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GRADE 7 MATHS TERM 1

Contents
GRADE 7 MATHS TERM 1............................................................................................................. 1
WHOLE NUMBERS .................................................................................................................... 3
PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS ....................................................................................... 4
DISTRIBUTIVE, ASSOCIATIVE AND COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY .......................................... 4
MULTIPLES AND FACTORS ...................................................................................................... 5
Factors ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Exercise 1 ................................................................................................................................. 6
Exercise 2 ................................................................................................................................. 7
Multiplication and Division ........................................................................................................... 8
Exercise 3 ................................................................................................................................. 8
Exercise 4 ................................................................................................................................. 9
HCF and LCM ............................................................................................................................. 9
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................................... 10
Exercise 6 ............................................................................................................................... 11
Exercise 7 ............................................................................................................................... 11
Exercise 8 ............................................................................................................................... 12
RATIO AND RATE .................................................................................................................... 13
Exercise 9 ............................................................................................................................... 14
SHARING A “WHOLE” IN A GIVEN RATIO............................................................................... 14
Exercise 10 ............................................................................................................................. 15
CALCULATING PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE ................................................ 15
Exercise 11 ............................................................................................................................. 15
FRACTIONS: PROPER AND IMPROPER FRACTIONS ........................................................... 16
MIXED NUMBERS .................................................................................................................... 17
CONVERTING FRACTIONS ..................................................................................................... 17
Exercise 12 ............................................................................................................................. 17
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS ...................................................................................................... 18
Exercise 13 ............................................................................................................................. 18
FRACTIONS OF QUANTITIES ................................................................................................. 19
Exercise 14 ............................................................................................................................. 19
GIVING PARTS OF QUANTITIES AS FRACTIONS .................................................................. 19
Exercise 15 ............................................................................................................................. 20
Exercise 16 ............................................................................................................................. 20
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMMON FRACTIONS.................................................. 21
Exercise 17 ............................................................................................................................. 21
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS ......................................................................................... 21
Exercise 18 ............................................................................................................................. 22
Exercise 19 ............................................................................................................................. 22
Exercise 20 ............................................................................................................................. 22
DECIMAL FRACTIONS ............................................................................................................. 23
DECIMALS AND PLACE VALUE .............................................................................................. 24
Exercise 21 ............................................................................................................................. 24
DECIMAL FRACTIONS AND ROUNDING OFF ........................................................................ 25
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Exercise 22 ............................................................................................................................. 25
COMPARING AND ORDERING DECIMALS............................................................................. 26
Exercise 23 ............................................................................................................................. 26
CONVERTING TO COMMON FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES ......................................... 27
DENOMINATORS OF 10, 100 OR 1000 ................................................................................... 27
Exercise 24 ............................................................................................................................. 27
CONVERTING TO PERCENTAGES ......................................................................................... 27
Exercise 25 ............................................................................................................................. 28
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS ..................................................................... 29
Exercise 26 ............................................................................................................................. 29
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS- HORIZONTAL MULTIPLICATION..................................... 29
VERTICAL MULTIPLICATION .................................................................................................. 30
MULTIPLYING BY 10, 100 AND 1000....................................................................................... 30
Exercise 27 ............................................................................................................................. 30
DIVISION OF DECIMALS. HORIZONTAL (SHORT) DIVISION................................................. 32
Exercise 28 ............................................................................................................................. 33
FINANCIAL MATHS .................................................................................................................. 33
FINANCES – PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT ........................................................................ 34
Exercise 29 ............................................................................................................................. 34
FINANCES - BUDGET .............................................................................................................. 35
FINANCES- LOANS AND INTEREST ....................................................................................... 35

