06/02/2025, 16:21 IB Questionbank

DP Physics (first assessment 2025)

revision paper [420 marks] 100

1. [Maximum mark: 2]
Show that the total kinetic energy Ek of the sphere when it rolls,
without slipping, at speed v is E = mv . K
7

10
2
[2]

Markscheme

Ek = Ek linear + Ek rotational

OR

Ek =
1

2
mv
2
+
1

2
Iω
2
✔

✔
1 1 2 v 2
2 2
= mv + × mr × ( )
2 2 5 r

«= 7

10
mv
2
»

Answer is given in the question so check working is correct at each stage.

2. [Maximum mark: 1]
Outline why the normal force acting on the ladder at the point of [1]
contact with the wall is equal to the frictional force F between the
ladder and the ground. 

Markscheme

«translational equilibrium demands that the» resultant force in the

horizontal direction must be zero✔

«hence NW = F»

Equality of forces is given, look for reason why.

3. [Maximum mark: 1]
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A car has an initial speed of 16 m s−1. It decelerates at 4.0 m s−2 until it

stops.

What is the distance travelled by the car?

A. 4 m

B. 16 m

C. 32 m

D. 64 m [1]

Markscheme

4. [Maximum mark: 1]
A block of mass 2.0 kg accelerates from a speed of 15 m s−1 to a speed
of 20 m s−1 without changing its direction.

What impulse acts on the block?

A. 2.5 N s

B. 5.0 N s

C. 10 N s

D. 17.5 N s [1]

Markscheme

5. [Maximum mark: 1]
A net force of 8.0 N accelerates a 4.0 kg body from rest to a speed of
5.0 m s−1.

What is the work done by the force?

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A. 50 J

B. 40 J

C. 32 J [1]
D. 20 J

Markscheme

6. [Maximum mark: 1]
A disc of mass M and radius R is on a horizontal frictionless table. Two
equal and opposite forces, each of magnitude F, act on the disc. The
moment of inertia of the disc about its axis is M R . 1

2
2

What is the angular acceleration of the disc?

A. 0

B. MR
F

C. 2F

MR

D. 4F

MR
[1]

Markscheme

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7. [Maximum mark: 1]
A person stands in an elevator (lift). The total mass of the person and
the elevator is 800 kg. The elevator accelerates upward at 2.0 m s−2.

What is the tension in the cable?

A. 1.6 kN

B. 6.4 kN

C. 8.0 kN

D. 9.6 kN [1]

Markscheme

8. [Maximum mark: 1]
An object is released from rest in a vacuum at a height H above the
Earth’s surface.

As the object falls it passes a point at a height of 0.75H above the

surface.

What is ?
kinetic energy of the object at a height of 0.75H

gravitational potential energy of the object at a height of H

A. 1

16

B. 1

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C. 16
9

D. 3
[1]
4

Markscheme

9. [Maximum mark: 1]
A cylinder of mass M and radius R rotates at constant angular speed
ω about an axis through its centre. The rotational kinetic energy of the
cylinder is K.

The moment of inertia of the cylinder is 1

2
MR
2
.

A second cylinder has mass 2M , radius 2R and rotates with angular

speed 2ω.

What is the rotational kinetic energy of the second cylinder?

A. 8K

B. 16K

C. 32K

D. 64K [1]

Markscheme

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10. [Maximum mark: 1]

A bird of weight W sits on a thin rope at its midpoint. The rope is
almost horizontal and has negligible mass.

The tension in the rope is

A. less than W

B. equal to W

C. between W

2
and W

D. greater than W [1]

Markscheme

11. [Maximum mark: 1]

Planets X and Y orbit the same star.

The average distance between planet X and the star is five times
greater than the average distance between planet Y and the star.

What is ?
orbital period of planet X

orbital period of planet Y

A.
3
√5

B. √5

C.
3
√5 2

D. √5 3 [1]

Markscheme

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12. [Maximum mark: 7]

A satellite moves around Earth in a circular orbit.

(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of the

acceleration of the satellite. [1]

Markscheme

arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

(b) The following data are given:

Mass of Earth, M = 5.97 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth, R = 6.37 × 106 m
Orbital period of the satellite, T = 5.62 × 103 s

(b.i) Kepler’s Third Law of orbital motion states that T = kr 2 3

where k is a constant and r is the orbital radius of the satellite.

π 2

Show that k . [1]

4
=
GM

Markscheme

2
π mv
use of v AND either v or
2 r GM GM m
= √
orbital
orbital = orbital =
T r r r2

correctly manipulated ✓

π 2

«to yield T »
2 4 3
= ( )r
GM

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Allow use of ω.

(b.ii) Determine the height of the satellite above the Earth’s surface. [2]

Markscheme

−11 24 2

✓
GM T 2 3 6.67×10 ×5.97×10 ×(5620)
= √
3
r = √
4 π 2
4π 2

= 6. 83 × 10
6
«m»

height = «6. 83 × 10 6
− 6. 37 × 10
6
= » 4. 6 × 10 «m» ✓ 5

(c) The atmosphere exerts a small viscous drag force on the

satellite.

Outline how the total energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational

potential energy change for the satellite during one orbit
around Earth. [3]

Markscheme

Total energy is reduced ✓

hence decrease in orbital radius leads to increase in kinetic energy ✓

decrease in potential energy must be larger than increase in kinetic energy

for total energy to decrease ✓

Allow ECF from b ii.

13. [Maximum mark: 4]

A block of mass 45 kg is placed on a horizontal table. There is no friction

between the block and the table.

An object of mass 15 kg is placed on top of the block.

A force F acts on the block so that it accelerates. The acceleration of the object
and the acceleration of the block are the same so that they do not move relative
to each other.

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The coefficient of static friction between the block and the object is 0.60.
(a) State the nature and direction of the force that accelerates the
15 kg object. [1]

Markscheme

static friction force «between blocks»

AND

directed to the right ✓

(b) Determine the largest magnitude of F for which the block and
the object do not move relative to each other. [3]

Markscheme

F = 60a ✓

Ff = 0.6 × 15 × 9.8 «= 88.2 N» ✓

88. 2 = 15 ×
F

60
⇒ F = 350 «N» ✓

Allow use of a = 0.6g leading to 353 N.

14. [Maximum mark: 20]

The diagram shows two parallel conducting plates that are oppositely charged.

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(a.i) Draw the electric field lines due to the charged plates. [2]

Markscheme

equally spaced arrows «by eye» all pointing down ✓

edge effects also shown with arrows ✓

(a.ii) The potential difference between the plates is 960 V and the
distance between them is 8.0 mm. Calculate the electric field
strength E between the plates. [2]

Markscheme

E =
V

d
=
960

8.0×10
−3
✓

E = 1. 2 × 10
5
«NC−1» ✓

In an experiment, an oil drop is introduced into the space between the plates

through a small hole in the upper plate. The oil drop moves through air in a

tube before falling between the plates.

(b) Explain why the oil drop becomes charged as it falls through
the tube. [1]

Markscheme

friction transfers electron(s) to or from drop

AND

through collisions/ interaction with air molecules in the tube OR

through collisions/interaction with wall of tube ✓

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(c) The oil drop is observed to be stationary in the space between

the plates. Buoyancy is one of the forces acting on the drop.

The density of oil is 730 times greater than that of air.

(c.i) Show that the buoyancy force is much smaller than the weight. [3]

Markscheme

weight of oil drop is ρ o gV ✓

✓
Fb ρ a gV ρa
= =
W ρ o gV ρo

« » 1. 4 × 10
Fb 1 −3
= =
W 730

OR

Ratio of F to W is much less than 1 ✓

b

(c.ii) Draw the forces acting on the oil drop, ignoring the buoyancy
force.

[2]

Markscheme

Weight vertically down AND electric force vertically up ✓

Of equal length «by eye» ✓

(c.iii) Show that the electric charge on the oil drop is given by

ρ o gV
q =
E

where ρ is the density of oil and V is the volume of the oil

o

drop. [2]

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Markscheme

Mass of drop is ρ oV ✓

qE = (ρ o V )g ✓

«hence answer»

MP1 must be shown implicitly for credit.

(c.iv) State the sign of the charge on the oil drop. [1]

Markscheme

Negative ✓

(d) The electric field is turned off. The oil drop falls vertically
reaching a constant speed v.

(d.i) Outline why, for this drop, ρ gV = 6πηrv where η is the

o

viscosity of air and r is the radius of the oil drop. [2]

Markscheme

Net force is zero ✓

Acceleration of the oil drop is zero ✓

OR

For terminal velocity drag must equal weight

weight = ρ o gV and drag = 6πηrv ✓

(d.ii) Show that the charge on the oil drop is about 4. 8 × 10 −19
C.

The following data for the oil drop are available:

r = 1. 36 μm
−5
η = 1. 60 × 10 Pa s

v = 0. 140 mm s
−1
[3]

Markscheme

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π
✓
6 ηrv
q =
E

π −5 −6 −4

✓
6 ×1.60×10 ×1.36×10 ×1.40×10
q = 5
1.2×10

q = 4. 79 × 10
−19
«C» ✓

Answer must be shown to 3+ sf.

(d.iii) The oil drop splits into two parts of equal mass. Both are
charged. Deduce the net charge on each part. [2]

Markscheme

charge is quantized ✓

so, the charges must be 1e and 2e ✓

15. [Maximum mark: 7]

Two conducting rings, A and B, have their centres on the same line. The planes

of A and B are parallel. There is a constant clockwise current in A. Ring A is

stationary and ring B moves towards ring A at a constant speed.

(a) Outline why the magnetic flux in ring B increases. [1]

Markscheme

ring B cuts an increasing number of magnetic field lines ✓

OR

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magnetic field from current in A increases at the position of B ✓

(b) State the direction of the induced current in ring B. [1]

Markscheme

counterclockwise ✓

(c) The graph shows how the magnetic flux in ring B varies with
time.

Discuss the variation with time of the induced current in ring B. [3]

Markscheme

the rate of change of «magnetic» flux in B increases

OR

The gradient of the graph is increasing with time ✓

Faraday’s law states that the induced emf in B will «therefore» increase ✓

so induced current will increase because resistance of ring is constant ✓

(d) Outline why work must be done on ring B as it moves towards

ring A at a constant speed. [2]

Markscheme

the current induced in B gives rise to a magnetic field opposing that of A

OR

there will be a magnetic force opposing the motion ✓

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work must be done to move B in the opposite direction to this force ✓

16. [Maximum mark: 1]

Two bodies collide on a horizontal frictionless surface. Body X, of mass
2.0 kg, moves with an initial speed of 0.80 m s−1 and body Y is initially
stationary. After the collision, body X moves at an angle of 90° to the
initial direction of motion with a speed of 0.60 m s−1.

What is the magnitude of the momentum of body Y after the collision?

A. 0.40 kg m s−1

B. 1.0 kg m s−1

C. 2.0 kg m s−1

D. 2.8 kg m s−1 [1]

Markscheme

17. [Maximum mark: 1]

Ball 1 collides with an initially stationary ball 2 of the same mass. After
the collision, the balls move with speeds v and v . Their velocities
1 2

make angles θ and θ with the original direction of motion of ball 1.

1 2

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What is v1

v2

[1]
A.
sin θ 2

sin θ 1

B. sin θ 1

sin θ 2

C.
cos θ 2

cos θ 1

D. cos θ 1

cos θ 2

Markscheme

18. [Maximum mark: 1]

Object X collides with object Y. Y is initially stationary. The tracks of the
colliding particles after the collision are shown.

Which collision is elastic?

