CLASS X

CHAPTER 3

METALS AND NON METALS

INTRODUCTION

The elements which can lose one or more electrons to become a positively charged cations are called METELS.
e.g. Sodium has the atomic number of 11 and so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. It is ready to lose one electron to
become a unipositive cation and it becomes stable. So it is considered to be a metal.
Na ------→ 11 ------→ 2, 8, 1
Na - e- -----→ Na+
An element which can gain one or more electrons to become a negatively charged anion is known as a NON METAL.
e.g. chlorine atom has the atomic number 11 and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. It is ready to gain one to become a
uninegative anion and attains stability. So it is considered to be a non metal.
Cl ------→ 17 ------→ 2, 8,7.
Cl + e- ------→ Cl -
Aluminium is the most abundant metal and oxygen is the most abundant non metal on the earth crust.
Mercury is the only metal and bromine is the only non metal which exists in the liquid state.
The element which can exhibit both metals and non metals is called metalloid. They are also known as semi metals.
There are seven metalloids. They are:
Boron ---- B
Silicon ---- Si
Germanium ---- Ge
Arsenic ---- As
Antimony ---- Sb (Stibium)
Tellurium ---- Te
Polonium ---- Po
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS.
The physical properties of mercury are mostly different from the physical properties of metals but it is considered to be a
metal as it is capable of losing the electron/s.
1) MALLEABILITY
The ability of the element with which it can be spread into thin sheet by applying the force is known as malleability
All metals are malleable and non metals are non malleable.
Gold is the highly malleable metal as a gold sheet of one square metre can be made from one gram of gold.
2) DUCTILITY
The physical property of the element by which it can be drawn into the thin wire is called ductility.
All metals are ductile and non metals are non ductile.
Gold is the metal which has the maximum ductility. A gold wire of length 2 Km can be drawn from 1g. of gold.
3) LUSTRE
The property by which the element has a shining surface is called luster.
All the metals are lustrous whereas the non metals are non lustrous.
Iodine and diamond (which is made up of carbon) are the two non metals which are lustrous. Lead has the minimum
luster.
4) SONORITY
Some elements produce sound when they are hit with a hard substance. This property is called sonority or sonorousness.
All metals are sonorous whereas the non metals are non sonorous.
5) DENSITY
The mass of unit volume of a substance is called density. DENSITY = MASS / VOLUME
Generally metals have high density and non metal has the low density.
Diamond is the non metal which has the high density.
6) HARDNESS
The ability to bear any kind of force which is given on the element is called hardness.
The metals are hard and non metals are soft normally.
Sodium and potassium are the soft metals and diamond is the non metal which is very hard. Diamond is the naturally
occurring hardest metal.

7) MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT

The constant temperature at which the solid is converted into a liquid is called melting point and the constant temperature
at which the liquid is converted into a gas is known as boiling point.
The metals have high melting point and boiling point but non metals have low melting and boiling point.
Gallium and cesium are the metals which have low melting point. They can melt even at the normal human body
temperature. Diamond is a non metal which has a high melting and boiling point.
8) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
The ability of the element to allow heat to pass through it is called thermal conductivity.
Metals are good conductors and non metals are poor conductors of heat.
Iron and lead are the metals which have low thermal conductivity.
ACTIVITY
1. A thick strong aluminium rod is clamped with a stand.
2. A pin is attached near the free end of the rod by using wax.
3. The rod is heated near the clamped end with the help of a burner.

4. It is observed that the pin falls down after some time.

5. The pin falls down due to the melting of wax.
6. The melting of wax is possible only if the heat is transmitted through the rod.
7. This activity proves that the metal is a very good conductor of heat.
9) ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
The capability by which the element can allow the electric current to pass through it is known as electrical conductivity.
Metals are good conductors and the non metals are poor conductors of electric current.
Silver and aluminium are the metals which are the best conductors of electric current.
Graphite (which is made up of carbon) is the only non metal which is a good conductors of heat.
ACTIVITY
1. One end of a 9V battery is connected in series with a bulb, a key and a metal clip by using connecting wires.
2. The other end of the battery is connected with another metal clip.
3. The substance whose electrical conductivity is to be checked can be connected in the electrical circuit with the help of
the metal clips.

