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The document outlines the concepts of text and discourse, emphasizing that all discourse is text but not all text qualifies as discourse. It discusses various methods for organizing ideas, patterns of development in writing, and the importance of cohesion and coherence in communication. Additionally, it covers formal and informal language, different types of claims, hypertext and hypermedia, intertextuality, critical reading, and the role of hedging in counterclaims.

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Angelanne Legarda
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16 views2 pages

Raw Reviewer

The document outlines the concepts of text and discourse, emphasizing that all discourse is text but not all text qualifies as discourse. It discusses various methods for organizing ideas, patterns of development in writing, and the importance of cohesion and coherence in communication. Additionally, it covers formal and informal language, different types of claims, hypertext and hypermedia, intertextuality, critical reading, and the role of hedging in counterclaims.

Uploaded by

Angelanne Legarda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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READING AND WRITING

Text and Discourse

• Text: A sentence or group of sentences with clarity and unity of meaning.


• Discourse: A text with a specific purpose and structure.
• All discourse is text, but not all text is discourse.
• The word "discourse" comes from the Latin word "discursus."

Examples of Text and Discourse

• Text: A sentence with clear meaning.


• Discourse: Diary, anecdote, procedure, etc.
• A poem can be considered discourse because it has structure and purpose.
• A warning sign is both text and discourse.

Organizing Ideas

• Brainstorming: Gathering ideas on a subject.


• Graphic Organizer: Visually represents idea connections.
• Topic Outline: Organizes ideas into main and sub-themes.
• Sentence Outline: Organizes ideas into full sentences.
• Comparing Two Subjects: Use a Venn Diagram.
• Writing Instructions: Use a Sequence Chart.

Patterns of Development

• Incident Report: Uses narrative pattern.


• Cause-and-Effect: Shows the relationship between actions and consequences.
• Problem-Solution: Presents a problem and suggests solutions.
• Persuasion: Argues for a position or belief.
• Comparison and Contrast: Highlights similarities and differences.
• Description: Details features of a subject.
• Definition: Explains a term's meaning.

Cohesion and Coherence

• Coherence: Unity of ideas in a literary work.


• Cohesion: Connection of ideas at the sentence level.
• Cohesive Strategies: Use of transition signals, reference words, and substitution.

Formal Communication

Formal Language Example:

"We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude for your presence at the conference. Your
participation contributed significantly to the success of the event."
Informal Language Example:

"Thanks a lot for coming to the event! It wouldn’t have been the same without you."

Claims

• Claim: A debatable statement meant to influence acceptance.


• Explicit Claim: Directly stated.
• Implicit Claim: Requires inference.
• Claim of Fact: Describes or predicts reality.
• Claim of Value: Evaluates what should be valued.
• Claim of Policy: Proposes solutions and actions.

Hypertext and Hypermedia

• Hypertext: A non-linear way of presenting information using links.


• Hypermedia: Includes multimedia elements (text, audio, video, etc.).
• Coined by: Ted Nelson.
• Hyperlinks: Connect text and media.

Intertextuality

• Retelling: Restating a story or re-expressing a narrative.


• Quotation: Directly using the exact words from another text.
• Etc.

Critical Reading

• Purpose: To evaluate, analyze, and interpret an author’s claims.


• Difference from Criticism: Critical reading assesses the validity of textual evidence.
• Steps in Critical Reading:
o Identify assertions.
o Determine evidence.
o Formulate counterclaims.

Hedging in Counterclaims

• Purpose: Makes counterclaims more respectful and courteous.


• Examples of Hedge Words:
o Modal Hedge Words: "Could," "probably."
o Probability Adverbs: "Presumably."
o Etc.

Assertions

• Definition: A statement categorized as fact, convention, opinion, or preference.


• Importance of Evidence: Supports and analyzes the author’s claims.

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