Ratio Analysis Questions

The logic of Ratio Analysis

The trick to remembering and applying ratio analysis is first to understand what the three
financial statements tell us.

 Income Statement: Tells us how the business did for a given year, but not necessarily
in cash terms.

 Balance Sheet: Paints a picture of the years of performance of the company

 Cash Flow Statement: Converts and shows all the versions in cash.

So if we know what these statements tell us, we can start asking the right questions.

Let me illustrate this for you; let’s say you are concerned about whether a company will
survive the debtors in the long term?

Now, the first step is to divide that question into parts

1. Survive

2. Long Term

3. Debtors

As soon as we say survive, we mean the ability to repay the debt, which relates to the
income statement and balance sheet.

So naturally, the balance sheet alone cannot give us that information because the balance
sheet is just as what has happened to date.

Hence we also need to consider the income-generating capacity, the profit and loss
statement.

Moving on from the statements, we need to ask what line item or value to use?
The answer is that since EBIT is used to pay interest, we use EBIT as the capacity proxy.

So, that’s how you need to think.

I would strongly advise against remembering the formula because then logic flies from the
window.

Liquidity Ratios Analysis Questions

Do you have the ability, capability to surivive the year?

Simple Defnition of Liquidity

Yes! That’s the simple question we are trying to answer about the company.

You may ask then, why do we have so many types of liquidity ratios then? Well, because
there are various ways of surviving the year.

 Cash Ratio: Current Assets/ Current Liability

It’s like saying we would use our daily business assets like inventory, mutual fund
investments and cash to pay off short term debtors.

 Quick Ratio: Current Assets – Inventory / Current Liabilties

Can we survive without selling the inventory?

 Cash Ratio: Cash + Short Term Investments/ Current Liabilties

Will we make it with just cash in the bank and some investments?

Now let’s use some problems and solutions.

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Questions- 1

All the solutions I have given at the end of each section, for you to refer to.

Which of the following ratios decreased between 2011 and 2012?

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Questions- 2

The following table shows the balance sheet extract for SQUARE Limited.

What is the cash ratio for the company?

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Questions- 3

A. The quick ratio is more conservative than the current ratio and does not consider
inventory.
B. The defensive interval ratio measures how long the company can continue to pay its
expenses from its existing liquid assets.
C. The more extended the cash conversion cycle, the greater the company’s liquidity will be.

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Questions- 4

Sans is concerned about whether her business would be able to pay off the long-term
loan obtained by a commercial bank. The ability of her company to meet long-term
obligations are known as:
A. liquidity.
B. profitability.
C. solvency.

Liquidity Ratio AnalysisSolutions

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Solvency Ratio Analysis Questions

I will clarify here that debt is not bad!

MoreoverThat’s the usual understanding, due to the lack of knowledge of finance.

There would be no big companies like Reliance, Tata, or Indigo if there were no use for debt.

So, what is our intent of finding solvency rations then?

Firstly, it is to see if there are enough resources to support the debt and secondly, does the
business has the grit to perform.

The Main Solvency Rations:

 Debt to Equity: Debt/ (Retained Earnings+ Contributed Capital)

This ratio is just benchmarking the number of debt times the equity.

Therefore the interpretation also flows like if it’s more than one times the equity, then we are
banking on future performance.

 Assets/ Equity: Total Assets/( Retained Earnings + Contributed Capital)

This is looking at debt from an indirect angle, like how many times are assets to total equity.

Hence, if the company uses a lot of debt, the Assets/ Equity value should be high.

 Interest Coverage Ratio: EBIT/ Interest

More to do, with the operations side of leverage, the Interest coverage ratio is looking at how
many times is your operating profit compared to the cost of debt.

The benchmark is, higher the better.

Solvency Ratio Analysis Questions- 1

Clark is a credit analyst. He is evaluating the solvency of NYC Public Limited. The
The following balance sheet extract is made use of for this analysis.
What is the average financial leverage of the company for 2011?
A. 3.73.
B. 3.82.
C. 3.97

Solvency Ratio Analysis Questions- 2

The following information (in millions) for a company is available:

What is the most appropriate conclusion an analyst can make about the solvency of the
Company? Solvency has:
A. improved because the debt-to-equity ratio decreased.
B. deteriorated because the debt-to-equity ratio increased.
C. improved because the fixed charge coverage ratio increased.

Solutions

Problem 1 Solution
Problem 2 Solution

Profitability Ratio Analysis Questions

Be advised that it doesn’t necessarily mean in cash when we say profitability.

Hence a company can be very profitable when we look at its income statement, but the
reality might be quite different.

You might be interested in reading my article: The Notorious Use of Accounting Principles

Firstly, let me spell out the framework of these ratios, and then we can dive into
explanations.

So, profitability ratios can be segregated into the major thought process;

 Firstly, Margins

 Secondly, Returns

In other words, on one side, we are looking at only the income statement with the margin
rations.

However, on the other side, with return ratios, moreover using both the income statement
and balance sheet.

 EBITDA Margin: Which is Earning before Interest Tax Depreciation/ Revenue.

 EBIT Margin: Similar to EBITDA Margin, but without depreciation.

 PAT Margin: Net Profit / Revenue

 Gross Profit Margin: Gross Profit/ Revenue

Above all, the most common feature of the margin ratios is that the denominator is always
revenue.
Contrary to the margin ratios, return ratios are trying to find the benefit accrued to the
investor in the business.

You should be noted that I am not referring to stock market returns but business returns.

Subsequently, below are the important return ratios;

 Return on Equity: Net Income/ Total Equity

 ROC: EBIT/ Total Capital

 Return on Assets: Net Income/ Total Assets

Profitability Ratio Analysis Questions 1

Selected information for a company and the standard size data for its industry are provided
below:

Company Data

The company’s inferior ROE compared to that of the industry is most likely due to its:
A. tax burden ratio.
B. interest burden ratio.
C. financial leverage ratio

Profitability Ratio Analysis Questions 2

The balance sheet extract for Silver Linings Limited is as follows:

Profitability Ratio Analysis Questions 3

Rob Westfield is an analyst. He gathers the following information for Panama Country Club.

Which of the following statements is least likely correct?

Solutions
Problem 1 Solution

Problem 2 Solution

Problem 3 Solution

Activity Ratio

Unlike the ratios discussed until now, activity ratios try to dig deeper into a company’s
operations.

Moreover, activity ratios are completely basis, inter financial statement calculations.

 Inventory Turnover: Cost of Goods Sold/ Inventory

This ratio tries to find how many times the inventory is sold compared to the total inventory.

 Receivables Turnover:

Just like the ratio on inventory, the receivables turnover ratio finds the ratio of sales to total
receivables.

 Payables Turnover

Similarly, the payables turnover ratio finds the ratio of the cost of goods sold to the total
creditors.
Subsequently, it should be evident that inventory turnover should be high, receivables
turnover should be low, and payables turnover should be increased.

Activity Ratio Questions 1

Selected information from a company’s comparative income statements and balance sheets
is
presented below:

The company operates in an industry in which suppliers offer terms of 2/10, net 30. The
payables turnover for the average company in the industry is 8.5 times. Which of the
is the following statements the most accurate? In 2013, the company, on average:
A. took advantage of early payment discounts.
B. paid its accounts within the payment terms provisionally
C. paid its accounts more promptly than the average firm in the industry.

Solution