[1]

Markscheme

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19. [Maximum mark: 1]

Diagram
not to
scale

A mass of 2.0 kg travelling at 5.0 m s−1 collides with a mass of 4.0 kg travelling at
3.0 m s−1. The masses collide at right angles. They join and move together after
the collision at θ to the original direction of the 2.0 kg mass.

What is θ?

A. 34°

B. 37°

C. 50°

D. 56°

Markscheme

20. [Maximum mark: 1]

What are the fundamental SI units for angular impulse?

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A. kg m s−1

B. kg m2 s−1

C. kg m s−2 [1]

D. kg m2 s−2

Markscheme

21. [Maximum mark: 1]

A flywheel of moment of inertia 0.50 kg m2 rotates anti-clockwise with
an initial angular velocity of 15 rad s−1. A torque is applied to the
flywheel and its angular velocity changes to 25 rad s−1, rotating
clockwise.

What is the angular impulse delivered to the flywheel?

A. 5.0 N m s

B. 10 N m s

C. 20 N m s

D. 40 N m s [1]

Markscheme

22. [Maximum mark: 1]

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A constant torque acts on a bicycle wheel. The wheel accelerates from

rest to a final angular velocity of 16 rad s−1 in a time of 4.0 s.

What is the angular displacement of the wheel during the

acceleration?

A. 16 rad

B. 32 rad

C. 48 rad

D. 64 rad [1]

Markscheme

23. [Maximum mark: 1]

Two objects of mass M each are connected by a weightless rod of
length d. A force F is applied to each of the objects, at right angles to
the rod as shown.

What is the torque acting on the system about the midpoint of the rod
and what is the angular acceleration of the system?

Torque Angular acceleration

A. Fd
2F

Md

B. Fd
4F

Md

C. 2F d
2F

Md

[1]
D. 2F d
4F

Md

Markscheme

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24. [Maximum mark: 1]

A turntable of mass M and radius R spins freely about the vertical
axis at an initial angular velocity ω. The moment of inertia of the
turntable about the axis of rotation is M R . A small body of mass
1

2
2

m is dropped close to the edge of the turntable with a negligible

initial velocity.

The body comes to rest relative to the turntable. What is the final
angular velocity of the turntable?

A. M

M +2m
ω

B. M +m
M
ω

C. M

2M +m
ω

D. M +m
2M
ω [1]

Markscheme

25. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object with a moment of inertia of 12 kg m2 is rotating about its
axis of rotation with an angular speed of 15 rad s−1. A torque is applied
to the object so that its angular speed increases to 50 rad s−1.

What angular impulse acted on the object?

A. 420 kg m s−1

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B. 780 kg m s−1

C. 390 kg m s−1

D. 210 kg m s−1 [1]

Markscheme

26. [Maximum mark: 1]

The graph shows the variation of torque with time acting on a rotating
object.

What is the angular impulse acting on the object?

A. The gradient of the line PQ

B. The average gradient of the line PQR

C. The area under the line PQ

D. The area under the line PQR [1]

Markscheme

27. [Maximum mark: 20]

A nuclear power station uses uranium-235 ( 235
92
U ) as fuel. One possible fission

reaction of 235
92
U is

235 1 132 101 1

U + n → Te + Zr + 3 n
92 0 52 40 0

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(a.i) State the principal energy change in nuclear fission. [1]

Markscheme

Mass-energy «of uranium» into kinetic energy of fission products ✓

(a.ii) The energy released in the reaction is about 180 MeV. Estimate,
in J, the energy released when 1 kg of U undergoes fission.
235
92
[3]

Markscheme

Mass of uranium nucleus ≈ 235u ✓

✓
6 −19
energy 180×10 ×1.60×10
= −27
mass 235×1.661×10

7. 4 × 10
13
«J» ✓

One of the products of the reaction is a nucleus of tellurium-132 ( 132

52
Te ). The

diagram shows the location of 132

52
Te in a table of nuclides in which the proton

number of a nuclide is plotted against its neutron number. The nuclides shown

in black are stable.

(b.i) State and explain the decay mode of 132

52
Te . [2]

Markscheme

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beta minus decay ✓

132
52
has more neutrons / higher
Te
N

Z
ratio than stable nuclides of similar A
«and beta minus reduces » ✓ N

A sample of pure 132

52
Te is extracted from some spent nuclear fuel from the

reactor. The graph shows how the natural logarithm of the activity A of the

sample varies with time t.

(b.ii) Calculate, in s−1, the initial activity of the sample. [1]

Markscheme

e
25
= 7. 2 × 10
10
«s−1» ✓

(b.iii) Show that the decay constant of a nuclide is given by −m,

where m is the slope of the graph of lnA against t. [1]

Markscheme

Takes ln of both sides of A = A0 e

−λt
, leading to ln A = ln A 0 − λt ✓

«hence slope = −λ »✓

(b.iv) Determine, in days, the half-life of 132

Te
52
. [2]

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Markscheme

Slope =«−» 2. 5 × 10 −6
«s−1» ✓

T 1 = « 2.5×10
ln 2
−6
×60×60×24
= » 3.2 «days» ✓
2

The nuclear power station uses high-pressure gas to power an electrical

generator. The gas circulates between the heat exchanger and the turbine of

the generator.

(c.i) Outline the role of the heat exchanger in a nuclear power

station. [1]

Markscheme

Collects thermal energy from the coolant and delivers it to the gas ✓

Prevents the «irradiated» coolant from leaving the reactor vessel ✓

The working gas of the turbine undergoes a cyclic change that can be modelled

as the cycle ABCDA shown in the pressure-volume diagram.

The cycle consists of an isobaric expansion AB, adiabatic expansion BC, isobaric
compression CD and adiabatic compression DA. The cycle is drawn for a
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quantity of 1.0 mol of monatomic ideal gas.

(c.ii) Calculate the maximum temperature of the gas during the
cycle. [3]

Markscheme

Correct read offs of pressure and volume at B ✓

8. 0 × 10
6
× 1. 6 × 10
−3
= 1. 0 × 8. 31 × T ✓

T = 1500 «K» ✓

The following data are given about the work W done by the gas and thermal

energy Q transferred to the gas during each change:

Change W / kJ Q / kJ
AB 8.23 20.58
BC 9.11 0
CD −4.32 −10.81
DA −3.25 0

(c.iii) Outline why the entropy of the gas remains constant during
changes BC and DA. [1]

Markscheme

From ΔS , the change in entropy is zero when ΔQ ✓

ΔQ
= = 0
T

(c.iv) Determine the efficiency of the cycle. [2]

Markscheme

Net work done = «8. 23 + 9. 11 − 4. 32 − 3. 25» 9.77 «kJ» ✓

Efficiency =« 9.77

20.58
= » 0.47 ✓

During a maintenance shutdown of the reactor, the gas supply to the turbine is

cut off and the turbine gradually comes to rest. The diagram shows how the

angular speed of the turbine varies with time t.

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(d) Show that the rotational kinetic energy of the turbine

decreases at a constant rate. [3]

Markscheme

Rotational KE is proportional to ω ✓ 2

Calculation of ω for at least four points, e.g. {96.1, 76.7, 57.6, 38.4, 19.3}
2

×103

Shows that the differences in equal time intervals are approximately the
same, e.g. {19.4, 19.1, 19.2, 19.1, 19.3}×103 ✓

Allow a tolerance of ±1×103 s−2 from the values stated in MP2.

28. [Maximum mark: 20]

A geophone is an instrument designed to measure the movement of ground

rocks.

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When the ground moves, the magnet-spring system oscillates relative to the
coil. An emf is generated in the coil. The magnitude of this emf is proportional
to the speed of the magnet relative to the coil.
(a.i) State the movement direction for which the geophone has its
greatest sensitivity. [1]

Markscheme

Vertical direction / parallel to springs ✓

(a.ii) Outline how an emf is generated in the coil. [2]

Markscheme

The magnetic field moves relative to the coil ✓

As field lines cut the coil, forces act on (initially stationary) electrons in the
wire (and these move producing an emf ) ✓

(a.iii) Explain why the magnitude of the emf is related to the

amplitude of the ground movement. [3]

Markscheme

The springs have a natural time period for the oscillation ✓

A greater amplitude of movement leads to higher magnet speed (with

constant time period) ✓

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So field lines cut coil more quickly leading to greater emf ✓

(a.iv) In one particular event, a maximum emf of 65 mV is generated

in the geophone. The geophone coil has 150 turns.

Calculate the rate of flux change that leads to this emf. [2]

Markscheme

✓
Δ(N Φ)
Use of ε = −
Δt

−3
ΔΦ 65×10
= (−)
Δt 150

= 0. 43 mWb s−1 ✓

(b) Suggest two changes to the system that will make the
geophone more sensitive. [4]

Markscheme

Any two suggestions from:

Increase number of turns in coil ✓

Because more flux cutting per cycle ✓

Increase field strength of magnet ✓

So that there are more field lines ✓

Change mass-spring system so that time period decreases ✓

So magnet will be moving faster for given amplitude of movement ✓

The geophone is mounted on the ground at point Z and an explosion is

produced at point W some distance away. Sound from the explosion travels to

the geophone via the clay layer in the ground.

Diagram not to scale

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The speed of sound in clay is 3.00 km s−1; the speed of sound in sandstone is
4.70 km s−1
(c.i) Show that, when sound travels from clay to sandstone, the
critical angle is approximately 40°. [2]

Markscheme

c ns =
3.0

4.7
= 1. 57 ✓

Critical angle = sin

−1
(
1

1.57
) = 39. 6° ✓

(c.ii) The angle between the clay–air surface and path 1 is 80°.

Draw, on the diagram, the subsequent path of a sound wave

that travels initially in the clay along path 1. [2]

Markscheme

ray shown reflected back into the clay (and then to Z) at (by eye) the
incidence angle ✓

ray shown refracted into the sandstone with angle of refraction greater
than angle of incidence (by eye) ✓

Another explosion is produced at X. The sound from this explosion is detected

twice at the geophone at Z. Some sound travels directly from X to Z through

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clay along path 2. Other sound travels through clay via Y along path 3.

The vertical thickness of the clay layer is d. The distance XZ is 80.0 m.

The time between the arrival of the sounds due to the path difference is 6.67
ms.
(d) Calculate d. [4]

Markscheme

distance difference = (3000 × 0. 00667 =)19. 8 m✓

½ distance difference = 9. 9 m so YZ = 49. 9 m✓

✓
2 XZ 2 2
d = (√ YZ ) ) = √ 49. 9 − 40
2
− (
2

29.8 m ✓

OR

Recognises situation as (almost) 3:4:5 triangle ✓

30 m (1 sf answer only accepted in this route) ✓

29. [Maximum mark: 10]

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Ball A, moving in a horizontal direction at an initial speed of 2.0 m s−1 collides

with a stationary ball B of the same mass. After the collision, ball A moves at a

speed of 1.0 m s−1 at an angle of 45° to the original direction of motion.

(a.i) State the vertical component of the total momentum of the [1]
balls after the collision.


Markscheme

Zero ✓

(a.ii) Hence, calculate the vertical component of the velocity of ball [2]
B after the collision.


Markscheme

m × 1. 0 × sin 45°+m × v y = 0 ✓

vy = «−»0.71 «m s−1» ✓

(b) Determine the angle θ that the velocity of ball B makes with [3]
the initial direction of motion of ball A.


