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1 Determination of Tensile Strength

The document outlines an experiment focused on the deformation and tensile strength of various materials using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It details objectives such as determining Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength, creating stress-strain curves, and assessing fracture types. The document also includes equipment needed, theoretical background, procedural steps, observations, precautions, and a conclusion section.

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John Denver Gines
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39 views4 pages

1 Determination of Tensile Strength

The document outlines an experiment focused on the deformation and tensile strength of various materials using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It details objectives such as determining Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength, creating stress-strain curves, and assessing fracture types. The document also includes equipment needed, theoretical background, procedural steps, observations, precautions, and a conclusion section.

Uploaded by

John Denver Gines
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.1

Title: Deformation of Tensile Strength


Objectives:

1. Study the response of various materials to tensile forces, including their elastic and plastic
deformation characteristics using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), extensometer, clamps or
grips.
2. Determine Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at fracture
for different materials using UTM, extensometer, Vernier calipers, and micrometer screw gauge.
3. Create and interpret stress-strain curves for different materials to understand their deformation
and failure behavior using manual data recording materials; notebook, pen, pencil, ruler.
4. Assess and compare the tensile strength and deformation characteristics of metals, polymers,
and composites using UTM, standardized material samples, calipers, and micrometer screw
gauge.
5. Investigate the fracture types (brittle or ductile) and failure mechanisms of tested samples using
UTM, optical microscope for observing fracture surfaces, and safety gloves for handling broken
samples.
6. Relate experimental observations to theoretical principles such as Hooke’s Law and material
deformation behavior using UTM, extensometer, and reference materials or textbooks for
theoretical background.

Equipment:

1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)


2. Extensometer
3. Clamps/Grips
4. Vernier calipers
5. Micrometer screw gauge

(UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE) (EXTENSOMETER)

Source: Universal Testing Machines (UTM) Suppliers, Source: Extensometer News


Distributors and Manufacturers - Aimil.comApac Sdn Bhd
MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

(VERNIER CALIPER) (MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE)

Source: Vernier Caliper, Plastic, 0-150mm / 0-6Apac Sdn Bhd Source: Snap-on Tools

Theory:

1. Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is the maximum amount of tensile stress a material can withstand without failure. It
is a critical property for materials subjected to stretching forces.

2. Stress (σ ) and Strain (ε )

 Stress: The internal resistance offered by a material per unit cross-sectional area when subjected
to an external force.
F
σ=
A
Where:
 F: Force applied (N)
2
 A: Cross-sectional area (m )

 Strain: The relative deformation or change in dimensions of a material under stress.


∆L
ε=
Lo

Where:
 ∆ L : Change in length (m)
 Lo: Original length (m)

3. Hooke’s Law

Within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain:

σ '
E= ; ¿ Youn g sModulus ( E ) formula,
ε
σ =εE ; you can attain the formulaof stress

Where:
 E: Young's modulus (Pa), a measure of the stiffness of a material.

4. Types of deformation

 Elastic Deformation: Temporary deformation that disappears upon load removal.


 Plastic Deformation: Permanent deformation occurring when the stress exceeds the yield
strength.

5. Stress-Strain curve
MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

A graphical representation showing the relationship between stress and strain. Key points on the
curve:
 Proportional Limit: The linear region where Hooke's Law applies.
 Elastic Limit: The maximum stress a material can handle without permanent deformation.
 Yield Point: The onset of plastic deformation.
 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS): Maximum stress the material can withstand.
 Fracture Point: The stress at which the material fails.

Procedure:

Step 1: Preparing the Sample


1. Choose a uniform sample with no visible cracks or defects.
2. Measure the initial dimensions (length, diameter, and cross-sectional area) using precision
instruments.
3. Record the data in a table.
Step 2: Mounting the Sample
1. Secure the sample in the grips of the tensile testing machine.
2. Ensure the sample is aligned vertically to prevent bending forces.
Step 3: Applying the Load
1. Gradually apply tensile load to the sample using the testing machine.
2. Monitor the elongation and corresponding load using the machine’s sensors or manually with
gauges.
3. Record the load and elongation at regular intervals.
Step 4: Observing Deformation
1. Identify the elastic limit by noting the point where the stress-strain curve deviates from
linearity.
2. Record the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength from the curve.
3. Note the fracture point and type of failure (brittle or ductile).
Step 5: Calculation
1. Calculate stress and strain values at each recorded load:
2. Plot the stress-strain curve.
3. Determine Young’s modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength from the curve.

Observation:

Material Original Original Cross- Load at Load at Elongation Ultimate


Length (m) Diameter Sectional Yield Point Fracture (m) Tensile
(m) Area (m2) (Pa) (Pa) Strength
(Pa)
Steel
Aluminum
PVC

Precautions:

a.) Machine Setup and Calibration


 Ensure the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is properly calibrated before use to obtain
accurate results.
 Check all clamps and grips to ensure they are secure to prevent slipping of the sample during
the test
b.) Wear safety goggles, gloves, and a lab coat
MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

c.) Handling Fractured Samples


 Be cautious when handling broken samples, as edges may be sharp and can cause injury.
 Use gloves to safely collect and examine fractured pieces
d.) Ensure the testing machine operates under recommended conditions to avoid overheating or
excessive vibrations.
e.) Ensure there is a first aid kit available in the laboratory for immediate response to injuries.
f.) Avoid Overheating or Vibration
 Be cautious when handling broken samples, as edges may be sharp and can cause injury.
 Use gloves to safely collect and examine fractured pieces

Conclusion:

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