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vi Contents
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Contents vii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Student’s Preface
Purpose
T
his textbook will introduce you to the ever-emerging field of mechanical
engineering and help you appreciate how engineers design the hardware
that builds and improves societies all around the world. As the title implies,
this textbook is neither an encyclopedia nor a comprehensive treatment of the
discipline. Such a task is impossible for a single textbook, and, regardless, our
perspective is that the traditional four-year engineering curriculum is just one of
many steps taken during a lifelong education. By reading this textbook, you will
discover the “forest” of mechanical engineering by examining a few of its “trees,”
and along the way you will be exposed to some interesting and practical elements
of the profession called mechanical engineering.
T
his textbook is intended for students who are in the first or second years
of a typical college or university program in mechanical engineering
or a closely related field. Throughout the following chapters, we have
attempted to balance the treatments of technical problem-solving skills,
design, engineering analysis, and modern technology. The presentation
begins with a narrative description of mechanical engineers, what they do,
and the impact they can have (Chapter 1). Seven “elements” of mechanical
engineering are emphasized subsequently in Chapter 2 (Mechanical Design),
Chapter 3 (Professional Practice), Chapter 4 (Forces in Structures and
Machines), Chapter 5 (Materials and Stresses), Chapter 6 (Fluids Engineering),
Chapter 7 (Thermal and Energy Systems), and Chapter 8 (Motion and Power
Transmission). Some of the applications that you will encounter along the
way include commercial space travel, 3-D printing, Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner,
medical device design, nanomachines, internal combustion engines, robotics,
sports technology, advanced materials, micro-fluidic devices, automatic
transmissions, and renewable energy.
What should you be able to learn from this textbook? First and foremost,
you will discover who mechanical engineers are; what they do; and what
technical, social, and environmental challenges they solve with the technologies
they create. Section 1.3 details a “top ten” list of the profession’s achievements.
By looking at this list, you will recognize how the profession has contributed to
your day-to-day life and society around the world in general. Second, you will
find that engineering is a practical endeavor with the objective of designing
things that work, that are cost-effective to manufacture, that are safe to use,
and that are responsible in terms of their environmental impact. Third, you will
learn some of the calculations, estimates, and approximations that mechanical
engineers can perform as they solve technical problems and communicate
ix
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Student’s Preface
their results. To accomplish their jobs better and faster, mechanical engineers
combine mathematics, science, computer-aided engineering tools, experience,
and hands-on skills.
You will not be an expert in mechanical engineering after having read
this textbook, but that is not our intention, and it should not be yours. If our
objective has been met, however, you will set in place a solid foundation of
problem-solving, design, and analysis skills, and those just might form the basis
for your own future contributions to the mechanical engineering profession.
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Instructor’s Preface
Approach
T
his textbook is intended for a course that provides an introduction to
mechanical engineering during either the freshman or sophomore years.
Over the past decade, many colleges and universities have taken a fresh
look at their engineering curricula with the objective of positioning engineering
content earlier in their programs. Particularly for the freshman year, the formats
vary widely and can include seminars on “who are mechanical engineers” and
“what do they do,” innovative design experiences, problem-solving skills, basic
engineering analysis, and case studies. Courses at the sophomore level often
emphasize design projects, exposure to computer-aided engineering, principles
of engineering science, and a healthy dose of mechanical engineering hardware.
Core engineering-science courses (for example, strength of materials,
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and dynamics) have evolved since the post–
World War II era into their present, relatively mature states. On the other hand,
little if any standardization exists among introductory mechanical engineering
courses. With limited discipline-specific instructional materials available for
such courses, we believe that an important opportunity remains for attracting
students, exciting them with a view of what to expect later in their program
of study and in their future careers, and providing them with a foundation of
sound engineering analysis, technical problem-solving, and design skills.
Objectives
W
hile developing the fourth edition of this textbook, our objective has
been to provide a resource that others can draw upon when teaching
introductory mechanical engineering to first-year and second-
year students. We expect that most such courses would encompass the bulk
of material presented in Chapter 1 (The Mechanical Engineering Profession),
Chapter 2 (Mechanical Design), and Chapter 3 (Technical Problem Solving and
Communication Skills). Based on the level and contact hours of their particular
courses, instructors can select additional topics from Chapter 4 (Forces in
Structures and Machines), Chapter 5 (Materials and Stresses), Chapter 6
(Fluids Engineering), Chapter 7 (Thermal and Energy Systems), and Chapter 8
(Motion and Power Transmission). For instance, Section 5.5 on materials
selection is largely self-contained, and it provides an introductory-level student
with an overview of the different classes of engineering materials. Similarly,
the descriptions in Sections 7.6 and 7.7 of internal-combustion engines and
electrical power plants are expository in nature, and that material can be
incorporated in case studies to demonstrate the operation of some important
mechanical engineering hardware. Rolling-contact bearings, gears, and belt and
chain drives are similarly discussed in Sections 4.6, 8.3, and 8.6.
xi
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xii Instructor’s Preface
Content
W
e certainly have not intended this textbook to be an exhaustive
treatment of mechanical engineering, and we trust that it will not be
read in that light. Quite the contrary: In teaching first-year and second-
year students, we are ever conscious of the mantra that “less really is more.” To
the extent possible, we have resisted the urge to add just one more section on
a particular subject, and we have tried to keep the material manageable and
engaging from the reader’s perspective. Indeed, many topics that are important
for mechanical engineers to know are simply not included here; this is done
intentionally (or, admittedly, by our own oversight). We are confident, however,
that students will be exposed to those otherwise omitted subjects in due course
throughout the remainder of their engineering curricula.
