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 Global Global
edition edition

edition
Global
Fundamentals of

Communication Systems
For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has
Communication Systems

Fundamentals of
collaborated with educators across the world to address a
wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students
SECOND edition
with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition
preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the
original, but also features alterations, customization and
adaptation from the North American version.

second edition
This is a special edition of an established

Salehi
Proakis
title widely used by colleges and universities
throughout the world. Pearson published this
exclusive edition for the benefit of students
outside the United States and Canada. If you
purchased this book within the United States
or Canada you should be aware that it has
been imported without the approval of the
Publisher or Author. John G. Proakis • Masoud Salehi
Pearson Global Edition

PROAKIS_1292015683_mech.indd 1 21/07/14 9:14 PM

A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 7

Contents
PREFACE 17

1 INTRODUCTION 21

1.1 Historical Review 21

1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System 24
1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 27
1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 30
1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics 32
1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 38
1.5 Summary and Further Reading 40

2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS 41

2.1 Basic Concepts 41

2.1.1 Basic Operations on Signals, 41
2.1.2 Classification of Signals, 43
2.1.3 Some Important Signals and Their Properties, 51
2.1.4 Classification of Systems, 58
2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems in the Time Domain, 61
2.2 Fourier Series 63
2.2.1 Fourier Series and Its Properties, 64
2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Signals, 74
2.2.3 Parseval’s Relation, 76
2.3 Fourier Transform 78
2.3.1 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms, 78
2.3.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 84
2.3.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 98
2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems, 101
2.4 Filter Design 105
2.5 Power and Energy 109
2.5.1 Energy-Type Signals, 109
2.5.2 Power-Type Signals, 112

2.6 Hilbert Transform and Its Properties 115

2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Signals 118

7
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 8

8 Contents

2.8 Summary and Further Reading 120

Problems 121

3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 137

3.1 Introduction to Modulation 138

3.2 Amplitude Modulation 139
3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM, 139
3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 146
3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 152
3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 154
3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 157
3.4 Signal Multiplexing 164
3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 164
3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing, 165

3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 166

3.6 Summary and Further Reading 169
Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals 169
Problems 171

4 ANGLE MODULATION 181

4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals 181

4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals 186
4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal, 186
4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal, 190

4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 191

4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 199
4.5 Summary and Further Reading 201
Problems 202

5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 210

5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables 210

5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability, 210
5.1.2 Conditional Probability, 211
5.1.3 Random Variables, 214
5.1.4 Functions of a Random Variable, 221
5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables, 223
5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables, 228
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 9

Contents 9

5.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts 229

5.2.1 Statistical Averages, 232
5.2.2 Wide-Sense Stationary Processes, 235
5.2.3 Multiple Random Processes, 237
5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 238
5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes, 240
5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Process, 245
5.3 Gaussian and White Processes 246
5.3.1 Gaussian Processes, 246
5.3.2 White Processes, 248
5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes, 250
5.4 Summary and Further Reading 255
Problems 256

6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 275

6.1 Effect of Noise on Amplitude Modulation Systems 275

6.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 276
6.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 276
6.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 278
6.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 279
6.2 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 283
6.2.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 291
6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering for FM, 294
6.3 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems 297
6.4 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication
Systems 298
6.4.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, 299
6.4.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, 300
6.4.3 Transmission Losses, 303
6.4.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission, 304
6.5 Summary and Further Reading 307
Problems 308

7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 316

7.1 Sampling of Signals and Signal Reconstruction from Samples 317

7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem, 317

7.2 Quantization 321

7.2.1 Scalar Quantization, 322
7.2.2 Vector Quantization, 329
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 10

10 Contents

7.3 Encoding 331

7.4 Waveform Coding 332
7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation, 333
7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 336
7.4.3 Delta Modulation, 338
7.5 Analysis–Synthesis Techniques 341
7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 345
7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems, 345
7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording, 347

7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard 352

7.8 Summary and Further Reading 355
Problems 356

8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE

GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 367

8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms 368

8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 372
8.2.1 Binary Antipodal Signaling, 372
8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling, 376
8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White
Gaussian Noise 381
8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator, 382
8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator, 391
8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimum Detector for Binary Signals, 399
8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 404
8.4.1 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN, 404
8.4.2 A Union Bound on the Probability of Error, 416

8.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 418

8.5.1 Carrier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels (M-ary ASK), 420
8.5.2 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated
PAM Signals, 423
8.5.3 Probability of Error for M-ary PAM, 423
8.6 Phase-Shift Keying 426
8.6.1 Geometric Representation of PSK Signals, 428
8.6.2 Demodulation and Detection of PSK Signals, 430
8.6.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, 431
8.6.4 Differential Phase Encoding and Differential Phase Modulation
and Demodulation, 436
8.6.5 Probability of Error for DPSK, 438
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 11

Contents 11

8.7 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals 439

8.7.1 Geometric Representation of QAM Signals, 441
8.7.2 Demodulation and Detection of QAM Signals, 443
8.7.3 Probability of Error for QAM, 444
8.8 Carrier-Phase Estimation 449
8.8.1 The Phase-Locked Loop, 449
8.8.2 The Costas Loop, 457
8.8.3 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PAM, 459
8.8.4 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PSK, 460
8.8.5 Carrier-Phase Estimation for QAM, 464
8.9 Symbol Synchronization 466
8.9.1 Early–Late Gate Synchronizers, 467
8.9.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Method, 470
8.9.3 Maximum-Likelihood Method, 471
8.9.4 Spectral-Line Method, 472
8.9.5 Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals, 475
8.10 Regenerative Repeaters 476
8.11 Summary and Further Reading 477
Problems 479

9 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODULATION 505

9.1 M-ary Orthogonal Signals 505

9.1.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 508
9.1.2 A Union Bound on the Error Probability of M-ary Orthogonal
Signals, 511
9.2 Biorthogonal Signals 512
9.2.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals, 515

9.3 Simplex Signals 517

9.3.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals, 518

9.4 Binary-Coded Signals 519

9.4.1 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Signals, 521
9.5 Frequency-Shift Keying 521
9.5.1 Demodulation of M-ary FSK, 523
9.5.2 Optimum Detector for Noncoherent Binary FSK, 527
9.5.3 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of M-ary FSK, 530
9.6 Modulation Systems with Memory 533
9.6.1 Continuous-Phase FSK, 533
9.6.2 Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK Signals, 544
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 12

12 Contents

9.7 Comparison of Modulation Methods 545

9.8 Summary and Further Reading 552
Problems 553

10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS 563

10.1 Characterization of Bandlimited Channels and Signal Distortion 563

10.1.1 Intersymbol Interference in Signal Transmission, 567
10.1.2 Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 569

10.2 The Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals 572

10.3 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels 576
10.3.1 Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI—The Nyquist
Criterion, 578
10.3.2 Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI—Partial-Response
Signals, 584
10.4 Detection of Partial-Response Signals 586
10.4.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 587
10.4.2 Probability of Error for Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 590
10.4.3 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial-Response
Signals, 593
10.4.4 Error Probability of the Maximum-Likelihood Sequence
Detector, 596
10.5 System Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion 597
10.5.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known
Channel, 598
10.5.2 Channel Equalization, 602
10.6 Summary and Further Reading 619
Appendix 10A: Power Spectrum of Modulated Signals 621
10A.1 The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, 621
10A.2 The Power Spectrum of the Carrier Modulated Signals, 623

Problems 624

11 MULTICARRIER MODULATION AND OFDM 641

11.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 641

11.2 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System 642
11.3 An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm 646
11.4 Spectral Characteristics of OFDM Signals 649
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 13

Contents 13

11.5 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems 651

11.6 Applications of OFDM 653
11.6.1 Digital Subscriber Lines, 653
11.6.2 Wireless LANs, 655
11.6.3 Digital Audio Broadcasting, 656
11.7 Summary and Further Reading 656
Problems 657

12 AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 661

12.1 Modeling Information Sources 662

12.1.1 Measure of Information, 664
12.1.2 Joint and Conditional Entropy, 667
12.1.3 Mutual Information, 670
12.1.4 Differential Entropy, 670
12.2 The Source Coding Theorem 672
12.3 Source Coding Algorithms 675
12.3.1 The Huffman Source Coding Algorithm, 675
12.3.2 The Lempel–Ziv Source Coding Algorithm, 679

12.4 Modeling of Communication Channels 681

12.5 Channel Capacity 684
12.5.1 Gaussian Channel Capacity, 689

12.6 Bounds on Communication 691

12.7 Summary and Further Reading 694
Problems 695

13 CODING FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS 709

13.1 The Promise of Coding 709

13.2 Linear Block Codes 714
13.2.1 Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes, 720
13.2.2 Some Important Linear Block Codes, 727
13.2.3 Error Detection versus Error Correction, 728
13.2.4 Burst-Error-Correcting Codes, 729
13.3 Convolutional Codes 731
13.3.1 Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes, 732
13.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes—The Viterbi
Algorithm, 737
13.3.3 Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, 742
13.3.4 Bounds on the Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, 742
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 14

14 Contents

13.4 Good Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes 745

13.4.1 Product Codes, 747
13.4.2 Concatenated Codes, 748
13.5 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 748
13.5.1 MAP Decoding of Convolutional Codes—The BCJR Algorithm, 751
13.5.2 Iterative Decoding for Turbo Codes, 757
13.5.3 Performance of Turbo Codes, 759
13.6 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 761
13.6.1 Decoding LDPC Codes, 765
13.7 Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels 767
13.7.1 Combined Coding and Modulation, 768
13.7.2 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 769

13.8 Practical Applications of Coding 776

13.8.1 Coding for Deep-Space Communications, 776
13.8.2 Coding for Telephone-Line Modems, 778

13.9 Summary and Further Reading 779

Problems 780

14 DATA TRANSMISSION IN FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS 789

14.1 Characterization of Physical Wireless Channels 789

14.2 Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels 791
14.2.1 Frequency Nonselective Fading Channel, 794
14.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading Channel, 797
14.2.3 Models for the Doppler Power Spectrum, 798
14.2.4 Propagation Models for Mobile Radio Channels, 801
14.3 Performance of Binary Modulation in Rayleigh Fading Channels 803
14.3.1 Probability of Error in Frequency Nonselective Channels, 803
14.3.2 Performance Improvement through Signal Diversity, 806
14.3.3 The RAKE Demodulator and Its Performance in Frequency Selective
Channels, 812
14.3.4 OFDM Signals in Frequency Selective Channels, 814
14.4 Multiple Antenna Systems 815
14.4.1 Channel Models for Multiple Antenna Systems, 816
14.4.2 Signal Transmission in a Slow Fading Frequency Nonselective MIMO
Channel, 817
14.4.3 Detection of Data Symbols in a MIMO System, 819
14.4.4 Error Rate Performance of the Detectors, 820
14.4.5 Space–Time Codes for MIMO Systems, 822
14.5 Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels 830
14.6 Summary and Further Reading 833
Problems 835
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 15