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WHOLE NUMBERS

All the positive numbers 1; 2; 3; 4; … are called the set of natural numbers. If we include
0 in the set of natural numbers, we get the set of counting numbers or whole numbers.
We use numbers to add, subtract, multiply and divide. We can also write numbers in a
particular order, from largest to smallest, e.g., 124; 1124; 5124; 9124. When we need to
estimate, we can round off numbers to the nearest 5, 10, 100 or 1000.
Whole numbers – or counting numbers are the numbers, 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; … and
are represented by the symbol Nₒ.
Natural numbers – are whole numbers greater than or equal to 1: (1; 2; 3; 4; …) and are
represented by the symbol N.
Rounding off to the nearest 5:
Look at the last digit of the number (the units digit) and round the number off to the closest
number that 5 divides into.
1; 2 – “Move back to number ending in 0”
3; 4 – “Move forward to the number ending in
5” 6; 7 - “Move back to number ending in 5”
8; 9 - “Move forward to the number ending in 0”

Round off a number to the nearest 10:

When rounding off to the nearest 10, look at the units- digit.
Underline the Tens digit - 586
Look at the digit to the RIGHT of the Tens digit - 586
If this digit is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, the Tens stay the same. This is called rounding down.
If this digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, round up. This is called rounding up.
586 rounded to the nearest 10 is 590.

We use the same method to round off to 100 (look at the tens digit) and 1000 (look at
the hundreds digit)

For example: 465 784 rounded off to the nearest 10 is 465 780.
465 784 rounded to the nearest 100 is 465 800.
465 784 rounded to the nearest 1000 is 466 000.

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Try this:
Round off 987 516 to:
The nearest 5
The nearest 10
The nearest 100
The nearest 1000

PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Adding numbers is called finding the sum, and subtracting numbers is called finding the
difference. Multiplying numbers is called finding the product and dividing numbers is
called finding the quotient.
When you add or multiply numbers, the order of the numbers does not matter, for
example: 4 + 5 = 5 + 4 and 4 x 5 = 5 x 4. This is called the commutative property of
addition and multiplication.

The order in which you add or multiply numbers also does not matter, for example:
(4+5) +6 = 4 + (5+6) and (4x5) x6 = 4 x (5x6). This is called the associative property of
addition and multiplication.

DISTRIBUTIVE, ASSOCIATIVE AND COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY

a) 2 x 5 + 2 x 6 – 2 x 7 b) 123 x 7
= 2 x (5 + 6 - 7) =(100 + 20 + 3) x 7
=2x4 =(100 x 7)+(20 x 7)+(3 x 7)
=8 =700+140+21
= 861

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12(6 + 7)
12 x 6 + 12 x 7
72+84
156

When numbers in brackets are multiplied by a number in front of the brackets, each
number inside the brackets is affected. This property of numbers works for addition and
subtraction, for example: 4(5 + 6) = (4 x 5) + (4 x 6) or 6(5 – 4) = (6 x 5) - (6 x 4). This
property is called the distributive property of multiplication.

Addition and subtraction are called inverse operations. If you add and subtract the same
amount from a number, you end up back where you started. These operations have an
effect on each other, for example: 856 + 12 – 12 = 856.
Multiplication and division are called inverse operations. If you multiply and divide a
number by the same amount, you end up back where you started as the operations have
an inverse effect on each other, for example: 524 x 12 ÷ 12 = 524.

MULTIPLES AND FACTORS

Factors
A factor is a number that divides exactly into a whole number without any remainders. F 10
= {1; 2; 5; 10}

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Prime numbers
A prime number has only 2 factors: 1 and itself. The number 2 is the first prime number.
We say that 2 x 1 = 2. The number 2 is the only even prime number as all other numbers
have more than two factors. The numbers 2; 3; 5; 7 and 11 are examples of prime
numbers because they have only two factors, the number itself and 1. e.g. F 3 = {1; 3}

3 is therefore a prime number.