In Chapters 2 through 8, we have selected a subset of mechanical engineering
“elements” that can be sufficiently covered for early students to develop useful
design, technical problem-solving, and analysis skills. The coverage has been
chosen to facilitate the textbook’s use within the constraints of courses having
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Instructor’s Preface xiii
various formats. While there is more material here than can be comfortably
covered in a single semester, instructors should find a reasonable menu from
which to choose. In particular, we have selected content that we have found to
1. Match the background, maturity, and interests of students early in their
study of engineering
2. Expose students to the significance of mechanical design principles in the
development of innovative solutions to technical challenges that face our
global societies
3. Help students think critically and learn good problem-solving skills,
particularly with respect to formulating sound assumptions, making
order-of-magnitude approximations, performing double-checks, and
bookkeeping proper units
4. Convey aspects of mechanical engineering science and empiricism that
can be applied at the freshman and sophomore levels
5. Expose students to a wide range of hardware, innovative designs,
engineering technology, and the hands-on nature of mechanical
engineering
6. Generate excitement through applications encompassing space flight, 3-D
printing, Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner, medical device design, nanomachines,
engines, robotics, sports technology, consumer products, advanced
materials, micro-fluidic devices, automotive transmissions, renewable
energy generation, and more
To the extent possible at the freshman and sophomore levels, the exposition,
examples, and homework problems have been drawn from realistic applications.
You will find no masses on inclined planes or block-and-tackle systems in this
textbook. Because we find engineering to be a visual and graphical activity,
we have placed particular emphasis on the quality and breadth of the nearly
three hundred photographs and illustrations, many of which were provided by
our colleagues in industry, federal agencies, and academe. Our view has been
to leverage that realism and motivate students through interesting examples
that offer a glimpse of what they will be able to study in later courses and,
subsequently, practice in their own careers.
I
n preparing this fourth edition, we have made many of the types of changes
that one would expect: Sections have been rewritten and reorganized, new
material has been added, some material has been removed, new example
problems have been created, and small mistakes have been corrected. Over
20 new homework problems have been developed and over 30 new figures have
been included. We are excited about the new homework problems, as they are
all open-ended problems whose solutions depend upon the set of assumptions
made. While these problems do not have a single correct answer, there are
better answers and worse answers. Therefore, students are challenged to
consider their problem-solving approach, the validity of their assumptions, and
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv Instructor’s Preface
the appropriateness of their answers. These new problems are included as the
last homework problems in each chapter and have been developed to be used in
group settings, including flipped classroom environments. These larger open-
ended problems are denoted with an asterisk “*”.
We have attempted to remain faithful to the philosophy of the
first three editions by emphasizing the importance of the mechanical
engineering profession to solving global problems, including new information
in Chapter 1 on recent professional trends, technology development,
traditional and emerging mechanical engineering career paths, and knowledge
areas. Also, in Chapter 1, we update, in Figure 1.2, the energy range that
mechanical engineers are creating devices or machines to produce and/or
consume. We tighten the presentation of the top past accomplishments in
mechanical engineering and add a discussion about the top emerging fields
within mechanical engineering adapted from a recent report from ASME.
In Chapter 2, new material is included on global design patents, and the
new patent law in the United States. The previous case studies from Chapter 2
and one from Chapter 7 are now located on the student companion website.
Throughout the book, we have continued the use of the improved pedagogical
format comprising the problem’s statement, approach, solution, and discussion.
In particular, the discussion portion is intended to highlight why the numerical
answer is interesting or why it makes intuitive sense. Symbolic equations are
written alongside the numerical calculations. Throughout the textbook, the
dimensions appearing in these calculations are explicitly manipulated and
canceled in order to reinforce good technical problem-solving skills.
The “Focus on . . .” boxes contain topical material, either conceptual or
applied, that broadens the textbook’s coverage without detracting from its flow.
New topics in the “Focus on . . .” boxes include the emerging career opportunities
for mechanical engineers; product archaeology “digs”; global design teams; the
types of engineering estimations used in predicting the oil flow rates during
the Deepwater Horizon disaster; ineffective communication practices using
illustrative technical charts; innovative design opportunities that arise from
engineering failure analysis; design of devices for extreme environments;
development of new engineering materials; the crowdsourcing of innovative
solutions to global energy challenges; and the design of advanced automotive
geartrains to address fuel economy standards.
