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Environment 2025 Current Affairs Jan

The document discusses the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger, India's wildlife conservation initiative, highlighting its objectives, challenges, and technological innovations. It also covers various environmental initiatives, including the National Mission for Clean Ganga, the PRITHvi scheme for Earth system science, and the National Clean Air Programme, along with their goals and progress. Additionally, it touches on international collaborations like the Green Fuels Alliance India and the WTO's report on trade policy tools for climate action.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
542 views16 pages

Environment 2025 Current Affairs Jan

The document discusses the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger, India's wildlife conservation initiative, highlighting its objectives, challenges, and technological innovations. It also covers various environmental initiatives, including the National Mission for Clean Ganga, the PRITHvi scheme for Earth system science, and the National Clean Air Programme, along with their goals and progress. Additionally, it touches on international collaborations like the Green Fuels Alliance India and the WTO's report on trade policy tools for climate action.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

50th Year of Project Tiger


Why in the News? 50th Year of Project Tiger (1973–2023): Celebration of India's flagship
wildlife conservation program.

About Project Tiger


• Launched in: 1973, with 9 tiger reserves.
• Ministry: MoEFCC.
• Implementing Agency: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). It is constituted in
2005 on the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. It is a statutory status under Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 (Amended 2006).
• Objectives:
o Ensure a viable population of tigers.
o Promote their ecological, cultural, and economic significance.
o Adopt a holistic ecosystem approach: Conservation of tigers ensures ecosystem
stability.

Special Measures & Technological Innovations


• M-STrIPES: Monitoring System for Tigers - intensive monitoring and ecological assessment.
• e-Bird UAV Surveillance: Unmanned aerial vehicles for poaching surveillance and habitat
monitoring.
• Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF): Anti-poaching initiative in selected tiger reserves.
• Project Tiger merged with Project Elephant under a unified umbrella to manage shared
resources.

Challenges in Tiger Conservation


• Habitat Loss: Only 1/3rd of forests in tiger states are in good condition (Status Tiger Report
2022).
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Escalating due to encroachment into tiger habitats.
• Poaching: Illegal trade in tiger body parts (e.g., skin, bones).
• Climate Change: Habitat shifts in Himalayan States, Sundarbans, and Western Ghats. Due
to increased frequency of wildfires.
• Monitoring Issues: State boundary reserves (e.g., Ranthambore, Nagarhole) complicate tiger
tracking.
• Invasive Species: Lantana camara disrupts tiger habitats.

Case Study: Ranthambore’s proximity to human settlements exacerbates man-tiger conflicts.

About Tigers

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• India holds 75% of the world’s tiger population. Population distributed across 57 reserves,
spanning mangroves, grasslands, deciduous forests, and high-altitude ecosystems.
• Flagship and Umbrella species; tiger conservation benefits entire ecosystems.
• Unique stripes like human fingerprints.
• Territorial; solitary except for mating or raising cubs.
• Excellent swimmers.

Conservation Status
• IUCN Red List: Endangered (Panthera tigris).
• CITES: Listed under Appendix I, which prohibits international trade.
• India's Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I species, offering the highest legal
protection.
• Global Population: Approximately 4,500 wild tigers (India harbors 75% of the global
population).

Habitat
• Found in 13 Tiger Range Countries: India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Russia,
China, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Malaysia.
• Tiger Habitats in India: Tigers are highly adaptable and occupy diverse ecosystems:
o Tropical Moist Evergreen Forests: Example: Western Ghats (Kudremukh, Periyar Tiger
Reserve).
o Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests: Example: Kanha and Bandhavgarh in Madhya
Pradesh.
o Mangroves: Example: Sundarbans (adapted to saline waters and tidal ecosystem).
o Temperate Forests and Grasslands: Example: Himalayan foothills (Corbett, Rajaji Tiger
Reserve).
o Shola Forests: Example: Anamalai and Parambikulam in the Western Ghats.

Population in India
• India's Tiger Census (2022): 3,967 tigers (appx) population in India. It was conducted using
camera traps and M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection & Ecological
Status).
• State-Wise Tiger Population:
o Highest Population: Madhya Pradesh (785 tigers), followed by Karnataka (563) &
Uttarakhand (560).
o Lowest Population: Mizoram and West Bengal (Sundarbans) report fewer than 5-10
tigers each.
o Highest Density: Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand (14-15 tigers per 100 sq. km).

