MCE Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

RAMMP 2010 Sponsored

019 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND
MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
th
13 March 2010

REDUCTION OF EMISSION IN IC ENGINE USING

OXYGENATED AGENTS
A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin
herbert.mech2007@gmail.com
Mookambigai College Of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalamavur, Pudukkottai,

Abstract

Oxygenated agents are those blended with diesel to improve the oxygen content in it.
There are many ways to increase the oxygen content in the base fuel. Here, the oxygen content is
increased by just mixing it with diesel. Our project deals with the reformulation of diesel (i.e.) by mixing
oxygenated agents with diesel. The oxygenated agents such as (1.dimethyl diglycol 2.2-butoxyethanol
3.dimethyl carbonate) are mixed with diesel about 3% initially the engine performance and pollutants are
analyzed from the conventional diesel then the engine performance and exhausts are analyzed from the
reformulated diesel.

1. INTRODUCTION
created great burden on the economy of our
country and affects the inflation rate. Another
ALTERNATE FUELS
major concern is emission of automobile vehicles
Energy especially from fossil fuels is a key using fossil fuels. These tail pipe emissions
ingredient in all sectors of the modern economy degrade the environment severely and hazardous
and fundamental for the improvement in the quality effect to the living organizations. To overcome
of life. In 2001, India was ranked in the world in these problems, the search has been made to
terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5% of ascertain the renewable sources, which is to be
total energy consumed, and is expected to grow to indigenous and economically viable.
4.85 in the forthcoming years. At present India is OXYGENATED AGENTS
importing 70% crude oil from the foreign countries Over a number of years air quality industrialized country
like Gulf to fulfill its energy requirement. India authorities have seriously reinforced improvement and green
has the oil reserve of only 30% (6 million barrels house effect reduction. Therefore, automotive industries,
i.e. 0.5 % of world oil reserve) in its own land. In refiners and equipment manufacturers have to meet lower
this, major part of oil (56%) is utilized only for and lower emission requirement with a constant objective to
transportation. More money is spent only for decrease fuel consumption. Modification of diesel fuels to
importing of oil. Due to rapid population of reduce exhaust emission has been the subject of many
vehicles the requirement for oil gets increased. The studies over these years. Only a few of them have been
gap between demand and supply has been selected for this analysis. These have previously focused on
increasing day by day. It has been predicted by incremental fuel changes such as reduced aromatic content
experts that the oil reserve in the world may reduced fuel sulphur increased fuel volatility or decreased
dwindle in forthcoming decades. We have to fuel density. In addition, research has been performed in the
depend foreign countries to satisfy our needs. area of diesel fuel blends containing oxygenated for their
This affects the energy security of our nation. The effect on both soot and NOx production oxygenates like
price of oil is frequently hiked in international ethanol, methanol are added with diesel to increase the
market due to rapid depletion of oil reserve. This oxygen content in it.
 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