Markscheme

The use of conservation of momentum in the horizontal direction, e.g.

m × 1. 0 × cos 45°+m × v = m × 2. 0 ✓
x

«
v x = 2. 0 − 1. 0 × cos 45°= 1. 3 » «m s−1» ✓

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✓
vy
−1
θ = tan ( ) = 29°
vx

(c) Predict whether the collision is elastic. [4]

Markscheme

Initial kinetic energy = 1 2

m(2. 0) = 2. 0 (m)
2

Final kinetic energy = ✓

1 2 2 2
m((1. 0) + (0. 71) + (1. 3) )
2

1. 6 (m) ✓

Final energy is less than the initial energy hence inelastic ✓

30. [Maximum mark: 10]

Ball A, moving in a horizontal direction at an initial speed of 2.0 m s−1 collides

with a stationary ball B of the same mass. After the collision, ball A moves at a

speed of 1.0 m s−1 at an angle of 45° to the original direction of motion.

(a.i) State the vertical component of the total momentum of the [1]
balls after the collision.


Markscheme

Zero ✓

(a.ii) Hence, calculate the vertical component of the velocity of ball [2]
B after the collision.

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Markscheme

m × 1. 0 × sin 45°+m × v y = 0 ✓

vy = «−»0.71 «m s−1» ✓

(b) Determine the angle θ that the velocity of ball B makes with [3]
the initial direction of motion of ball A.


Markscheme

The use of conservation of momentum in the horizontal direction, e.g.

m × 1. 0 × cos 45°+m × v = m × 2. 0 ✓
x

«
v x = 2. 0 − 1. 0 × cos 45°= 1. 3 » «m s−1» ✓

✓
vy
−1
θ = tan ( ) = 29°
vx

(c) Predict whether the collision is elastic. [4]

Markscheme

Initial kinetic energy = 1 2

m(2. 0) = 2. 0 (m)
2

Final kinetic energy = ✓

1 2 2 2
m((1. 0) + (0. 71) + (1. 3) )
2

1. 6 (m) ✓

Final energy is less than the initial energy hence inelastic ✓

31. [Maximum mark: 6]

Two curling stones of the same mass collide elastically on a horizontal

frictionless surface. Stone A moves with an initial speed v and stone B is initially

stationary. The speeds of the stones after the collision are vA and vB. Their

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directions of motion make angles of 70° and 20° with the initial velocity of stone

A.

(a.i) State what is meant by an elastic collision. [1]

Markscheme

No change in the kinetic energy of the system ✓

(a.ii) No unbalanced external forces act on the system of the curling

stones. Outline why the momentum of the system does not
change during the collision. [1]

Markscheme

From F , zero net force on the system implies that Δp

Δp
= = 0
Δt

OR

From Newton’s third law, the impulse delivered to A is equal but opposite
to the impulse delivered to B, hence Δp = 0 for the system ✓

(b) Show that v B =

sin 70°

sin 20°
vA . [1]

Markscheme

The vertical momentum is zero hence mv A sin 70°−mv B sin 20°= 0 ✓

«leading to the expected result» ✓

(c) Determine vA. State the answer in terms of v. [3]

Markscheme

Energy is conserved hence 1

2
mv A
2
+
1
2
mv B
2
=
1
2
mv
2
✓
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✓
2
Eliminate v using the result of part (a), e.g., v
B A
2
+ (
sin 70°

sin 20°
) vA
2
= v
2

v A = 0. 342v ✓

32. [Maximum mark: 7]

A curling stone of mass 17 kg travelling at 2.5 cm s−1 collides with a second

stationary curling stone of mass 19 kg. The second curling stone is scattered

with a speed of 0.50 cm s−1 at an angle of 30° to the initial direction of the first

stone.

(a.i) Calculate the component of momentum of the first curling

stone perpendicular to the initial direction. [1]

Markscheme

✓
19×0.5×sin(30) −1
v 17 sin θ = (= 0. 279 m s )
17

(a.ii) Calculate the velocity component of the first curling stone in

the initial direction. [2]

Markscheme

✓
17×2.5−19×0.50×cos(30)
v 17 cos θ =
17

= 2. 02 m s
−1
✓

(a.iii) Determine the velocity of the first curling stone. [2]

Markscheme

2.04 m s−1 ✓

At 7.9° to initial direction ✓

(b) Deduce whether this collision is elastic. [2]

Markscheme

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Total angle between stones is 38°, angle will be 90° when elastic

OR

Compares kinetic energies in a correct calculation (initial ke = 53 J, final ke

= 34 J +2.4 J) ✓

Collision is not elastic ✓

33. [Maximum mark: 5]

A cannon is used to fire a shell into snow to trigger an avalanche before the

snow can cause damage. The mass of the cannon is 1500 kg and the mass of the

shell is 15 kg. The shell is projected with an initial speed of 420 m s−1 at an angle

of 20° above the horizontal. The cannon is mounted so that it can only recoil

horizontally.

(a) Determine the recoil velocity of the cannon. [3]

Markscheme

Momentum must be conserved in initial direction of shell (20° above

horizontal) ✓

Recoil velocity is 4.2 m s−1 at 20° below horizontal ✓

3.95 m s−1 ✓

(b) Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the cannon. [1]

Markscheme

Ek = (
1

2
2
mv ) = 11. 7 kJ ✓

(c) Suggest what happens to the vertical component of

momentum of the cannon when the shell is fired. [1]

Markscheme

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Must be transferred into the ground beneath the cannon OR into the
suspension system ✓

34. [Maximum mark: 6]

A flywheel of radius R = 0. 15 m and mass M = 1. 8 kg rotates around the

central axis. The moment of inertia of the flywheel is 1

2
MR
2
. A thread is

wrapped around the flywheel and a time-varying force F is applied to the

thread.

The angular velocity of the flywheel increases from 4.0 rad s−1 to 9.0 rad s−1 in a
time of 0.24 s.

(a) Calculate the angular impulse delivered to the flywheel during

the acceleration. [2]

Markscheme

ΔL = lΔω =
1

2
× 1. 8 × 0. 15
2
(9. 0 − 4. 0) ✓

0. 10 «N m s» ✓

(b) Determine the average magnitude of F . [2]

Markscheme

Average torque = ΔL

Δt
=
0.10

0.24
= 0. 42 «N m» ✓

Average force = τ

R
=
0.42

0.15
= 2. 8 «N» ✓

(c) State two assumptions of your calculation in part (b). [2]

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Markscheme

No other forces than F provide the torque ✓

The thread unwinds without slipping ✓

The thread is weightless ✓

F is always tangent to the flywheel ✓

35. [Maximum mark: 7]

A ring of mass M = 0.32 kg and radius R = 0.25 m is accelerated from rest by a

constant torque of 0.20 N m. The moment of inertia of the ring is MR2.

(a) Calculate:

(a.i) the angular acceleration of the ring; [2]

Markscheme

α =
τ

l
=
0.20
2
✓
0.32×0.25

10 «rad s−2» ✓

(a.ii) the angular velocity of the ring after a time of 5.0 s. [1]

Markscheme

10 × 5. 0 = 50 «rad s−1» ✓

(b) A solid disc of the same mass and radius as the ring is
accelerated by the same torque. Compare, without calculation:

(b.i) the angular impulse delivered to the disc and to the ring
during the first 5.0 s. [2]

Markscheme

The angular impulse is the product of torque and time ✓

Both factors are the same so the angular impulse is the same ✓

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(b.ii) the final kinetic energy of the disc and the ring. [2]

Markscheme

The disc has a smaller moment of inertia «because its mass is distributed
closer to the axis of rotation» ✓
2

From E =
k , the disc will achieve a greater kinetic energy «because L is
L

2l

the same for both» ✓

36. [Maximum mark: 7]

The propellor of an model plane is driven by an electric motor that is mounted

inside the plane. This propellor is modelled as a rod rotating about an axis

through the centre of the rod at right angles to the length of the rod. The

moment of inertia for such a rod is 1

12
ML
2
where M is the mass of the rod and

L is the total length of the rod.

(a) For the propellor, L = 5. 0 cm and M = 0. 035 kg .

Calculate the moment of inertia of the propellor. [1]

Markscheme

7. 3 × 10
−6
kg m
2
✓

(b) The propellor is at rest when the electric motor is switched on.
The net average torque acting on the propellor due to the
motor and resistive forces is 3. 5 × 10 kg m s . The final
−2 2 −2

speed of the propellor is 190 revolutions per second.

(b.i) Calculate the angular impulse that acts on the propellor. [2]

Markscheme

190 rev s−1 = 1190 rad s−1 ✓

ΔL = Δ(I ω) = 7. 3 × 10
−6
× 1190 = 8. 7 × 10
−3
kg m
2
s
−1
✓

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(b.ii) Calculate, using your answer to (b)(i), the time taken by the
propellor to attain this rotational speed. [2]

Markscheme

Δt =
ΔL

τ
used ✓

0.25 s ✓

(b.iii) State and explain the effect of the angular impulse on the body
of the aeroplane. [2]

Markscheme

As the motor is internal, angular momentum is conserved (ignoring the

torques due to resistive forces) ✓

The body of the plane will (try to) rotate in the opposite direction to the
propellor ✓

37. [Maximum mark: 7]

The graph shows the variation in torque with time applied to a rotating

flywheel.

(a) Calculate the angular impulse applied to the flywheel. [2]

Markscheme

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Attempt to find area of triangle ✓

2
× 8. 0 × 180 = 720 «kg m2 s−1» ✓

(b) The angular speed of the flywheel increased by 280 rad s−1
during the application of the angular impulse.

Determine the moment of inertia of the flywheel. [2]

Markscheme

Use of ΔL = Δ(I ω) ✓

2.6 kg m2 ✓

(c) The flywheel was rotating at 150 rev per minute before the
application of the angular impulse. Determine the change in
angular rotational energy of the flywheel during the
application of the flywheel. [3]

Markscheme

Correct conversions to a consistent set of ω units ✓

2
× L × (ω
2
f
2
− ω )
i
or correct substitution seen ✓

113 kJ ✓

38. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object is launched upwards at an initial velocity +u at an angle of
θ to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible.

At a later time the object has a vertical displacement of zero.

What are the horizontal component of the velocity and the vertical
component of the velocity at this later time?

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[1]

Markscheme

39. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object is released from rest and slides down a frictionless ramp. The
object then leaves the ramp and slides along a rough horizontal
surface. The object stops in a distance s along the ramp.

The coefficient of dynamic friction between the object and the rough
horizontal surface is μ.

What is the height of the ramp?

A. μgs

B. 2gμ
s

C. s

D. μs [1]

Markscheme

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40. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object with mass m falls through the air with a terminal speed v for
a short time t.

What is the work done on the air by the falling object during this
time?

A. mgvt

B. mgt

C.
mgv

D. mv

t
[1]

Markscheme

41. [Maximum mark: 1]

An electric motor has an energy of 1.8 kJ transferred to it in 0.50
minutes. The efficiency of the motor is 40 %.

What is the useful power output of the motor?

A. 1.5 W

B. 24 W

C. 150 W

D. 360 W [1]

Markscheme

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42. [Maximum mark: 1]

A particle X has a small positive charge and is free to move. Y has a
large positive charge and is fixed. X is initially moving towards Y.

Y exerts an electric force F on X. Gravitational forces are negligible.

The magnitude of the force exerted by X on Y is

A. zero.

B. less than the magnitude of F.

C. equal to the magnitude of F.

D. greater than the magnitude of F. [1]

Markscheme

43. [Maximum mark: 1]

A ball, moving horizontally, strikes a vertical wall. The ball rebounds
horizontally.

The mass of the ball is M and the change in magnitude of the

momentum of the ball is Δp.