4. A copper wire is kept in between the clips and the key is closed.
5. It is observed that the bulb glows and it shows that copper wire conducts electric current.
5. The copper wire is replaced by a piece of coal (which is made up of carbon, a non metal).
6. The key is closed and it is observed that the bulb does not glow.
7. This activity shows that metal is a good conductor of electric current and the non mmetal is a poor conductor of electric
current.
10) STATE
The metals generally exist in solid state except mercury but non metals exist in any one of the three states.
e.g. Solid --- Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorous
Liquid --- Bromine
Gas --- Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine
11) COLOUR
Metals exist in any one of the following four colours.
Yellow --- Gold
Brown --- Copper
Silvery white --- Silver, Aluminium, Mercury
Grey --- Iron, Zinc, Tin
Non metals exist in any colour.
Black --- Carbon
White --- Phosphorous
Red --- Phosphorous
Yellow --- Sulphur
Greenish yellow -- Chlorine
Brown --- Bromine
Colourless --- Oxygen, Argon
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
1) WITH OXYGEN
When metals react with oxygen they form their corresponding metal oxides.
Metal + Oxygen ------→ Metal oxide
4Na + O2 ------→ 2Na2O
2Mg + O2 ------→ 2MgO
4Al + 3O2 ------→ 2Al2O3
All metal oxides are basic oxides as they form the corresponding bases when they are dissolved with water.
When magnesium reacts with water it forms magnesium oxide. If magnesium oxide is dissolved in water then it forms
magnesium hydroxide which changes red litmus to blue.
2Mg + O2 ------→ 2MgO
MgO + H2O ------- Mg(OH)2
Zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are called amphoteric oxide even though they are metal oxides. They can act as both
acidic and basic oxide.
ZnO + 2HCl ------→ ZnCl2 + H2O
Basic Acid Salt Water
ZnO + 2NaOH ------→ Na2ZnO2 + H2O
Acidic Base Salt [Sodium zincate] Water
Al2O3 + 6HCl ------→ 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Basic Acid Salt Water
Al2O3 + 2NaOH ------→ 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Acidic Base Salt(Sodium aluminate) Water
2) WITH ACIDS
Generally metals react with acids and form their corresponding salts with the release of hydrogen gas.
Metal + Acid ------→ Salt + Hydrogen
Zn + 2HCl ------→ ZnCl2 + H2↑
Ca + H2SO4 ------→ CaSO4 + H2↑
Metals cannot release hydrogen gas when they react with nitric acid because nitric acid is a very good oxidizing agent and
so it converts the hydrogen into water. However magnesium and manganese release hydrogen when they react with nitric
acid as they are good reducing agents.
Mg + 2HNO3 ------→ Mg(NO3)2 + H2↑
The metals which are placed below hydrogen cannot react with acid. They are less reactive than hydrogen and so they will
be unable to replace hydrogen from the acid.
REACTIVITY SERIES
Reactivity series is a group of metals which are arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivity.
The reactivity series of metals is given as follows:

The metal which is placed at the top of the series is the most reactive metal and the metal that is placed at the bottom of
the series is the least reactive metal. Silver and gold are used to make ornaments as they are least reactive.
Hydrogen is introduced in the reactivity series of the metal even though it is a non metal as a reference metal. Moreover,
hydrogen is also capable of losing an electron like metals under some circumstances.
The elements which are placed above hydrogen are more reactive and the elements which are placed below hydrogen are
less reactive than hydrogen.
3) WITH WATER
Metals react with water and form the corresponding metal hydroxide and releases hydrogen.
Metal + Water ------→ Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
The reaction of metals with water depends on the position of metals in the reactivity series of metals.
Since potassium and sodium are the most reactive metals they can react even with cold water and forms potassium
hydroxide and sodium hydroxide respectively with the release of hydrogen gas.
2K + H2O ------→ K2O + H2↑
2Na + H2O ------→ Na2O + H2↑
Medium reactive metals like zinc and calcium react with hot water and form their corresponding hydroxides with the
release of hydrogen.