NEW TECHNOLOGY emission control. The three-way catalyst

Requirements for lower emissions and continued technology that is widely used for spark-ignited
demands for improved fuel economy have driven vehicles is not suitable for use on diesel engines
the engine industry to technical advances that because it requires a stoichiometric fuel-air mixture
incorporate state of the art electronics and to get simultaneous reductions in carbon monoxide,
manufacturing technology. Electronically unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of
controlled cam-actuated unit injection has pushed nitrogen.Diesel always operates with excess
the limits for fuel injection pressure to more than oxygen so the reducing catalyst needed to eliminate
200 bars. The rapid mixing provided by the high Nox cannot operate. The oxidation catalysts
spray velocity resulting from this extreme injection provided on some diesel engines are able to reduce
pressure provides low particulate formation and particulate levels by oxidizing some of the
virtually completes soot oxidation while allowing adsorbed hydrocarbons from the soot particles but
retarded injection timing setting for reduced Nox. they are not effective at reducing the solid portion
The introduction of common rail injection systems of the particulate and they do nothing to reduce
for light and medium duty engines has allowed- Nox. Recent innovations include catalyzed
new flexibility in programming the injection event. diesel particulate filters or traps. These devices
These systems allow multiple injections within a force the exhaust particles the surface of the
single engine cycle. A common strategy is to start ceramic is coated with a catalyst that oxidizes the
the combustion with two brief injections called the particles, as they are collected. Nox traps and
pilot and pre-injections. These injections produce absorbers are also being developed. These devices
an environment in the cylinder so that when the catalytically convert the Nox to stable compounds
main injection occurs, the ignition delay will be that are collected within the catalyst and then
shorter. The amount of premixed combustion will periodically removed during regeneration cycles.
be less and the Nox production will be reduced. The catalysts used in both the particulate traps and
These small injections that precede the main the Nox absorbers are very sensitive to duel
injection also reduce engine noise and vibration. sulphur to allow this technology to develop, the
Immediately following the main injection, a small U.S. Environmental protection agency has
amount of fuel may mandated the reduction in fuel sulphur from
500ppm to 15ppm by 2006 that was mentioned
be injected to assist in oxidizing the soot particles. earlier. To improve the engine’s air supply,
Then, later in the expansion process a post- variable geometry turbochargers have been
injection provides the elevated exhaust developed to extend the engine operating range
hydrocarbon level needed by the after-treatment over which adequate air is provided to keep
equipment. The high degree of control offered by particulate emission low.
common rail injection systems would have been EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
useless without the electronic control provided by COMPOSITE MIXTURE OF OXYGENATED
the electronic control unit. The application of AGENTS WITH DIESEL IN A SUITABLE
powerful on-board computers to diesel engines PROPORTION
initially lagged behind their use on spark-ignition liters of reformulated diesel fuel is prepared by
engines but current engines have corrected this mixing 90ml of oxygenated Agents with 2910ml of
deficiency with the exception of some oxidation diesel (i.e.) oxygenated agents are
catalysts, diesel engines after-treatment for
ALTERNATOR
mixed with diesel about 3%. Volt : 415v
The compositions are Amps : 10.4 A
1. Dimethyl Diglycol - 10ml/lit Output : 7.5 KVA
2. 2- Butoxy ethanol - 10ml/lit Rpm : 1500
3. Dimethyl Carbonate - 10ml/lit Efficiency : 0.9
METHODS TO FIND THE PERFORMANCE
ENGINE OF AN ENGINE
Kirloskar oil Engine L.T.O. PUNE The performance of the engine can be judged by,
Engine No : 18.1301/0300125 1. Indicated power and brake power
Rpm : 1500 mechanical efficiency.2.Fuel and air ratio 3.Speed
Kw : 5.2(bhp) 4. Thermal efficiency and heat balance sheet 5.
SFC : 251 g/kw-hr Exhaust gas analysis
Fuel oil : H.S. DIESEL *The engine performance can be improved
LUB oil : SAE 30/ SAE 40
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 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering
1. By increasing the input energy basic line data. The engine was stabilized before
2. By increasing the engine efficiency taking all measurements with that the above
setup.2The diesel fuel is placed in the tank water
Increasing the fuel consumption per unit time can flow rate and lubricating oil is checked.3The engine
increase the input energy. Increasing the engine is started and allowed it to attain steady state (rated
speed taking care that the volumetric efficiency at speed) at no load condition.4Note down the time
higher speeds is not affected could do this. By taken by the fuel for 10cc from the burette-using
supercharging also the intake of air-fuel mixture stopwatch.
could be increased. Increase in efficiency could be Now add loads such as 0.9, 1.8kw and above and
obtained by increasing the compression ratio. But note the time taken.5The oxygenated agents
beyond certain limit the increase in ratio will cause (dimethylcarbonate, 2-Butoxyethanol and
detonation and increased friction losses. So an Dimethyldiglycol) are mixed with diesel about 3%.
6
optimum value of compression ratio has to be Repeat the same procedure for the reformulated
adopted. diesel as above.
* Load test on diesel engine has to be determined
PERFORMANCE TEST PROCEDURE * Load test on diesel with additives can be
1
Experiments were initially carried out on the calculated on the engine
engine-using diesel as the fuel in order to provide