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What is the magnitude of the impulse acting on the wall due to the
ball? [1]

A. Mg + Δp

B. Mg − Δp

C. 2Δp

D. Δp

Markscheme

44. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object of mass m is attached to the end of a rope. The object is
rotated in a horizontal circle at the end of the rope with an increasing
speed. The rope breaks when the angular velocity ω is reached.

At what other combination of mass and angular velocity will this rope
break?

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[1]

Markscheme

45. [Maximum mark: 1]

Jim runs with a constant velocity v past Sally who is at rest. At this
instant, Sally begins to chase Jim with constant acceleration a.

Which expression gives the time Sally will catch Jim?

A. 2a
v

B. v

C. 2v

D. 4v

a
[1]

Markscheme

46. [Maximum mark: 1]

A block X of weight 10 N is stacked on a block Y of weight 20 N. Block
X is fixed to a wall with a light string. The coefficients of static friction
between the blocks and between block Y and the ground are both 0.2.

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What is the value of the minimum force F required to move block Y

and what is the tension T in the string immediately before block Y
begins to move?

[1]

Markscheme

47. [Maximum mark: 1]

Two blocks of equal mass are connected by a light string that passes
over a frictionless pulley. The blocks slide at a constant velocity on
inclined planes that are at right angles to each other. One of the
inclined planes makes an angle θ to the horizontal such that θ < 45°.

Which of the following statements is correct?

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A. The net force acting on each block is the same.

B. The weight force acting on each block is different.

C. The magnitude of the normal force acting on each block is the

same.

D. The magnitude of the force exerted by the string on each block is

different. [1]

Markscheme

48. [Maximum mark: 1]

A ball is thrown from an aircraft in flight.

Which of the following shows the correct free-body diagram for the
forces acting on the ball when terminal velocity is reached?

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[1]

Markscheme

49. [Maximum mark: 1]

A stationary mass of 1 kg is pulled along a frictionless 3 m inclined
plane by a constant force of 6 N. At the top of the plane the mass has
been displaced 1 m vertically.

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What is the speed of the mass at the top of the incline?

[1]
A. 3 m s−1

B. 4 m s−1

C. 6 m s−1

D. 18 m s−1

Markscheme

50. [Maximum mark: 1]

A firework rocket launched vertically explodes into two pieces X and Y
when it reaches its maximum height. The mass of X is greater than
that of Y.

Three statements are made about the pieces immediately after the
explosion:

I. The kinetic energy of X is less than that of Y.

II. The magnitude of the momentum of X is equal to that of Y.

III. The total momentum after the explosion has increased.

Which of these statements are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

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D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

51. [Maximum mark: 1]

An asteroid falling towards a planet has a speed of 20.0 km s−1 at point
P.

10 minutes later the asteroid is at point Q and its speed is 20.6 km s−1 .

What is the average gravitational field strength between P and Q?

A. 0.001 N kg−1

B. 0.006 N kg−1

C. 1 N kg−1

D. 6 N kg−1 [1]

Markscheme

52. [Maximum mark: 1]

An old-fashioned bicycle is moving with a constant speed v. The front
wheel has a radius 3 times that of the rear wheel. Points X and Y are
positioned on the front and rear wheel as shown.

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[Source: Clu, n.d. Penny farthing bicycle. [image online] Available at:
https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/illustration/penny-farthing-bicycle-first-exercise-
royalty-free-illustration/1179950344 [Accessed 16 May 2023]. Source adapted.] [1]

What is acceleration

acceleration
of X

of Y
?

A. 1

B. 1

C. 3

D. 9

Markscheme

53. [Maximum mark: 8]

A stationary ball is hanging from a light string. A pellet from an air rifle is
travelling horizontally and becomes embedded in the ball. The velocity of the
pellet when it strikes the ball is 160 m s−1.

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The following data are given.

Mass of the ball = 250 g

Mass of the pellet = 2.0 g

(a) Calculate the speed of the ball and the pellet immediately after
the impact. [2]

Markscheme

(2.0)(160) = (250 + 2.0)v ✔

=»1.3 «m s−1» ✔
(2.0)(160)
v =« 250 + 2.0

Award [1 max] for 1.28 m/s (mass of pellet neglected)

Award [2] for BCA

(b) Suggest why the combined kinetic energy of the ball and the
pellet after the impact is less than the initial kinetic energy of
the pellet. [2]

Markscheme

«Work is done by contact forces» to /penetrate/deform/squash/change

shape of the ball / the interaction causes deformation of the ball. ✔

«this requires energy transfer» from kinetic to other forms e.g. PE of

deformation/heat/internal ✔

Allow ‘embedded’.

Do not allow ‘inelastic collision’

MP2 requires at least one other appropriate energy form to be mentioned having been transferred
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from KE. NOT ‘sound energy’

The ball with the embedded pellet rises to a maximum vertical height h.

(c) Draw and label the free-body diagram for the ball at height h.

[2]

Markscheme

arrow along the string direction line labelled tension / T ✔

arrow downwards of approximately correct length labelled weight / W / mg

✔

Allow FT or T for tension in MP1

Allow Fg, FW, mg, or W for Weight in MP2

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Do not allow “gravity” for weight in MP2

Do not allow Fc for tension in MP1

Ignore any additional forces.”

(d) Determine h. [2]

Markscheme

mv2 = mgh ⇒ h= ✔
2
1 v

2 2g

Accept working from u2 = −2as, equivalent to v2 = −2gh

»8.2= 10−2 «m» ✔

2

h=« 1.270

2 × 9.8

Award [2] for BCA

54. [Maximum mark: 7]

A student throws a ball towards a wall. The ball is released from a point 1.8 m
above the ground and 8.0 m from the wall. The initial velocity of the ball makes
an angle of 48° with the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible.
The diagram shows the initial path of the ball. P is a point on the path.

(a) Draw, on the diagram, an arrow to show

(a.i) the velocity of the ball at P. Label this arrow v. [1]

Markscheme

arrow tangent to the path in the correct direction ✔

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If the line when produced backwards goes below the curve – no mark.

Arrows not beginning at P score [0]

(a.ii) the acceleration of the ball at P. Label this arrow a. [1]

Markscheme

arrow vertically downwards ✔

The ball takes 1.3 s to reach the wall.

(b.i) Show that the initial speed of the ball is about 9 m s−1. [2]

Markscheme

horizontal velocity v = x
8.0

1.3
«=6.2 m s−1» ✔

« vx

v
= cos 48°⇒ »v =
8.0

1.3 cos 48°

=9.2 «m s−1» ✔

(b.ii) Determine the height above the ground at which the ball hits
the wall. [3]

Markscheme

initial vertical velocity vy =9.2 sin 48° «= 6.8 m s−1» ✔

h=1.8+(9.2 sin 48°×1.3)− × 9.8 × 1.32 ✔

1

2.4 «m»

Award [2 max] for h=0.6 m - candidates have not taken the initial height of 1.8 m into account.

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Award [2 max] for h=19 m

Award [3] for BCA

55. [Maximum mark: 9]

An object attached to a spring oscillates with simple harmonic motion in a
horizontal plane. The graph shows how the kinetic energy of the object varies
with the displacement x.

(a) State the amplitude of the motion. [1]

Markscheme

6 «cm» ✔

(b) Draw, on the axes above, the variation with x of the potential
energy stored in the spring. [1]

Markscheme

parabolic graph passing through (0, 0) and (±6, 20) ✔

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A good quality parabola optimally passing through (4.2,10) by eye scores [1]

(c) Explain how many times during one oscillation the kinetic
energy of the object and the potential energy stored in the
spring are equal. [2]

Markscheme

«EK =EP »2 points per half oscillation «on the graph» ✔

« every position is reached twice during an oscillation so EK =EP » four times

✔

Reference to 2 times for MP1 and 4 times for MP2.

This can be seen as a ‘walk through’ of the four places per oscillation where KE=PE, for MP1 and MP2

(d) The mass of the object is 0.15 kg.

(d.i) Show that the period of the oscillations is about 0.7 s. [3]

Markscheme

Use of ET = 1 2
mω A
2
2

OR

20 × 10−3 = 1

2
× 0.15 × ω2 × 0.0602 ✔

ω = 8.6 «rad s−1» ✔

T= « 2

ω
π
=»0.7 «s» ✔

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Answer should be to 2sf or better.

Other pathways possible e.g;

E = 1 2, so k =
kA
2E
(MP1)
2 A2

from which T = 2π √ m
k

k = 11.11 (MP2). and T = 0.73 (MP3)

(d.ii) Calculate the maximum force exerted on the object by the

spring. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
2

× 0.060 «= 4.44 m s−2 » ✔

π
amax = 8.62 × 0.06 OR (
2
)
0.73

Fmax = 0.15 × 4.44 = 0.67 «N» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
2

× 0.15 «= 11.1 N m−1» ✔

π
k = 8.62× 0.15 OR (
2
)
0.73

Fmax =11.1 × 0.060 = 0.67 «N» ✔

MP1 find a or k

MP2 F=ma/F=kx

Award [2] for BCA

56. [Maximum mark: 7]

A solid disk, initially at rest, rolls without slipping down an inclined plane. The
disk has a radius R = 5.5 cm. The length of the inclined plane is L = 1.5 m.

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(a) The time taken for the disk to roll down the inclined plane is t =
0.96 s.

(a.i) State, for this disk, the relationship between linear

displacement, L, and angular displacement, θ. [1]

Markscheme

θ = L

R
✔

Accept: L and θ are directly proportional.

(a.ii) Calculate the angular acceleration of the disk. [3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

use of rotational kinematics equation to get α = 2θ

t2
✔

θ =« 1.5

0.555
=»27.3 «rad» ✔

α =« 2 × 27.3

0.96
2
=»59 «rad s−2» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
final speed v=2×1.5/0.96 = 3.12 ms−1 ✔
final angular speed ω=v/R ✔
α=ω/0.96=59 «rads−2 » ✔

ALTERNATIVE 3
acceleration = 2L/t2 ✔

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acceleration = 3.26 m s−2 ✔

angular acceleration = acceleration/R = 59 «rad s−2 » ✔

Award [3] for bald correct answer from interval 58.0 to 59.3.

(b) The disk and a ring, with the same mass and radius, are
released from the top of the slope at the same time. Explain,
without numerical calculation, which one will reach the
bottom of the inclined plane first. [3]

Markscheme

ring has a larger moment of inertia/ mass further from the axis of rotation
✔

ring will have smaller angular acceleration

OR
higher portion of/more energy is stored in rotational KE for ring ✔

ring arrives last ✔

Reverse argument allowed in terms of the disk.

Award MP3 only if MP1 or MP2 are awarded.

Award [0] for work based on idea that ring has lower moment of inertia.

57. [Maximum mark: 5]

A planet orbits around a star in an elliptical orbit as shown below.

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At point A the planet is closest to the star and at point B it is furthest from the
star.

As the planet orbits the star it has a moment of inertia I = mr2 where m is the
mass of the planet.
(a) State what r represents in this situation. [1]

Markscheme

the distance between the «centre of» planet and «the centre of the» star ✔

Accept radius/radius of the planet around star.

(b) Show, using conservation of angular momentum, that the

linear speed of the planet is greater at A than at B. [2]

Markscheme

L = «mr2 =» mvr ✔
v

Correctly shown that since rA < rB , vA > vB ✔

(c) Suggest why, in this situation, the magnitude of the linear

momentum of the planet is not conserved whereas the
magnitude of its angular momentum is conserved. [2]

Markscheme

« gravity is » an external force on the planet «so linear momentum is not

conserved»
OR
linear speed is different at A and B ✔

gravity acts towards the center and therefore does not create a net torque
«so angular momentum is conserved» ✔

58. [Maximum mark: 14]

A ball of mass 2.7 g is released from rest from a height of 28 m above horizontal

ground.