Zn + 2H2O ------→ Zn(OH)2 + H2↑

Ca + H2O ------→ Ca(OH)2 + H2↑
Least reactive metals like aluminium and iron react with steam and form their corresponding oxide with the release
hydrogen gas.
4Al + 3H2O ------→ Al2O3 + 3H2↑
4Fe + 3H2O ------→ Fe2O3 + 3H2↑
The metals which are placed below hydrogen cannot react with water. They are less reactive than hydrogen and so they
will be unable to replace hydrogen from water.
4) WITH HYDROGEN
Metals react with hydrogen and form their hydride.
Metal + Hydrogen ------→ Metal hydride
2Na + H2 ------→ Na2H
Mg + H2 ------→ MgH2
2Al + 3H2 -------→ Al2H3
5) WITH CHLORINE
Metals react with chlorine and form their corresponding chlorides.
Metal + Chlorine ------→ Metal chloride
2Na + Cl2 -------→ 2NaCl
Mg + Cl2 -------→ MgCl2
2Al + 3Cl2 -------→ 2AlCl3
6) WITH OTHER SALT SOLUTIONS
A highly reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
e.g. Iron can replace copper from copper sulphate solution as iron is more reactive than copper.
Fe + CuSO4 -------→ Cu + FeSO4
Copper cannot displace iron from ferrous sulphate solution as copper is less reactive than iron.
Cu + FeSO4 ------→ No reaction.
PREDICT WHETHER THE REACTION TAKES PLACE OR NOT.

AgNO3 CuSO4 FeSO4 ZnSO4 Al2(SO4)3

Ag X X X X X
Cu √ X X X X
Fe √ √ X X X
Zn √ √ √ X X
Al √ √ √ √ X

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON METALS

1) WITH OXYGEN
Non metals react with oxygen and form their corresponding oxides.
Non metal + Oxygen ------→ Non metal oxide
C + O2 ------→ CO2
S + O2 ------→ SO2
Most of the non metal oxides are acidic oxides because they form their corresponding acids when they are dissolved in
water. C + O2 -------→ CO2
CO2 + H2O -------→ H2CO3
Carbonic acid
Carbon monoxide(CO) and Nitric oxide(NO) are neutral oxides as they form no acids or bases when they are dissolved in
water.
2) WITH ACIDS
Non metals are capable of forming only anions and not cations. So they cannot displace H+ ion from the acids and there
will be noreaction.
Non metal + Acid ------→ No reaction
3) WITH WATER
Non metals do not react with water because they are unable to replace hydrogen from water.
Non metal + Water ------→ No reaction
4) WITH HYDROGEN
Non metals react with hydrogen and form their corresponding hydrides.
H2 + Cl2 ------→ 2HCl
O2 + 2H2 ------→ 2H2O
5) WITH CHLORINE
Non metals react with chlorine and form their corresponding chlorides.
H2 + Cl2 ------→ 2HCl
2P + 5Cl2 ------→ 2PCl5
6) WITH OTHER SALT SOLUTION
A high reactive non metal can displace a low reactive non metal from its salt solution.
2NaBr + Cl2 ------→ 2NaCl + Br2↑
USES OF METALS
1) Iron is used in construction of buildings and bridges.
2) Gold is used for making ornaments.
3) Electrical wires are made with copper.
4) Cooking vessels are made up of aluminium.
5) Zinc is used for making electrodes.
6) The compounds of tungsten are used for making filaments of bulbs.
7) Heavy metals like molybdenum are used in the production of X rays.
8) Magnesium is used in fire crackers.
9) Mercury is used in thermometer.
10) Uranium is used in nuclear reactor as fuel.
USES OF NON METALS
1) Oxygen is very much necessary for respiration.
2) Hydrogen is used as fuel in rockets in liquid form.
3) Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers.
4) Diamond (a form of carbon) is used as a glass cutter and abrasive (which is used to smoothen the surface).
5) Graphite (a form of carbon) is used for making electrodes and pencil leads.
6) Inert gases are used in sign boards.
7) Sulphur is used in explosives.
REACTION OF METAL WITH NON METAL
All the inert gases are very highly stable and so they do not react with other elements. They have the octet configuration.
Other elements which do not have the octet configuration try to get it by losing and gaining the electrons or by sharing the
electrons.
The bond which is formed by the transfer (losing and gaining) of electrons is called ‘ionic bond’. It is also known as
‘electrovalent bond’.
The bond that is formed by the sharing of electrons is known as ‘covalent bond’. It is also known as ‘molecular bond’.
FORMATION OF NaOH MOLECULE
NaOH molecule has two atoms namely sodium and chlorine. The atomic number of sodium is 11 and its electronic
configuration is 2, 8, 1. Sodium is ready to lose one electron to obtain the stable octet configuration.
 Na -------→ 11 ------→ 2,8,1 (-1e-)
Na - e- -------→ Na+
The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. Since chlorine atom has seven valence
electrons it is ready to gain one electron to become stable by getting the octet configuration.
Cl ------→ 17 ------→ 2,8,7 (+1e-)
- -
Cl + e ------→ Cl
Sodium atom forms a cation by losing one electron and chlorine atom forms an anion by gaining one electron. These two
oppositely charged ions combine together and form a bond. Since this bond is formed by the transfer of electrons it is
called an ionic bond.
The formation of the ionic bond in NaCl molecule can be shown bythe following electron dot structure:

