Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education
i – Division of Palawan
 General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Periodic Motion
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to selfcheck
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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Gen Physics 1

Periodic Motion
Second Quarter
Week
Most Essential Learning Competencies Objectives:
1. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement,
velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems.
2. Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic
motion
3. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and

What is It
Many kinds of motion repeat themselves over and over – from the movement of
the hands of a clock, the swinging pendulum of a grandfather clock, a rocking chair,
heartbeat, the sound vibrations produced by a clarinet or an organ pipe, and the
backand-forth motion of the pistons in a car engine, and even the movement of Earth
about its axis and about the sun. This kind of motion, called periodic motion or oscillations.

Periodic motion is a motion of an object that regularly repeat—the object returns

to a given position after a fixed time interval. With little thought, we can identify several
types of periodic motion in everyday life.
Your car returns to the driveway each
afternoon. You return to the dinner table
every night to eat. A bumped chandelier
swing back and forth, returning to the
same position at a regular rate. The Earth
return to same position in its orbit around
the Sun each year, resulting in the
variation among the four seasons. The
Moon return to the same relationship with
the Earth and the
Sun, resulting in a full
Moon approximately once a month.

Figure 3.1. The motion of the swing is an example of

periodic motion.

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 A body undergoing periodic motions always has a stable equilibrium position.

The equilibrium position, otherwise known as resting position, is the position

assumed by the body when it is not vibrating. This equilibrium position is represented by
position B of the boy in the swing and figure 3.1. When the boy is displaced from its
equilibrium position to position A, a restoring force(gravity) acts on it to pull it back toward
position B.

A restoring force is the force that tends to restore a body from its displacement to
its equilibrium position. By the time the boy reaches position B, the body has gained
kinetic energy, overshoots this position, moves, and stops somewhere on the other side
(Position C). The body is again pulled back towards equilibrium. Vibrations about this
equilibrium position results only from the action of the restoring force.

The amplitude (A) of vibration is the maximum displacement of a body from its
equilibrium position. This is represented by the displacement from position B to position A
or from position B to position C.

The period (T) of a body in periodic motion is the time required to make a
complete to-and-fro motion. One complete to-and-fro motion is called a cycle. Referring
to figure 3.1, the motion of the swing from position A to position C and back to position A
is one cycle. Period is usually in seconds.

Frequency (f) is the number of the cycle per unit time. It's SI unit is the hertz,
abbreviated as Hz. One (1) hertz equals one cycle per second. Frequency is the
reciprocal of period.
Equation 3.1

Sometimes, angular frequency (ω) is use instead of frequency. Angular frequency

is commonly express in radians per second. The relationship between angular frequency
and frequency is given by
Equation 3.2

A very common type of periodic motion is what we called simple harmonic motion
(SHM). It is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the
displacement of the body from its equilibrium position. This restoring force acts in a
direction opposite that of the displacement.

In equation, 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥 Equation 3.3 where, Fs is the restoring

force x is the displacement from the equilibrium position k
is the proportionality constant.

The negative sign simply means that the restoring force and displacement are
oppositely directed. We call this restoring force because it is always directed toward the
equilibrium position and therefore opposite the displacement from equilibrium.

Example 3.1
An oscillating body takes 0.8 seconds to complete four cycles. What is the (a)period,
(b)frequency, and (c)angular frequency of the body?

Solution:
a. We are asked to determine the time taken to complete one cycle.
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 b. Substituting the value of T in Equation (3.1),

ω = 2πf = 2(3.14radians)(5. 0𝑠−1) = 31.4 radians /s

A system that oscillates with SHM is called simple harmonic oscillator. The simplest
form of a simple harmonic oscillator is a body of mass m oscillating on one end of an
elastic spring also known as the mass-spring system.

In the model for simple harmonic motion, consider a block of mass m attached to
the end of a spring, with the block free to move on a horizontal, frictionless surface.

Figure 3.2. A block attached to a spring moving on a

frictionless surface.

(a) Stretched spring. When the block is displaced

to the right of equilibrium (x > 0), the force exerted by
the spring acts to the left.

(b) When the block is at its equilibrium position (x

= 0), the force exerted by the spring is zero.

