OB and HBO can be used interchangeably

Organizational behavior (OB)

●​ The systematic study
●​ Study of human behavior in the workplace
●​ Study of how people interact in the social system

It provides useful set of tools at many levels of analysis to help managers look at the behavior of
individuals where they work

Four Goals:
●​ To understand
●​ Explain
●​ Predict
●​ Control
– the behavior of people under various conditions

Purpose:
●​ For org, manager, etc. to control the behavior of the people that work under them

Draws from other disciplines to create a unique field

●​ Topics such as personality and motivation from psychology
○​ The scientific study of mind and behavior in humans and non-humans
●​ Team processes relies heavily on the field of sociology
○​ Focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social patterns
●​ Decision making comes across the influence of economics
○​ A social science that studies the production, distribution and consumption of
goods and services
●​ Power and influence in organizations, is derived from political sciences
○​ Ex. political philosophy, political methodology, comparative politics, international
relations, public policy, and public administration
●​ The study of stress and its effects on individuals is gathered from medical science
○​ Ex. neurology, cardiology, geriatrics, biomedicine, bioengineering, dietetics, etc

Basic concepts of org system and human behavior

●​ Individual differences
○​ A person is a distinct individual
○​ He is unique and different from others
●​ Perception (what u observe)
○​ The act of faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or the mind
○​ A single unified awareness derived from sensory processes while a stimulus is
present
●​ Whole person
 ○​ When a person joins in an org, he is hired not only because of his brains but, as
a whole person possessed with certain characteristics
●​ Motivated behavior
○​ Motivated behavior may be as a result of a normal behavior that has certain
causes, and these may relate to an individual’s needs
●​ Desire for involvement
○​ Normally, every person wishes to feel good himself
○​ This personal human desire is reflected in his drive for self-efficacy
■​ Self-efficacy is to attain what you want to do (contentment, satisfaction)
●​ Value of persons
○​ People are the most difficult to control in any type of organization, and therefore
they deserve to be treated with extra care from other resources of production
(land, capital and technology) because they have feelings and emotions

Determinants of OB (four major factors that affects OB (PEST)

●​ People
○​ An org consists of people with different traits, personality, skills, qualities,
interests, background, beliefs, values and intelligence
●​ Environment
○​ All companies function within a given internal and external environment

○​
 ■​ Internal environment
●​ The conditions, factors, and elements within an enterprise that
influences the activities, choices made by the firm, and especially
the behavior of the employees
●​ Employee morale, culture changes, financial changes or issues
■​ External environment
●​
●​ Structure
○​ Layout design of an org through hierarchy or construction and arrangements of
relationships and strategies according to the organizational goal
●​ Technology
○​ Can be defined as the implementation of scientific knowledge for practical usage
○​ It also provides the resources required by the people that affect their work and
task performance in the right direction

Organizational Behavior

Importance of Organizational Behavior for the managers

●​ Organizational behavior provides a useful set of tools
●​ Sss
●​ Sss
●​ Organizational behavior is valuable for examining the dynamics of relationships within
small groups, both formal and informal groups
○​ Formal group - there is a formal process for a member to be moved
○​ Informal group - group of people who bonded together with a common interest or
goal, may be from different teams, voluntary
●​ When two or more groups need to coordinate their efforts, managers become interested
in the intergroup relations that emerge
●​ Organizations can also be viewed and managed as whole systems that have inter
organizational relationships
○​ Periodic meetings/annual meeting

Fundamental Concept of Results

●​ Knowledge x Skills = Ability
●​ Attitude x Situation = Motivation
●​ Ability x Motivation = Potential Performance
●​ Potential Performance x Resources x Opportunity = Organizational Results