Since only one electron is transferred during this bond formation the electrovalency of sodium chloride molecule is said to
be one.
FORMATION OF MgO MOLECULE
The atomic number of magnesium is 12 and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 2. Since Mg has two valence electrons it is
ready to lose two electron to obtain octet configuration and forms a cation.
Mg -------→ 12 ------→ 2,8,2 (-2e-)
Mg - 2e- -------→ Mg2+
Oxygen atom is ready to gain two electrons as it has the electronic configuration of 2, 6 (at.no.of oxygn is 8). It obtains
octet configuration by gaining two electrons and forms an anion.
O -------→ 8 ------→ 2, 6 (+2e-) O + 2e- ------→ O2-
Two electrons are transferred from magnesium atom to oxygen atom and so an ionic bond is formed between them. Since
two electrons are transferred during this bond formation the electrovalency of MgO molecule is two.
The electron dot structure for the formation of MgO molecule is drawn as follows:

FORMATION OF MgCl2 MOLECULE

Magnesium atom has the atomic number of 12 and so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 2. It is ready to lose two
electrons to become stable by obtaining octet configuration. Magnesium atom forms a cation.
Mg -------→ 12 ------→ 2,8,2 (-2e-)
- 2+
Mg - 2e -------→ Mg
The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. Since chlorine atom has seven valence
electrons it is ready to gain one electron to become stable by getting the octet configuration. Chlorine atom forms an anion
by losing one electron.
Cl ------→ 17 ------→ 2,8,7 (+1e-)
- -
Cl + e ------→ Cl
The two electrons which are lost by magnesium atom are gained by two chlorine atoms (each one electron) and so an
ionic bond is formed. Two electrons are transferred during this bond formation and so the electrovalency of MgCl 2
molecule is two.
The electron dot structure for the formation of MgCl2 molecule is given as follows
FORMATION OF Na2O MOLECULE
The atomic number of sodium is 11 and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. Sodium is ready to lose one electron to
obtain the stable octet configuration. Sodium atom foms a cation.
Na -------→ 11 ------→ 2,8,1 (-1e-)
- +
Na - e -------→ Na
Oxygen atom is ready to gain two electrons as it has the electronic configuration of 2, 6 (at.no.of oxygn is 8). It obtains
octet configuration by gaining two electrons and forms an anion.
O -------→ 8 ------→ 2, 6 (+2e-) O + 2e- ------→ O2-
Two sodium atoms lose each one electron and the oxygen atom gains two electrons. An ionic bond is formed and it can be
shown by the following electron dot structure.

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

1) All the ionic compounds are crystalline solid due to the strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
2) They are generally brittle.
3) The melting point and boiling points of ionic compounds are very high due to the strong force of attraction between the
oppositely charged ions.
4) All the ionic compounds are soluble in water and insoluble in non polar solvents like petrol and kerosene.
5) The aqueous solutions of ionic compounds are very good conductors of electric current as they form the free ions in
water.
METALLURGY
The study about the extraction of metals and their properties is called metallurgy.
The least reactive metals like gold exist in free state. All other metals exist in the form of their compounds.
The compounds of the metals which are available from the earth crust are known as minerals.
The minerals from which the metals can be extracted profitably are called ores.
The separation of the metals from their ores is known as extraction.
The following table shows some important metals and their ores:

METAL NAME OF THE ORE FORMULA

Sodium Common salt NaCl
Aluminium Bauxite Al2O3
Manganese Pyrolusite MnO2
Calamine ZnCO3
Zinc Zinc blende ZnS
Iron Haemetite Fe2O3
Cuprite Cu2O
Copper Copper glance Cu2S
Mercury Cinnabar HgS