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(a) Show that in the absence of air resistance the ball impacts the [1]
ground with a speed of about 23 m s−1.


Markscheme

v = ≪√2gh = ≫ √2 × 9. 81 × 28 OR 23.4 «m s−1» ✔

Starting point can be suvat equations or conservation of energy.

Answer must be seen to at least 3 s.f. or correct substitution shown.
Allow 23.7 for use of g = 10

(b) An air resistance force F acts on the ball. F can be modeled by F

= kv2 where v is the speed and k is a constant. 

(b.i) Determine the unit of k in terms of fundamental units. [2]

Markscheme

✔
−2

[k] = =
N kg m s
2 −2 2 −2
m s m s

[k] = kgm −1
✔

kg m s−2 OR m2 s−2 seen for MP1

(b.ii) Describe how the ball reaches terminal speed. [2]

Markscheme

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ALTERNATE 1
Resistance/drag force/friction increases with speed ✔
Until it becomes equal to the weight ✔
Net force/acceleration is then zero «and so speed is constant» ✔

ALTERNATE 2
Resistance force increases with speed ✔
Until GPE lost no longer converted to KE ✔
But to thermal energy/work done against resistive force ✔

(c) The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of the
ball from the instant it is released until it impacts the ground.

(c.i) State the value of the area under the curve. [1]

Markscheme

28 «m» ✔

Accept range 25 to 31 «m» for those who counted squares

Do not allow displacement or distance travelled. A value is required.

(c.ii) Determine k. [2]

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Markscheme

Alternate 1

mg = kv2 with v = 9.5 m s−1 ✔

k=« =»2.9 × 10−4 ✔

−3

=
mg 2.7×10 ×9.81
2 2
v 9.5

Alternate 2

Determination of acceleration from gradient of a tangent at any point

other than t = 0 ✔

Use of mg − kv2 = ma to find k ✔

For example:
Gradient at t = 1 s is 3.9 «m s−2» and speed is 7.4 «m s−1»
−3
2.7×10 ×(9.81 − 3.9)
k=« = =»2.9 × 10−4
mg−ma
2 2
v 7.4

Allow 3.0 × 10−4 for use of g = 10.

Allow ECF for MP2 from incorrect read off from graph.
Ignore any units on k.

Do not award MP1 for simply calculating the gradient and equating it to k. For MP1 there needs to be a
recognition that the gradient is the acceleration.
Range for Alternate 2
(2.5 to 3.3) × 10−4

(c.iii) On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation of the
magnitude of the resultant force, F, on the ball with time t. No
numbers are required on the axes.

[1]

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Markscheme

Any curve starting at a non zero value approaching/reaching zero ✔

Ignore wrong curvature/gradient of curve.

Curve must intersect axis at t = 0

(c.iv) Calculate the average power dissipated by the air resistance [3]
force.


Markscheme

Energy dissipated is

«mgh − 1

2
mv
2
t
= 2.7 × 10−3 (9.81 × 28 − 1

2
× 9.52) »=0.620 «J» ✔

Correct reading of time 3.6 «s» ✔

Power = 0.620

3.6
= 0.17 «W» ✔

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Allow ECF from MP2 to MP3 [3]

Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii)

(d) The ball rebounds from the ground with speed 7.8 m s−1. The
ball is in contact with the ground for a time T. The average
resultant force on the ball during this time is 1.1 N. [2]

Determine T. 

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1

Δp = «2.7 × 10−3 × (7.8 + 9.5) =» 0.0467 «N s» ✔

«1.1 = so T = =» 0.042 «s» ✔

Δp 0.0467

Δt 1.1

ALTERNATE 2

a=« F

m
=» 1.1

2.7 × 10
−5
= 407 «m s−2» ✔

T=« 9.5 + 7.8

407
=» 0.042 «s» ✔

Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii).

Award [1] for t = 0.076 «s» using an impact speed of 23 m s−1.

59. [Maximum mark: 14]

A ball of mass 2.7 g is released from rest from a height of 28 m above horizontal

ground.

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(a) Show that in the absence of air resistance the ball impacts the [1]
ground with a speed of about 23 m s−1.


Markscheme

v = ≪√2gh = ≫ √2 × 9. 81 × 28 OR 23.4 «m s−1» ✔

Starting point can be suvat equations or conservation of energy.

Answer must be seen to at least 3 s.f. or correct substitution shown.
Allow 23.7 for use of g = 10

(b) An air resistance force F acts on the ball. F can be modeled by F

= kv2 where v is the speed and k is a constant. 

(b.i) Determine the unit of k in terms of fundamental units. [2]

Markscheme

✔
−2

[k] = =
N kg m s
2 −2 2 −2
m s m s

[k] = kgm −1
✔

kg m s−2 OR m2 s−2 seen for MP1

(b.ii) Describe how the ball reaches terminal speed. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1
Resistance/drag force/friction increases with speed ✔
Until it becomes equal to the weight ✔
Net force/acceleration is then zero «and so speed is constant» ✔

ALTERNATE 2
Resistance force increases with speed ✔
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Until GPE lost no longer converted to KE ✔

But to thermal energy/work done against resistive force ✔

(c) The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of the
ball from the instant it is released until it impacts the ground.

(c.i) State the value of the area under the curve. [1]

Markscheme

28 «m» ✔

Accept range 25 to 31 «m» for those who counted squares

Do not allow displacement or distance travelled. A value is required.

(c.ii) Determine k. [2]

Markscheme

Alternate 1

mg = kv2 with v = 9.5 m s−1 ✔

k=« =»2.9 × 10−4 ✔

−3

=
mg 2.7×10 ×9.81
2 2
v 9.5

Alternate 2
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Determination of acceleration from gradient of a tangent at any point

other than t = 0 ✔

Use of mg − kv2 = ma to find k ✔

For example:
Gradient at t = 1 s is 3.9 «m s−2» and speed is 7.4 «m s−1»
−3
2.7×10 ×(9.81 − 3.9)
k=« = =»2.9 × 10−4
mg−ma
2 2
v 7.4

Allow 3.0 × 10−4 for use of g = 10.

Allow ECF for MP2 from incorrect read off from graph.
Ignore any units on k.

Do not award MP1 for simply calculating the gradient and equating it to k. For MP1 there needs to be a
recognition that the gradient is the acceleration.
Range for Alternate 2
(2.5 to 3.3) × 10−4

(c.iii) On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation of the
magnitude of the resultant force, F, on the ball with time t. No
numbers are required on the axes.

[1]

Markscheme

Any curve starting at a non zero value approaching/reaching zero ✔

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Ignore wrong curvature/gradient of curve.

Curve must intersect axis at t = 0

(c.iv) Calculate the average power dissipated by the air resistance [3]
force.


Markscheme

Energy dissipated is

«mgh − 1

2
mv t
2
= 2.7 × 10−3 (9.81 × 28 − 1

2
× 9.52) »=0.620 «J» ✔

Correct reading of time 3.6 «s» ✔

Power = 0.620

3.6
= 0.17 «W» ✔

Allow ECF from MP2 to MP3 [3]

Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii)

(d) The ball rebounds from the ground with speed 7.8 m s−1. The
ball is in contact with the ground for a time T. The average
resultant force on the ball during this time is 1.1 N. [2]

Determine T. 

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1

Δp = «2.7 × 10−3 × (7.8 + 9.5) =» 0.0467 «N s» ✔

«1.1 = so T = =» 0.042 «s» ✔

Δp 0.0467

Δt 1.1

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ALTERNATE 2

a=« F

m
=» 1.1

2.7 × 10
−5
= 407 «m s−2» ✔

T=« 9.5 + 7.8

407
=» 0.042 «s» ✔

Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii).

Award [1] for t = 0.076 «s» using an impact speed of 23 m s−1.

60. [Maximum mark: 7]

A probe of mass m has landed on the equator of a rotating asteroid of mass M

and radius R.

The asteroid rotates with angular speed ω.

(a) By drawing a free-body diagram for the probe, show that the
normal force, N, on the probe from the asteroid is given by N =
m( −ω2R).
GM

R2

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[2]

Markscheme

GM m

R
2
OR mg N

Arrow for N and correct labelling ✔

GM m

R2
−N = mω2R result follows ✔

N arrow must be shorter than weight.

Award [0] if there are extra forces or incorrect length arrows in the diagram.
On diagram allow Weight, W, Fg, gravitational force but not gravity.
Allow rotated diagrams if the surface of the asteroid is shown.
For MP2 the algebra must follow from a diagram with correct length arrows.

(b) Deduce that the probe will remain on the asteroid surface only
if ω ≤ √ GM

R
3
. [1]

Markscheme

N≥0, so m( GM

R
2 −ω2R) ≥ 0 gives result ✔

OR

«max» ω when N=0, so m( GM

R
2
−ω2R) = 0 gives result ✔

(c) Another probe orbits the Sun.

(c.i) The distance between the probe and the Sun is 4 times the
distance between the Earth and the Sun. Show that the

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intensity of the solar radiation at the surface of the probe is 85 [2]

W m−2.

Markscheme

Selection of solar constant, 1360 seen ✔

«Intensity is proportional to d−2 so»

P

π
4 (4d 2 )

« 1360
I
= P
»
4πd 2

I = 1360

4
2
=«85.0 W m−2» ✔

Allow ECF for MP2 from incorrect solar constant.

(c.ii) Estimate the equilibrium temperature of the probe assuming it

behaves as a black body. [2]

Markscheme

σT4 = 85 OR T = √ 4 85

5.67 × 10
−8
✔

T = 196.7 2 ≈ 2.0 × 102 «K» ✔

Award [2] for 140 K, if factor of ¼ is included

61. [Maximum mark: 10]

A uniform cylinder, of mass M and length L, has a moment of inertia of 1

12

ML2 when rotated about an axis through its centre.

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(a.i) Outline what is meant by moment of inertia. [1]

Markscheme

quotes I = Σ mr2 with r = «perpendicular» distance to axis

OR
resistance to change in rotation
OR
ratio of torque «applied» to angular acceleration
OR
analog to mass in rotational mechanics ✔

In MP1, accept r = radius.

In MP2, do not accept resistance to rotation.

In MP3 accept the expression as a formula if both symbols identified.

(a.ii) State the condition for rotational equilibrium. [1]

Markscheme

Net torque/moment is zero ✔

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(a.iii) Two identical cylinders, each of mass M and length L, are

connected end to end. Show that the moment of inertia when
these cylinders are rotated about their combined centre is 2

ML2. [1]

Markscheme

12
2M (2L)2 = « 8

12
ML2 = 2

3
ML2 » ✔

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(b) A two-blade propeller can be modelled using the two-cylinder

arrangement in (a)(iii).

The following data for the two-blade propeller are available:

Length of each blade: 0.60 m
Mass of each blade: 2.2 kg

Show that the moment of inertia of the two-blade propeller is

about 0.5 kg m2. [1]

Markscheme

3
× 2.2 × 0.62
OR
12
1
× 4.4 × 1.22
OR
0.53 «kg m2» ✔

Answer of 0.5 kg m2 given, so award the mark if candidates show a correct full substitution OR the value
with an extra significant figure

(c) The two-blade propeller is initially at rest. When a constant

torque of 140 N m acts on the two-blade propeller it reaches
an angular speed of 750 rad s−1. Ignore any frictional torque.

