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U6 Ex 1

The document discusses the principles of reflection and refraction of light, including the conditions for total internal reflection and the properties of optical fibers. It also explains the behavior of charged particles in clouds leading to lightning, and the role of lightning conductors in preventing strikes. Additionally, it highlights safety measures for preventing static discharge during fuel transportation.

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chiyanjapeter7
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9 views3 pages

U6 Ex 1

The document discusses the principles of reflection and refraction of light, including the conditions for total internal reflection and the properties of optical fibers. It also explains the behavior of charged particles in clouds leading to lightning, and the role of lightning conductors in preventing strikes. Additionally, it highlights safety measures for preventing static discharge during fuel transportation.

Uploaded by

chiyanjapeter7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 (a) - the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie on the same plane

on the same plane at the


point of incidence. B1
- the angle of incidence = angle of reflection B1

(b) (i) sin

sin C1
.

40.2° A1

(ii)

- since angle of incidence on face A= 0°, no refraction occurs. B1


- since 60° , total internal reflection occurs at face B. B1
- the light ray is refracted away from the normal at face C. (glass is more optically
dense than air) B1

(iii)

B1

(c) - high bandwidth (high information carrying capacity). B1


` - signal power loss (attenuation) is relatively very small. This allows for longer
uninterrupted distances between regenerator amplifiers and reduces the cost of
installation. B1
- very high security since they do not radiate energy and thus there is negligible
‘cross-talk ‘ between fibres. B1
- optical fibres do not pick up electromagnetic interference. This means they can
be used in electromagnetically ‘noisy’ environments. B1
- any plausible Max B2
2 (a) monochromatic light – light of only one wavelength. A1
(b) (i)

C1

1.66 × 10 A1

(ii) sin =

Max value of sin ≤1

"
→ sin = ≤1
#

#
≤
"

. $× %&
≤ %' C1
×

≤ 2.779

∴ =2 A1

(ii) sin + =2

+× × %'
sin + = %& C1
. $×

+ = 41° A1

3 conductor has free electrons/delocalised electrons B1


e.g. copper/any other metal B1
non-conductor electrons tightly bound to atoms B1
e.g. wood/plastic B1

3 (a) (i) raindrops rub against each other and get charged, B1
lower part of the cloud get negatively charged and the upper part is positively
charged, B1
then positive charges are induced on ground/electrons are repelled further
down the ground. B1
due to huge potential difference/high electric field negative charges from the
cloud jump to earth. B1
(ii) a lightning conductor prevents lightning strikes. B1

(b) -a strong electric field between the cloud and highly (positively) charged lightning
conductor’s spike ionises the air molecules. B1
-negative ions are attracted to the conductor’s metal spike and are discharged, B1
-positive ions are repelled towards the cloud and they grab electrons. B1

(c) fuel tankers transporting fuel, B1


hang a chain to discharge at back of fuel tanker B1
OR
lighting strikes. B1
do not stand near isolated objects/trees /on top of hills/plain ground/near metallic
objects. B1
any other plausible answer. B1
Max [B2]

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