By using the relations,

q x 3600 x ρfuel
TFC = ---------------------- kg/hr
Tf x 1000

TFC
SFC = --------- kg/kw hr
BP

BP x 3600 x 100
ηBTE = ----------------------------------
TFC x CV

FP x 3600 x 100 Fuels Diesel Oxy3

ηITE = ------------------------------------
TFC x CV
BP Frictional 2.58 2.35
ηMech = ------- x 100 Power (kw)
IP
PERFORMANCE CURVES
1. Frictional Power Vs Fuels

2. Graphs at maximum load

44
 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

Fuels Diesel Oxy3

SFC(kg/kwhr) 0.2259 0.3026

3. Brake Thermal Efficiency Vs Fuels at

Maximum Load (3.15 kw)

Fuels Diesel Oxy3

Mech (%) 55.75 57.27

5. S.F.C Vs Load

Fuels Diesel Oxy3

BTE (%) 37.06 27.15

4. Mechanical Efficiency Vs Fuels at Maximum

Load (3.15 kw)

Load 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.15

45
 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

Diesel - 0.5964 0.3468 0.2463 0.2259

Oxy3 - 0.6275 0.3940 0.3227 0.3026

6. Mechanical efficiency vs load

EXHAUST ANALYSIS
Load 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.15
(kw) DIESEL ENGINE EMISSION

A well-maintained diesel engine emits negligible

Diesel 0 26.47 41.86 51.92 55.75 amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons,
though considerable amount of nitrogen oxides are
emitted. Diesel smoke is another pollutant in the
Oxy3 0 27.69 43.37 53.46 57.27 case of diesel engines. The diesel smokes are two
types.
1. White smoke
7. Brake Thermal Efficiency Vs Load at oxy 2. Black smoke
The white smoke normally arises due to
1. Too low operating temperature
2. Too long delay between the start of fuel
injection and beginning of combustion
White smoke appears during starting and warming
up. The black smoke appears after the engine has
fully warmed up and accelerating or pulling under
load. The black smoke is a suspending of soot
particles in the exhaust gases. It results from
incomplete combustion of fuel. Blue smoke occurs
due to excessive Lubricating oil consumption. Its
emission indicates very poor condition of the
engine. Such as worn-out piston rings or valve
guide etc. The blue smoke is not considered as a
serious pollution.

EXHAUST EMISSION
Load 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.15 The exhaust emission contains, HC, CO and NO2
(kw) (Oxide of nitrogen). HC occurs in exhaust due to
incomplete combustion. The emission of HC is
closely related of many designing and operating
Diesel 0 14.04 24.13 33.98 37.06 factors like induction system, combustion chamber
design, air fuel ratio, speed, load and mode of
operation. Lean mixture gives lower HC emission
Oxy3 0 13.09 20.85 25.45 27.15 Co occurs due to insufficient amount of air in the
air fuel mixture or insufficient time for complete
combustion. The combustion of nitric oxide (NO2)
46
 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