(c.i) Calculate the time taken for the two-blade propeller to reach
the angular speed of 750 rad s−1. [2]

Markscheme

«angular acceleration =
torque

I
=»

140

0.53
OR 264 «rad/s» ✔

t=« = = » 2.8 «s» ✔

angular velocity 750

angular acceleration 264

Allow ECF from MP1

Award [2] for a BCA

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(c.ii) Calculate the number of revolutions of the two-blade propeller

to reach the angular speed of 750 rad s−1. [2]

Markscheme

«ω2 = 2αθ » θ =
2
750

2×264

OR
1065 «rad»
OR
«rθ = × t » =
ω

2
750

2
× 2.8
OR
1050 «rad» ✔

n= 1065

2π
✔

Follow the calculations as there can be other slight changes in the results, e.g. if they use 2.7 s.

Allow ECF from MP1 and from c) i)

Accept alternative methods through other rotational kinematics equations.

(d) The propeller is brought to rest in 5.0 s. Determine the average

value of the external torque applied. [2]

Markscheme

«α = » 750

5
OR 150 «rad/s2»\

OR «L = » 0.53 × 750 OR 398 «kg m2/s » ✔

«torque = 0.53 × 150 =» 80 «Nm»

OR
« Rate of change in angular momentum =» 398/5 = 80 «Nm» ✔

Follow the calculations as there can be other slight changes in the results.

Ignore sign of final answer

62. [Maximum mark: 6]

A bubble of gas is rising at constant speed in a container filled with a liquid.

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(a) Show that the speed v of the bubble can be estimated as

2

v= 2 R ρg

9 η

where R is the radius of the bubble, ρ is the density of the

liquid and η is the viscosity of the liquid. Assume the weight of
the bubble is negligible. [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

6πRην = 4

3
πR3ρg ✔

manipulation to show ✔

(b) The velocity of the bubble is measured to be 18 cm s−1. The

radius of the bubble is 0.45 mm and the density of the liquid is
1300 kg m−3.

Calculate, in Pa s, the viscosity of the liquid. [2]

Markscheme

correct substitution ✔

0.0032 «Pa s» ✔

Award [1] if there is a POT error in the calculation

Apply ECF from MP1

(c) Justify, with a calculation, that laminar flow applies in this

situation. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

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Reynolds number = 33 or 35 ✔
«comparison with limit for laminar flow» is laminar ✔

Allow ECF from b).

Allow use of diameter in calculation of Reynolds number (R) so R is double.

Allow ECF for MP2 with consistent conclusion.

63. [Maximum mark: 1]

The resistive force F that acts on an object moving through a fluid at
speed v is given by F = kv where k is a constant. What is the unit of k?

A. N s−1

B. N m s−1

C. kg m2 s−3

D. kg s−1 [1]

Markscheme

64. [Maximum mark: 1]

The graph shows the variation of the acceleration a with time t of an
object moving in a straight line.

Which graph shows the variation of the velocity v of the object with
time t?

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[1]

Markscheme

65. [Maximum mark: 1]

A projectile moving in air has the path shown. What is the direction of
the net force at the point shown?

[1]

Markscheme

66. [Maximum mark: 1]

The diagram shows two blocks of mass m and M in contact on a
frictionless surface. A force F is applied on the block of mass m and
causes the blocks to move with an acceleration a.

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What is the force that the block of mass M is exerting on the block of
mass m?

A. ma

B. M a

C. (M + m) a

D. m
a
M +m
[1]

Markscheme

67. [Maximum mark: 1]

The diagram shows a block of mass m sliding at constant speed down
an inclined plane. The plane makes an angle θ with the horizontal.

The coefficient of dynamic friction between the block and the plane is
μ and the magnitude of the normal reaction force on the block is N .
D

What is θ?

A. −1 mg
cos ( )
μ D N

μ
B. −1 D N
cos ( )
mg

C. −1 mg
sin ( )
μ D N

μ
D. −1 D N
sin (
mg
)
[1]

Markscheme

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68. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object falls from rest in vacuum. R is the rate of the change of
kinetic energy with time t. How does R vary with t?

[1]

Markscheme

69. [Maximum mark: 1]

X has a mass that is twice the mass of Y. The kinetic energy of X is

four times that of Y.

What is the value of momentum

momentum
of X

of Y
?

A. √2

B. 2

C. 2√ 2

D. 4 [1]

Markscheme

70. [Maximum mark: 1]

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A conducting ring is dropped from rest from above the ground. As it

falls the ring passes through a region of uniform horizontal magnetic
field. Air resistance is negligible.

Which is correct about the acceleration a of the ring as it enters and as

it leaves the region of magnetic field?

[1]

Markscheme

71. [Maximum mark: 1]

The resistive force F that acts on an object moving through a fluid at
speed v is given by F = kv where k is a constant. What is the unit of k?

A. N s−1

B. N m s−1

C. kg m2 s−3

D. kg s−1 [1]

Markscheme

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72. [Maximum mark: 1]

The graph shows the variation of the acceleration a with time t of an
object moving in a straight line.

Which graph shows the variation of the velocity v of the object with
time t?

[1]

Markscheme

73. [Maximum mark: 1]

A projectile moving in air has the path shown. What is the direction of
the net force at the point shown?

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[1]

Markscheme

74. [Maximum mark: 1]

The diagram shows two blocks of mass m and M in contact on a
frictionless surface. A force F is applied on the block of mass m and
causes the blocks to move with an acceleration a.

What is the force that the block of mass M is exerting on the block of
mass m?

A. ma

B. M a

C. (M + m) a

D. M +m
m
a [1]

Markscheme

75. [Maximum mark: 1]

The diagram shows a block of mass m sliding at constant speed down
an inclined plane. The plane makes an angle θ with the horizontal.

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The coefficient of dynamic friction between the block and the plane is
μ and the magnitude of the normal reaction force on the block is N .
D

What is θ?

A. −1 mg
cos ( )
μ D N

μ
B. −1 D N
cos ( )
mg

C. −1 mg
sin ( )
μ D N

μ [1]
D. −1 D N
sin ( )
mg

Markscheme

76. [Maximum mark: 1]

An object falls from rest in vacuum. R is the rate of the change of
kinetic energy with time t. How does R vary with t?

[1]

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Markscheme

77. [Maximum mark: 1]

X has a mass that is twice the mass of Y. The kinetic energy of X is

four times that of Y.

What is the value of momentum

momentum
of X

of Y
?

A. √2

B. 2

C. 2√ 2

D. 4 [1]

Markscheme

78. [Maximum mark: 1]

A conducting ring is dropped from rest from above the ground. As it
falls the ring passes through a region of uniform horizontal magnetic
field. Air resistance is negligible.

Which is correct about the acceleration a of the ring as it enters and as

it leaves the region of magnetic field?

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[1]

Markscheme

79. [Maximum mark: 14]

A space probe of mass 95 kg is designed to land on the surface of an asteroid.

The gravitational field strength g of the asteroid at its surface is 2.7 × 10−3 m s−2.

(a) The radius r of the asteroid is 230 km. Calculate the mass of the
asteroid. [2]

Markscheme

−3 5 2

✔
2 2.7×10 ×(2.3×10 )
gr
M = « G
= » 6.67×10
−11

2. 1 × 10
18
« kg » ✔

(b) The probe is carried to the asteroid on board a spacecraft.

Calculate the weight of the probe when close to the surface of

the asteroid. [1]

Markscheme

0.25 – 0.26 «N» ✔

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(c.i) As the probe approaches the surface of the asteroid, a rocket

engine is fired to slow its descent. Explain how the engine
changes the speed of the probe. [3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
the engine exerts an upward/opposing force <<on the probe>> ✔
<<upward>> force is greater than weight/grav force OR there is an upward
resultant/net force ✔
« by NII » this causes deceleration/reduction in speed ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
the engine/probe exerts a force on the fuel molecules/gas ✔
<<by NIII>> an equal and opposite force acts on the engine/probe ✔
« by NII » this causes deceleration/reduction in speed ✔
ALTERNATIVE 3
engine causes change in momentum to fuel molecules/gas ✔
« by conservation of momentum » the probe has an equal and opposite
change in momentum ✔
this results in deceleration/reduction in speed ✔

Marks may only be awarded from one alternative.

Examiners should determine which alternative provides the most marks.
MP3 must have a reduction in speed not just a change in speed

(c.ii) A constant force of 12.0 N is exerted by the rocket engine.

Determine the time for which the rocket must fire to reduce
the speed of the probe from 0.64 m s−1 to zero. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [4]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

net force on probe = 12−0.26 = « 11.7 » «N» ✔

change in momentum = 0.64 × 95 = « 60.8 Ns » ✔

time = « 60.8/11.7 » = 5.2 to 5.3 « s » ✔

any answer to 2 s.f. ✔

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ALTERNATIVE 2

net force on probe = 12 − 0.26 = « 11.7 » «N» ✔

acceleration « =F/m » = 11.7/95 «=0.12 » ✔

time = « 0.64/0.12 » = 5.2 to 5.3 « s » ✔

any answer to 2 s.f. ✔

Allow ECF from 1b

(d.i) Show that the escape speed v esc of the asteroid is given by

v esc = √ 2gr . [1]

Markscheme

v esc = √ 2(
GM

r
2 )r « = √ 2gr » OR similar seen ✔

Watch out for incorrect answers that equate forces

e.g. mv2/r = GMm/r2 and then include a factor of ½ to give the final expression.

(d.ii) Calculate the escape speed of the asteroid. [1]

Markscheme

35 «m s−1» ✔

(e) As the probe lands, a small stone resting on a rock on the

asteroid’s surface is projected horizontally from the top of the
rock. The horizontal speed of the stone is 34 m s−1 from a
height of 1.9 m above the surface of the asteroid.

Estimate the horizontal distance from the stone’s point of

projection along the line AB at which the stone lands. Ignore

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the curvature of the asteroid. [2]

Markscheme

time to reach surface = «√ 2×1.9

2.7×10
−3
= »37. 5 «s» ✔
distance travelled horizontally = «34 × 37.5» = 1300 «m» ✔

Check units match power of ten e.g. 1.3 km scores both marks
Award [1 max] for 21 <<m>> (g taken as 9.81)
Watch for ECF from incorrect t.

80. [Maximum mark: 11]

Fluorine-18 ( 18
9
F) can be created when a proton travelling at high speed

interacts with an oxygen-18 ( 18

8
O) nucleus. The following gives the nuclear

equation for this process.

18 1 18
O + p → F + X
8 1 9

(a.i) State X. [1]

Markscheme

neutron

OR

1
0
n ✔

(a.ii) Explain why the proton must be travelling at high speed for
this process to occur. [3]

Markscheme

nucleus <<is positive and>> repels proton ✔

proton must be close to nucleus for nuclear force to be effective ✔
<<this corresponds to high electric potential energy and>> therefore high
initial kinetic energy required ✔

(b) Fluorine-18 is a positron emitter; it is injected into a patient

during a medical procedure. The initial activity required for the
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procedure is 1.5 GBq. The patient is unsafe to others until this

activity has decreased.

Decay constant of fluorine-18 = 1.1 × 10−4 s−1

Calculate the time taken for the activity to decrease from its
initial value to 1.2 MBq. Assume that none of the fluorine
leaves the body of the patient during this time. [2]

Markscheme

Use of A = A0e−λt ✔

« ln 0.0012

1.5
= −1. 1 × 10
−4
»
t

t=6.5×104 «s» ✔

Allow 18 hours
‘Use of’ requires a substitution NOT just a statement of a formula

(c) A positron can also be produced through the process of pair

production.