Metallurgy involves three steps. They are

1) Enrichment (concentration) of ore
2) Extraction of metal
3) Refining of metal
ENRICHMENT OF ORE
Most of the ores are available from the earth crust. So, they may have impurities. The removal of impurities from the
ores is called enrichment or concentration of ore. Different physical and chemical methods are used to separate
impurities from the ore. If the ore and impurities are distinguishable then ‘hand picking’ method is used. If the ore is a
magnetic substance then the impurities can be separated by ‘magnetic’ method. Whenever a sulphide ore is available it is
enriched by ‘froth floatation’ method because sulphide ores are lighter than the impurities. Pine oil is used as the frothing
agent.
Some of the ores may have chemical impurities which are called ‘gangue’. They can be removed by adding ‘flux’. The
impurity is removed in the form of ‘slag’.
e.g. MgCO3.CaO + SiO2 ------→ MgCO3 + CaSiO3↓
Gangue Flux Slag
EXTRACTION OF METALS

HIGH REACTIVE METALS

Electrolytic reduction is used to separate the high reactive metals from their ores. It is done in voltameter. It has three
components. They are a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte.
Sodium is extracted from sodium chloride by this process as follows:
1) Molten sodium chloride is taken in a voltameter.
2) A cathode and an anode are arranged.
3) They are connected in series with a battery and a key.
4) The key is closed and the electric current is allowed to pass.

5) When electric current passes, NaCl is ionized into sodium and chloride ions.
6) Sodium ion moves towards cathode and gains one electron to become neutral sodium metal and is settled on the
cathode.
7) Chloride ion moves to the anode where it loses one electron and form neutral chlorine atom. Two chlorine atoms
combine together and form chlorine gas which is released from the anode.
NaCl ------→ Na+ + Cl-
At cathode: Na+ + e- ------→ Na
At anode : Cl- - e- ------→ Cl
Cl + Cl ------→ Cl2
8) Any metal which is separated by electrolytic reduction process will be 99.9% pure.

MEDIUM REACTIVE METALS

The extraction of these metals involves three steps. They are:

1. Calcination
2. Roasting
3. Smelting
Calcination is the process in which the ore is heated in the absence of oxygen.
Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated in the presence of oxygen.
Calcination and roasting are done to convert any form of into oxides.
Smelting is the process in which the oxide is reduced to the corresponding metal by using suitable reducing agents
like carbon, aluminium and carbon monoxide.
e.g. Zinc can be extracted either from calamine (ZnCO3) or zinc blende (ZnS).
Calamine undergoes calcinations and zinc blende undergoes roasting to form zinc oxide.
Heating
ZnCO3 ------------→ ZnO + CO2↑
Calcination
Heating
2ZnS + 3O2 ------------→ 2ZnO + 2SO2↑
Roasting
Zinc oxide is reduced to zinc metal by reacting with red hot coke (smelting).
Heating
ZnO + C ------------→ Zn + CO↑
Smelting
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) and ferric oxide (FeO) cannot be reduced with carbon as the attraction between the oxygen
and the corresponding metal cannot be overcome by carbon but it can be done by aluminium.
When ferric oxide is reacted with aluminium powder it forms aluminium oxide and iron. Since it is a highly exothermic
reaction, a large amount of heat is produced and so iron is available in the molten state.
Fe2O3 + 2Al ------------→ Al2O3 + 2Fe(l) + Heat
This reaction is called ‘Thermite process’. It is used to join the railway tracks.

LOW REACTIVE METALS

Low reactive metals can be extracted just by heating their ores.

