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Introduction To Swe (Ho) - 111

The document discusses the importance of irrigation in agriculture, highlighting its advantages such as increased food production and protection against drought, as well as disadvantages like water logging and high capital requirements. It categorizes irrigation projects in India based on size and cost, and outlines various types and methods of irrigation, including surface, sub-surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The document emphasizes the necessity of irrigation due to increasing population and limited rainfall.

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32 views20 pages

Introduction To Swe (Ho) - 111

The document discusses the importance of irrigation in agriculture, highlighting its advantages such as increased food production and protection against drought, as well as disadvantages like water logging and high capital requirements. It categorizes irrigation projects in India based on size and cost, and outlines various types and methods of irrigation, including surface, sub-surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The document emphasizes the necessity of irrigation due to increasing population and limited rainfall.

Uploaded by

jyotirmayeerath29
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SWE(HO)-111

SPRINKLER & MICRO IRRIGATION


SYSTEM(1+1)

COURSE TEACHER

Mr.Birupakshya Sahu
Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power
IRRIGATION
• Irrigation is defined as the science of artificial application of water in crop field for increasing yield &
productivity.
• Irrigated agriculture has developed most extensively in the arid, semi-arid regions & areas having
prolonged dry spells.
• Yield(Qn/ha)-Amount of crop yield in quintal from 1 ha of area.
• Productivity(Qn/ha/mm)- Yield produced per unit amount of water.
• Farmer wants high yield with less investment of water.
• Note- wheat is having highest productivity where as rice is having highest water requirement.
• Necessity of irrigation –
I. Population is increasing day by day(worldwide water use has increased more than 10 fold during 20th
century).
II. We can’t depend on rainfall, as rainfall is limited to some duration & location specific.
Advantages of irrigation-
I. Increase in food production as well as increase in food productivity.
II. Protection against drought.
III. Revenue generation.
IV. Increase in employment for farmer.
V. Recharge to ground water.
VI. electricity generation.
VII. Navigation.
Disadvantage of Irrigation-
I. Water logging occurs due to high water application.(void space will less, which kills useful
bacteria).
II. Due to water logging crop production is decreasing.
III. High capital requirement.
Irrigation project-
• A project meant either solely or primarily for irrigation purposes, including development &
improvement of land, although it may incidentaly serve other purposes also.
• Classification of Irrigation project in India-

Name of project Irrigation potential(ha) Cost of project(crore)

Major irrigation project >= 10000 Ha >=5 Cr

Medium irrigation project 2000 – 10000 Ha 0.5-5 Cr

Small irrigation project < 2000 Ha 0.25 – 0.5 Cr

➢ Irrigation potential of our country is 113 Mha


Types of Irrigation-
1. Surface irrigation
I. Flow irrigation( flow under gravity)
A) Perennial flow surface irrigation
B) inundation flow surface irrigation
II. Lift Irrigation
2. Sub- surface irrigation
I. Natural
II. Artificial( series of pipe network)
❖Lift irrigation is better than that of flow irrigation
Methods of Irrigation
1. Free flooding/wild flooding/ordinary flooding
➢Water will flow perpendicular to contour line(water always flow from high to low level).
➢In this method, water leaves the ditches & no attempt is made to control the flow of water.
➢Water application efficiency is very less, as losses are maximum.
➢Initial cost is very less & labor requirement is high.
➢Thismethod is suitable for flat as well as rolling land.(on rolling land it is difficult to construct
border & checks).
2.Border flooding
➢In this method entire field is divided into a no. of strips.
➢Borders are constructed to control the flow of water, hence efficiency is high as compared to
free flooding.
3.Check flooding
➢It is similar to border flooding , but checks/leeves are constructed in middle of each strip.
➢It is the better version of free flooding.
➢Runoff losses are minimized here.
➢Water flow is controlled with the help of checks.
➢It is suitable for close growing crops like jowar.
4. Basin flooding
➢It is used for orchad trees such as apple, mango etc.one plant is planted in one basin.
➢Shape of the basin can be circular, rectangular, or irregular depending on the crop to be
grown.
➢Basins are easier to construct on flat terrains.
5. Furrow Irrigation
➢This method of irrigation is also known as corrugation irrigation.
➢Furrows are small parallel channel where we apply water.
➢Ridges are used for growing crops. water seeps through the sides & reach to root zone of
crops.
➢Evaporation is minimized.
➢This method is suitable for row crops(potatoes, carrots etc).
6. Sprinkler irrigation
➢ It is a pressurized irrigation system(pumps & network of pipes).
➢ It is suitable for all crops except close growing crops such as rice , jute etc.
➢ It is suitable for coarse textured soils like sand, but not suitable for heavy clay soil with very low
infiltration rate.
➢ It is applied to crops having shallow root zone depth.
➢ When land gradient is steep, sprinkler is preferred.
➢ When water table is high, sprinkler is preferred.
➢ When soil is highly permeable(coarse soils/light soils), sprinkler is preferred.
➢ Land preparation is not required. Mostly used for cash crops.
➢ If
soil erosion is a hazard, sprinkler irrigation an be used in conjunction with contour bunding, terracing,
mulching & strip cropping.
➢ The irrigation method does not interfere with movement of farm machinery.
➢ Efficiency is 70%(moderate climate) - 80%(humid / less dry).
Disadvantages-
➢Corners remain under irrigated.
➢Under windy conditions & high temperature, losses are high.
➢Ripening soft fruit must be protected from spray.
➢A stable water supply is needed for most economical use of equipment.
➢Power requirements are usually high, since sprinklers operate with a water pressure of
0.5(micro sprinkler) to more than 10kg/cm² (giant nozzle sprinklers).
➢Costly to install ,maintain & operate.
7. Drip Irrigation
➢This is also known as trickle irrigation system.
➢This is also a pressurized irrigation system.
➢ water trickle/ drips out of holes.
➢Water is applied directly to roots.
➢Water application efficiency is very high(nearly about 90-95 %).
Disadvantages-
➢Highly skilled labor is required.
➢Capital investment is very high.
➢Maintenance cost is high. Easily destroyed by rodents.

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