Five Models of Organizational Behavior

Represent the historical evolution in management practice
●​ Autocratic Model
○​ Manager has the power and authority to command over the people
○​ Employees have simply to follow instruction given by management
 ○​ Employees are ordered and directed to do assigned work
○​ Employees are paid minimum wages for minimum performance
○​ In it the communication is one way (downward only - from manager to
subordinate)
●​ Custodial Model
○​ Based on the economic resources of the organization rather than on the personal
dependence
○​ Managerial orientation moved towards to pay for employees benefits
○​ The employees feel security as they became dependent on organization
○​ In it management decides what benefits and rewards should be given to the
employees
○​ Parang pets
●​ Supportive Model
○​ Depends on managerial leadership
○​ Aim of manager is to support employees in their achievement
○​ Focus is primarily on participation & involvement of employees
○​ Similar to McGregor’s Theory Y
○​ More democratic way
●​ Collegial Model
○​ Refers to a body of people having common purpose
○​ Based on TEAM concept
■​ Example basketball team
○​ Control is basically through self-discipline
○​ Each employee develops high degree of understanding towards others and
shares common goals
●​ System Model
○​ Most latest model
○​ Managers show caring and compassion
○​ A build of trust, integrity and ethics infused
○​ Employees experience a sense of psychological ownership
○​ Develops passion and commitment to meet organizational goals

Key Forces Affecting Organizational Behavior

Internal Environment
●​ Includes factors that the organization controls or has an influence upon
●​ Describes the way activities and relationships are carried out inside
●​ Kemekeme

●​

External Environement
●​ Eme eme
●​ Two classifications
○​ Task environment (micro)
■​ Specific external groups
○​ General Environment (macro)
■​ Everything outside an organization’s boundaries

How You Can Benefit from Studying Organizational Behavior

●​ Can enhance ur effectiveness as a manager or professional
●​ Tho benefits are not as immediately apparent

4 key advantages
●​ Interpersonal skill development
○​ Getting along with others
○​ Motivating them, complementing and resolving conflicts
●​ Personal growth
○​ Personal fulfillment gained from understanding others
○​ Lead to enhanced self-knowledge and self-insight
●​ Enhancement of organizational and individual effectiveness
○​ To improve organizational effectiveness
○​ Extent to which an org is productive and satisfies the demands of its interested
parties
●​ Sharpening and refinement of common sense
○​ Common sense is no brainer
○​ “Dealing with people, can't learn that through a book”
 ○​ Common sense is not an adequate substitute
■​ Kasi knowledge sharpens and enlarges the domain of common sense
■​ Reduces the amount of time necessary to acquire important behavioral
knowledge and skills
○​ Skills are embedded in ur own individuality

●​ Thru common sense that giving recognition to people is generally an effective method of
motivating them toward higher performance
○​ But not every time
○​ Should be tailored to the individual’s personality and preferences

Effective vs Successful Managers

Four Managerial Activities
●​ Traditional management
○​ Decision making
○​ Planning
○​ Controlling
●​ Communication
○​ Exchanging routine information and processing paperwork
●​ Human resource management
○​ Motivating
○​ Disciplining
○​ Managing conflicts
○​ Staffing
○​ Training
●​ Networking
○​ Socializing
○​ Politicking
○​ Interacting with outsiders

A review of the manager’s job

●​ Average managers spend approximately 20-30% of their time on each of the 4 activities
of ™, HR, Comm, NW
●​ However, successful managers and effective managers do the opposite as to
communication and networking by giving more time in these two activities vs average
managers
●​ Successful managers are seen as those individuals who get noticed and promoted
frequently
●​ Effective managers are seen as those individuals who do a great job in managing their
resources and achieve their goals but not necessarily get promoted frequently

●​ This finding challenges the historical assumption that promotions are based on
performance and effectiveness alone
 ●​ Illustrates the importance of social and political influence, connections and skills play in
getting ahead in the org

The following points bring out the importance of OB

●​ Helps in explaining the interpersonal relationships employees share with each other as
well as with their higher and lower subordinates

What is a platonic relationship?

●​ People share a close bond but do not have a sexual relationship
●​ Concept originates in the ideas of the ancient philosopher Plato
●​ Plato believed this type of love could bring people closer to a divine ideal, the modern
use of the term is focused on the idea of people being close friends

People skills u need to succeed at work

●​ The ability to relate to others
●​ Strong communication
●​ Patience with others
●​ Ability to trust others
●​ Knowing how and when to show empathy
●​ Active listening skills
●​ Genuine interest in others
●​ Flexibility
●​ Good judgment
●​ The ability to persuade others
●​ Negotiation skills
●​ The ability to keep an open mind
●​ A great sense of humor
●​ Knowing your audience
●​ Honesty