(called oxides of nitrogen NO2) occurs only in the Smoky exhaust indicates improper operating
engine exhaust. High temperature and availability conditions. It increases the operating expenses
of oxygen are the two main reasons for the (i.e.) fuel cost and maintenance cost.
formation of NO2.
EXCESS AIR SUPPLY
CAUSES OF SMOKE FORMATION In an IC engine, the fuel is injected into the engine
For the oxidation and chemical reactions cylinder at the end of the compression stroke,
to take place in the interior layers of the fuel drop around 20 to 30o before TDC and terminated at
there is a condition. The products of combustion about 10o after TDC. Only after getting into the
formed in the surrounding layers should be scored engine cylinder, fuel can mix with air; undergo
away as soon as they are formed. Only this will physical and chemical reactions and burn. All
allow the interior layers to come in contact with the these operations must take place within a very
molecules of oxygen. If the products of combustion short period. In fact the whole combustion process
are not peeled off the availability of oxygen for occupies about 30o of crankshaft rotation, around
reaction is lesser at the interior layers, the core of TDC. Such, if an IC engines is supplied with
the droplet gets heat, but little or no oxygen for its theoretical correct quantity of air; some of the
reaction. Due to heat, the hydrocarbon gets particles of oxygen may not take part in
cracked into hydrogen and carbon molecules. combustion. There will be incomplete combustion
Hydrogen molecules have greater affinity for of carbon loading to the formation of carbon
oxygen compared to carbon molecules. As such monoxide and unburned carbon. Hence, air greater
hydrogen molecules combine with oxygen than the theoretical quantity is always supplied to
molecules more quickly leaving little or no oxygen an IC engine. At full load operation, air quantity is
for carbon molecules to react. The carbon at least 35 to 50 percent greater than that of the
molecules, therefore fail to burn within the limited stoichiometric
time that is available for combustion. These value. In an IC engine, the quantity of air taken in
unburned carbon molecules appears smoke in the during suction stroke is almost a constant one.
exhaust gases or deposited as greasy soot in the However, the quantity of fuel injected is in
combustion chamber and exhaust systems. Smoke accordance with the power to be developed. As
formed by the fuel oil is grey to black in colour such the air fuel ratio in a normal diesel engine
depending on the air fuel ratio and thoroughness varies from around 100:1 at idle speed to 20:1 at
with which the fuel is mixed with air. full load. Diesel engine is a quality-governed
Smoky exhaust may be observed engine, whereas the petrol engine is a quantity-
occasionally during starting a diesel engine. governed engine. The excess air supplied helps

combustion but does not take part in combustion. complex. During the “premixed” or uncontrolled
It carries away a portion of the heat produced by diesel combustion phase immediately following the
way of combustion. Hence, efficient combustion ignition delay, fuel-air mixture with a spread in
of fuel with small amount of excess air is desirable. composition about stoichiometric burns due to
This is possible only by creating a high relative spontaneous ignition and flame propagation.
motion between air and fuel drops. Various During the mixing controlled combustion phase,
combustion systems aim towards this goal. Excess the burning mixture is likely to be closer to
air supply requirement of the diesel engine stoichiometric. However, throughout the
necessitates the swept volume of this engine to be combustion process mixing between already
greater than that of a petrol engine. This increases burned gases, air and lean and rich unburned fuel
the engine size. vapour and mixture occurs, changing the
composition of any gas elements that burned at a
NOx FORMATION IN IC ENGINE particular equivalence ratio. In addition to these
The kinetic mechanism for NO and NO2 composition changes due to compression and
formation describration and the assumptions made expansion occur as the cylinder pressure rises and
regarding equilibration of species in the C-O-H falls.
system apply to diesel as well as to spark-ignition
engines. The critical difference, of course, is that FORMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE
injection of fuel into the cylinder occurs just before 1.CO emissions are significant and must
combustion starts, and that non-uniform burned gas be controlled. Diesel, however, always operates
temperature and composition result from this non- well on the lean side of stoichiometric.
uniform fuel distribution during combustion. The 2. The levels of CO observed in compression-
air mixing and combustion processes are extremely ignition engine exhaust gases are lower than the
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 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

maximum values measured within the combustion CO formation is one of the principal reaction steps
chamber. But are significantly higher than in the hydrocarbon combustion mechanism.
equilibrium values for the exhaust conditions. 3.It is generally assumed that in the post flame
Thus the processes, which govern CO exhaust combustion products in a compression-ignition
levels, are kinetically controlled. In premixed engine, at conditions close to peak cycle
hydrocarbon-air flames, the CO concentration temperatures (2800 k) and pressures (15 to 40 atm),
increases rapidly in the flame zone to a maximum the carbon-oxygen-hydrogen system is
value, which is larger than the equilibrium value equilibrated. Thus CO concentrations in the
for adiabatic combustion of the fuel air-mixture. immediate post flame burned gases are close to
equilibrium.
However, as the burned gases cool during
expansion and exhaust strokes, depending on the
temperature and cooling rate, the CO oxidation
process may not remain locally equilibrated.
4.The studies using this simplified kinetic model
have confirmed that at peak cylinder pressures and
temperatures, equilibration times for CO are faster
than times characteristic of changes in burnt gas
conditions due to compression or expansion. Thus
the CO concentration rapidly equilibrates in the
burnt gases just downstream of the reaction zone
following combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel.
That the burnt gases are not uniform in
temperature. Also, the blow down of cylinder
pressure to the exhaust manifold level during the
Load 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.15
exhaust process and the decrease in gas
(kw)
temperature that accompanies it occupies a
substantial portion of the cycle-about 60 crank
angle degrees. Thus, the temperature and
pressures-time profiles of parts of the charge at Diesel 60 68 130 187 202
different locations throughout the cylinder differ,
depending on when these parts of the charge burn
and when they exit the cylinder through the Oxy3 65 72 137 195 202
exhaust valve and enter the exhaust manifold.