Multiples
A multiple is the product of two natural numbers. For example, 24 is multiple of 8 and 3
because 8 x 3 =24. The number 24 is also a multiple of 12 and 2 because 12 x 2 = 24.
Multiplication Tables: M
Multiplication Tables. M7 = {7; 14; 21; 28 ….}

Composite numbers
A composite number has more than 2 factors.
e.g. F20 = {1; 2; 4; 5; 10; 20}

Exercise 1

Why is the number 1 neither a prime nor a composite number?

Write down the following sets of numbers:
Odd numbers between 100 and 120.
Even numbers from 364 to 372.
Prime numbers greater than 5 but smaller than 27.
Multiples of 8 from 48 to 80.

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The factors of 36.

The first 5 counting numbers.
The first 5 natural numbers.
The prime factors of 30.
Write down ALL the factors of the following numbers:
a) 25
b) 48

Write down the first 6 multiples of the following:

10
25
Solve the problems below by first rounding off each number to the nearest
000.
a) 171 643 + 16 124
b) 399 106 + 71 257 + 9 199
Use the same method again but, round off these numbers to the nearest 100:
a) 9 876 543 – 210 369
b) 12 413 x 125
Use the same method again but, round off these numbers to the nearest 10:
a) 8 342 x 29
b) 211 x 43

Exercise 2

What rule is being used in each of these equations: commutative, associative or

distributive?
a) 2(5 – 3) = (2 x 5) - (2 x 3)
b) 3 + 7 = 7 + 3
c) 2 x (3 x 4) = (2 x 3) x 4
d) 5(7 + 6) = (5 x 7) + (5 x 6)
e) (7 + 9) + 4 = 7 + (9 + 4) f)
4x7=7x4

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Multiplication and Division

Examples: Multiplication
Calculate 2310 x 35
Answers:
2310 x 35 = 2310 x (30 + 5)
(231 x 30) + (2310 x 5) Distributive law
(2310 x 5) + (2310 x 30) Commutative law
11550 =69 300
80850

In columns, it looks like this:

2310
x 35
11 550 2310 x 5, multiply by units
69 3002310 x 30, multiply by tens
80 850Add the two products together

Division
When we divide large numbers, we use a method called long division.
Example:
This number is the answer
321 145413
1284 321 x 4 = 1284
1701 Subtract 1284 from 1454 and bring down the 1
1605 321 x 5 = 1605

Subtract 1605 from 1701 and bring down the 3

321 x 3 = 963
Subtract 963 from 963

Exercise 3

Do these calculations. Show your method. Not just an answer.

432 128 - 248 529
164 600 + 196 416

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35 x 78
5822÷16
80 357 + 619 450
231 609 – 218 344
27 x 39
9206÷28

Exercise 4

Use the HORIZONTAL METHOD

a) 456 +350 + 239
b) 648 + 352 + 371

2. Use the VERTICAL METHOD

1 226 x 82
3 437 x 24

HCF and LCM

The HCF and LCM are numbers that share the same factors. These are called common
factors and you can find the highest common factor, HCF, of two or more numbers. You
can also find the lowest common multiple, LCM, of two or more numbers.

Example:
The multiples of 12 are 12 ; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72 ; 84; … and the multiples of 15 are 15; 30;
45; 60; 75; 90; …which means that the LCM of 12 and 15 is 60.
You can use the prime factor method for finding the LCM (or an HCF).

For example:
12 = 2 x 2 x 3 and 15 = 3 x 5 so the LCM is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 which contains all possible prime
factors of both numbers. The HCF of 12 and 15 is 3 as that is the highest factor common
to both numbers.

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Use prime factors to write numbers in the Factor tree method

Use prime factors to write numbers in exponential form (Ladder method)

72
2 72

2 36
18
9
3
72 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3

2³ x 3²

Exercise 5

Write in exponential form using only prime numbers as bases. (Ladder Method)
125
256
200
275
588
576
42
484
1125

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Exercise 6

1. Find the HCF of:

a) 6 and 9:

b) 14 and 18:

c) 30 and 24:
d) 15 and 10:

2. Find the LCM of:

a) 5 and 3:

b) 9 and 6:

c) 8 and 10:

d) 12 and 9:

e) 15 and 20:

Exercise 7

BODMAS stands for Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.

