.
Advantages :
These factors are crucial to consider when evaluating the - Constant Energy Supply : Vapor-dominated plants can
potential and viability of geothermal energy as a provide a stable and continuous supply of energy, unlike
renewable energy source. solar or wind power, which can be intermittent.
b With a neat sketch Vapour dominated Geothermal thermal CO - Low Emissions : They produce minimal greenhouse gas
power plant L2 2, 10 emissions compared to fossil fuel-based power plants,
CO contributing to a cleaner environment.
A vapor-dominated geothermal power plant is a type of 3,
facility that harnesses steam directly from geothermal CO4 Example : One of the most notable examples of a vapor-
reservoirs to generate electricity. Here’s a detailed dominated geothermal power plant is "The Geysers" in
explanation of how it works: California, which is one of the largest geothermal complexes
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in the world, with a capacity of approximately 1.5 GW.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Indicate as L1, L2, L3, L4, etc. It is also desirable to indicate the
COs and POs to be attained by every bit of questions.

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