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o Lowest Density: Reserves in Northeast India and Sundarbans, where vast, challenging
terrains reduce visibility and density metrics.

Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger
Habitat”?

a) Corbett
b) Ranthambore
c) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam
d) Sundarbans

Consider the following protected areas

1. Bandipur
2. Bhitarkanika
3. Manas
4. Sunderbans
Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 3 and 4 only
c) 2, 3 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Consider the following statements:


1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 2 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

The term 'M-STRIPES' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of


(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna
(b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves
(c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System
(d) Security of National Highways
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Sewage Management
Why in the News?
• Amendment to River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management) Authorities
Order, 2016:
o Permits discharge of treated effluent into the Ganga after exploring reuse options.
o Aims to improve biodiversity by ensuring better water flow.

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)


• Launched: 2014, under the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Objective: Rejuvenation, protection, and management of the Ganga and its tributaries.
• Components:
o Pollution Abatement: Addressing untreated sewage discharge.
o Riverfront Development: Creating ghats and crematoria.
o Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting aquatic species like the Ganga Dolphin.
o Public Awareness: Engaging communities in river conservation.

Namami Gange
• Aim: Integrated conservation and rejuvenation.
• Funding: Centrally sponsored.
• Achievements:
o Reduction in untreated wastewater entering the Ganga.
o Infrastructure development: Over 150 STPs completed as of 2023.

Consider the following statements:


1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 2 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

India Meteorological Department


IMD celebrated its 150th anniversary, marking significant contributions to weather forecasting
and climate services in India.
IMD Overview
• Established: 1875.

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• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences.

Mandate of IMD:
• Observations and Forecasts: Take meteorological observations and provide forecasts.
• Weather Warnings: Issue warnings against severe weather phenomena.
• Meteorological Statistics: Supply data for agriculture, industries, etc.
• Research: Conduct and promote research in meteorology and related fields.
• Seismology: Detect and locate earthquakes, evaluate seismicity across India.

Recent IMD Initiatives


• National Framework of Climate Services (NFCS): Inspired by Global Framework for Climate
Services (GFCS) by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
o Focus: Climate-smart decision-making in sectors like agriculture, health, energy,
disaster management, and water.
• Weather Analysis and Forecast Enabling System (WAFES): Web-GIS-based Decision Support
System (DSS). To aids analysis of weather events and their socio-economic impacts. It
Includes:
▪ Meteorological Information Communication System (MICS).
▪ Synthesized Integrated Visualization System (SIVS).
▪ Public Weather Information System (PWIS).
• Panchayat Mausam Sewa Portal: Provides weather information to farmers for agricultural
planning.
• MAUSAM App: A GIS-based interactive mobile app for weather updates and alerts.

"Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now" is an initiative launched by


a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
b) The UNEP Secretariat
c) The UNFCCC Secretariat
d) The World Meterological Organisation

PRITHvi VIgyan

Union Cabinet approved the PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) scheme under the Ministry of Earth
Sciences (MoES) to consolidate research efforts in Earth System Science.

About PRITHVI:

• Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).


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• Duration: 2021–2026.
• Budget: ₹4,797 crore.
• Objective: Develop advanced Earth system science research and services to address climate,
ocean, and disaster-related challenges.
• Sub-Schemes:
o ACROSS (Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services).
o O-SMART (Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources, and Technology).
o PACER (Polar Science and Cryosphere Research).
o SAGE (Seismology and Geosciences).
o REACHOUT (Research, Education, Training, and Outreach).

Major Objectives of PRITHVI


• Long-Term Observations: Monitor the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, geosphere, and
solid Earth to track Earth system changes.
• Weather Prediction Models: Improve models for predicting weather, climate hazards, and
studying climate change.
• Polar Research: Explore polar and high seas regions for understanding new phenomena and
resources.
• Ocean Resource Harnessing: Develop technologies for sustainable use of living and non-
living ocean resources.
• Science to Services: Convert scientific research into practical societal solutions like disaster
early warnings and climate mitigation.

Significance of PRITHVI Scheme


• Enhanced Earth Science Understanding: Addresses challenges in weather, climate, oceans,
cryosphere, and geosciences.
• Socio-Economic Benefits: Practical solutions for climate change adaptation, disaster
resilience, and sustainable resource use.
• Sustainable Ocean Resource Exploration: Deep-sea mining and ocean energy technologies.
• Capacity Building: Development of skilled Earth scientists for future challenges.