Contents 15

15 SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 845

15.1 Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System 846

15.2 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems 847
15.2.1 Effect of Despreading on a Narrowband Interference, 850
15.2.2 Probability of Error at the Detector, 851
15.2.3 Performance of Coded Spread-Spectrum Signals, 856
15.3 Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals 856
15.3.1 Low-Detectability Signal Transmission, 856
15.3.2 Code Division Multiple Access, 857
15.3.3 Communication over Channels with Multipath, 858
15.3.4 Wireless LANs, 859
15.4 Generation of PN Sequences 860
15.5 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum 863
15.5.1 Slow Frequency-Hopping Systems and Partial-Band Interference, 864
15.5.2 Fast Frequency Hopping, 867
15.5.3 Applications of FH Spread Spectrum, 868
15.6 Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems 869
15.6.1 Acquisition Phase, 869
15.6.2 Tracking, 872
15.7 Digital Cellular Communication Systems 876
15.7.1 The GSM System, 878
15.7.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95, 882
15.7.3 Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems and Beyond, 886
15.8 Summary and Further Reading 888
Problems 889

REFERENCES 897

INDEX 906
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 16
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 17

Preface
This book is intended as a senior-level undergraduate textbook on communication systems
for Electrical Engineering majors. Its primary objective is to introduce the basic techniques
used in modern communication systems and to provide fundamental tools and methodolo-
gies used in the analysis and design of these systems. Although the book is mainly written
as an undergraduate-level textbook, it can be equally useful to the practicing engineer, or
as a self-study tool.
The emphasis of the book is on digital communication systems, which are treated
in detail in Chapters 7 through 15. These systems are the backbone of modern commu-
nication systems, including new generations of wireless communication systems, satellite
communications, and data transmission networks. Traditional analog communication sys-
tems are also covered in due detail in Chapters 3, 4, and 6. In addition, the book provides
detailed coverage of the background required for the course in two chapters, one on linear
system analysis with emphasis on the frequency-domain approach and Fourier techniques,
and one on probability, random variables, and random processes. Although these topics are
now covered in separate courses in the majority of Electrical Engineering programs, it is
the experience of the authors that the students frequently need to review these topics in a
course on communications, and therefore it is essential to have quick access to the relevant
material from these courses. It is also assumed that the students taking this course have a
background in calculus, linear algebra, and basic electric circuits.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

The following are the major new features in the Second Edition of Fundamentals of Com-
munication Systems:

– Major reorganization of basic digital modulation methods based on geometric repre-

sentation of signals
– Expanded coverage of carrier phase estimation and symbol synchronization
– New chapter on multicarrier modulation and OFDM
– New and expanded coverage of iterative decoding of turbo codes and LDPC codes
– New section on multiple antenna (MIMO) systems for radio channels
– New chapter on spread spectrum signals and systems

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

The book starts with a brief review of communication systems in Chapter 1, followed by
methods of signal representation and system analysis in both time and frequency domains

17
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 18

18 Preface

in Chapter 2. Emphasis is placed on the Fourier series and the Fourier transform represen-
tation of signals and the use of transforms in linear systems analysis.
Chapters 3 and 4 cover the modulation and demodulation of analog signals. In
Chapter 3, amplitude modulation (AM) is covered. In Chapter 4, frequency modulation
(FM) and phase modulation (PM) are covered. AM and FM radio broadcasting are also
treated in these chapters.
In Chapter 5, we present a review of the basic definitions and concepts in proba-
bility and random processes. Special emphasis is placed on Gaussian random processes,
which provide mathematically treatable models for additive noise disturbances. Both time-
domain and frequency-domain representations of random signals are presented.
Chapter 6 covers the effects of additive noise in the demodulation of amplitude-
modulated (AM) and angle-modulated (FM, PM) analog signals and a comparison of these
analog signal modulations in terms of their signal-to-noise ratio performance. We also
present the characterization of thermal noise and the effect of transmission losses in analog
communication systems.
Chapter 7 is devoted to analog-to-digital conversion. The sampling theorem and
quantization techniques are treated first, followed by waveform encoding methods includ-
ing PCM, DPCM, and DM. This chapter concludes with brief discussion of LPC speech
decoding and the JPEG standard for image compression.
Chapter 8 treats basic digital modulation methods and their performance in AWGN
channels. The methods described are binary antipodal and orthogonal signals, and M-ary
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), phase-shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM). These types of digital signals are characterized in terms of their geo-
metric representation. The optimum demodulation of these signals is derived based on
the maximum a posteriori and maximum-likelihood criteria. In addition, we also describe
methods for carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop (PLL), and symbol syn-
chronization.
In Chapter 9, we treat multidimensional digital modulation signals based on a geo-
metric representation of such signals and derive their performance when transmitted in
an AWGN channel. Signal types considered include orthogonal signals, biorthogonal sig-
nals, simplex signals, binary-coded signals, and frequency-shift keying (FSK). Continuous-
phase FSK (CPFSK) and its spectral characteristics are also treated.
In Chapter 10, we consider the transmission of digital signals in bandlimited AWGN
channels. The effect of channel distortion on the transmitted signals is shown to result
in intersymbol interference (ISI). Then, the design of signals that eliminate or control the
effect of ISI is described. Finally, we treat the design of adaptive equalizers for suppressing
ISI in the channel distorted received signal.
The focus of Chapter 11 is on digital signal transmission via multicarrier modula-
tion and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). The implementation of the
OFDM modulator and demodulator, based on the use of the FFT algorithm, is described.
Additional topics treated include the spectral characteristics of OFDM signals and methods
for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) in OFDM signals. Finally, we present
several applications of OFDM in current digital communication systems.
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 19

Preface 19

In Chapter 12, we present the basic limits on communication of information, includ-

ing the information content of memoryless sources, efficient coding of the source out-
put, and the capacity of the AWGN channel. Two widely used algorithms for encoding
the output of digital sources, namely, the Huffman coding algorithm and the Lempel–Ziv
algorithm, are also described.
In Chapter 13, we treat channel coding and decoding. Linear block codes and con-
volutional codes are described for enhancing the performance of a digital communication
system in the presence of AWGN. Both hard-decision and soft-decision decoding of block
and convolutional codes are treated. Coding for bandwidth-limited channels (trellis-coded
modulation), turbo codes, and low-density parity check codes are also treated.
In Chapter 14, we treat the characterization of physical wireless channels and the
construction of mathematical models for time-varying, fading multipath channels. The per-
formance of binary modulation in Rayleigh fading channels is determined and the benefits
of signal diversity for combating signal fading is demonstrated. The RAKE demodulator is
described and its performance on frequency selective channels is evaluated. Also treated in
this chapter is the use of multiple transmit and receive antennas for increasing the transmis-
sion rate and obtaining signal diversity in wireless communication systems. Methods for
mapping digital signals for transmission on multiple antennas are also presented, including
block coding methods such as the Alamouti code and trellis codes. The final topic treated
in this chapter is link budget analysis for radio channels.
The final chapter of this book introduces the reader to spread-spectrum digital com-
munication techniques and their use in combating interference, both intentional (jamming)
and unintentional, the latter arising from other users of the channel. In particular, we treat
direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum and frequency-hopping (FH) spread spectrum, and
their performance characteristics in the presence of interference. Also treated is the gener-
ation of pseudo-noise (PN) sequences for use in spreading the spectrum of the transmitted
signal. The final topic of this chapter describes the use of spread spectrum signals in digital
cellular communication systems, including 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-generation (2G, 3G, 4G)
cellular systems.
Throughout the book many worked examples are provided to emphasize the use of
the techniques developed in theory. Following each chapter are a large number of prob-
lems at different levels of difficulty. The problems are followed by a selection of com-
puter problems, which usually ask for simulation of various algorithms developed in that
chapter using MATLAB. The solutions to the MATLAB problems are made available at
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the reviewers of the first and second editions of this book (Selin Aviyente,
Michigan State University; Costas Georghiades, Texas A&M University; Dennis Goeckel,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Bijan Mobasseri, Villanova University; Robert
Morelos-Zaragoza, San Jose State University; Ahmad Safaai-Jazi, Virginia Tech; Lei Wei,
A01 PROA5682 02 GE FM July 17, 2014 page 20

20 Preface

University of Central Florida; and Stephen Wilson, University of Virginia) for their com-
ments and recommendations. Their suggestions have resulted in significant improvements
to the various topics covered in this book.

John G. Proakis
Adjunct Professor,
University of California at San Diego
and Professor Emeritus,
Northeastern University,
Masoud Salehi
Northeastern University.

Pearson would like to thank the following people for their work on the Global Edition:

Contributors:
Amlan Chakrabarti
University of Calcutta.

Sanjay H.S.
M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology.

Reviewer:
Vijay Kumar Chakka
Shiv Nadar University.
M01 PROA5682 02 GE C01 July 16, 2014 page 21

CHAPTER

Introduction
1

Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we use and come in contact with a variety
of modern communication systems and communication media, the most common being
the telephone, radio, and television. Through these media, we are able to communicate
(nearly) instantaneously with people on different continents, transact our daily business,
and receive information about various developments and noteworthy events that occur all
around the world. Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to
rapidly communicate written messages across great distances.
Can you imagine a world without telephones, radios, and televisions? Yet, when you
think about it, most of these modern communication systems were invented and developed
during the past century. Here, we present a brief historical review of major developments
within the last 200 years that have had a major role in the development of modern commu-
nication systems.

1.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW

Telegraphy and Telephony. One of the earliest inventions of major significance

to communications was the invention of the electric battery by Alessandro Volta in 1799.
This invention made it possible for Samuel Morse to develop the electric telegraph, which
he demonstrated in 1837. The first telegraph line linked Washington with Baltimore and
became operational in May 1844. Morse devised the variable-length binary code given in
Table 1.1, in which letters of the English alphabet were represented by a sequence of dots
and dashes (code words). In this code, more frequently occurring letters are represented
by short code words, while less frequently occurring letters are represented by longer code
words.
The Morse code was the precursor to the variable-length source coding method,
which is described in Chapter 12. It is remarkable that the earliest form of electrical com-
munications that was developed by Morse, namely, telegraphy, was a binary digital com-
munication system in which the letters of the English alphabet were efficiently encoded
into corresponding variable-length code words with binary elements.