BODMAS is the order of operation of a mathematical expression.

BODMAS is an acronym to remember the order of mathematical operations – the correct

order in which to solve Mathematics problems.

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Complete the sums below using BODMAS/BOMDAS.

No CALCULATORS are allowed. Show all working out.

30 X 12 ÷ 4 + ¾ 0f 20
(17 x 25) x ( 24 ÷ 2 ) – 10 x 10
(24 – 14 ) x 25 ÷ 5
235 + 80 x 50 ÷ 10 – ( 215 + ¾ of 8 )
200÷20+285÷95–8+4
790+1000÷125–50÷10
50 + 35 of 75 – 32

470 + 692 x 10 ÷ 20 – 630

PROBLEM SOLVING: BRAIN TEASER

Two lighthouse beacons can be seen from the

top of a hill. These two beacons start flashing at
the same time. One beacon flashes every 4
minutes and the other flashes every 9 minutes.

Calculate how long it will be before they both flash at the same time again. Use your 4 x
and 9 x table to calculate.

Exercise 8

There are special rules that apply to the number zero and the number one.
What happens to numbers when you multiply or divide by 1?
Solve these problems.
a) 28×1 = b)
28÷1 = c) 8
344×1 = d)
8 344÷1 =
e) What can you conclude about multiplying or dividing by 1?

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What happens to numbers when you add or subtract 0?

Solve these problems.
a) 429+0 =
b) 429−0 =
c) 5 360+0 =
d) What can you conclude about adding or subtracting 0.

What happens when we multiply by 0?

a) What does it mean when we say 4×0?

What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number?

0÷4
0÷8
0÷58
0÷347

What happens when we divide by zero?

4÷0
8÷0
58÷0
347÷0

RATIO AND RATE

RATIO
A ratio is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use the same unit of
measurement.
A ratio of 5:6 means that for every 5 of the first quantity, there are 6 of the second quantity.
Ratio can also be written as a fraction. In the ratio 5:6, the first quantity would be written as 115. The second quantity would be written as116.

Ratios can be simplified, e.g., 10:12 can be simplified to 5:6.

Another example: The ratio of an original price of a coat to the sale price is
R300:R210. We simplify this to 10:7

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RATE
A rate is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use different units of
measurement, e.g., hours (h), minutes (m), Rands (R), millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm),
etc.

Exercise 9

Simplify the ratio 32:16.

Write the fraction 32 /48 in its simplest form.
Now write the ratio 32:48 in its simplest form.
The ratio of women engineers to men engineers in a construction company is 2:7.
There are six women engineers. How many men engineers are there in the company?
How many engineers are there in the company altogether?
What fraction of the total number of engineers are women?
The company decides to improve their gender equality. The company wants to change the
ratio of women engineers to men engineers to 2:5. The company cannot afford to employ
more than 28 engineers in total. When the company achieves this ratio, how many women
engineers and men engineers would they have?

SHARING A “WHOLE” IN A GIVEN RATIO

Share R 2 250,00 in the ratio 3:2:1

This means 3:2:1 that 3+2+1= 6 parts of the whole 2 250.
3
In fraction form, this means 6 of 2 250

3 x 2 250
6750÷6

2
R1125
6 of 2 250

2 x 2 250
4500÷6

1
R 750
6 of 2 250

2250÷6
R 375

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Exercise 10

Divide R 200,00 between you and your best friend in the ratio 3:2
Divide R 240,00 in the ratio 3:4:5
Share 28 sweets between Joe and Amy in the ratio 3:1
Share an inheritance of R 50 000,00 between five children in the following
ratio 7:9:3:2:4

CALCULATING PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE