COMPLETE HISTORY-

1 SHOT

Class 10 Social Science

 The Dream of Worldwide
Democratic and Social
Republics – The Pact Between
Nations, a print prepared by
Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848
● Modern-state concept prevailed in Europe, for over
a long time.

● It only had a centralised power which exercised

sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.

Element of Nation State

SHARED COMMON
HISTORY STRUGGLE

SENSE OF
COMMON
IDENTITY
 French Revolution

1. Internal customs duties & dues were

abolished.

2. The idea of la patrie (the fatherland), and le

citoyen (the citizen).

3. A uniform system of weights & measures

was adopted.

4. Estates General was elected and renamed as

National Assembly.

5. French- common language of the nation.

Regional dialects- discouraged
 French Revolution

6. New hymns composed & Oaths taken.

7. New French flag, replacing the former Royal

flag.

8. Centralised administrative system

established.

9. Regional dialects were discouraged.

❏ The aim of revolutionaries was to liberate people of
Europe from despotism.

❏ Establishment of Jacobin Clubs, paved way for

French armies that carried the idea of nationalism
and moved to Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and
Italy.

❏ With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the

French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism
abroad.
 Napoleon Bonaparte

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 NAPOLEON CODE- CIVIL CODE OF 1804

Transportation and communication

systems were improved.
Established equality before law & took away all
privileges based on birth.

Guilds restrictions were removed.

Secured the Right to Property.

Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the A common national currency to

feudal system facilitate the movement and exchange
of goods.

Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

Standardised weights and measures
 Initial enthusiasm soon
turned to hostility

● Lack of political freedom

● Increased taxation

● Forced conscription into the

French armies

● Censorship
 ARISTOCRATS PEASANTS
Socially & politically Not Powerful. Poor
powerful. economically and
socially.

United by a common way No such thing

of life.

Owned estates & Didn’t have much land.

townhouses in the Some were even landless.
countryside.

Families connected by No such thing

marriage ties.

They were in MINORITY They were in MAJORITY

 Emergence of
the New Middle
Industrial Class
production lead
to emergence of
commercial
They wanted classes
abolition of Also called as
aristocratic WORKING CLASS
privileges.

Made up of
They were
industrialists,
LIBERAL, valued
businessmen,
National Unity.
and
professionals.

They later became force of a lot of revolutions in

Europe against Monarchy.
 POLITICAL LIBERALISM

Government by Consent

End of Autocracy

End of Clerical privileges

Constitution & representative govt.

No voting rights for those without

property

Throughout the 19th & early 20th

centuries women & non-propertied
men organised opposition
movements demanding equal
political rights
 ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Stood for freedom of markets

Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the

movement of goods and capital

● Napoleon administration created a

confederation of 39 states.

● Each has its own currency, and weights and

measures.

● Custom barriers in each city hindered

economic growth & exchange.
 Zollverein/ Custom Union

➔ Initiative of Prussia in 1834.

➔ Abolished tariff barriers.
➔ Reduced the number of currencies
from 30 to 2.
➔ Promoted a network of railways to
promote mobility.
➔ A wave of economic nationalism
strengthened the wider nationalist
sentiments growing at the time.
 TREATY OF VIENNA,1815

Where: Vienna

When: 1815

Member States: BARP (Britain; Austria;

Russia; Prussia)

Who Hosted: Austrian Chancellor Duke

Metternich

Why: To bring back conservatism (restore

Monarchy) in Europe after Napoleon’s
defeat.
 Objective of Treaty Of vienna : To bring back
Monarchy and Undo the changes done by
Napoleon.

01 The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power and France

lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

Series of states were set up on the boundaries of

02 France to prevent French expansion

The kingdom of the Netherlands was set up in north

03 and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

Prussia was given territories on western frontiers.

04 Austria was given control of northern Italy.
But the German confederation of 39 states that
had been set up by Napoleon was left
untouched.

In the east, Russia was given part of Poland

while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

Fig. 6 — The Club of Thinkers, anonymous caricature dating to c. 1820.

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were
autocratic

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were

autocratic. This means:

1. That they did not tolerate criticism and

dissent.

2. Sought to curb activities that questioned

the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

3. Imposed censorship laws to control what

was said in newspapers, books, plays and
songs and reflected the ideas of liberty
and freedom

This motivated liberal-nationalists to fight for

Freedom of Press.
 Giuseppe Mazzini

● Italian revolutionary, born in

Genoa in 1807

● A member of the secret

society of the Carbonari.

● He was sent into exile in 1831

for attempting a revolution in
Liguria (age - 24)

He founded 2 underground societies:

1. Young Italy in Marseilles
2. Young Europe in Berne

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the

natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be
a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be
unified into Nation/Republic.
Following his model, secret
societies were set up in Germany,
France, Switzerland and Poland.

Mazzini’s relentless opposition to

monarchy and his vision of
democratic republics frightened
the conservatives.

Metternich described him as ‘the

most dangerous enemy of our
social order’.
Emergence of the New Middle Class, second
half of 18th century

July Revolution
1830

Greek War of Revolution of

Independence Brussels
The Massacre at Chios, Eugene Delacroix,
1824.

The French painter Delacroix was one of the

most important French Romantic painters.
This huge painting depicts an incident in
which 20,000 Greeks were said to have
been killed by Turks on the island of Chios.
By dramatising the incident, focusing on the
suffering of women and children, and using
vivid colours, Delacroix sought to appeal to
the emotions of the spectators, and create
sympathy for the Greeks.
 What is Romanticism?

It is a cultural movement which sought

to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment through arts,
poetry, stories, and music.

People who contribute to it are known

as Romantic artists.
 ● Romantic artists and poets criticised the
glorification of reason and science
The emphasis on vernacular (local) language
and the collection of local folklore was used to : ● They focused on emotions, intuition and
Recover an ancient national spirit mystical feelings.
And, to carry the modern nationalist message to
large audiences who were mostly illiterate. ● Their effort was to create a sense of a shared
collective heritage, a common cultural past, as
This was especially so in the case of Poland. the basis of a nation.

Examples of Romanticism in Europe

R: Russia

Through Culture Through Language

A: Austria

P: Prussia German Artist Polish Resistance

Gottfried and Karol Kurpinski
 1848

● Widespread food shortage &

unemployment in Paris, led
people out on roads.

● Barricades were erected and

Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

● National Assembly proclaimed

republic.

● France became a Republic

(suffrage to all adult males above
21)

● National workshops setup to

provide employment.
● Issue : Between Cotton contractor and Cotton
weaver
● Year and Place: 1845, Silesia
● Contractor supplied them raw material and
gave them orders for finished textiles but
drastically reduced their payments.

● Crowd of weavers marched to the mansion of

their contractor demanding higher wages.
 GERMANY’S CASE

Middle-class people came together in city of

1 Frankfurt and voted for an all-German National
Assembly.

831 elected representatives marched to take their

2 place in Frankfurt Parliament (convened in the
Church of St. Paul).

Drafted constitution for a German headed by a

3 monarchy subject to a Parliament.
 GERMANY’S CASE

Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King

4 of Prussia, but he rejected the proposal & joined
other monarchs to oppose the elected Assembly.

The parliament consequently lost the

5 middle-class support.

In the end, troops were called in and the

6 assembly was forced to disband.
 When the Frankfurt parliament convened women were
❖ Conservative forces admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
were able to suppress
liberal movements in
1848.

❖ They failed to restore the

old order.

STEPS TO AVOID
ANOTHER REVOLT

❏ Serfdom and bonded

labour were abolished
both in the Habsburg
dominions and in Russia.

❏ The Habsburg rulers

granted more autonomy to The Frankfurt
the Hungarians in 1867.
Parliament in the
Church of St Paul
 PROCESS OF UNIFICATION OF
GERMANY

Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of the

process of unification of Germany.

The process was carried on with the help of Prussian

army with bureaucracy.

Three wars over 7 years with

Austria, Denmark & France.

Prussia got victory.

 PROCLAMATION
CEREMONY
● In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I,
was proclaimed German emperor in a
ceremony in Hall of Mirrors, at Versailles.

● On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January

1871, an assembly comprising the princes of
the German states, representatives of the
army, important Prussian ministers including
the chief minister Otto von Bismarck
gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in
the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new
German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of
Prussia.
The nation-building process in Germany had
demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state
power.

The new state placed a strong emphasis on:

1. Modernising the currency

2. Banking
3. Legal and judicial systems in Germany.

Prussian measures and practices for the rest of

Germany.
 ITALY UNIFIED

● During mid-19th Century- Italy was divided into 7

states.

● Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely

States.

● North was under Austrian Habsburgs.

● Centre was ruled by the Pope.

● Southern regions were under the domination-

Bourbon kings of Spain.

● Even the Italian language had many regional and

local variations.
 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

Mazzini sought to put together a clear programme

for a unitary Italian Republic (1831 & 1848).

Formed a secret society called Young Italy for the

dissemination of his goals.

After his failure

responsibility fell on Victor
Emmanuel II.

In the eyes of the ruling

elites of this region, a
unified Italy offered them
the possibility of economic
development and political
dominance.
➢ Chief Minister Cavour led the
movement to unify the regions of Italy.

➢ He was neither a revolutionary nor a

democratic. He was a diplomat.

➢ He entered into an alliance with France

and succeeded in defeating Austrian
Forces in 1859.

➢ Cavour wa helped by
a local leader known
as (Giuseppe)
Garibaldi and his
army of peasants
(Red Shirt).
 ● Nation state formation was not sudden
but a long drawn out process.

● Prior to 18th century there were ethnic

groups like:

★ English;

★ Welsh;

★ Scot;

★ Irish.

English parliament seized power from the

monarchy in 1688.
 THE ACT OF UNION (1707)

The Act between England and Scotland resulted in the

formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

The British Parliament was dominated by English members.

Growth of a British identity systematically suppressed

Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions.

The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands

suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to
assert their independence.

They were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear

National Dress of Scotland.
 Incorporation of Ireland

➔ Ireland was a country deeply divided between

Catholics and Protestants.

➔ The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to

establish their dominance over a largely
Catholic country.

➔ Catholic revolts against British dominance were

suppressed.

➔ Revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United

Irishmen for Catholics of Ireland failed (1978).

➔ Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the

United Kingdom in 1801.
 A new ‘British nation’ was forged
through the propagation of a
dominant English culture.

The English National anthem British flag

Language (God Save Our (Union Jack)
Noble King)

These symbols were actively promoted and

the older nations survived only as
subordinate partners in this union.
 ALLEGORY
When an abstract idea (for instance,
greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is
expressed through a person or a thing.
An allegorical story has two meanings,
one literal and one symbolic.
 Marianne: France’s Allegory

Popular Christian
The Red Cap
name

Underlying idea of
The Tricolor
a People’s Nation

Characteristics
The Cockade
drawn from Liberty
and the Republic
Germany: GERMANIA became the
Allegory of Germany.

She wears a crown of oak leaves &

stand for heroism.

First time used by Liberals in

Frankfurt Parliament
 MEANING OF THE SYMBOLS

Broken Chain Breastplate with Eagle Crown of Oak Leaves Sword

Symbol of the German Readiness to

Being Freed Empire- strength Heroism Fight
 MEANING OF THE SYMBOLS

Olive Branch Around

Black, Red and Gold Tricolour Rays of Rising Sun
the Sword

Willingness to make Flag of the liberal-nationalists in Beginning of a new ear.

peace 1848, banned by the Dukes of the
German States
 The rebellious nationalities in the
Balkans thought of their struggles as
attempts to win back their long-lost
independence.
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR & ITS EFFECT

Increase in war
loans led to
increased taxes

Forced
Famine & NEW recruitment in
epidemic- 12-13 ECONOMIC rural areas
million people & POLITICAL caused
perished SITUATION widespread
anger

Crops failed-
acute shortage
of food
 RETURN OF GANDHI & SATYAGRAHA

● Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in Jan 1915

from South Africa and advocated a noble
method of mass agitation- SATYAGRAHA.

● Satyagraha- emphasised the power of

truth and the need to search for truth.

● He encouraged that physical force was not

necessary to fight the oppressor.

● Truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

● He believed that this dharma of non-violence

could unite all Indians.
 3 SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT ORGANISED BY GANDHIJI

Champaran Kheda Satyagraha

Satyagraha
Launched- 1917
Launched- 1917
For- Peasants affected by crop
For- Indigo Farmers failure & plague epidemic.

Against- Oppressive Why- Demanding relaxation in

plantation system. revenue collection.

Ahmedabad Satyagraha

Launched- 1918

For- Cotton Mill Workers.

Against- Increase in wages as

the prices of the commodities
increased.
 SATYAGRAHA AGAINST - ROWLATT ACT, 1919

Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha (6th

April, 1919) against the proposed unjust Rowlatt Act:

● The Act- hurriedly passed through the Imperial

Legislative Council despite the united opposition
of the Indian members.

● Gave the government enormous powers to repress

political activities.

● Allowed detention of political prisoners without

trial for two years.

● Under the Act even the peaceful satyagrahis

could be detained.
 JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE- 13 APRIL 1919

On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer opened fire on a large

crowd gathered to protest against the govt. repressive
measures.

Killing 100s to produce a feeling of terror in the

enclosed park of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab.

Aftermath- Crowds took to streets & govt. adopted

brutal repression. Gandhiji called off the Satyagraha
movement.

Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi

called off the movement.

Martial law: It is system in which military authority has the

power to take control of the normal administration of justice.
Who launched the Khilafat Movement? Why was
the movement launched?

The Khilafat Movement was a united struggle launched by

Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an
opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified
national movement.

➔ The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic,

political protest campaign launched by Muslims in
British India to influence the British Government and to
protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of
First World War. The First World War had ended with the
defeat of Ottoman Turkey.

● There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of

the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed

● To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed

in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure .
upon the British Government to give better treatment
to Turkey.

Sept 1920- Calcutta Session, Congress agreed to start NCM in

support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

● Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj (1909) stated it

was the cooperation of the Indians that provided
the base for British rule in India.

● At Congress Session in Nagpur, Dec 1920- the Non-

Cooperation programmes was adopted.

NCM Involved:

● Surrender of titles, honours;

● Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts

and legislative councils, schools, and foreign
goods;

● In case the government used repression, a full

civil disobedience campaign would be
launched.
 Differing Strand within Movement

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in

January 1921.

THE MOVEMENT IN THE TOWNS

● Middle class left govt controlled institutions.

● Foreign goods & cloth were boycotted & burnt in

bonfires.

In cities, it slowed down as:

● Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass

produced mill cloth.

● Students and teachers began trickling back to

government schools

● Lawyers joined back work in government courts,

due to lack of alternative institution.
 REBELLION IN COUNTRYSIDE

IN AWADH

Peasants led by Baba Ramchandra- against talukdars and

landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high
rents & variety of other cesses.

Peasants demand- reduction of revenue, abolition of begar &

social boycott of oppressive landlords

Nai – Dhobi bandhs organised by panchayats to deprive

landlords of the services.

By Oct, 1920- Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by

Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.

Reason behind Movement’s Failure

- Houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.

- Grains hoarded & bazaar were looted.
- The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction
all action & aspirations.
- Local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared
that land was to be redistributed among the poor.
 REBELLION IN COUNTRYSIDE

TRIBAL PEASANTS SWARAJ IN PLANTATION

They had their own interpretation of Gandhiji’s idea For plantation workers, Swaraj meant ‘right to move
of Satyagraha. freely’.
A militant guerrilla movement spread in the early Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation
1920s- In Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. workers were not permitted to leave the tea
gardens without permission.
Here, as in other forest regions, the colonial
government had closed large forest areas,
preventing people from entering the forests to graze
When they heard of the NCM, thousands of
their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This workers, defied the authorities, left the plantations
enraged the hill people. & headed home.

The person who came to lead them was Alluri They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and
Sitaram Raju- who claimed to have variety of special everyone would be given land in their own villages.
powers led the movement.
They, however, never reached their destination.
Rebels proclaimed him as incarnation of God. He Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer
convinced people to wear ‘Khadi’ and give up strike, they were caught by the police and brutally
drinking according to Gandhian ideas. beaten up.
Raju was captured & executed in 1924, overtime
became a folk hero.
 At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a
peaceful demonstration in a bazaar
turned into a violent clash with the
police. Hearing of the incident,
Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the NCM.
TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

● Some Congress leaders were by now tired of

mass struggles & wanted to participate in
elections to the provincial councils that had
been set up by the Government of India Act of
1919.

● They felt that it was important to oppose British

policies within the councils.

● C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj

Party within the Congress to argue for a return
to council politics.

● Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru & Subhas

Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass
agitation and for full independence.
 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

Two factors that shaped Indian politics in Late 1920s

WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

● Peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay

their revenue.

● Demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined.

● Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed

after 1930.

SIMON COMMISSION

● Constituted under Sir John Simon- to look into the

functioning of constitutional system in India & suggest
changes.

● Problem with commission- It had no Indian member. So, it

was greeted with ‘Go Back Simon’.

● Congress Session (Dec 1929) Lahore- Demanded ‘Purna

Swaraj’ was given by Nehru.
 DEMAND FOR PURNA SWARAJ

Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a

vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India.

Congress leaders were unsatisfied, specially

the radicals.

Lahore Session, Dec 1929- Jawaharlal Nehru

formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence.

Declared that 26 January, 1930, would be

celebrated as the Independence Day.
On 31st January, 1930 Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
11 demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax.

- Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by

the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an
oppression on the people by the British Government.

- His letter was an ultimatum and if demands were not

fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil
disobedience campaign.

- Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt March’ or ‘Dandi

March’ on 11th March, 1930 accompanied by 78 of his
trusted volunteers.

- The march was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s ashram in

Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.

- On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated

the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This
marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 BEGINNING OF CDM

● Thousands in different parts of the country broke the

salt law, manufactured salt & demonstrated in front of
government salt factories.

As the movement spread

Liquor Village
shops were officials
picketed resigned

Peasants
Foreign People
refused to
cloth was violated
pay
boycotted forest laws
revenue
 CALLING OFF THE CDM

● Government arrested congress leaders.

● Violent clashes happened in many places;

Government responded with brutal
pression.

● Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of

Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April
1930.

● A month later when Mahatma Gandhi was

arrested, violence broke out in Sholapur.

● A frightened government responded with a

policy of brutal repression.
1. Gandhi ji called off CDM because of all this violence.

2. Lord-Irwin convinced him to get into a pact with him

on 5th March, 1931.

3. This pact is known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

4. Gandhiji agreed to attend the 2nd Round Table

Conference in London, in lieu, British govt agreed to
free political prisoners.

5. But talks failed, Britishers didn’t keep their promise,

so, Gandhi relaunched CDM.
 PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN CDM

Rich peasants- rich peasant communities like patidars of

Gujarat & the jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the movement
because, being producers of commercial crops they
were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
Due to the refusal of the government to reduce the
revenue demand made them fight against high revenues.

Poor peasants- joined the movement because they found

it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to
the landlord to be remitted.

Business Class- they reacted against colonial policies

that restricted activities. Wanted protection against
imports of foreign goods. Formed Indian Industrial &
Commercial Congress in 1920 & Federation of Indian
Chamber of Commerce & Industries (1927). Industrialist
supported- Purushottam Das, G.D. Birla.
 PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN CDM

Industrial Working class- they did not

participate in large numbers except in the
Nagpur region. Some workers did participate
in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian
programme against low wages and poor
working conditions.

Women- there were large scale participation of

women in the movement. They participated in
protest marches, manufactured salt, and
picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many
went to jail.
‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different
from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support
the statement with examples.

Non- Cooperation Civil Disobedience

Movement Movement

Launched in the 1920s. Launched in the 1930s.

Indians were only asked Indians were only asked

not to cooperate with the not to cooperate & also
British Government. to break the civil laws.

Movement called off- Movement ended with

Chauri Chaura incident. Gandhi- Irwin pact.

Participation of the small No participation of the

farmers. small farmers.
 LIMITS OF CDM

DALITS MUSLIMS

Gandhiji called dalits- Jinnah asked for

Children of God (Harijans). separate electorate for
Muslim dominated
regions.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
organised Depressed Congress & Muslim tried
Classes Association in 1930 to make an alliance.
& demanded separate
electorate.

Gandhi & Ambedkar

disagreement was resolved But was openly turned
by the Poona Pact, 1932- down by M.R. Jayakar of
reserved seats for Hindu Mahasabha,
depressed classes in provoking Hindu- Muslim
Council elections but voted communal riots.
in through general
electorate.
 SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Cultural Processes Indian Folklore

The figure of image of Folk songs & tales were

Bharat Mata by Bankim collected.
Chandra Chattopadhyay
& ‘Vande Matram’ in his
novel ‘Anandmath’ was In Bengal- Rabindranath
widely sung. Tagore, began collecting
ballads, nursery rhymes
Abanindranath Tagore and myths, and led the
painted his famous image movement for folk revival.
of Bharat Mata, who was
portrayed as: In Madras- Natesa Sastri
● An ascetic figure; massive four-volume
● Calm, composed, collection ‘The Folklore of
divine & spiritual; Southern India’, was
● In later year, image collected and published.
acquired- different
forms.
SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Icons & Symbols Reinterpretation of History

Tricolor of flag (red, India’s glorious

green & yellow) was developments in art,
designed- during science, maths, religion,
swadeshi movement etc. were propagated to
in Bengal. build a feeling of pride &
thus, struggle to change
It had 8 lotus & a the miserable conditions
crescent moon. under Britishers.

1920- Gandhi,
designed a swaraj
flag (red, green &
white) with a
spinning wheel in the
centre representing
‘self-help’.
Congress Sessions

Calcutta (Sept 1920)

Nagpur (Dec 1920)

Madras (1927)
 Satyagraha

Champaran (Indigo
Plantation)

Kheda (Peasants
Satyagraha)

Ahmedabad (Cotton
Mill Worker)
National Movements

Amritsar

Chauri-Chaura

Dandi
 CHAPTER : 3

The Making of Global

World
Other Commodities traded through silk
route :-

● Chinese pottery also travelled the

same route, as did textiles and spices
from India & SE Asia

● In return, precious metals – gold and

silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.

Cultural links through silk route :-

● Christian missionaries & Muslims

preachers certainly travelled through
this route

● Buddhism emerged from eastern India

& spread in several directions through SILK ROUTE
intersecting points on the Silk Routes.
 IMPACT OF FOOD TRAVEL

Europe’s poor began to eat better.

Ireland's poorest peasants became so dependent

on potatoes. In 1890s, when disease destroyed
the potato crop many people died due to
starvation.

GERMS : Most powerful weapon to

conquest.
16th Century - America’s vast lands, crops,
minerals began to transform trade & lives
everywhere.

SPANISH CONQUERORS : CARRIED

SMALLPOX TO AMERICA
BRITAIN’S CORN LAW
 ● Unhappy with high food prices,
industrialists and urban dwellers forced
the abolition of the Corn Laws.

● After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food

could be imported into Britain more
cheaply than it could be produced within
the country.

OUTCOMES : A world economy taking shape

● By 1890 - a global agricultural economy had

taken shape, accompanied by complex
changes in labour movement patterns, capital
flows, ecologies and technology

● Food no longer came from a nearby village or

town, but from thousands of miles away
through railways and ships.
 CANAL COLONIES OF
PUNJAB

British govt. built canals to

transform semi-desert wastes into
fertile agricultural lands to grow
wheat and cotton for export.
Demarcation of Africa : In 1885 the big
European powers met in Berlin to complete the
carving up of Africa between them.

Steps taken by Europeans to overcome

labour shortage

Heavy taxes were

imposed

Change in Inheritance law

RINDERPEST THAT
KILLED 90% CATTLE IN
AFRICA
 Indentured Labour : new form of slavery

● Meaning : A bonded labourer under contract

to work for an employer for a specific amount
of time, to pay off his passage to a new
country or home.

● 19th C : In India, indentured labourers were

hired under 5 year contracts.

● Destination of Indian Indentured Migrants :

The Caribbean Islands, Mauritius and Fiji,
Ceylon & Malaya.

Done by agents engaged by employers & paid a

small commission.

Often migrants were not even told that they were

to embark on a long sea voyage.
Ques : Around the world, lands were cleared and food
production expanded to meet the ......... demand.

(a) American
(b) French
(c) German
(d) British

Ques : Many of our common foods, such as potatoes,

soya, groundnuts, maize, etc., were only introduced in
Europe and Asia after ________ accidentally
discovered the vast continent that would later become
known as the Americas.

(a) Christopher Columbus

(b) Vasco da Gama
(c) Marco Polo
(d) None of the above
 CHAPTER : 5

Print Culture & the

Modern World
The First Printed Books

The earliest kind of print

technology was developed in
China, Japan and Korea.

This was a system of hand

printing.
 PRINT IN CHINA

● From AD 594 onwards, books in China

were printed by rubbing paper.

● The traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’

was folded and stitched at the side.
 PRINT IN JAPAN
Buddhist missionaries from China
introduced hand-printing technology into
Japan around AD 768-770.

The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD

868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra,
In 1295, Marco Polo, Marco Polo brought the
knowledge of woodblock painting from China
back to Europe with him.
 Gutenberg & The Printing Press

The first book he printed was the Bible.

About 180 copies were printed and it took

3 years to produce them.

This shift from hand printing to mechanical

printing led to the Print Revolution.
 Printing press led to a new reading
public

Printing reduced the cost of books.

The time and labour required to produce each

book came down.

Multiple copies could be produced with greater

ease.

Markets were flooded with books reaching out

to an ever-growing readership.
 PROBLEMS

1. Books could be
read only by the 2. The rates of literacy
literate. in most European
countries were very low
till the 20th century.
● Oral culture entered print and printed
material was orally transmitted.
● The line that separated the oral and
reading cultures became blurred.