21
M01 PROA5682 02 GE C01 July 16, 2014 page 22

22 Introduction Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 THE MORSE CODE

A N
B O
C P
D Q 1
E R 2
F S 3
G T 4
H U 5
I V 6
J W 7
K X 8
L Y 9
M Z 0

(a) Letters (b) Numbers

Period (.) Wait sign (AS)

Comma (,) Double dash (break)
Interrogation (?) Error sign
Quotation Mark (") Fraction bar (/)
Colon (:) End of message (AR)
Semicolon (;) End of transmission (SK)
Parenthesis ( )

(c) Punctuation and special characters

Nearly 40 years later, in 1875, Emile Baudot developed a code for telegraphy in
which each letter was encoded into fixed-length binary code words of length 5. In the
Baudot code, the binary code elements have equal length and are designated as mark and
space.
An important milestone in telegraphy was the installation of the first transatlantic
cable that linked the United States and Europe in 1858. This cable failed after about four
weeks of operation. A second cable was laid a few years later and became operational in
July 1866.
Telephony came into being with the invention of the telephone in the 1870s. Alexan-
der Graham Bell patented his invention of the telephone in 1876; in 1877, established the
Bell Telephone Company. Early versions of telephone communication systems were rela-
tively simple and provided service over several hundred miles. Significant advances in the
quality and range of service during the first two decades of the twentieth century resulted
from the invention of the carbon microphone and the induction coil.
M01 PROA5682 02 GE C01 July 16, 2014 page 23

Section 1.1 Historical Review 23

In 1906, the invention of the triode amplifier by Lee DeForest made it possible to
introduce signal amplification in telephone communication systems and, thus, to allow for
telephone signal transmission over great distances. For example, transcontinental telephone
transmission became operational in 1915.
The two world wars and the Great Depression during the 1930s must have been a
deterrent to the establishment of transatlantic telephone service. It was not until 1953, when
the first transatlantic cable was laid, that telephone service became available between the
United States and Europe.
Automatic switching was another important advance in the development of tele-
phony. The first automatic switch, developed by Strowger in 1897, was an electrome-
chanical step-by-step switch. This type of switch was used for several decades. With the
invention of the transistor, electronic (digital) switching became economically feasible.
After several years of development at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, a digital switch
was placed in service in Illinois in June 1960.
During the past 50 years, there have been significant advances in telephone commu-
nications. Fiber optic cables are rapidly replacing copper wire in the telephone plant, and
electronic switches have replaced the old electromechanical systems.

Wireless Communications. The development of wireless communications stems

from the works of Oersted, Faraday, Gauss, Maxwell, and Hertz during the nineteenth cen-
tury. In 1820, Oersted demonstrated that an electric current produces a magnetic field. On
August 29, 1831, Michael Faraday showed that an induced current is produced by moving
a magnet in the vicinity of a conductor. Thus, he demonstrated that a changing magnetic
field produces an electric field. With this early work as background, James C. Maxwell in
1864 predicted the existence of electromagnetic radiation and formulated the basic theory
that has been in use for over a century. Maxwell’s theory was verified experimentally by
Hertz in 1887.
In 1894, a sensitive device that could detect radio signals, called the coherer, was
used by its inventor, Oliver Lodge, to demonstrate wireless communication over a distance
of 150 yards in Oxford, England. Guglialmo Marconi is credited with the development of
wireless telegraphy. In 1895, Marconi demonstrated the transmission of radio signals at a
distance of approximately 2 km. Two years later, in 1897, he patented a radio telegraph
system and established the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company. On December 12,
1901, Marconi received a radio signal at Signal Hill in Newfoundland; this signal was
transmitted from Cornwall, England, a city located about 1700 miles away.
The invention of the vacuum tube was especially instrumental in the development
of radio communication systems. The vacuum diode was invented by Fleming in 1904,
and the vacuum triode amplifier was invented by DeForest in 1906, as previously indi-
cated. In the early part of the twentieth century, the invention of the triode made radio
broadcast possible. The AM (amplitude modulation) broadcast was initiated in 1920 when
the radio station KDKA, Pittsburgh, went on the air. From that date, AM radio broad-
casting grew very rapidly across the country and around the world. The superheterodyne
AM radio receiver, as we know it today, was invented by Edwin Armstrong during World
War I. Another significant development in radio communications was the invention of FM
(frequency modulation), also by Armstrong. In 1933, Armstrong built and demonstrated
M01 PROA5682 02 GE C01 July 16, 2014 page 24

24 Introduction Chapter 1

the first FM communication system. However, the use of FM was developed more slowly
than the use of AM broadcast. It was not until the end of World War II that FM broadcast
gained in popularity and developed commercially.
The first television system was built in the United States by V. K. Zworykin and
demonstrated in 1929. Commercial television broadcasting was initiated in London in 1936
by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Five years later, the Federal Communica-
tions Commission (FCC) authorized television broadcasting in the United States.

The Past 60 Years. The growth in communication services over the past 60
years has been phenomenal. Significant achievements include the invention of the tran-
sistor in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley; the integrated
circuit in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce; and the laser in 1958 by Townes and
Schawlow. These inventions have made possible the development of small-size, low-power,
low-weight, and high-speed electronic circuits that are used in the construction of satellite
communication systems, wideband microwave radio systems, cellular communication sys-
tems, and light-wave communication systems using fiber optic cables. A satellite named
Telstar I was launched in 1962 and used to relay TV signals between Europe and the United
States. Commercial satellite communication services began in 1965 with the launching of
the Early Bird satellite.
Currently, most of the wireline communication systems are being replaced by fiber
optic cables, which provide extremely high bandwidth and make possible the transmis-
sion of a wide variety of information sources, including voice, data, and video. Cellular
radio has been developed to provide telephone service to people in automobiles, buses, and
trains. High-speed communication networks link computers and a variety of peripheral
devices, literally around the world.
Today, we are witnessing a significant growth in the introduction and use of personal
communication services, including voice, data, and video transmission. Satellite and fiber
optic networks provide high-speed communication services around the world. Indeed, this
is the dawn of the modern telecommunications era.
There are several historical treatments in the development of radio and telecommuni-
cations covering the past century. We cite the books by McMahon, entitled The Making of
a Profession—A Century of Electrical Engineering in America (IEEE Press, 1984); Ryder
and Fink, entitled Engineers and Electronics (IEEE Press, 1984); and S. Millman, Edi-
tor, entitled A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System—Communications
Sciences (1925–1980) (AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1984).

1.2 ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Electrical communication systems are designed to send messages or information from a

source that generates the messages to one or more destinations. In general, a communica-
tion system can be represented by the functional block diagram shown in Figure 1.1. The
information generated by the source may be of the form of voice (speech source), a picture
(image source), or plain text in some particular language, such as English, Japanese, Ger-
man, and French. An essential feature of any source that generates information is that its
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arrival at Hawaii, Lonoikamakahiki i Puako ia
Lonoikamakahiki was then manawa, e kali ana no ia
residing at Puako, awaiting the Kauhipaewa ma i ka hoi aku. A
return of Kauhipaewa and his hiki aku la laua, ninau mai la ke
companion. Upon their arrival alii i ka laua mea i hoouna ia aku
the king inquired as to their ai; alaila, hai aku la laua e like
mission. They made report as to me ka laua kamailio ana me
conversations had with Kamalalawalu. Alaila
Kamalalawalu. Lonoikamakahiki hoomakaukau ae la o
then made preparations for war, Lonoikamakahiki e like me ke
so as to be ready when kaua, i makaukau ai oia no ka
Kamalalawalu made his hiki mai o Kamalalawalu. A hala
appearance. After Kauhipaewa aku la o Kauhipaewa ma i
and his companion had departed Hawaii; alaila, hoomakaukau ae
for Hawaii Kamalalawalu made la o Kamalalawalu no ka holo i
preparations to sail thither for ke kaua i Hawaii.
war.

Lanikaula observed that A ike ae la o Lanikaula, e

preparations were being made to hoomakaukau ana no ka holo i
sail to Hawaii to wage war on Hawaii i ke kaua me
Lonoikamakahiki, so said to Lonoikamakahiki, i aku la o
Kamalalawalu: “Where are you? Lanikaula ia Kamalalawalu:
Preparing these canoes of yours “Auhea oe, e hoomakaukau ana
to go where?” Kamalalawalu keia mau waa ou a hele ihea?” I
replied: “To sail to fight aku la o Kamalalawalu: “E holo
Lonoikamakahiki.” Lanikaula ana e kaua me
replied: “You will not defeat Lonoikamakahiki.” I aku o
Lonoikamakahiki, because no Lanikaula: “Aole e hee o
amount of strength will ever Lonoikamakahiki ia oe, no ka
overcome Lonoikamakahiki, for mea, aole he ikaika nui e loaa ai
the reason that you are a human o Lonoikamakahiki, no ka mea,
being and he a god.” he kanaka oe, a he akua kela.” I
Kamalalawalu made answer: aku o Kamalalawalu: “Ka! Ua
“Kauhiakama says Kohala is olelo mai o Kauhiakama, he leiwi
depopulated; the people are only wale no Kohala, eia i ka nuku na
at the beach.” To this remark of kanaka.” A no keia olelo ana aku
Kamalalawalu, Lanikaula replied: o Kamalalawalu pela ia
“You sent your son Kauhiakama Lanikaula, olelo aku la o
to investigate as to how many Lanikaula: “Hoouna aku nei oe i
people there were on Hawaii. He ko keiki (Kauhiakama) e hele e
returned and made his report to makaikai i ka nui o na kanaka o
you that there were not many Hawaii, a hoi mai la, a hai mai la
people there, but Kauhiakama ia oe, aole he nui o na kanaka o
did not see the number of Hawaii. Aka, ike ole aku la o
people in Kohala because he Kauhiakama i ka nui o na kanaka
traveled on the seashore, o Kohala, no ka mea, ma
reaching Kona from Kawaihae kahakai ka hele ana; a hele aku
and arrived on the heights of la a hiki i Kona, hele aku la mai
Huehue. He could not have seen Kawaihae aku a hoea iluna o
the people of that locality Huehue, aole no e ike i na
because there were only clinkers kanaka olaila, no ka mea he a-a
there, having proceeded along wale no; aka, hele aku la ma
by way of Kona until he arrived Kona loa a hiki i Kau, ina i ke
at Kau. If he had traveled along kakahiaka nui ka hele ana ma
the Kona route in the early Kona, aole e loaa kanaka ia wa,
morning he could not have met no ka mea, ua pau na kanaka o
people at that time because the ia wahi iuka a o kekahi poe, ua
inhabitants of that section had pau i ka lawaia, a o ka poe koe
gone to the uplands and some iho he poe palupalu; a nolaila ka
had gone fishing; those loaa ole o na kanaka o Kona ia
remaining home were only the Kauhiakama ma ia hele ana.
feeble and sick, therefore the Aka, ina ma ke ahiahi ka hele
people of Kona could not have ana, ina ua ike i ka nui o na
been seen by Kauhiakama on his kanaka o Kona, no ka mea, o ka
tour. Had he gone during the okana nui hookahi ia o Hawaii.”
evening he would surely have
seen the large population of
Kona because it is the largest
district of Hawaii.”