As was the intent with the first three editions, we have attempted to
make the fourth edition’s content readily accessible to any student having a
conventional secondary school background in mathematics and physics. We
have not relied on any mathematics beyond algebra, geometry, and trigonometry
(which is reviewed in Appendix B), and in particular, we have not used any
cross-products, integrals, derivatives, or differential equations. Consistent
with that view, we have intentionally not included a chapter that addresses the
subjects of dynamics, dynamic systems, and mechanical vibration (ironically,
my own areas of specialization). We remain focused on the earliest engineering
students, many of whom will be studying calculus concurrently. Keeping those
students in mind, we feel that the added mathematical complexity would
detract from this textbook’s overall mission.
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Instructor’s Preface xv
Supplements
S
upplements for instructors are available on the Instructor’s Resource
Center at http://login.cengage.com.
Acknowledgments
I
t would have been impossible to develop the four editions of this textbook
without the contributions of many people and organizations, and at the
outset, we would like to express our appreciation to them. Generous support
was provided by the Marsha and Philip Dowd Faculty Fellowship, which
encourages educational initiatives in engineering. Adriana Moscatelli, Jared
Schneider, Katie Minardo, and Stacy Mitchell, who are now alumni of Carnegie
Mellon University, helped to get this project off the ground by drafting many
of the illustrations. The expert assistance provided by Ms. Jean Stiles in
proofreading the textbook and preparing the Instructor’s Solutions Manual was
indispensable. We very much appreciate the many contributions she made.
Our colleagues, graduate students, and teaching assistants at Iowa State
University, Carnegie Mellon, and the University at Buffalo—SUNY provided
many valuable comments and suggestions as we wrote the editions. We would
specifically like to thank Adnan Akay, Jack Beuth, Paul Steif, Allen Robinson,
Shelley Anna, Yoed Rabin, Burak Ozdoganlar, Parker Lin, Elizabeth Ervin,
Venkataraman Kartik, Matthew Brake, John Collinger, Annie Tangpong,
Matthew Iannacci, James Lombardo, Phil Odonkor, Erich Devendorf,
Phil Cormier, Aziz Naim, David Van Horn, Brian Literman, and Vishwa
Kalyanasundaram for their comments and help. We are likewise indebted
to the students in our courses: Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xvi Instructor’s Preface
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Digital Resources
W
ebAssign is a powerful digital solution designed by educators to
enrich the engineering teaching and learning experience. With
a robust computational engine at its core, WebAssign provides
extensive content, instant assessment, and superior support.
WebAssign’s powerful question editor allows engineering instructors to
create their own questions or modify existing questions. Each question can
use any combination of text, mathematical equations and formulas, sound,
pictures, video, and interactive HTML elements. Numbers, words, phrases,
graphics, and sound or video files can be randomized so that each student
receives a different version of the same question.
In addition to common question types such as multiple choice, fill-in-the-
blank, essay, and numerical, you can also incorporate robust answer entry
palettes (mathPad, chemPad, calcPad, physPad, pencilPad, Graphing Tool)
to input and grade symbolic expressions, equations, matrices, and chemical
structures using powerful computer algebra systems. You can even use Camtasia
to embed “clicker” questions that are automatically scored and recorded in the
GradeBook.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii Digital Resources
● My Class Insights
WebAssign’s built-in study feature shows performance across course topics
so that students can quickly identify which concepts they have mastered and
which areas they may need to spend more time on.
● Ask Your Teacher
This powerful feature enables students to contact their instructor with questions
about a specific assignment or problem they are working on.
MindTap Reader
A
vailable via WebAssign and our digital subscription service, Cengage
Unlimited, MindTap Reader is Cengage’s next-generation eBook for
engineering students.
The MindTap Reader provides more than just text learning for the student.
It offers a variety of tools to help our future engineers learn chapter concepts in
a way that resonates with their workflow and learning styles.
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Digital Resources xix
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xx Digital Resources
A
vailable on iOS and Android smartphones, the Cengage Mobile App
provides convenience. Students can access their entire textbook
anyplace and anytime. They can take notes, highlight important
passages, and have their text read aloud whether they are online or off.
All-You-Can-Learn Access
with Cengage Unlimited
C
engage Unlimited is the first-of-its-kind digital subscription that
gives students total and on-demand access to all the digital learning
platforms, eBooks, online homework, and study tools Cengage has to
offer—in one place, for one price. With Cengage Unlimited, students get access
to their WebAssign courseware, as well as content in other Cengage platforms
and course areas from day one. That’s 70 disciplines and 675 courses worth of
material, including engineering.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
xxi
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CHAPTER 1
The Mechanical
Technical Engineering
Problem-Solving
Profession
and Communication Skills CHAPTER
OBJECTIVES
▸▸ 1.1 Overview
I
n this introductory chapter, we describe who mechanical engineers are,
what they do, what their challenges and rewards are, what their global
impact can be, and what their notable accomplishments have been.
Engineering is the practical endeavor in which the tools of mathematics and
science are applied to develop cost-effective solutions to the technological
problems facing our society. Engineers design many of the consumer products
that you use every day. They also create a large number of other products that
you do not necessarily see or hear about because they are used in business
and industrial settings. Nevertheless, they make important contributions
to our society, our world, and our planet. Engineers develop the machinery
that is needed to manufacture most products, the factories that make them,
and the quality control systems that guarantee the product’s safety and
performance. Engineering is all about making useful things that work and
impact lives.
1
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