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6) Synchronous Machine as an Element in the Power System

The synchronous machine converts mechanical power to electrical energy and vice versa, with controllable excitation determining the flow of reactive power. It can have cylindrical or salient pole rotors depending on the application, and its operation is characterized by the relationship between induced voltage, terminal voltage, and armature current. The machine's behavior in relation to power factor and power control is influenced by its excitation level, particularly when connected to an infinite bus, affecting the active and reactive power supplied to the system.

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12 views

6) Synchronous Machine as an Element in the Power System

The synchronous machine converts mechanical power to electrical energy and vice versa, with controllable excitation determining the flow of reactive power. It can have cylindrical or salient pole rotors depending on the application, and its operation is characterized by the relationship between induced voltage, terminal voltage, and armature current. The machine's behavior in relation to power factor and power control is influenced by its excitation level, particularly when connected to an infinite bus, affecting the active and reactive power supplied to the system.

Uploaded by

hussienafaneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Synchronous Machine

The synchronous machine converts the mechanical power into electrical and feeds it into the
power network (works as generator) or in case of motor, it draws electrical power from the
network and converts it into mechanical form. The machine excitation which is controllable
determines the flow of VARs into or out of the machine (works as capacitor or inductor to
control the power factor).
The rotor of the machine can be cylindrical (round rotor or non-salient pole rotor) for high speed
generators (turbo generators) or salient pole rotor for low speed generators (hydro generators).
As the machine is balanced one and normally has balanced loading, it can be modeled on per
phase basis for the reference phase a.
The frequency of the induced emf is given by:
N .P
f 
120
where:
N : rotor speed in rpm.
P: number of poles.

On no load the voltage E f induced in the reference phase a lags 900 behind  f which produces it
and is proportional to  f (if the magnetic circuit is unsaturated). The phasor diagram showing
this relation is shown below.

As balanced steady state load is drawn from the stator winding, the stator currents produce
synchronously rotating flux  a , this flux is called the armature reaction flux. note that  a is in
phase with the current I a which causes it. Since the magnetic circuit is assumed unsaturated, the
superposition principle is applicable so that the resultant air gap flux is given by:
r   f  a
Note that r produces the terminal voltage Vt ,  f produces the induced voltage E f and  a
produces the internal drop because of the armature reaction.
The phasor diagram under balanced loaded condition is shown below.
here:
 : the power factor angle.
 : the load angle (torque angle), the angle by which E f leads Vt .
 mainly determines the power delivered by the generator and the magnitude of E f (the
excitation) determines the VARs delivered by it.
note here that the armature leakage reactance and the armature resistance are neglected.
note also that X a is the impedance that accounts for the armature reaction.

From the previous vector diagram, we can write:


Vt  E f  j.I a . X a
the circuit that describes this equation is:

This circuit can be further modified to reflect the effect of the armature leakage reactance and the
armature resistance as below:

note that the total reactance X a  X L is normally called the synchronous reactance of the
machine X S , or:
XS  Xa  XL
normally the armature resistance is neglected and the equivalent circuit of the machine becomes:
The corresponding phasor diagram is shown below:

In motoring operation the current I a reverses its direction as shown below:

thus:
E f  Vt  j.I a . X a
and the vector diagram is:

Operation with infinite bus


an infinite bus means a large system whose voltage and frequency remains constant independent
of the power exchange between the generator and the bus.

consider a generator feeding constant active power into an infinite bus.


As the machine excitation is varied, armature current I a and its angle  (power factor angle)
change in such a way as to keep
Vt . I a . cos  active power  cons tan t

As Vt is constant, thus I a . cos is constant, which means that the projection of I a on Vt is


constant., while excitation is varied.
phasor diagrams corresponding to high, medium and low excitation are shown below.

it is clear that for normal excitation:


E f . cos   Vt
and this is defined as normal excitation. here the machine supplies the system with only active
power.
for the case of over excitation:
E f . cos   Vt and the generator supplies the system with active and reactive power.
for the case of under excitation:
E f . cos   Vt and the generator supplies the system with active but consumes reactive power.

consider the phasor diagram of the machine operation mentioned before (for example the case of
over-excited machine), shown below.

from this figure:


E f . sin   AB
and
I a . X S cos  AB
or:
I a . X S cos   E f . sin 
multiply this equation by Vt , we find:
Vt . I a . X S cos   Vt . E f . sin  (1)
but the active power is:
P  Vt . I a cos 
substitute this in equation (1), we find:
P. X S  Vt . E f . sin 
or:
Vt . E f
P . sin 
XS
the plot of P versus  is called the power angle curve, and is shown below:
the maximum power delivered by the machine is:
Vt . E f
Pmax 
XS
for P  Pmax or for   90 0 the generator falls out of step (stability problem).

Power Factor and Power Control


it has been found that:
Vt . E f
P . sin 
XS
if the machine is connected to an infinite bus and delivers constant power thus:
Vt . E f
P . sin   const .
XS
as Vt and X S are constants, thus:
E f . sin   const .
or the tip of the phasor moves along a line parallel to Vt as excitation is varied. refer to figure
below:

Another important operating condition is variable power and fixed excitation, this can be drawn
Vt . E f
in the same method using the equation P  . sin  . in this case Vt and E f are constants.
XS

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator


these machines are use in hydro generators (low speed). it is distinguished with a large interpolar
air gap. because the air gap of this type of machines is not uniform, the analysis is made using
the two-reaction theory.
in the two reaction theory two axis are assumed, the direct axis (in the direction of the pole) and
it is with small air gap, and the quadrature axis in the direction of the interpolar region (between
the poles) and is with large air gap.
as flux of the armature current is facing different air gaps, the armature flux can be assumed to
have two components one is causing a flux reaction in the direction of the direct axis (and is
called the direct current, I d ), the other is causing a flux reaction in the direction of the
quadrature axis (and is called the quadrature current I q ).
the reaction reactance in the direct axis is called the direct axis reactance X d and the reaction
reactance in the quadrature axis is called the quadrature axis reactance X q .
note that X d  X q because the air gap in the direction of the direct axis is smaller than that in
the quadrature axis.
the vector diagram that describes the operation of this machine is shown below.

this diagram is drawn in the following way:


1) draw Vt and I a at angle 
2) Draw I a .Ra
3) draw j.I a . X d which is perpendicular on I a
4) make CP  I a . X q and draw the line OP which gives the direction of E f .
5) from Q draw a perpendicular on the extension of OP at point A, OA will be the vector
Ef .
6) now you can draw I q in the direction of E f and I d perpendicular to it.

the power output of this machine is given by:


Vt ( X d  X q )
2
Vt . E f
P . sin   sin 2
Xd 2 X d .X q
note that the first term is as the case of the round rotor machine with X S  X d . the second
term is small (10% to 20%) and is called the reluctance power.
the plot of this function is below:
note that the maximum output occurs at   90 0

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