FORMATION OF UNBURNED
HYDROCARBON EMISSION
1.Hydrocarbons, or more appropriately organic PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
emissions, are the consequence of incomplete
combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel. The level of ABOUT PERFORMANCE
unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust gases The result shows that the increase in
is generally specified in terms of the total mechanical efficiency but decrease in brake
hydrocarbon concentration expressed in parts per thermal and indicated thermal efficiency. The fuel
million carbon atoms (C1) + while total consumption is more compared to the ordinary
hydrocarbon emission is a useful measure of diesel. By introducing oxygenates complete
combustion inefficiency, it is not necessarily a combustion is possible but there is an increase in
significant index of pollutant emissions. Engine efficiency and fuel consumption.
exhaust gases contain a wide Varity of
hydrocarbons in compression-ignition engine
exhaust gases, both with and without a catalytic EMISSION
converter, with the fuel. Some of these The result shows that the NOx almost
hydrocarbons are nearly inert physiologically and remains constant. Due to complete combustion
are virtually un-reactive from the standpoint of high temperature remains and so there is no change
photochemical smog. Others are highly reactive in in NOx.Carbon-monoxide decrease linearly with
the smog-producing chemistry. Some the reformulated diesel.
hydrocarbons are Nox vs load COST ANALYSIS
The cost of the following chemicals is,
48
 CSIR sponsored National Conference on
“RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING” - (RAMMP - 2010)
Organized by - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering

1. Dimethyl carbonate = Rs 340/lit variable geometry turbochargers have been

2. Dimethyl diglycol = Rs 420/lit developed to extend the engine operating range
3.2-Butoxy ethanol = Rs 450/lit over which adequate air is provide to keep low
particulate emission. Air to air after coolers is also
We have prepared 3lit of reformulated diesel by used to lower intake air temperature to reduce both
adding 3% of oxygenated agents in it.Cost of NOx and particulate emissions. Exhaust gas
dimethyl carbon Rs 20.4 for 30ml Dimethyl recirculation almost reduce the NOx formation.
diglycol Rs 52.8 for 30ml 2-butoxy ethanol Rs There are several methods to reduce varies
12.6 for 30ml In 3lit of diesel 90 ml is removed pollutant formation.
from it and the remaining is filled with oxygenated Here is a method to reduce
agents. Cost of diesel Rs 34/lit Cost of pollutant (i.e.) by adding oxygenated agents with
2910ml of diesel Rs 98.94 Cost of 90ml of oxy diesel. Adding oxygenates of different families will
agents Rs 85.77 Cost of 3lit of reformulated diesel show a good result. Because the cost of production
Rs 184.71Therefore the Cost of 1lit of of the oxygenated derivatives will be higher than
reformulated dieselRs 61.71 those of any base fuels the aim of this work is to
CONCLUSION select oxygenated agents of high oxygen content.
By increasing the oxygen content The work is performed only for the environmental
in the diesel engine, complete combustion is point of view.
possible. Due to the lack of oxygen in the
combustion chamber, complete burning is not
possible and there is a formation of soot particles,
carbon monoxide and other various nitrogen
compounds. To increase the engine’s air supply

REFERENCE
1. Govindan.K.R “Automobile Engineering” (2006)

2. Crouse – Anglin “Automotive Mechanics” (2005)

3. Heywood “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental”

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