● And the hearing public and reading

public became intermingled.
 Religious Debates & Fear of Print

1517 : Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses

criticising some rituals of the Roman Catholic
Church.

This lead to the beginning of the Protestant

Reformation. Luther said, ‘Printing is the
ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.’

In the 16th century, Menocchio, a miller in Italy,

reinterpreted the message of the Bible and
formulated a view of God and Creation that
enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
 The Roman Church,
imposed severe controls
over publishers &
booksellers & maintained
an Index of Prohibited
Books from 1558.
Reading Mania : Situation during 17th
& 18th Century
ARGUMENTS : Print Culture &
The French Revolution
CHILDREN : Important category
of reader

Women Readers & Writers

WORKERS, and PRINT

 Innovations in 19th Century

Richard M. Hoe of New York -

power-driven cylindrical press, which was
particularly useful for printing newspaper.

This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets

per hour.

The offset press was developed which

could print up to six colours at a time.
 Methods of feeding paper improved, the
quality of plates became better, automatic
paper reels and photoelectric controls of
the colour register were introduced.

KEEPING UP WITH TIMES :

● In the 1920s in England - Shilling Series.

● With the onset of the Great Depression in

the 1930s, to sustain they brought out
cheap paperback editions.
Manuscripts before the age of prints
 Print Comes to India

The printing press first came to Goa with

Portuguese missionaries in the mid-16th century.

By 1674, about 50 books - Konkani and in

Kanara languages.

Catholic priests printed first Tamil book in 1579

at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book

By the end of the 18 C, a no. of newspapers and

journals appeared in print.
 THE BENGAL GAZETTE

● From 1780, James Augustus Hickey

began to edit this weekly magazine.
 Religious Reforms & Public
Debates

1. From the early

19th century,
intense debates

3. A wider public
2. These debates could now
were carried out in participate in these
public and in print. public discussions
and express their
views.
1. Rammohun Roy - Sambad Kaumudi from 1821
Hindu orthodoxy - Samachar Chandrika

2. From 1822, two Persian newspapers were published,

Jam-i-Jahan Nama & Shamsul Akhbar.

3. Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar

 REFORMS IN MUSLIMS

● The Deoband Seminary,

founded in 1867, published
thousands of fatwas.

REFORMS IN HINDUS

● The first printed edition of the

Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas - Calcutta
in 1810.

● Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the

Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay
NEW FORMS OF PUBLICATION

Essays
Lyrics (Social &
Political
Short matters)
stories
 New Visual Culture taking shape

1. Painters like Raja

Ravi Varma produced
images for mass
circulation. 2. Cheap prints, calendars,
easily available in the bazaar,
these prints began shaping
popular ideas about
modernity and tradition,
religion and politics, and
society and culture.
Women & Print
 Kailashbashini Debi from bengal,
Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai
from maharashtra wrote books
highlighting the experiences of women.

● Ram Chaddha from punjab published the

fast-selling ‘Istri Dharm Vichar’ to teach
women how to be obedient wives.

● The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap

booklets with a similar message.

● An entire area in central Calcutta – the

Battala – was devoted to the printing of
popular books.
 Gulamgiri (1871).

Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker

-‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal’ in
1938

Print & Poor People

1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers

set up libraries

Sudarshan Chakr : ‘Sacchi

Kavitayan’
 PRINTS & CENSORSHIP

After 1857 revolt, attitude to freedom of the

press changed.

Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp

down on the ‘native’ press.

The Vernacular Press Act, 1878

● Extensive rights to censor reports and
editorials in the vernacular press.

● Government kept regular track of the

vernacular newspapers published in different
provinces.

● When a report was judged as seditious, the

newspaper was warned, or press was liable to
be seized and the printing machinery
confiscated
 ● Despite repressive measures, nationalist
newspapers grew in numbers in all parts
of India.

When Punjab revolutionaries were deported

in 1907, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with
great sympathy about them in his Kesari.

This led to his imprisonment in 1908,

provoking in turn widespread protests all
over India
Ques : What is a Chapbook?

(a) a literature book

(b) Coffee table book of arts and designs
(c) Pocket sized books sold by travelling pedlars
(d) a religious book

Ques : Who proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the

world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’

(a) James Lackington

(b) Rousseau
(c) Voltaire
(d) Louise-Sebastien Mercier