(c) Compressed spring. When the block is

displaced to the left of equilibrium (x < 0), the force
exerted by the spring acts to the right.

Note that the amount of the spring is negligible to the amount of stretching for
compressing force.

An external force can cause object, like spring, to stretch or compressed by a

certain displacement x (figure 3.2). This force is numerically equal to the restoring force
but opposite in direction. Thus,
F = kx Equation 3.4
The proportionality constant (k) is what we called the force constant of the spring.
It is the force needed to produce a unit of elongation or compression of the spring and
has the unit of N/m.

The force constant k is measure of the stiffness of the spring. A small value of k
indicates that the spring can be easily stretched or compressed. In other words, springs
with lesser spring constants will have greater displacements than those with larger spring
constants for the same amount of force applied.

Example 3.2
A transverse wave on a string is described by the wave function:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔.𝟐𝟖 𝒎−𝟏𝒙 − 𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝒔−𝟏𝒕)

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Find the:
(a) amplitude (e) period
(b) wave number (f) speed of the wave
(c) angular frequency (g) direction of the wave
(d) wavelength (h) frequency of the wave

Solution: The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡). Therefore,
a. Amplitude 𝐴 = 0.2 𝑚
b. The wave number can be read directly from the wave equation:
𝑘 = 6.28 rad/m
c. The angular frequency is: 𝜔 = 1.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
d. The wavelength can be found using the equation: =1.0 m
e. To get the period:
f. Speed of the wave,

g. The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡). Therefore, the wave is
moving in the positive direction as denoted by the negative sign between
𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑡.
h. The frequency is

Wave is a periodic disturbance that travels through matter or space and transfers
energy, not matter, from one location to another. The repetitive motion called vibration,
causes the formation of waves. Therefore, wave is also considered as a simple harmonic
motion.
Waves come in different types and forms such as the mechanical waves and the
electromagnetic waves. In this lesson, we will focus on mechanical waves.

Mechanical Waves
Mechanical waves are disturbances that transfers energy through a medium.
Mechanical waves cannot propagate through a vacuum.
Medium is the matter through which the mechanical waves travel. The medium can be
any state of matter (solid, liquid or gas).
There are two main types of mechanical waves based on the direction of the
displacement of the particles of the medium through which the waves travel. These are
longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

Transverse Wave
If we wiggle the free end of the spring
as in Figure 3.4, a transverse wave is
formed. The particles of the medium
are displaced perpendicular to the
direction in which a wave travels. This
means that the medium’s particles
oscillate up and down about their
individual equilibrium positions at right
angle to the direction of the wave
propagation. Examples: ripples

4
on the surface of the water, vibrations in a guitar string, seismic S Figure
3.4 A Transverse Wav-waves. e
Longitudinal Wave
If we give the spring a back-and-
forth motion as in Figure 3.5, a longitudinal wave is formed. The particles of the medium
are displaced parallel to the direction in which a wave travels. This means that the
medium’s particles oscillate back and forth about their individual equilibrium positions
along the same direction of wave propagation. Examples: sound waves, seismic P-
waves, ultrasound waves. Consider a spring whose free end is given a repetitive
motion as shown in the right. It can be noticed that a series of wave pulses is
produced. It is also observed that each particle in the spring will also experience
periodic motion as the wave travels through it. In this case, we have a periodic wave.
Sinusoidal waves is produced when a periodic wave is in
simple harmonic motion.
Figure 3.6 A Periodic Wave

Figure 3.7 shows the anatomy of a

periodic wave, particularly a sinusoidal wave.
The horizontal dashed line of the diagram
represents the equilibrium or rest position of the
transverse wave. This is the position that the
transverse wave would assume if there were no
disturbance moving through it.

Figure 3.7. A Sinusoidal Wave

Crest: It is the highest point or the peak of a transverse wave. Trough:

It is the lowest point on a transverse wave.

Characteristics of a Periodic Wave

Amplitude (A): The maximum
displacement of a particle on the
medium from the equilibrium
position.
Wavelength (𝝀): The distance between
two successive crests or throughs.
Frequency (𝒇): The number of waves
that pass a particular point for every
one second
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Figure 3.5 A Longitudinal Wave
Period (T): The time required for one complete wave to pass a particular point.