These observations of Lanikaula Ma keia olelo a Lanikaula, aole

did not make much of an nae he hoomaopopo nui o
impression on Kamalalawalu. He Kamalalawalu ia olelo, aka
still inclined to the idea of war. hoomau no o Kamalalawalu i
Lanikaula observed that kona manao kaua. A ike mai la o
Kamalalawalu was bent on going Lanikaula, ua paakiki loa ko
to war. He therefore spoke to Kamalalawalu manao no ke
Kamalalawalu again: “If you kaua, olelo aku la o Lanikaula ia
[340]intend to go to war with Kamalalawalu: [341]“Ina i manao
Lonoikamakahiki, then your oe e kii ia Lonoikamakahiki e
grounds should be at kaua, aia kou kahua e noho ai o
Anaehoomalu; and should Anaehoomalu, ina e hiki mai ke
Lonoikamakahiki come to meet kaua a Lonoikamakahiki i o
you, then let the battle be fought oukou la, alaila, hoihoi aku ke
at Pohakuloa, it being a narrow kaua i Pohakuloa e hoouka ai i
place; then you will be victorious kahi haiki, alaila lanakila oukou
over Hawaii.” maluna o ka Hawaii.” I aku la o
Kamalalawalu: “Aole oe i ike, no
Kamalalawalu answered: “You do ka mea, ua olelo maopopo loa ia
not know, because I was mai au e Kauhipaewa laua o
distinctly told by both Kihapaewa, aia ko makou kahua
Kauhipaewa and Kihapaewa that kaua iluna o Hokuula a me
our battle field should be on Puuoaoaka; he wahi kau iluna.” I
Hokuula and Puuoaoaka, it being hou aku o Lanikaula: “Puni aku
a place of eminence.” Lanikaula la oe i na keiki a Kumaikeau ma,
again said: “You are being nolu ia mai la oe; nolaila, e
deceived by the sons of hoolohe oe i ka’u; a ina e
Kumaikeau and others; you have hoolohe ole oe i ka’u olelo, aole
been led astray, therefore listen wau e manao ana e hoi kino mai
to me, for if you heed not my ana oe ia Maui nei.”
admonitions I do not think that
you will ever come home to Maui
nei again.”

Kamalalawalu became indignant A no ka Lanikaula olelo ana ia

at Lanikaula’s remarks and drove Kamalalawalu pela, alaila wela
him away. But Lanikaula, out of ae la ko Kamalalawalu inaina no
sympathy for the king, did not Lanikaula, a hookuke aku la.
cease to again give him warning: Aka, aole i hooki o Lanikaula, i
“Kamalalawalu! You are very kana olelo aku ia Kamalalawalu,
persistent to have war. This is no ka minamina no i ke alii;
what I have to say to you: Better alaila olelo aku la no oia
hold temple services these few (Lanikaula): “E Kamalalawalu, ke
days before you proceed. paakiki loa nei oe i ke kaua; a
Propitiate the gods first, then eia ka’u ia oe. E pono ke kapu
go.” But Kamalalawalu would not heiau i keia mau la, mamua o
harken to the words of kou hele ana, e hoomalielie mua
Lanikaula, therefore he ended i ke akua, alaila hele.” Aka, o
his remarks. Makakuikalani made Kamalalawalu ma keia olelo ana
the preparations of the war a Lanikaula, aole no i maliu mai.
canoes in accordance with the Nolaila pau ae la ka Lanikaula
strict orders of Kamalalawalu. olelo ana. Mahope iho o ka
Lanikaula olelo ana ia
When the canoes and the Kamalalawalu, alaila,
several generals, together with hoomakaukau ae la o
all the men, including the war Makakuikalani i na waa kaua,
canoes of Kamalalawalu, were mamuli o ke kauoha ikaika a
ready floating in the harbor of Kamalalawalu. A i ka makaukau
Hamoa, Lanikaula came forth ana o na waa a me na pukaua e
and in the presence of King ae, a me na kanaka a pau, a ike
Kamalalawalu and his war ae la ua o Lanikaula ua
canoes prophesied in chant his makaukau na waa kaua o
last words to Kamalalawalu: Kamalalawalu, a e lana ana i ke
awa o Hamoa; ia manawa, hele
mai o Lanikaula, a wanana mai
la imua o ke alii Kamalalawalu a
me na waa kaua a pau, oiai e
lana ana na waa o ke alii i ke kai.
A penei kana wanana ma ke
mele, a o ka Lanikaula olelo
hope ia ia Kamalalawalu. A
penei:

The red koae! The white koae! 68 Koae ula ke koae kea,
The koae that flies steadily on, Koae lele pauma ana;
Mounting up like the stars. Kiekie iluna ka hoku,
To me the moon is low. 69 Haahaa i au ka malama.
It is a god, He akua ko akua o Lono,
Your god, Lono; He akua e ulu e lama ana;
A god that grows and shines. Puuiki, Puunui,
Puuiki, Puunui. I Puuloa, i Puupoko,
At Puuloa, at Puupoko; I Puukahanahana,
At Puukahanahana, I ka hana a ke akua o Lono;
At the doings of the god of Lono. O Lono ka ipu iki,
Lono the small container, O Lono ka ipu nui,
Lono the large container. O Puunahe iki,
Puunahe the small, O Puunahe nui,
Puunahe the large. Na Hana au aku,
By Hana, you swim out, Na Moe au mai,
By Moe you swim in. Na’u no ka’u popolo,
My popolo 70 is mine own, He popolo ku kapa alanui;
The popolo that grows by the I aho’ hia e Kaiokane
wayside I hakaia e Kaiowahine;
Is plucked by Kaiokane, O kaua i Kahulikini-e,
Is watched over by Kaiowahine. He ki-ni,
We two to Kahulikini, He kini, he lehu, he mano,
Numberless, Kaua, e Kama-e
Vast, without number, countless I Anaehoomalu kaua
Are we, O Kama. E kuu alii hoi-e.
Let us two to Anaehoomalu,
O my chief.

At the end of Lanikaula’s A pau ka Lanikaula olelo wanana

prophesy as made in the chant ana ma ke mele e like me ka
Kamalalawalu set sail with his hoike ana maluna, alaila, holo
large convoy of war canoes. It is aku la o Kamalalawalu me kona
mentioned in this tradition mau waa kaua he nui.
relative to the number of canoes
of Kamalalawalu that the rear Ua oleloia ma keia moolelo, o ka
war canoes were at Hamoa, nui o na waa o Kamalalawalu aia
Hana, and the van at Puakea, ka maka hope o na waa kaua i
Kohala; but at the time of this Hamoa ma Hana, a o ka maka
narrative the opinions of the mua hoi o na waa, aia i Puakea
ancients differed as to the ma Kohala. Aka hoi, ma ka
accuracy of this. Some say that manawa o keia moolelo, aole he
the number of canoes is greatly like o ka manao o ka poe hahiko
exaggerated. ma keia mea. Ua manao kekahi
poe he wahahee ka mea i oleloia
no ka nui o na waa.

Kamalalawalu having arrived at A hiki aku la o Kamalalawalu i

Hawaii, Kauhipaewa and Hawaii, ua hoonohoia o
Kihapaewa were stationed at Kauhipaewa me Kihapaewa ma
Puako, in accordance with the Puako, e like me ka makemake o
wishes of Lonoikamakahiki. At Lonoikamakahiki. Ia manawa a
the first meeting that Kamalalawalu i halawai mua ai
Kamalalawalu had with me Kauhipaewa ma, olelo aku o
Kauhipaewa and others, Kumaikeau ma, he mau
Kumaikeau and others [342](who [343]kanaka no ko
were men from the presence of Lonoikamakahiki alo, me ka olelo
Lonoikamakahiki) said to aku ia Kamalalawalu: “E
Kamalalawalu: “Carry the canoes Kamalalawalu, lawe ia na waa
inland; take the outriggers off so iuka lilo, wehewehe ke ama a
that should the Hawaii forces be me ka iako, i kaua ia a hee ka
defeated in battle they would not Hawaii ia oukou, malia o holo ke
use the flotilla of Maui to escape. auhee pio, a manao o ka auwaa
When they find that the o ka Maui ka mea e holo ai, i hiki
outriggers have all been taken aku ia, ua pau ka iako i ka
apart and the victors overtake hemohemo, i loaa mai ia i ka
them the slaughter will be lanakila, alaila na oukou no ka
yours.” Kamalalawalu did as he make.” A e like me ka olelo a
was told to do by the two old kela mau elemakule ia
men. Kamalalawalu, alaila, hana aku la
o Kamalalawalu e like me ka kela
mau kanaka.

When Kamalalawalu arrived at I ka manawa a Kamalalawalu i

Kohala, Lonoikamakahiki had his hiki aku ai ma Kohala, ua
army in readiness. Kamalalawalu makaukau mua na puali kaua o
learning that Kanaloakuaana was Lonoikamakahiki. Aka, lohe ae la
still living at Waimea he ua o Kamalalawalu, eia no o
concluded that his first battle Kanaloakuaana i Waimea kahi i
should be fought with noho ai, hoouka mua iho la o
Kanaloakuaana and at Kaunooa. Kamalalawalu me Kanaloakuaana
Kanaloakuaana was completely i Kaunooa. A hee mai la o
routed and pursued by the Kanaloakuaana; a alualu loa mai
soldiers of Kamalalawalu, and la ko Kamalalawalu poe koa a
Kauhiakama, and Kanaloakuaana me Kauhiakama pu, a loaa pio
was captured at Puako. At this iho la o Kanaloakuaana ma
battle the eyes of Kanaloakuaana Puako; a ma ia hoouka kaua hou
were gouged out by the Maui ana, poaloia ae la na maka o
forces, the eye sockets pierced Kanaloakuaana e ko Maui kaua,
by darts, and he was then killed, a oo ia ae la na maka i ke kao
the eyes of Kanaloakuaana being hee, pepehiia iho la a make; ua
tatued. kakauia nae na maka o
Kanaloakuaana i ka uhi.