(c.i) State the relationship between particles emitted in pair

production. [1]

Markscheme

particle–antiparticle ✔

Allow lepton – antilepton, matter – antimatter

(c.ii) Identify the other particle produced during the pair

production. [1]

Markscheme

electron ✔

Do not allow antipositron

(c.iii) Suggest why pair production can only occur when a single
photon is close to a nucleus. [2]

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Markscheme

any reference to momentum conservation

OR

energy and momentum cannot be both conserved ✔

a nucleus redistributes the momentum ✔

(c.iv) Suggest what is likely to happen to the positron after its

production. [1]

Markscheme

annihilation with an electron ✔

81. [Maximum mark: 8]

The diagram shows a point source of sound S on the edge of a horizontal

turntable that rotates about a vertical axis. The sound is detected using a small

stationary frequency meter placed 0.78 m from the axis of the turntable. The

turntable has a radius of 0.28 m. The linear speed of S is much less than the

speed of sound.

The graph shows the variation of the detected frequency with rotation angle θ
for one revolution of the turntable.

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(a.i) State, on the diagram, the position of S for which the detected
frequency is at a maximum. Label this position A. [1]

Markscheme

about 11 o’clock position on turntable ✔

In the region shown

(a.ii) Outline why this maximum frequency shift does not occur
when θ = 90° or when θ = 270°. [2]

Markscheme

maximum frequency shift occurs when velocity of source relative to

frequency meter is maximum ✔
<<maximum velocity of source is>>when S moves directly towards
frequency meter ✔

(b) Determine the angular speed of the turntable. The speed of

sound is 330 m s−1. State an appropriate unit for your answer. [5]

Markscheme
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ALTERNATIVE 1
Δf = 10.5 «Hz» ✔

Range 10 – 11 Hz

10.5 vs
=
440 330

vs = 7.9 <<m s−1>>v == 7.9 «ms−1» ✔

s

Range 7.5 – 8.3 m s−1

ω= « v

r
= »28 ✔

Range 27 – 30 rad s−1

rad s−1 ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2

Observed frequency = 450.5 OR 430 <<Hz>> ✔

Range 450 – 451 OR 429 – 431

Use of f' = f (v/v±us) ✔

us = 7.7 <<m s−1>> ✔

Range 7.5 – 8.0

omega <<= v/r>> = 28 ✔

Range 27 – 30

rad s−1 ✔

82. [Maximum mark: 9]

A net torque acts on a horizontal disk of mass 0.20 kg and radius 0.40 m that is

initially at rest. The disk begins to rotate. The graph shows the variation with

time t of the angular speed ω of the disk.

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The moment of inertia of a disk of mass M and radius R about a vertical axis
through its centre is MR2. 1

(a) Show that the angular acceleration of the disk is about 6 rad
s−2. [1]

Markscheme

α =
12.5

2.0
OR 6.25 «rad s−2» ✔

Allow the use of any point from the graph.

(b) Calculate the torque that acts on the disk while it accelerates. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
I =
1

2
× 0. 2 × 0. 4
2
= «0. 016» ✔
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T orque = «lxα = »0.1 « Nm » ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
ΔL =
1

2
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 12. 5 = 0. 20 « Js » ✔
« Nm » ✔
1 2
ΔL ×0.20×0.40 ×12.5
2
Γ = = = 0. 10
Δt 2.0

Use of 6 gives an answer of 0.096 Nm.

Allow ECF from MP1

(c) While the disk is rotating at its final constant angular speed, a
small object of mass 0.10 kg falls on the disk and sticks to the
edge of the disk.

(c.i) Calculate the new angular speed of the disk. [3]

Markscheme

initial momentum of block = 0.016 × 12.5 OR 0.20 ✔

moment of inertia of the object is 0.10 × 0.402 ✔

conservation of angular momentum

0. 20 = (
1
2
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2 2
+ 0. 10 × 0. 40 )ω′ so ω′= 6. 25 «rad
s−1» ✔

Allow ECF for MP3

Allow ECF from b)

(c.ii) Determine the fraction of the total energy of the disk that was
lost. [3]

Markscheme

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initial KE is 1

4
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 12. 5
2
OR = 1.25 « J » ✔

final KE is
1

4
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 6. 25
2
+
1

2
× 0. 10 × 0. 40
2
× 6. 25
2
= 0. 625 «
J»✔

fraction lost is 50 % ✔

Allow ECF from c) i)

Allow ECF for MP3

83. [Maximum mark: 5]

The diagram shows water coming out of a tap (faucet).

(a) Water leaves the tap at an initial speed of 1.2 m s−1. Calculate
the speed of the water when it has fallen 0.20 m. [2]

Markscheme

v2 = «√(2gΔh + v 1
2
) = »√2 × 9. 8 × 0. 20 + 1. 2 2
✔

2.3 «m s−1» ✔

(b) Explain why the diameter of the water stream decreases. [3]

Markscheme

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the continuity equation applies / Av = constant ✔

v increases ✔
so area must decrease ✔
«so diameter decreases»

84. [Maximum mark: 14]

A space probe of mass 95 kg is designed to land on the surface of an asteroid.

The gravitational field strength g of the asteroid at its surface is 2.7 × 10−3 m s−2.

(a) The radius r of the asteroid is 230 km. Calculate the mass of the
asteroid. [2]

Markscheme

−3 5 2

✔
2
gr 2.7×10 ×(2.3×10 )
M = « G
= » 6.67×10
−11

2. 1 × 10
18
« kg » ✔

(b) The probe is carried to the asteroid on board a spacecraft.

Calculate the weight of the probe when close to the surface of

the asteroid. [1]

Markscheme

0.25 – 0.26 «N» ✔

(c.i) As the probe approaches the surface of the asteroid, a rocket

engine is fired to slow its descent. Explain how the engine
changes the speed of the probe. [3]

Markscheme

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ALTERNATIVE 1
the engine exerts an upward/opposing force <<on the probe>> ✔
<<upward>> force is greater than weight/grav force OR there is an upward
resultant/net force ✔
« by NII » this causes deceleration/reduction in speed ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
the engine/probe exerts a force on the fuel molecules/gas ✔
<<by NIII>> an equal and opposite force acts on the engine/probe ✔
« by NII » this causes deceleration/reduction in speed ✔
ALTERNATIVE 3
engine causes change in momentum to fuel molecules/gas ✔
« by conservation of momentum » the probe has an equal and opposite
change in momentum ✔
this results in deceleration/reduction in speed ✔

Marks may only be awarded from one alternative.

Examiners should determine which alternative provides the most marks.
MP3 must have a reduction in speed not just a change in speed

(c.ii) A constant force of 12.0 N is exerted by the rocket engine.

Determine the time for which the rocket must fire to reduce
the speed of the probe from 0.64 m s−1 to zero. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [4]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

net force on probe = 12−0.26 = « 11.7 » «N» ✔

change in momentum = 0.64 × 95 = « 60.8 Ns » ✔

time = « 60.8/11.7 » = 5.2 to 5.3 « s » ✔

any answer to 2 s.f. ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2

net force on probe = 12 − 0.26 = « 11.7 » «N» ✔

acceleration « =F/m » = 11.7/95 «=0.12 » ✔

time = « 0.64/0.12 » = 5.2 to 5.3 « s » ✔

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any answer to 2 s.f. ✔

Allow ECF from 1b

(d.i) Show that the escape speed v esc of the asteroid is given by

v esc = √ 2gr . [1]

Markscheme

v esc = √ 2(
GM

r
2 )r « = √ 2gr » OR similar seen ✔

Watch out for incorrect answers that equate forces

e.g. mv2/r = GMm/r2 and then include a factor of ½ to give the final expression.

(d.ii) Calculate the escape speed of the asteroid. [1]

Markscheme

35 «m s−1» ✔

(e) As the probe lands, a small stone resting on a rock on the

asteroid’s surface is projected horizontally from the top of the
rock. The horizontal speed of the stone is 34 m s−1 from a
height of 1.9 m above the surface of the asteroid.

Estimate the horizontal distance from the stone’s point of

projection along the line AB at which the stone lands. Ignore
the curvature of the asteroid. [2]

Markscheme

time to reach surface = «√ 2×1.9

2.7×10
−3
= »37. 5 «s» ✔
distance travelled horizontally = «34 × 37.5» = 1300 «m» ✔
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Check units match power of ten e.g. 1.3 km scores both marks
Award [1 max] for 21 <<m>> (g taken as 9.81)
Watch for ECF from incorrect t.

85. [Maximum mark: 11]

Fluorine-18 ( 18
9
F) can be created when a proton travelling at high speed

interacts with an oxygen-18 ( 18

8
O) nucleus. The following gives the nuclear

equation for this process.

18 1 18
O + p → F + X
8 1 9

(a.i) State X. [1]

Markscheme

neutron

OR

1
0
n ✔

(a.ii) Explain why the proton must be travelling at high speed for
this process to occur. [3]

Markscheme

nucleus <<is positive and>> repels proton ✔

proton must be close to nucleus for nuclear force to be effective ✔
<<this corresponds to high electric potential energy and>> therefore high
initial kinetic energy required ✔

(b) Fluorine-18 is a positron emitter; it is injected into a patient

during a medical procedure. The initial activity required for the
procedure is 1.5 GBq. The patient is unsafe to others until this
activity has decreased.

Decay constant of fluorine-18 = 1.1 × 10−4 s−1

Calculate the time taken for the activity to decrease from its
initial value to 1.2 MBq. Assume that none of the fluorine
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leaves the body of the patient during this time. [2]

Markscheme

Use of A = A0e−λt ✔

« ln 0.0012

1.5
= −1. 1 × 10
−4
»
t

t=6.5×104 «s» ✔

Allow 18 hours
‘Use of’ requires a substitution NOT just a statement of a formula

(c) A positron can also be produced through the process of pair

production.

(c.i) State the relationship between particles emitted in pair

production. [1]

Markscheme

particle–antiparticle ✔

Allow lepton – antilepton, matter – antimatter

(c.ii) Identify the other particle produced during the pair

production. [1]

Markscheme

electron ✔

Do not allow antipositron

(c.iii) Suggest why pair production can only occur when a single
photon is close to a nucleus. [2]

Markscheme

any reference to momentum conservation

OR

energy and momentum cannot be both conserved ✔

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a nucleus redistributes the momentum ✔

(c.iv) Suggest what is likely to happen to the positron after its

production. [1]

Markscheme

annihilation with an electron ✔

86. [Maximum mark: 8]

The diagram shows a point source of sound S on the edge of a horizontal

turntable that rotates about a vertical axis. The sound is detected using a small

stationary frequency meter placed 0.78 m from the axis of the turntable. The

turntable has a radius of 0.28 m. The linear speed of S is much less than the

speed of sound.

The graph shows the variation of the detected frequency with rotation angle θ
for one revolution of the turntable.