What I Can Do

Activity 1: Word Box

Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
Choose your answer from the word box provided below. Each word can only be used
once. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. A ______ is a vibration that moves through space.

2. The source of a wave is a ___________ or _____________________.
3. The material through which a wave travel is called the _______________.
4. Waves carry _____ and can be described as ___________ that travels uniformly from
its source.
5. Amplitude of a wave is measured from a wave’s crest to its______.
6. Wave ______ = frequency x wavelength
7. A ________ wave requires a medium to propagate.
8. In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the particle is ________ to the wave’s direction
of propagation.
9. In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles is _____ to the wave’s direction of
propagation.
10. A sinusoidal wave is a periodic wave in ___________.

Word Box

Simple harmonic motion wave parallel oscillation mechanical

Equilibrium position perpendicular vibration medium speed
energy

Activity 2: Fill Me Up!

1. What is/are the necessary condition for a periodic motion to be classified as a
simple harmonic motion?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the physical meaning of the force constant of a spring?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. When are maximum acceleration and maximum velocity achieved in a simple
harmonic oscillator?
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 __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

1 8

2 4

What’s More
Activity 3: Crossword Puzzle
Down
1. It is the number of cycles per unit of time from its equilibrium position.
3. It refers to motion that is repeated at regular
intervals of time.
4. It’s a force that causes body to accelerate
towards the earth.
8. It is the energy possessed by a body in motion.

Across

2. It is a force that tends to restore a body.

5. It refers to the position assumed by the body when it is not vibrating 6.
It refers to one complete to-and-from motion

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7 . It is the maximum displacement of body from its equilibrium position

What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Solve Me Part I
A force of 3.0 N elongates a spring by 6.0 cm. (a) What is the force constant of
spring? (b) How much force is needed to elongate spring an additional 6.0 cm?

Activity 5: Solve Me Part II

A wave travelling along a string is denoted by:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟖𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎−𝟏𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒔−𝟏𝒕).

Solve for:
(a) Amplitude (e) period
(b) wave number (f) speed
(c) angular frequency (g) direction of the wave
(d) wavelength (h) frequency

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A body undergoing periodic motions always has a stable ____________ position.

a. initial b. final c. equilibrium d. extreme

2. This refers to the maximum displacement of a body from its equilibrium position caused
by vibration.
a. amplitude b. frequency c. period d. speed

3. What is the frequency of a wave that has a period of 2 seconds?

a. 0.25 Hz b. 0.5 Hz c. 0.75 Hz d. 1.0 Hz

4. Given a frequency of 0.25 Hz of a certain wave, what is its angular frequency?

a. 0.78 rads/sec b. 1.57 rads/sec c. 2.36 rads/sec d. 3.14 rads/sec

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For questions 5 to 7, refer to the problem: An oscillating body takes 0.6 seconds to
complete three cycles.

5. What is the period of the oscillating body?

a. 0.1 s b. 0.2 s c. 1 s d. 2 s

6. What is the frequency of the oscillating body?

a. 2 Hz b. 3 Hz c. 4 Hz d. 5 Hz

7. What is the angular frequency of the oscillating body?

a. 10.47 rads/sec b. 20.93 rads/sec c. 31.4 rads/sec d. 41.87 rads/sec

For items 8 to 15, refer to the problem: A transverse wave on a string is described by the
wave function y (x,t) = 0.4m sin (3.14 m-1x – 1.57s-1t). Find the following: (8) amplitude,
(9) wave number, (10) angular frequency, (11) wavelength, (12) period, (13) speed of the
wave, (14) direction of the wave, and (15) frequency of the wave.

References

Bauer, W. and Westfall, G., 2016. University physics with modern physics. 2nd ed. McGraw
Hill Education.

Esguerra, J.P., Bacabac, R., Cordovilla, J., Roxas-Villanueva, R.M., and Magali, J.K., 2018.
General Physics 1. 1st ed. Prinpia Co., Ltd.

Silverio, A., and Ramos, J.D., 2017. General Physics 1. Phoenix Publishing House.

Urone, P.P., Hinrichs, R., Gozuacik, F., Pattison, D., and Tabor, C., 2020. Physics. OpenStax
Org