Trade Policy Tools for Climate Action


World Trade Organization (WTO) released a report titled "Trade Policy Tools for Climate Action"
to assist governments in promoting sustainability and supporting UNFCCC-COP28 climate
mitigation goals.

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Key Highlights of the Report: The report identifies 10 trade policy areas that can be aligned
with climate mitigation and sustainability goals. Key tools include: Trade Facilitation,
Regulations and Certification, Import Tariffs, Subsidies, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
and Internal Taxation and Carbon Pricing.

Significance of the Report: Links international trade policies with climate action goals, aligning
with multilateral environmental agreements like UNFCCC. Highlights WTO's role in addressing
climate challenges through trade reforms.

The report 'Trade Policy Tools for Climate Action' highlights the role of international trade in
climate action. It is released by:
a) UNEP
b) WTO
c) IPCC
d) UNFCCC

Megalosaurus

Megalosaurus: Fossils of Megalosaurus, a carnivorous dinosaur, were discovered in


Oxfordshire, England and named in 1824. First dinosaur to be scientifically named based on
fossil remains. Its fossils included vertebrae and hip bones, marking the beginning of dinosaur
paleontology.

Fossils of dinosaurs have been discovered in regions like Gujarat (Rahioli fossil beds) and
Madhya Pradesh. Rajasaurus narmadensis, a carnivorous dinosaur species, was discovered in
India.

Which of the following dinosaurs' fossils were discovered in India?


a) Stegosaurus
b) Rajasaurus
c) Tyrannosaurus
d) Iguanodon

Mycorrhizal Fungi
A recent study analyzed role of Mycorrhizal Fungi (Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal) in shaping
Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG).

Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG): A global pattern where species diversity is highest near
equator and decreases towards the poles.

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• Reason: Varies due to climatic, ecological, and evolutionary factors.

Mycorrhizal Fungi: Fungi that form mutually beneficial relationships with plant roots.
Mycorrhizal fungi help plants survive in nutrient-poor soils. It plays a vital role in:
• Aid in nutrient absorption.
• Enhance plant growth and ecosystem stability.

Classes of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Roles:


• Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF): Warmer, wetter equatorial climates favor its growth.
It dominant in tropical regions near the equator. It supports diverse ecosystems and
promote species coexistence by facilitating nutrient sharing among plants.
• Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (EMF): Cooler, drier climates at higher latitudes favor its growth.
Hence, common in temperate and boreal regions (higher latitudes). It supports single
species like coniferous trees, reducing species diversity. It prefer less biodiverse but stable
ecosystems.

Green Fuels Alliance India


Denmark announced Green Fuels Alliance India (GFAI) initiative as part of the Green Strategic
Partnership (GSP) between India and Denmark, established in 2020.

Objectives of GFAI:
• Promote Sustainable Energy: Encourage collaboration among businesses, governments, and
research institutions of both countries.
• Support Carbon Neutrality: Aligns with India's Net Zero by 2070 goal and Denmark’s
expertise in green energy.
• Renewable Energy Leadership: Aims to position India as a global leader in the green energy
value chain.
• Foster Innovation: Drives partnerships and technological advancements in green fuel
production.

Green Fuels: Also known as biofuels or green hydrocarbons, these are produced from biomass
(plant or waste materials). It is created using biological (fermentation) or thermochemical
(pyrolysis, gasification) methods. Examples: Bioethanol, biodiesel, green hydrogen, and
renewable natural gas.

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National Clean Air Programme


National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched in 2019 by the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), has shown mixed progress in tackling air pollution over
the last five years.

About NCAP

• Objective: Improve air quality in 131 cities, including cities exceed National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 5 consecutive years & Million Plus Cities (Cities with a
population exceeding 1 million).
• Targets: Reduce Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations by up to 40% by
2025-26 (Base year: 2017).
• Implemented by CPCB at the national level & City Action Plans to be implemented by state
governments and municipal bodies.
• PRANA Portal i.e. Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment Cities: Keeps
Track on NCAP progress and implementation.

Progress So Far:
Improvements in PM Levels:
• PM2.5: Improvements recorded in 27 out of 49 cities monitored.
• PM10: Improvements seen in 24 out of 46 cities monitored.
• Notable Cities:
o Varanasi: Significant reduction in both PM2.5 and PM10 levels.
o Agra and Jodhpur: Achieved similar reductions in particulate matter concentrations.