Because of this action on the A oia hana ana a ko

part of Kamalalawalu’s men the Kamalalawalu poe koa ia
landing place for the canoes at Kanaloakuaana, nolaila ua kapaia
Puako was called Kamakahiwa, 71 ka inoa oia awa pae waa ma
and to this day is known by that Puako o Kamakahiwa, a o ka
name and may ever remain so to inoa ia o ia wahi a hiki mai i keia
the end of this race. Because of manawa, a hiki aku i ka hanauna
the perpetration of this dastardly hope loa o keia lahui.
act on Kanaloakuaana the
following was composed by a A no ia hana ia ana o
writer of chants, being the Kanaloakuaana pela, ua hanaia e
middle portion of a chant called ka poe haku mele penei, oia hoi
“Koauli”: ma ka hapa waena o ke mele i
oleloia o Koauli, penei:

The drawing out of Kama, the Ke koana o Kama, ka ohia,

ohia tree; Ko Kama kuu i Waimea,
The letting out of Kama at Ka io o Kanaloa,
Waimea, He ele he Alaea;
The kin of Kanaloa. 72 O ka maka i kuia;
He was made black like the I welo’a i ke kao o Kanaloa;
mud-hen. Ko Kanaloa maka
The face was blackened, A lalapa no
Blackened was the face of E uwalo wau i ka maka
Kanaloa with fire. O Makakii;
The face of Kanaloa, E o mai oe i ko kamalea maka,
With burning fire. O Makahiwa, Makalau;
Let me scratch the face No Hoohila ka lau.
Of Makakii. O Makakaile.
You poked at the eyes of Ka maka o Makakaile nui a ola;
Kamalea, 73 Kikenui a Ewa
Makahiwa, Makalau. No Ewa ka ia i ka maka o Paweo
The men were from Hoohila, No Loe ka ili lolo i ka maka o
Of Makakaile. Mano
The face of Makakaile the large Ke alii ke Olowalu o ka pahu o
one, the life. Hawea
Kikenui of Ewa. Ha pahu hai kanaka
At Ewa is the fish that knows O Laamaikahiki.
man’s presence. 74
The foreskin of Loe, consecrated
in the presence of Mano
The chief, heralded 75 by the
drum of Hawea, 76
The declaration drum
Of Laamaikahiki.

This chant is dedicated to the O keia mele i hai ia maluna no

eyes of Kanaloakuaana as ka maka o Kanaloakuaana, e like
indicated by the verses. me ka hoakaka ana ma na pauku
maluna ae o kela mele.

CHAPTER XIII. MOKUNA XIII.

 The Battle at Waimea.— Ka Hoouka Kaua Ana ma
Conquest by Lonoikamakahiki Waimea.—Ka Lanakila Ana o
—Defeat and Death of Lonoikamakahiki.—Auhee o
Kamalalawalu. Kamalalawalu me Kona Make
Ana.

After the death of Mahope iho o ka make ana o

Kanaloakuaana by Kamalalawalu, Kanaloakuaana ia Kamalalawalu
and in obedience to the ma, a e like hoi me ka olelo a na
statements of the old men for elemakule, e hoi iuka o Waimea,
the Maui war contingent to go to ma Puuoaoaka a me Hokuula e
Waimea and locate at hoonoho ai ko Maui poe kaua, a
Puuoaoaka and Hokuula, nolaila ua hoi aku la o
Kamalalawalu and his men Kamalalawalu ma a ma kahi a ua
proceeded to the locality as mau elemakule nei i kuhikuhi ai.
indicated by them. The Maui [345]
forces followed and after
locating at Hokuula awaited the Hoi aku la ko Maui poe a noho
[344]coming fray. On the day ma Hokuula e kali ana no ka
Kamalalawalu and his men went hoouka kaua ana. I ka la a
up to Waimea to occupy Hokuula Kamalalawalu ma i pii ai iuka o
the two deceitful old men at the Waimea a noho ma Hokuula, a o
time were with Kamalalawalu. In ua mau elemakule nolunolu la no
the early morning when kekahi me Kamalalawalu ma i
Kamalalawalu awoke from sleep kela manawa. A ma ia po a ao
he beheld the men from Kona ae, ma ke kekahiakanui i ka
and those of Kau, Puna, Hilo, manawa i ala ae ai ko
Hamakua and Kohala had also Kamalalawalu hiamoe, aia hoi,
been assembled. ua kuahaua ia mai la na kanaka
o Kona, ko Kau a o Puna a me
 Hilo, o Hamakua hoi a me
Kohala.

Kamalalawalu looked and saw Nana aku la o Kamalalawalu he

that the lava from Keohe to ula wale la no na ke a, mai
Kaniku was one red mass. Keohe a Kaniku; ia manawa
Kamalalawalu was astonished, haohao no o Kamalalawalu i keia
because the day before he mea; no ka mea, i ka
observed that the lava was one Kamalalawalu ike ana i ka la mua
mass of black, but this morning he uliuli ke a; a i keia kakahiaka
it was entirely red with people. hoi, he ula pu wale la no i na
Thereupon Kamalalawalu kanaka.
inquired of Kumaikeau and the
others why the lava was a mass Nolaila, ninau ae la o
of red: “What does red portend? Kamalalawalu: “Ea, e Kumaikeau
Does it mean war?” Kumaikeau ma, ula pu hoi ke a, heaha keia
and the others replied: “Do not ula, he kaua paha?” I aku o
think the red you see is some Kumaikeau ma: “Aole paha ia ula
other red and not what you au e ike la, he ula e ae, a manao
assume it to be. It is not war. aku oe he kaua ia. Aole ia he
That red yonder is the wind. The kaua. Oia ula la ea, he makani,
olauniu wind of Kalahuipuaa and pa aku la ka makani Olauniu o
Puako had been blowing in the Kalahuipuaa a me Puako i ka
early morning and when it is wanaao, a malamalama loa, pili-
very light and gentle it hugs the a aku la, komo aku la keia
lava close. This olauniu wind on Olauniu a pili-a aku la, hui aku la
the lava coming in contact with me ko Wainanalii makani, ku ae
the wind from Wainaualii raises a la ke ehu o ka lepo, uhia aku la
cloud of dust covering and hiding nalo wale ke a au i ike ai i ka la
the land in the manner you saw inehinei.” A no kela olelo nolu a
yesterday.” While cogitating to kela mau elemakule, oki wale iho
himself, Kamalalawalu concluded la no o Kamalalawalu, a waiho
to drop the matter on account of wale iloko ona ia manao, no ka
the deceit of the two old men mea, aole he hilinai nui i kela
and the loss of confidence in olelo a Kumaikeau ma, no ka
what Kumaikeau and the others mea, ua mau ka paa ana o ke a i
had said, for the reason that the na kanaka a hiki i ka napoo ana
lava continued to be strewn with o ka la. Ma ia po iho, a ao ae,
people even to the time of the hiki mai la ko Kona poe a
setting sun. During that night hoonoho mai la mai kai o Puupa
and including the following a hiki i Haleapala. A o ko Kau hoi
morning the Kona men arrived a me ko Puna, hoonoho ae la ka
and were assigned to occupy a lakou poe mai Holoholoku a
position from Puupa to Waikoloa. A o ko Hilo a me ko
Haleapala. The Kau and Puna Hamakua mai, hoonoho mai la
warriors were stationed from ko lakou poe kaua mai Mahiki a
Holoholoku to Waikoloa. Those Puukanikanihia. A o ko Kohala
of Hilo and Hamakua were hoi, pania ia mai la e na kanaka
located from Mahiki to mai Momoualoa a Waihaka.
Puukanikanihia, while those of
Kohala guarded from Momoualoa
to Waihaka.

That morning Kamalalawalu Ia kakahiaka, nana aku la o

observed that the lowlands were Kamalalawalu, ua uhi paa puia
literally covered with almost mai olalo i na kanaka, aole o
countless men. Kamalalawalu kana mai. Alaila, nana ae la o
then took a survey of his own Kamalalawalu ia lakou ua uuku
men and realized that his forces loa; alaila, olelo aku la o
were inferior in numbers. He Kamalalawalu ia Kumaikeau ma:
then spoke to Kumaikeau and “Ea! E Kumaikeau ma, pehea
the others: “Kumaikeau and the keia? Heaha keia lehulehu
rest of you, how is this and what olalo?”
is that large concourse of people
below?”
Kumaikeau and the others I aku o Kumaikeau ma: “Akahi
replied: “We have never seen so no au a ike i ka nui o na kanaka
many people in Hawaii before. o Hawaii nei. Mai manao nae oe
Do not think that because of ia nui, e pakele ana ia kakou.
their superior numbers they will Aole e pakele, aia ka lakou kaua
escape us; they cannot, for the malalo, he nui lakou, o ko lakou
reason that their fighting will kaa malalo, make no ia kakou.”
have to be from below. It is true
they are more numerous, but
being beneath we will defeat
them.”

The following day, I kekahi la ae, hele aku la o

Lonoikamakahiki went over to Lonoikamakahiki e halawai me
meet Kamalalawalu to confer Kamalalawalu, e kuka no ke
concerning the war. 77 During kaua. A i ko laua kamailio ana,
their conference Kamalalawalu olelo aku o Kamalalawalu ia
proposed to Lonoikamakahiki Lonoikamakahiki, e hoopau wale
that war cease because he ke kaua, no ka mea, ua hopo
feared the greater forces of mai la o Kamalalawalu no ka nui
Lonoikamakahiki. But the loa o ka Lonoikamakahiki kaua.
proposal by Kamalalawalu for Aka, ma kela olelo kaua a
termination of the war did not Kamalalawalu e hoopau wale ke
meet Lonoikamakahiki’s kaua, aohe manao o
approval. He had no intention of Lonoikamakahiki e hoopau, e like
acquiescing, because he was me ka Kamalalawalu olelo, no ka
greatly incensed at Kamalalawalu mea, ua wela ko
for the brutal manner in which Lonoikamakahiki huhu no
he killed Kanaloakuaana by Kamalalawalu, no ka pepehi
gouging out the eyes and other hoomainoino ana ia
brutal acts carried into execution Kanaloakuaana; oia hoi, ua
while the latter was still alive. poaloia na maka, a ua
hoomainoino ia i ko
 Kanaloakuaana wa e ola okoa
ana.

Makakuikalani, however, upon Aka hoi, o Makakuikalani, i kona

hearing of Kamalalawalu’s lohe ana ia Kamalalawalu ua
proposal to Lonoikamakahiki to olelo aku oia ia Lonoikamakahiki
cease the war disapproved of it e hoopau i ke kaua, he mea
and said to Kamalalawalu not to makemake ole nae ia ia
have the [346]war cease. Makakuikalani. Oia hoi, ua olelo
“Onward, and stand on the aku o ua Makakuikalani nei ia
altar! 78 Then will it be known Kamalalawalu, aole e hoopau i
which of us is a full grown child.” ke kaua. “Ho aku imua a kau i ka
This determination on the part of nananuu; alaila ike ia na keiki
Makakuikalani was manifested makua o kakou.” A no ia
by his presence for three manaopaa o Makakuikalani,
consecutive days before the hoike mau ae la oia imua o ko
forces of Hawaii. After the third Hawaii kaua i kela la keia la pau
day, the two combatting forces na la ekolu. Mahope iho o na la
waged battle, Lonoikamakahiki ekolu, hoomaka iho la na aoao
gaining the victory over elua e [347]kaua, a iloko no o ua
Kamalalawalu’s entire force on la hoouka kaua la, lanakila ae la
the same day the battle was o Lonoikamakahiki maluna o ko
fought, the Maui-ites being Kamalalawalu puali holookoa, a
completely routed. auhee aku la ko Maui a pau.