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(a.i) State, on the diagram, the position of S for which the detected
frequency is at a maximum. Label this position A. [1]

Markscheme

about 11 o’clock position on turntable ✔

In the region shown

(a.ii) Outline why this maximum frequency shift does not occur
when θ = 90° or when θ = 270°. [2]

Markscheme

maximum frequency shift occurs when velocity of source relative to

frequency meter is maximum ✔
<<maximum velocity of source is>>when S moves directly towards
frequency meter ✔

(b) Determine the angular speed of the turntable. The speed of

sound is 330 m s−1. State an appropriate unit for your answer. [5]

Markscheme
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ALTERNATIVE 1
Δf = 10.5 «Hz» ✔

Range 10 – 11 Hz

10.5 vs
=
440 330

vs = 7.9 <<m s−1>>v == 7.9 «ms−1» ✔

s

Range 7.5 – 8.3 m s−1

ω= « v

r
= »28 ✔

Range 27 – 30 rad s−1

rad s−1 ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2

Observed frequency = 450.5 OR 430 <<Hz>> ✔

Range 450 – 451 OR 429 – 431

Use of f' = f (v/v±us) ✔

us = 7.7 <<m s−1>> ✔

Range 7.5 – 8.0

omega <<= v/r>> = 28 ✔

Range 27 – 30

rad s−1 ✔

87. [Maximum mark: 9]

A net torque acts on a horizontal disk of mass 0.20 kg and radius 0.40 m that is

initially at rest. The disk begins to rotate. The graph shows the variation with

time t of the angular speed ω of the disk.

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The moment of inertia of a disk of mass M and radius R about a vertical axis
through its centre is MR2. 1

(a) Show that the angular acceleration of the disk is about 6 rad
s−2. [1]

Markscheme

α =
12.5

2.0
OR 6.25 «rad s−2» ✔

Allow the use of any point from the graph.

(b) Calculate the torque that acts on the disk while it accelerates. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
I =
1

2
× 0. 2 × 0. 4
2
= «0. 016» ✔
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T orque = «lxα = »0.1 « Nm » ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
ΔL =
1

2
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 12. 5 = 0. 20 « Js » ✔
« Nm » ✔
1 2
ΔL ×0.20×0.40 ×12.5
2
Γ = = = 0. 10
Δt 2.0

Use of 6 gives an answer of 0.096 Nm.

Allow ECF from MP1

(c) While the disk is rotating at its final constant angular speed, a
small object of mass 0.10 kg falls on the disk and sticks to the
edge of the disk.

(c.i) Calculate the new angular speed of the disk. [3]

Markscheme

initial momentum of block = 0.016 × 12.5 OR 0.20 ✔

moment of inertia of the object is 0.10 × 0.402 ✔

conservation of angular momentum

0. 20 = (
1
2
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2 2
+ 0. 10 × 0. 40 )ω′ so ω′= 6. 25 «rad
s−1» ✔

Allow ECF for MP3

Allow ECF from b)

(c.ii) Determine the fraction of the total energy of the disk that was
lost. [3]

Markscheme

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initial KE is 1

4
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 12. 5
2
OR = 1.25 « J » ✔

final KE is
1

4
× 0. 20 × 0. 40
2
× 6. 25
2
+
1

2
× 0. 10 × 0. 40
2
× 6. 25
2
= 0. 625 «
J»✔

fraction lost is 50 % ✔

Allow ECF from c) i)

Allow ECF for MP3

88. [Maximum mark: 5]

The diagram shows water coming out of a tap (faucet).

(a) Water leaves the tap at an initial speed of 1.2 m s−1. Calculate
the speed of the water when it has fallen 0.20 m. [2]

Markscheme

v2 = «√(2gΔh + v 1
2
) = »√2 × 9. 8 × 0. 20 + 1. 2 2
✔

2.3 «m s−1» ✔

(b) Explain why the diameter of the water stream decreases. [3]

Markscheme

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the continuity equation applies / Av = constant ✔

v increases ✔
so area must decrease ✔
«so diameter decreases»

89. [Maximum mark: 1]

Which law is equivalent to the law of conservation of energy?

A. Coulomb’s law

B. Ohm’s Law

C. Newton’s first law

D. Lenz’s law [1]

Markscheme

90. [Maximum mark: 11]

(a) The centres of two identical fixed conducting spheres each of
charge +Q are separated by a distance D. C is the midpoint of
the line joining the centres of the spheres.

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(a.i) Sketch, on the axes, how the electric potential V due to the two
charges varies with the distance r from the centre of the left
charge. No numbers are required. Your graph should extend
from r = 0 to r = D.

[3]

Markscheme

Constant, non-zero within spheres ✓

A clear, non-zero positive minimum at C ✓

Symmetric bowl shaped up curved shape in between ✓

Do not allow a bowl shaped down curve for MP3.

(a.ii) Calculate the work done to bring a small charge q from infinity
to point C.

Data given:

Q = 2.0 × 10−3 C,

q = 4.0 × 10−9 C

D = 1.2 m [2]

Markscheme

» = 6.0 × 107 «V» ✓

9 −3

V «= 2 × 8.99×10 ×2.0×10

0.60

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W = «qV = 6.0 × 107 × 4.0 × 10−9 =» 0.24 «J» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1

(b) The small positive charge q is placed a distance x to the right of

C. The distance x is very small compared to D.

(b.i) The magnitude of the net force on q is given by

32kQq

D
3
.
x

Explain why the charge q will execute simple harmonic

oscillations about C. [2]

Markscheme

The restoring force/acceleration is opposite to the displacement/towards

equilibrium / OWTTE ✓

and proportional to displacement from equilibrium / OWTTE✓

Allow discussions based on the diagram (such as towards C for towards equilibrium).

Accept F ∝ x OR a ∝ x for MP2

(b.ii) The mass of the charge q is 0.025 kg.

Calculate the angular frequency of the oscillations using the

data in (a)(ii) and the expression in (b)(i). [2]

Markscheme

ω=√
32kQq

mD
3
OR use of F =mω2r OR F = 1.33x OR a = 53.3x ✓

» = 7.299 «s−1»
9 −3 −9

«√ 32×8.99×10 ×2.0×10

0.025×1.2 3
×4.0×10

(c) The charges Q are replaced by neutral masses M and the charge
q by a neutral mass m. The mass m is displaced away from C by a
small distance x and released. Discuss whether the motion of m
will be the same as that of q. [2]

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Markscheme

the net force will no longer be a restoring force/directed towards

equilibrium

OR

the gravitational force is attractive/neutral mass would be pulled towards

larger masses/OWTTE ✓

«and so» no, motion will not be the same/no longer be SHM / OWTTE ✓

91. [Maximum mark: 1]

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is [1]
approximately 30 N m.


Markscheme

ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2

OR

33 «Nm» ✓

Accept opposite rotational sign convention

92. [Maximum mark: 1]

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is [1]
approximately 30 N m.


Markscheme

ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2

OR

33 «Nm» ✓

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Accept opposite rotational sign convention

93. [Maximum mark: 1]

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is [1]
approximately 30 N m.


Markscheme

ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2

OR

33 «Nm» ✓

Accept opposite rotational sign convention

94. [Maximum mark: 1]

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is [1]
approximately 30 N m.


Markscheme

ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2

OR

33 «Nm» ✓

Accept opposite rotational sign convention

95. [Maximum mark: 13]

Polonium-210 (Po-210) decays by alpha emission into lead-206 (Pb-206).

The following data are available.

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Nuclear mass of Po-210 = 209.93676 u

Nuclear mass of Pb-206 = 205.92945 u

Mass of the alpha particle = 4.00151 u

(a) Outline, by reference to nuclear binding energy, why the mass
of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its
constituent nucleons. [2]

Markscheme

according to ΔE = Δmc2 / identifies mass energy equivalence ✓

energy is released when nucleons come together / a nucleus is formed «so

nucleus has less mass than individual nucleons»

OR

energy is required to «completely» separate the nucleons / break apart a

nucleus «so individual nucleons have more mass than nucleus» ✓

Accept protons and neutrons.

(b.i) Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay. [2]

Markscheme

(mpolonium − mlead − mα)c2 OR (209.93676 − 205.92945 − 4.00151)

OR

mass difference = 5.8 × 10−3 ✓

conversion to MeV using 931.5 to give 5.4 «MeV» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1.

Award [2] for a BCA.

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Award [1] for 8.6 x 10−13 J.

(b.ii) The polonium nucleus was stationary before the decay.

Show, by reference to the momentum of the particles, that the

kinetic energy of the alpha particle is much greater than the
kinetic energy of the lead nucleus. [3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
2

✓
p α /2m α
energy ratio expressed in terms of momentum, e.g. Eα

E lead
=
p
2
/2m lead
lead

hence ✓
Eα m lead
p α = p lead =
E lead mα

m lead

mα
≃
206

4
= 51. 5 ⇒ E α = 51. 5E lead «so α has a much greater KE»

OR

m lead «much» greater than m alpha «so α has a much greater KE» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2

alpha particle and lead particle have equal and opposite momenta ✓

so their velocities are inversely proportional to mass ✓

but KE ∝ v2 «so α has a much greater KE» ✓

(b.iii) In the decay of polonium−210, alpha emissions can be

accompanied by the emissions of gamma photons, all of the
same wavelength of 1.54 × 10−12 m.

Discuss how this observation provides evidence for discrete

nuclear energy levels. [3]

Markscheme

photon energy is determined by its wavelength ✓

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photons are emitted when nucleus undergoes transitions between its

«nuclear» energy levels

OR

photon energy equals the difference between «nuclear» energy levels ✓

photons have the same energy / a fixed value

OR

energy is quantized / discrete ✓

(c) A sample contains 5.0 g of pure polonium-210. The decay

constant of polonium-210 is 5.8 × 10−8 s−1. Lead-206 is stable.

Calculate the mass of lead-206 present in the sample after one

year. [3]

Markscheme

undecayed mass = g» ✓
−8

5. 0 × e
−5.8×10 ×365×24×60×60
«= 0. 8

mass of decayed polonium «= 5. 0− undecayed mass» = 4. 2 «g» ✓

mass of lead «= 206

210
× 4. 2 »= 4. 1 «g» ✓

Allow [2] max for answers that ignore mass difference between Pb and Po (4.2 g).

Allow calculations in number of particles or moles for MP1 and MP2.

Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2.

96. [Maximum mark: 3]

Explain the direction in which the person-turntable system starts to [3]
rotate.


Markscheme

«person rotates» anticlockwise ✓

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the person gains angular momentum «in the opposite direction to the new
wheel motion» ✓

so that the total angular momentum is conserved ✓

OWTTE

Award [1 max] for a bald statement of conservation of angular momentum

97. [Maximum mark: 2]

Show that the final angular velocity of the bar is about 3 rad s −1
. [2]

Markscheme

ωf
2
= 0 + 2 × 0. 110 × 6 × 2 π ✓

ω f = 2. 88 «rad s −1
»✓

Other methods are possible.

Answer 3 given so look for correct working
At least 2 sig figs for MP2.

98. [Maximum mark: 3]

A solid sphere of radius r and mass m is released from rest and rolls
down a slope, without slipping. The vertical height of the slope is h.
The moment of inertia I of this sphere about an axis through its
centre is mr . 2

5
2

Show that the linear velocity v of the sphere as it leaves the slope is
.
10gh
√
7 [3]

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Markscheme

conservation of rotational and linear energy

OR
mgh =
1

2
mv
2
+
1

2
Iω
2
✓

using I =
2

5
mr
2
AND ω =
v

r
✓

with correct manipulation to find the requested relationship ✓

99. [Maximum mark: 2]

Show that the pressure at B is about 130 kPa. [2]

Markscheme

»✔
3 5

PB =
250×10
5 « f rom P B (1. 5 V A )
3
= 250 × 10
3
× VA 3

1.5 3

= 127 kPa ✔

100. [Maximum mark: 3]

Show that the angular acceleration a of the cylinder is [3]
g

3R

Markscheme

equations of motion are: TR = MR2 a and − T=

1 Mg M
a
2 4 4

OR

4
gR = 1

2
MR2 a + M

4
Ra

use of a = aR ✔

combine equations to get result ✔

Allow energy conservation use.

This is a show that question, so look for correct working.

Do not allow direct use of tension from a ii)

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