Global Risks Report


Global Risks Report is based on the Global Risks Perception Survey and is annually released by
the World Economic Forum (WEF).

Global Risks Perception Survey: Conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) to assess
pressing global challenges. It categorizes risks into short-term (next 2 years) and long-term (next
10 years). Themes of Risks:
• Economic Risks: Inequality, inflation, illicit activities.
• Environmental Risks: Climate change, biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse.
• Technological Risks: Cybersecurity, misinformation.
• Societal Risks: Infectious diseases, societal polarization.

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India's Top Risks:


• Misinformation and Disinformation (MI): Rising challenges due to fake news and misleading
information, impacting societal harmony and governance.
• Infectious Diseases: Continued threats post-COVID-19, with risks of pandemics and
inadequate health infrastructure.
• Illicit Economic Activity: Includes black markets, money laundering, and organized crime,
affecting economic stability.
• Wealth and Income Inequality: Persistent disparity impacting economic growth and social
stability.
• Labour Shortage: Skill gaps and workforce shortages in key industries due to demographic
and economic transitions.

Global Short-Term Risks (2023-2024): Misinformation and Disinformation, Extreme Weather


Events (EWS), Societal Polarization & Cyber Insecurity.

Global Long-Term Risks (2025 and beyond): Extreme Weather Events, Critical Changes to Earth
Systems & Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Collapse.

The Global Risks Report is annually released by which of the following organizations?
a) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
b) World Bank
c) World Economic Forum (WEF)
d) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Conjoined Silverline
A new butterfly species, Conjoined Silverline (Cigaritis conjuncta), was identified in Karnataka's
Kodagu district, marking the first such discovery in the Western Ghats in 40 years.

• Morphological Characteristics: Features fused spots and bands with shiny silver lines in the
center. Males: Display dark shining blue wings & Females: Have dark brown wings.
• False Head: Lower wing tips bear orange dots, resembling a false head, which helps deter
predators.
• Habitat: Found in Kodagu district, Karnataka, within the Western Ghats, a biodiversity
hotspot.

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Himalayan Wolf
First-ever IUCN assessment of the Himalayan Wolf has been published, highlighting
conservation concerns and threats.

Major Findings from the IUCN Report

Population Decline: Total estimated population: 2,275–3,792 mature individuals, but India-
specific population: 227–378 individuals. Noted continuing decline in the area, extent, and/or
quality of habitat.

Major Threats: habitat modification, encroachment, depletion of wild prey populations,


Hybridization with Dogs (Ladakh and Spiti) and Hunted for fur, body parts, including paws,
tongues, and heads, for illegal trade.

Himalayan Wolf

Keystone Predator: Maintains ecosystem balance by controlling herbivore populations in


Himalayan ecosystems. Indicator Species: Population decline signals ecosystem degradation
and climate change effects in high-altitude regions.

• Habitat: Found in high-altitude regions (>3,900 meters): Himalayas (India and Nepal) &
Tibetan Plateau.
• Characteristics:
o Thick fur with brown coloration on the back and tail.
o Paler yellows on the face, limbs, and underside.
o Larger than Indian and European wolves.
o Prefer wild prey over domestic animals.
o Possess genetic adaptations to survive in hypoxic conditions of high altitudes.
• Conservation Status:
o IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest protection).
o CITES: Appendix I (prohibits trade in body parts).

Tibetan Brown Bear


India's first-ever confirmed sighting of the rare Tibetan Brown Bear occurred in Sikkim,
marking a significant development in wildlife monitoring.

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• It has distinctive ‘V’ shaped white chest mark. It has thick fur adapted to cold alpine
environments. It consumes both plant material and animal matter.
• It is an apex predator, the Tibetan Brown Bear plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem
balance in its habitat.
• Also known as the Tibetan Blue Bear due to its unique fur coloration.
• Listed under:
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection).
o CITES: Appendix I (prohibits international trade in species and their parts).
• Habitat:
o Inhabits alpine forests, meadows, and steppe regions.
o Found at elevations ranging from 2,000 to 4,500 meters.
• Geographic Distribution: Primarily located in:
o Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring regions like Nepal and Bhutan.
o Recently sighted in Sikkim, indicating possible range expansion.
• Threats:
o Habitat loss due to climate change and human activities.
o Poaching for body parts and fur.
o Human-wildlife conflict, especially in regions with livestock rearing.