This is the history of the battle A penei hoi ka moolelo oia

as related by the ancients and as hoouka kaua ana i oleloia e ka
the narrative is preserved by poe kahiko, ma ka lakou malama
them. Before the battle moolelo ana. Mamua o ka
commenced it was customary for hoouka kaua ana, he mea mau i
the old men to encourage na elemakule ka paipai ana ia
Kamalalawalu to do battle. Kamalalawalu e kaua. Aia lohe
Whenever the two old men ua mau elemakule nei i na olelo
heard what Kamalalawalu and a Kamalalawalu ma, no na mea a
the others had to say as to what lakou e hana aku ai ia
they intended doing to Lonoikamakahiki, ma na mea e
Lonoikamakahiki in order to be pili ana i ke kaua e lanakila ai ko
victorious in battle, the old men lakou aoao, a e pio ai hoi ko
would wend their way to make it Lonoikamakahiki, alaila, e hele
known to Lonoikamakahiki and aku auanei ua mau elemakule
the others and this duty was nei e hai aku ia Lonoikamakahiki
generally carried out during ma, ma kekahi manawa kaawale
some convenient time of night. o ka po. No ka mea, na ua mau
The two old men always pointed elemakule nei no e kuhikuhi aku
out to Kamalalawalu and the ia Kamalalawalu ma i ke kahua
others where the battle should kahi e hoouka ai ke kaua ana. A
be fought, and the suggestions e like me ke kuhikuhi ana a kela
of the old men were always mau elemakule, e lilo auanei ia i
received with the utmost olelo na Kamalalawalu e hilinai
confidence by him. Therefore nui ai.
Kumaikeau and the two deceitful
old men would in turn inform A no ia mea, hele aku no o
Lonoikamakahiki. The two old Kumaikeau ma, ua mau
men never suggested any place elemakule nolu (apuka) nei a hai
for battle which would result aku ia Lonoikamakahiki. Aole no
advantageously to Kamalalawalu e kuhikuhi ana ua mau
and his forces; on the contrary, it elemakule nei i ke kahua kaua
was invariably such a locality ma kahi e lanakila ai ko
where inevitable defeat would Kamalalawalu mau puali, aka,
result. ma kahi e pio ai o Kamalalawalu
ma, malaila no ka ua mau
elemakule nei kahua kaua e
hoonoho ai.

In the early morning of the day I ka la o ka hoouka kaua, ma ke

of battle, Makakuikalani went to kakahiaka nui, hele aku la o
the front with his warriors Makakuikalani mamua, a o kona
following him and planted poe kaua mahope ona, a ma
themselves at Waikakanilua Waikakanilua, malalo aku o
below Hokuula and Puuoaoaka Hokuula a me Puuoaoaka, ma ka
at a prominence looking towards hulei e nana iho ana ia Waikoloa.
Waikoloa. Pupuakea, on Aka hoi, o Pupuakea, i kona ike
observing that Makakuikalani ana mai ia Makakuikalani, e
was placing his men and self in hoonoho aku ana me kona poe
position, he and his warriors koa, alaila, hele mai la o
immediately came forward Pupuakea me kona poe kaua,
prepared to give battle. It was a me ka makaukau hoi no ke kaua.
case where both sides were Aka, ua makaukau no na aoao a
equally prepared for the fray. elua no ke kaua.

Makakuikalani was a man of He kanaka nui a loihi o

great height and large physique; Makakuikalani, ka pukaua ikaika
a renowned and powerful kaulana o Maui, ko Kamalalawalu
general of Maui and was also kaikaina. A o Pupuakea hoi, ko
Kamalalawalu’s younger brother. Hawaii pukaua ikaika kaulana, ko
As for Pupuakea, Hawaii’s Lonoikamakahiki kaikaina, he
celebrated and powerful general wahi kanaka uuku no ia, a
and who was Lonoikamakahiki’s haahaa hoi. Ua aoia no laua a
younger brother, he was only a elua i ke kaka laau palau, a ua
man of small stature. Both men akamai no laua a elua, aka, he
had been taught the art of kumu okoa ka kekahi a me
fighting with the wooden club kekahi, a ua aoia no laua ma na
and were experts in its use, but wahi kaawale. Aka, i ka la o ka
their schooling was under hoouka kaua ana, ua weliweli
different masters and at different mai la ko Lonoikamakahiki poe
places. kaua, no ka ike ana mai ia
Makakuikalani.
On the day of battle the sight of Aka, o Pupuakea, iloko o kona
Makakuikalani put manawa i ike aku ai ia
Lonoikamakahiki’s forces in Makakuikalani, aole i komo mai
dreadful fear. When Pupuakea iloko ona ka makau, aole no hoi
saw Makakuikalani he had no oia i weliweli, aka, kupaa mau no
fear of him, did not tremble but oia e kaua aku ia Makakuikalani.
stood firm ready to give battle.

While Makakuikalani and Ia Makakuikalani a me Pupuakea

Pupuakea were standing on the e ku ana ma ke kahua kaua, ia
battle field, Makakuikalani raised manawa, lawe ae la o
his war club and from on high Makakuikalani i kana laau palau
struck at Pupuakea. Being short a kiekie, a hahau iho la maluna
in stature he was only slightly iho o Pupuakea, a no ka haahaa
struck but fell to the ground, o Pupuakea, ua pa lihi aku la o
however. At the instant Pupuakea, aka, haule aku la o
Makakuikalani’s war club struck Pupuakea ilalo i ka honua. A o ka
Pupuakea the end of it was welau o ua laau palau la a
buried deep into the ground. At Makakuikalani, iloko hoi o kona
the moment Pupuakea was manawa i hahau aku ai ia
struck by the war club and fell Pupuakea, napoo pu aku la i ka
Makakuikalani thought that he lepo. I ka manawa i pa aku ai o
was killed, but the latter’s master Pupuakea i ka laau palau a
saw that Pupuakea was not Makakuikalani, a haule ilalo,
dead, so [348]said to manao ae la ua o Makakuikalani,
Makakuikalani: “Go back and ua make loa o Pupuakea. Aka, o
slay him for your opponent is not ke kumu kaka laau a
dead. Your clubbing being from Makakuikalani, ka mea nana i ao
above only delivered a blow with o Makakuikalani, oia ka mea
the butt end.” Makakuikalani nana i ike mai o Pupuakea, aole i
hearing the words of his teacher make; nolaila, olelo aku ua kumu
turned around and threw the kaka laau la a Makakuikalani: “E
butt end of his club, at the same hoi houia aku e hoomake, aole i
time telling him to “Shut up! make ka hoa kaua, no ka mea,
Instruction stops at home. He he laau kau i luna, pa kano aku
cannot escape, he must be dead la kaua uhau ana.” A lohe o
because the club strikes true.” At Makakuikalani i keia olelo ana
the very instant that aku a kana kumu, alaila, huli ae
Makakuikalani faced around to la oia (Makakuikalani) a wala
talk with his teacher, he (the hope ae la i ke kumu o ka laau
teacher) was dead. [349]palau me ka olelo aku: “Kuli!
I ka hale pau ke ao ana; aole e
pakele, ua make aku la, no ka
mea o ka Io ka laau.” A o ua
kumu nei hoi a ua o
Makakuikalani make loa aku la
ia, i ka manawa no a ua o
Makakuikalani i huli aku ai a
kamailio.

Pupuakea was lying on the I ka manawa a Pupuakea e

ground, stunned, but somewhat waiho ana i ka honua, ua maule
recovered afterwards and raised aku la oia, a mahope loaa mai la
himself up from the ground. ka mama iki ana ae, ia manawa,
When Makakuikalani saw that ala ae la o Pupuakea mai ka
Pupuakea was still alive he honua ae; ia manawa ike mai la
rushed towards him bent on o Makakuikalani ua ola hou o
killing him. Pupuakea, alaila, holo hou mai la
o Makakuikalani imua o
Pupuakea, me ka manao e
hoomake loa ia Pupuakea.

Pupuakea observed A ike aku la o Pupuakea ia

Makakuikalani’s approach so Makakuikalani e hele mai ana e
prepared himself to slay him. kue hou iaia, alaila
When Makakuikalani drew near, hoomakaukau ae la oia e pepehi
Pupuakea raised his club and aku ia Makakuikalani. A i ke
twirled it from his right. At that kokoke ana mai o ua
moment Makakuikalani Makakuikalani nei, lawe ae la o
attempted also to lay his club on Pupuakea i kana laau palau a wili
Pupuakea, and when his club ma kona aoao akau, a i ka
was twirled it skidded along the hoomaka hou ana o
ground towards the feet of Makakuikalani e hoouka hou i
Makakuikalani and being parried kana laau palau maluna o
by Makaku, fell to the ground. Pupuakea, alaila, ia manawa, wili
When Makakuikalani swung his ae la o Pupuakea i kana laau, a
club from the left side it struck hualepo aku la ma na wawae o
the back of his own neck and he Makakuikalani, a pa aku la ia
was instantly killed. Pupuakea Makaku, haule aku la i ka honua,
immediately stepped backward a i ka wili ana mai i kana laau
and met his master who said to mai ka aoao hema mai, pa mai
him: “Go back again and slay la ma ka hono, make iho la o
him so he be dead.” The words Makakuikalani. Ia manawa, emi
of his master aroused hope aku la o Pupuakea a
Pupuakea’s pride and he said to halawai me kana kumu kaka laau
his teacher: “He cannot live, he nana i ao. I mai la ke kumu ia
is dead.” Then looking at the Pupuakea: “Hoi houia aku e
palm of his hand he again said hoomake i make.” A no ka olelo
to his master: “He cannot be ana a ke kumu a ua o Pupuakea
alive because the birthmark of pela, alaila, olelo aku la o
Pupuakea has impressed itself Pupuakea i kana olelo kaena
thereon. The flying club through imua o kana kumu: “Aole e ola!
dust has killed him.” Ua make!!” Nana iho la oia i ka
poho o kona lima, a olelo ae la i
ke kumu ana: “Aole ia e ola, no
ka mea, ua kukai ae nei ka ila o
Pupuakea. Make aku la i ka laau
a kaua i ka hualepo.”
After the great and renowned A haule aku la ka pukaua nui
general of Maui had fallen the kaulana o Maui, alaila luku aku la
Hawaii forces continued to ka Hawaii ia Kamalalawalu ma, a
slaughter Kamalalawalu and the make aku la o Kamalalawalu. Ia
others. Upon the death of make ana o ua o Kamalalawalu,
Kamalalawalu the slaughter of lukuia aku la o Maui ekolu la, a
the Maui-ites continued for three hee aku la o Maui, a holo aku la,
days thereafter and those a na waa o lakou; aka, aole he
defeated who ran towards their iako, aole he ama, no ka mea,
canoes found no arms and ua pau i ka haihai ia; nolaila holo
outriggers because they had aku la ke pio a ma Puako; a o ka
been broken. The repulsed ike i ke paimalau, kuhi he waa, a
warriors ran to Puako and i ka hoolana ana iloko o ke kai,
noticing the paimalau 79 floating me ka manao, o ka waa ia, aia
in the sea mistook them for nae ua kahulihuli, a loaa hou aku
canoes. They began to waver la i ka lanakila, lukuia aku la na
and were again overtaken by the koena o ka Maui a pau loa i ka
victors. The destruction of the make. A o Kauhiakama hoi, ke
remaining invaders was then keiki a Kamalalawalu, holo pio
complete. Referring to aku la oia, a pakele aku la. A
Kauhiakama the son of penei ka moolelo o kona pakele
Kamalalawalu he escaped to ana.
safety. The story of his escape
running thus:

On the day that the Maui forces I ka la o ka hee ana o ko Maui

were defeated Kauhiakama poe kaua, holo malu aku la oia a
clandestinely escaped to hiki i Kawaihae, a malaila mai e
Kawaihae and from there his holo ana me ka manao e pee ma
intentions were to hie to the na ana, a hiki i ka wa e lanakila
caves, there to remain until his ai, alaila hoike ae.
side was victorious and then
make his appearance.
Hinau, one of the generals of A o Hinau, kekahi o na pukaua o
Lonoikamakahiki and a Lonoikamakahiki, he elele no na
messenger also, had great Lonoikamakahiki, aka, ua nui loa
affection for Kauhiakama, but it ke aloha o Hinau ia Kauhiakama.
was previous to the time of Nolaila, mamua o ko Hinau
Hinau’s assisting in the escape of manao ana e hoomahuka ia
Kauhiakama that he roasted Kauhiakama, pulehu ae la oia i
some taro and, together with mau kalo, a moa, a paa pu ae la
some dried mudfish, already me na oopu maloo i pulehuia, a
roasted, proceeded to search for imi aku la ia Kauhiakama; ma
Kauhiakama. Hinau came to Kawaihaeo ko Hinau hiki mua
Kawaihae first and from there ana, a malaila aku a hiki i
went to Kaiopae where for the Kaiopae, ike mua aku la o Hinau
first time he saw Kauhiakama, so ia Kauhiakama, alaila, kahea aku
Hinau hailed him and said: “Say, la: “E Kauhiakama e! Malaila iho
Kauhiakama, remain there until I oe a loaa aku ia’u.” I alawa ae ka
reach you!” Kauhiakama looking hana o Kauhiakama, e hele aku
round saw Hinau approaching, ana o Hinau, alaila, manao ae la
the thought of death at the o Kauhiakama: “Make, eia ka
hands of the victorious crossed lanakila.” Alaila, palulu ae la ua o
his mind, so covering his face Kauhiakama i na lima i ke poo
with his hands he wept, for he me ka manao kaumaha i ka
[350]was greatly depressed in make, e uwe ana. Aka, hele aku
spirits. Hinau came forward, la o Hinau a honi aku la i ka ihu
however, and greeted him with a o Kauhiakama, a uwe iho la, me
kiss on the nose, remarking: “I ka i aku: “Ua noho au me ke
remained behind and roasted aloha ia oe, a nolaila, pulehu mai
some taro and dried mudfish for nei i na wahi kalo, a me na wahi
the love of you and came to oopu maloo, a imi [351]mai nei ia
search for you.” These words of oe.” A no keia olelo a Hinau,
Hinau gave Kauhiakama great akahi no a oluolu iho la o
relief and hopes for life.
Kauhiakama then ate of the taro Kauhiakama, a manao ae la no
prepared by Hinau and when he hoi i ke alo.
had finished Hinau assisted
Kauhiakama to escape to Maui. Ia manawa, o ke kalo a Hinau i
Thus was Kauhiakama saved hoomakaukau ai, ai iho la o
from falling into the hands of his Kauhiakama. A pau ia,
enemies. hoomahuka aku la o Hinau ia
Kauhiakama, a hala aku la i
Maui, a pela i pakele ai o
Kauhiakama i na lima o kona poe
enemi.

Upon Kauhiakama’s return to Ia Kauhiakama i hoi ai a Maui,

Maui he sang the praises of hapai nui ae la oia ia Hinau, a
Hinau; named his house after kapa ae la i ka inoa o ka hale o
him and also the calabashes and Hinau, na umeke a me na ipukai,
fish-bowls. The cultivated fields o Hinau; a kapa aku la i ka inoa
were also named after him. o na mahinaai koele o Hinau. Ua
Everything he possessed was kapaia na mea a pau a
named after Hinau in memory of Kauhiakama o Hinau; he mau
the many tokens of friendship mea e hoomanao ana i na mea a
and kindness shown to him. pau a Hinau i hana maikai aku ai
ia ia (Kauhiakama).

Several years afterwards rumors A he mau makahiki he nui ma ia

came to Lonoikamakahiki which hope mai, kui aku la ka lono ia
informed him of the actions of Lonoikamakahiki, a lohe oia i
Kauhiakama and of the naming keia mau hana a Kauhiakama,
of everything Kauhiakama ma ke kapa ana i na mea a pau
owned by the name of Hinau. In ana, mamuli o ka inoa Hinau.
consequence of this certain Nolaila, hoounaia aku la kekahi
messengers were dispatched to mau elele mai ke alo aku o
Maui by Lonoikamakahiki to get Lonoikamakahiki, e holo i Maui,
Hinau. Before the departure of e kii ia Hinau. Mamua o ka holo
the emissaries to get Hinau he ana a na luna kii ia Hinau, olelo
instructed them thus: “You go aku la oia i ua mau luna nei:
and bring Hinau by my
command, and should you meet “E kii oukou ia Hinau, mamuli o
him, say to him to return to kuu kauoha; a i halawai oukou
Hawaii and govern the country me ia, e olelo aku oukou, e hoi
because I am going to Kauai, to mai i Hawaii nei, e hooponopono
view the trunkless koa tree of ai i ka aina, no ka mea, ke holo
Kahihikolo. He is to be in my nei wau i Kauai, i ike aku au i ka
stead and inform him so. Should laau koa kumu ole o Kahihikolo,
he board your canoes, take him a e noho oia e pani ma kuu
to Alenuihaha channel, tear him hakahaka; pela oukou e olelo
alive in the sea, because he has aku ai. A i kau mai keia maluna o
done wrong by assisting na waa o oukou, alaila, e lawe
Kauhiakama to escape, thus mai a ka moana o Alenuihaha, e
violating my very commands, to moku oia aku iaia iloko o ke kai,
allow no one of Maui with royal no ka mea, ua hewa kana hana
blood to live.” After he had given ana no kona hoomahuka ana ia
these instructions to his Kauhiakama, ka mea a’u i olelo
emissaries they set sail for Maui. ai, aole e koe i hookahi pua alii o
Maui.” A pau ka Lonoikamakahiki
olelo ana i na luna ana e hoouna
ai, holo aku la ua mau luna nei i
Maui.

When the emissaries met Hinau A i ka halawai ana o ua mau luna

they learned that he was the nei me Hinau, ike aku la nae ua
greatest man in Maui in the mau luna nei, o Hinau ke kanaka
retinue of Kauhiakama and was koikoi o Maui imua o
the latter’s cherished favorite. Kauhiakama, a oia hookahi no ka
However, the instructions had to punahele oi imua o ko
be carried out and the same Kauhiakama alo. Aka, ma na
were discharged in a manner mea i kauohaia ia lakou na luna
that was entirely pleasing to e hana aku, alaila hana aku la no
Lonoikamakahiki. lakou e like me ka
Lonoikamakahiki olelo.

Hinau heard the wishes of A i ka lohe ana o Hinau i keia

Lonoikamakahiki from the lips of mau olelo a Lonoikamakahiki ma
the emissaries, and believing the ka waha aku o ua mau luna nei,
truth of the message decided to a ike mai la o Hinau ua ano oiaio
obey the same. Kauhiakama had na olelo a pau i haiia aku iaia,
no intention of allowing Hinau to alaila, hooholo ae la oia i kona
sail to Hawaii for he was worried manao ae no na mea i hai ia aku
lest he return not again to Maui. ai. Aka, aole nae i manao o
Hinau, however, was under the Kauhiakama e hookuu aku ia
belief that he was to rule only Hinau e holo i Hawaii, me ka
during the time of manao ona, aole e hoi hou mai
Lonoikamakahiki’s absence on ana i Maui. Aka, ma ko Hinau
Kauai, and when he returned, he manao, he hooponopono wale
(Hinau) would again return to no no ka manawa e holo ai o
Maui. Upon Hinau’s boarding the Lonoikamakahiki a hoi mai, alaila
canoes and sailing for Hawaii hoi mai i Maui. Aka i ke kau ana
while yet breathing with life he o Hinau maluna o na waa a holo
was cut in two whilst in the open aku i Hawaii ua mo-ku olaia o
sea by the emissaries in Hinau i ka moana, e like me ka
compliance with the instructions Lonoikamakahiki kauoha. A
of Lonoikamakahiki. So died make aku la o Hinau. A make
Hinau. On the return of the men aku la o Hinau, hoi aku la na
they reported having put Hinau luna a hai aku la i ka make ana o
to death in the manner desired, Hinau. Alaila, ua loaa ka oluolu
thus gratifying the wishes of ia Lonoikamakahiki.
Lonoikamakahiki.
 CHAPTER XIV. MOKUNA XIV.

Reformation of the Ka Hooponopono Hou Ana o

Government by Lonoikamakahiki i ke Aupuni.
Lonoikamakahiki.—He Sails —Kona Holo Ana i Kauai.—
for Kauai.—Lonoikamakahiki Haaleleia o Lonoikamakahiki
Deserted by the People. e ka Lehulehu.