Interpersonal Relationships
●​ Complex subject
●​ Vital for creating a positive learning environment for all students
●​ If u cant connect with the people who work around u, ur professional life will suffer

Teamwork is crucial
●​ Skills essential for effective teamwork
○​ Communicating and relating effectively
○​ Empathy and respect for the feelings and views of others
○​ Accurate self-evaluation or performance and relationships
○​ Conflict management using active

What is IR?
●​ Vary in differing
6 success elements in relationships
(combinations to succeed in ur career and life)
●​ Self-awareness
○​ Most behaviors are natural for us
○​ We aren't aware of the impact on others
○​ Leaves us with blind spots
○​ Understand ourselves
○​ We can examine and change behaviors that need changing
○​ Self regulation
●​ Self confidence
○​ Sureness of one’s self worth and capabilities
●​ Positive personal impact
○​ How people perceive u or their impressions of u
●​ Outstanding performance
○​ Whatever u do, do it to the best of ur ability
○​ Do it with thy might! (mico’s motto)
●​ Communication skills
○​ Relate to people in written or verbal means
○​ Handling diff people in diff situations
●​ Interpersonal competence

Ability to handle people by:

●​ Active listening
●​ Giving and receiving criticism
●​ Dealing with diff
○​ Personality types
○​ Nonverbal communication

3 factor model of interpersonal competence

●​ Self aware
●​ Build and nurture strong, lasting, mutually beneficial relationships
●​ Resolve conflict in a positive manner

Behaaviors
●​ Passive
●​ Aggressive
●​ Passive-aggressive
●​ Assertive

TACTFUL Conversations
●​ Think before you speak
●​ Apologize quickly when u blunder
●​ Converse, don't compete
 ●​ Time your comments
●​ Focus on behavior - not personality
●​ Uncover hidden feelings
●​ Listen to feedback

Types of Communication Barriers

●​ Language barriers
●​ Psychological barriers
●​ Physical barrier
●​ Attitudinal barrier
●​ Cultural barrier
●​ Environmental barrier

Latest Definitions of Generations

●​ The silent
○​ 1928-1945
○​ 78-95 YO
●​ Baby boomers
○​ 1946-1964
○​ 58-77 YO
●​ Gen X
○​ 1965-1980
○​ 43-58 YO
●​ Millenials
○​ 1981-1996
○​ 27-42 YO
●​ Gen Z
○​ 1997-2012
○​ 11-26 YO
●​ Gen Alpha
○​ Early 2010s-2025
○​ 0-10 YO

Building relationships
●​ Become genuinely interested in other people
●​ Call people by their names
●​ Talk in terms of the other person’s interest
●​ Smile
●​ Listen

You Should
●​ Become aware of your communication style
●​ Improve your interpersonal competence
●​ Reduce conflict in the workplace
 ●​ Increase productivity

Conflict

5 methods to handle conflict

●​ Running away
●​ Being obliging to the other party
●​ Defeating the other party
●​ Winning a little/losing a little
●​ Cooperating

What is motivation?
●​ The process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort
in order to attain a goal
●​ “Movere” - latin word
●​ Psychological act which attracts the workers to do more

3 phases of motivation
●​ Effort
○​ Amount of effort devoted
●​ Persistence
○​ Putting efforts continuously until goal is achieved
●​ Direction
○​ Enhances the level and quality of output

Types of motivation
●​ Positive
○​ Based on rewards
○​ Offered incentives
○​ Improve performance
○​ Achieved by the cooperation
○​ Have feeling of happiness
●​ Negative
○​ Based on fear or force
○​ Punishes if the employee don’t act accordingly
○​ Fear act as a push mechanism
○​ Causes anger and frustration

Human Relations Movement

●​ Emerged in 1920s and dealt with the human aspects of organizations
●​ Increased satisfaction and improved performance
The Hawthorne Studies
●​ Elton Mayo - father of the Hawthorne Studies
●​ Bias occurs when people know that they are being studied
●​ HS are significant
○​ They demonstrate the important influence of human factors on worker
productivity
●​ Intent was to determine the effect of working conditions on productivity

4 major phases of HS
●​ Illumination experiments
●​ Relay assembly group experiment
●​ Interviewing program
●​ Blank wiring group studies