Vulture Restaurant
A Vulture Restaurant has been set up in Koderma district, Jharkhand to address the adverse
effects of veterinary drugs, especially diclofenac, on vultures.

• Vulture Restaurant: An undisturbed area where non-toxic, poison-free carcasses are


provided for vultures and other scavengers to feed.
• Locations: Apart from Koderma, similar facilities exist in:
o Raigad, Gadchiroli, and Nashik districts in Maharashtra.
o Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh.
• Purpose: Mitigates the effects of veterinary drug contamination and ensures a safe food
source for vultures.

Eurasian otter
Recently sighted in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, the Eurasian otter’s presence highlights
its ecological importance and conservation concerns.
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Eurasian otter

• Indicator Species as presence reflects the health of aquatic ecosystems.


• Habitat: Found in water bodies, marshes, swamp forests, and coastal areas. It requires
clean, unpolluted water sources for sustenance.
• Distribution: Widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• India: Found in Northern India, Northeast India, and parts of Southern India, including
Kerala.
• Characteristic: Shy and nocturnal hence prefers minimal human interference. They are
excellent swimmer and skilled at catching fish. They are semi-aquatic and highly adaptable.
• Conservation Status
o IUCN Red List: Nearly Threatened.
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest protection).
o CITES: Appendix I, banning international trade.
• Threats: Pollution, Poaching, Habitat Loss & Accidental Trapping: Often caught in fishing
nets.

Two mammalian species


Two mammalian species, Binturong (Bearcat) and Small-Clawed Otter, have been added to the
list of fauna in Kaziranga National Park, Assam.

Binturong (Bearcat)
• Largest civet species in India.
• Notable for its semi-prehensile tail, aiding in arboreal movement.
• Known for its distinctive popcorn-like smell, attributed to scent glands.
• Distribution: Global: Native to South-East Asia, including Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia.
India: Found in Meghalaya and Sikkim.
• Conservation Status:
o IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
o CITES: Appendix III (regulated trade).
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest protection).

Small-Clawed Otter (Asian Small-Clawed Otter)


• Smallest otter species, distinguished by its short claws that don’t extend beyond its fingers.
• Found in freshwater habitats, including rivers, wetlands, and mangroves.
• Distribution: Global: Southeast Asia and Southern China. India: Found in West Bengal,
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
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• Conservation Status:
o IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
o CITES: Appendix I (bans international trade).
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.

Kaziranga:

Kuno National Park


A Namibian cheetah, translocated under Project Cheetah, gave birth to four cubs in Kuno
National Park, Madhya Pradesh.

Kuno National Park

• Location: Situated in Sheopur and Morena districts, Madhya Pradesh. It is part of Central
Indian Vindhyan Hills.
• Ecological Features: Dry deciduous forests interspersed with grasslands, providing an ideal
habitat for cheetahs. Kuno River is the park's primary water source. Dominant tree species:
Kardhai, Salai & Khair.
• Fauna: Spotted deer, Chousingha (Four-horned antelope), Nilgai, Blackbuck, Leopard, & Wild
Dog (Dhole).
• Cheetahs as part of Project Cheetah, which involves the reintroduction of cheetahs into the
wild in India after 70 years.

Wadge Bank Ecosystem


Wadge Bank Ecosystem faces potential risks from proposed oil and gas exploration under the
Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP).

Wadge Bank Ecosystem

Location: Situated south of Cape Comorin in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. It is part of
Indian continental shelf.

Unique Features: Among most productive coastal areas globally due to rich marine biodiversity.
It is found at convergence of Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in this region creates a distinct
water current pattern, varying with the southwest and northeast monsoons.

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Ecological Importance: A crucial fishing ground supporting coastal livelihoods. It provides


habitat for numerous marine species, including economically significant fish stocks.

Deep-Sea Corals
Scientists have mapped largest deep-sea coral reef off US Atlantic coast using advanced
underwater mapping technology.

Difference Between Deep-Sea and Shallow-Water Corals

Specifications Deep-Sea Coral Shallow-Water Coral


Energy Feed on organic material or small Depend on zooxanthellae
Source plankton. (photosynthetic algae).
Appearance White in color. Brown and green due to algae
presence.
Structure Tree-like, fan-shaped formations. Rock-like reefs.
Depth Found at 200-1,000 meters. Found at 0-30 meters.

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS VIVEK SHARMA

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