After the battle with A pau ke kaua ana me

Kamalalawalu at Waimea and the Kamalalawalu ma Waimea, a
death of Hinau, Lonoikamakahiki mahope iho o ka make ana o
again suggested to sail for Kauai, Hinau, ia manawa hoomaopopo
so that he might view Kahihikolo, hou ae la o Lonoikamakahiki e
the place where the trunkless holo i Kauai; oia hoi i ike aku ai
koa tree was. For that voyage oia ia Kahihikolo, i kahi o ke koa
Lonoikamakahiki made kumu ole. A no ia mea,
preparations [352]to take along hoomakaukau [353]ae la o
with him his favorites, his Lonoikamakahiki i kana huakai;
warriors as companions and also lawe ae la oia i kona poe
his servants. punahele, a me kona poe hoa
hele, kona mau puali, a me kona
poe lawelawe.

Kaikilani in the meantime was Aka o Kaikilani, hoonohoia iho la

placed to rule the land and to oia ma ke ano hooponopono
care for the people. All aina, a e malama hoi i na
preparations having been made makaainana. A makaukau ko ke
the king sailed for Kauai arriving alii holo i Kauai, alaila holo aku
there with his entire retinue. la. Ia holo ana, hiki aku la o
Lonoikamakahiki went alone to Lonoikamakahiki i Kauai; ia
view the trunkless tree of manawa e koe akoakoa ana no
Kahihikolo his entire retinue kona lehulehu a pau. Aka, ma ka
having deserted him. There was hoomaka ana e ike i ke koa
a native, however, of the place kumu ole o Kahihikolo, oia ka
by the name of Kapaihiahilina manawa i haalele ai ko
who joined the king on his tour. Lonoikamakahiki lehulehu, a koe
The king while thus journeying o Lonoikamakahiki wale no. Aka,
happened to look back to see hookahi kanaka kamaaina i ukali
where the rest of his people pu ma ia huakai a ke alii, no
were and saw only a solitary Kauai no, o Kapaihiahilina kona
man following him in the rear. inoa. I ka manawa o ke alii e
He was a stranger with whom he hele ana, a i ka huli ana ae i
had no acquaintance. Of the hope, e nana i kona lehulehu,
large retinue which accompanied aia hoi, hookahi kanaka e ukali
him from Hawaii not one was ana mahope ona
there, every man had deserted. (Lonoikamakahiki) he kanaka e
wale no, aole oia i ike; a o kona
nui i hele pu mai ai mai Hawaii
mai, aole hookahi i koe, ua pau
loa i ka haalele.

When the king observed I ka manawa o ke alii i ike mai ai

Kapaihiahilina following him, he ia Kapaihiahilina e ukali ana, aole
said not a word to him but oia i ekemu mai, aka, hoomau
continued on with his journey aku la no o Lonoikamakahiki i ka
without even a guide to indicate hele imua, me ka mea ole nana
the place he so much desired to e kuhikuhi i kahi ana i hilinai nui
see. When Lonoikamakahiki ai e ike. Aka i ka alawa hou ana
again turned back Kapaihiahilina ae o Lonoikamakahiki i hope, e
was still following him. At this ukali ana no o Kapaihiahilina
stage Lonoikamakahiki asked the mahope ona. Ia manawa, akahi
man: “Where are you going?” no a kamailio aku o
Kapaihiahilina replied: “I merely Lonoikamakahiki iaia, me ka
followed you, because I heard ninau aku: “E hele ana oe ihea?”
from your people who were on I aku la o Kapaihiahilina: “I ukali
their way back, that they had wale mai nei no wau ia oe, no ka
deserted you, and having mea, lohe ae nei wau i ou
sympathy for you, I followed.” kanaka i hoi ae nei, ua pau i ka
haalele ia oe, nolaila, aloha ia
oe, ukali mai nei.”

Kapaihiahilina, upon being told A o ua o Kapaihiahilina, iloko o

that the king had been deserted, kona manawa i lohe ai ua
took a calabash of poi and some haaleleia, nolaila, lawe ae la oia i
fours of mud-fish, and went in umeke poi, me na kauna oopu, a
search of the king. It was imi aku la i ke alii. He mea mau
Kapaihiahilina’s habit during the hoi ia Kapaihiahilina i na la a pau
days he followed the king to o kana ukali ana ia
observe the etiquette due to Lonoikamakahiki, ka malama ana
royalty, that is to say, during the i na kanawai o ke kapu alii. Oia
early morning when the royal hoi, i ka manawa kakahiaka nui,
shadow was the longest, ka manawa e loihi ana ke aka o
Kapaihiahilina, aware there were ke alii, aole o Kapaihiahilina i ike
only the two of them, did not i ko laua kokoolua o laua wale,
cross his shadow but always a’e aku i ke aka, aka, malama
respected his royal dignity and mau no oia i ke kapu alii.
position.

Lonoikamakahiki constantly A he mea mau hoi ia

observed Kapaihiahilina’s Lonoikamakahiki ka nana mau
conduct as being most respectful ana ia Kapaihiahilina ma kona
of royalty. One day in the course ano menemene alii. A iloko o
of their journey, Kapaihiahilina, kekahi la o ka laua hele ana, i ka
always to the rear of him at a manawa e hookaawale ana o
respectable distance both when Kapaihiahilina iaia iho, ma ka
walking and when at sleep, hele ana, ma ka noho ana a me
Lonoikamakahiki said to him: ka moe ana, i aku la o
“Do not hold me in sacredness Lonoikamakahiki iaia: “Mai
because you are my own hookapukapu mai oe ia’u, no ka
brother. I have nothing dearer mea, o oe no ko’u hoahanau
than yourself, therefore, where I ponoi, aole a’u mea nui e ae, o
sleep, there will you sleep also. oe hookahi wale no; nolaila, ma
Do not hold me aloof, because ko’u wahi moe, malaila mai oe,
all that is good has passed and mai hookaawale oe ia’u, no ka
we are now traveling in the mea ua pale ka pono eia kaua i
region of the gods.” In ke au akua kahi i hele ai.” A
consequence of this, the king’s nolaila, ua hookoia ka ke alii
wishes were observed, and they olelo, a noho pu iho la laua.
sat down together.

During their wanderings through I ka laua hele ana ma na kuahiwi

the mountains of Kauai, in the o Kauai iloko o ka lipo
depths of the mountain recesses nahelehele loloa, ua nui ko laua
they became sorely in need of pilikia i ka ai, o ka hala kaao ka
food and had to subsist on the laua ai. A pilikia no hoi laua i ke
hala kaao. 80 They were in great kapa ole, o ka lauki ko laua
need of clothing and destitute of kapa; a nele laua i ka malo ole, o
malo and had to use braided ka palai i hiliia ko laua malo. Pela
ferns in substitution thereof. mau ko laua hele ana a hiki i
They wandered on in this kahi a ua o Lonoikamakahiki i
manner until they arrived at the ake nui ai e ike, oia hoi o
place which Lonoikamakahiki Kahihikolo, a hiki wale i ka hoi
was so desirous of seeing, which ana mai i kai. Aka, i ko laua wa e
place was called Kahihikolo, but hele ana iloko o na pilikia he nui,
still continued on until they pilikia ai, pilikia kapa, pilikia
reached the shore. During these malo, pilikia i ka ua, aia no nae
travels they were in the greatest iloko o ko Lonoikamakahiki
distress from lack of food, lack of manao ka mea e hiki ai iaia e
clothing, lack of malo and also hana aku ai ia Kapaihiahilina. A i
distress from the rains. There ka hoi ana o laua mai ka laua
was locked in the bosom of huakai hele mauna ae, lilo ae la
Lonoikamakahiki the thought o Kapaihiahilina [355]i punahele
always of how he should some nui, a i kuhina nui hoi. O na mea
day reward Kapaihiahilina. On a pau a Lonoikamakahiki, na
their return from their mountain mea nui na mea liilii i waiho aku
wanderings, Kapaihiahilina ai i na kanaka a me na kaukau
became a premier and a alii; o na aina hoi a pau, aia no
[354]great favorite. Whatever ia ma ko Kapaihiahilina lima ka
belonged to Lonoikamakahiki in hooponopono. Aole he mea nui e
large as well as small things ae ma ko Lonoikamakahiki alo, o
which had been left in charge of Kapaihiahilina wale no, a oia no
the men and the petty chiefs, ke poo kiekie ma ka Mokupuni o
including also the lands, all were Hawaii a puni. A i ko
under the administration of Lonoikamakahiki hoi ana i
Kapaihiahilina. Before the eyes Hawaii, mahope iho o kana
of Lonoikamakahiki no one else huakai hele mauna, lawe ae la
was superior to Kapaihiahilina oia ia Kapaihiahilina i Hawaii, i
and he was supreme over the hookohu aku ai oia ia
island of Hawaii. Upon Kapaihiahilina, ma kona ano
Lonoikamakahiki’s return to kuhina nui, a punahele nui hoi.
Hawaii after his sojourn in the
mountains, he took
Kapaihiahilina with him to Hawaii
and appointed him his premier
and held him as an esteemed
favorite.

Wherever Lonoikamakahiki slept, Ma ko Lonoikamakahiki wahi

there Kapaihiahilina slept also; moe, malaila o Kapaihiahilina e
wherever he lived, there also moe ai, ma kona wahi e noho ai,
would Kapaihiahilina reside. The malaila pu no me Kapaihiahilina.
emblem of royal sacredness O ka puloulou kapu alii, hiki ole i
(puloulou) where his former na punahele mua ana ke komo
favorites were not permitted to aku, malaila o Kapaihiahilina e
tread, there would Kapaihiahilina noho ai. Aka, i ka hiki ana o
be found. When Lonoikamakahiki Lonoikamakahiki i Hawaii me
arrived on Hawaii with his Kapaihiahilina, ike mai la na
companion the marshals and the ilamuku a me na kakaolelo a
statesmen of Lonoikamakahiki Lonoikamakahiki, ua kela aku ka
observed that Kapaihiahilina’s punahele o Kapaihiahilina
favoritism exceeded that of the mamua o na punahele mua,
king’s former favorites, and they alaila, inoino ae la ko lakou
became embittered at the idea manao no Kapaihiahilina, no ka
and were envious of him for the mea, aole i hanaia kekahi mau
reason that his former favorites punahele mamua e like me keia.
never received such
consideration.

On a certain day, I kekahi la, hoakoakoa ae la o

Lonoikamakahiki assembled all Lonoikamakahiki i kona mau
of his nobility and statesmen and kaukau alii a pau, a me kona
declared that Kapaihiahilina was mau kakaolelo, a hoike aku la i
denominated the chief ko Kapaihiahilina lilo ana i poo
personage of all Hawaii. But this kiekie ma ka aina a puni o
was not agreeable to the chiefs’ Hawaii. Aka, he mea oluolu ole
views and the court of nae ia i ko na ’lii manao, a me ko
Lonoikamakahiki. Lonoikamakahiki alo alii a pau.
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