Cinnabar is the sulphide ore of mercury. If it is heated with oxygen then it forms mercuric oxide and sulphur dioxide.
Furthur heating of mercuric oxide leads to self reduction and forms mercury.
Heating
2HgS + 3O2 ------→ 2HgO + 2SO2↑
Heating
2HgO ------→ 2Hg + O2↑
Similarly copper is extracted from copper glance (Cu2S) just by heating.
Heating
2Cu2S + 3O2 ------→ 2Cu2O + 2SO2↑
Heating
Cu2S + 2Cu2O ------→ 6Cu + SO2↑
REFINING OF METALS
The process of purifying the metal is known as refining of metal.
Any metal can be refined by electrolysis method.
The anode is made up of impure metal which is to be refined.
The cathode is made by the same pure metal.
The salt solution of the metal which is to be purified is taken as the electrolyte.
The electric current is passed through the electrolyte and the metal ions separate from the anode deposit on the cathode as
a pure metal. The impurities are settled below the anode as ‘anode mud’.
Copper can be refined as follows:
1. The impure copper is made as the anode and the pure copper is arranged as the cathode.
2. Acidified CuSO4 solution is taken as the electrolyte.
3. When electric current is passed through the electrolyte it is ionized into copper and sulphate ions.
4. The copper ions settle on the cathode.
5. The impurities are settled below the anode as anode mud.
 CORROSION
The process by which the surface of the metal is eaten up by the reaction with air, water or acid is called corrosion.
Metals like magnesium, aluminium and zinc react with the oxygen in the atmosphere and form an oxide layer which
protects the metal from further corrosion.
Silver reacts with sulphur in the atmosphere and forms a black layer of silver sulphide.
Copper reacts with carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere and forms a green layer of basic copper carbonate.
The common form of corrosion is ‘rusting of iron’. It takes place by the reaction of iron with water and oxygen present in
the atmosphere.
4Fe + 3O2 + nH2O ------→ 2Fe2O3.nH2O
Hydrated ferric oxide (Rust)
The following activity proves that oxygen and water are necessary for the rusting of iron.
1. An iron nail is kept inside the test tube and anhydrous calcium chloride is kept inside the test tube which may absorb
any moisture present in the test tube.
2. Another iron nail is kept in the second test tube and water is poured in such a way that the nail is totally immersed in
water. Few drops of oil is added such that it forms a layer on the surface of water to protect the supply of oxygen to the
nail.
3. One more iron nail is kept in the third test tube and water is poured in such a way that half of the nail is immersed in
water.
4. All the test tubes are closed with the rubber corks.

5. Oxygen is available in the first test tube but water is not available in the first test tube. Water is available for the nail
taken in the second test tube but oxygen is not available. Oxygen and water are available for the nail taken in the third test
tube.
6. These test tubes are left undisturbed for few days.
7. It is observed that rust is formed on the iron nail taken in the first test tube but the other two iron nails are fresh.
8. This activity proves that both water and oxygen are necessary for the rusting of iron.
METHODS OF PREVENTING RUSTING
1. Rusting of iron can be prevented by painting which does not allow the iron to be exposed to the atmosphere.
2. It is avoided by oiling or greasing.
3. Galvanization is the process in which iron is coated with zinc which can form the zinc oxide layer and this layer is
capable of avoiding rusting of iron.
4. Iron is coated with chromium to avoid rusting and it is called chrome plating.
5. Alloying is also a very effective method to avoid rusting.
ALLOYS
An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal with a non metal.
The following table gives an idea about some important alloys and their constituents.
No. ALLOY CONSTITUENTS
1 Steel Iron, Carbon
Iron, Carbon,
2 Stainless steel Nickel, Cobalt
3 Bronze Copper, Tin
4 Brass Copper, Zinc
5 Solder metal Lead, Tin
Ornamental Gold, Silver or
6 gold(22K) Copper

ANODISING
It is a method in which the aluminium articles are protected from corrosion. The aluminium undergoes corrosion by
reacting with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a layer of aluminium oxide.
4Al + 3O2 ------→ 2Al2O3
This is the reason why the cooking utensils are generally made up of aluminium even though it is a high reactive metal.
The oxide layer protects the reaction between the oil and the metal.
This oxide layer on the aluminium metal is thickened by doing electrolysis with sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. This
makes the aluminium to become more resistant to corrosion.

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

Q.1) Explain the meaning of malleable and ductile.
Ans: If an element is capable of being converted into thin sheet then it is said to be malleable.
If an element is capable of being converted into fine wires then it is said to be ductile.
Q.2) Why is sodium kept under immersed in kerosene?
Ans; Sodium is a highly reactive metal. It may react even with the oxygen present in the atmosphere and catch fire. So,
it is kept immersed in kerosene.
Q.3) Write equations for the reaction of:
i) Iron with water
ii) Calcium and potassium with water.
Ans: i) 3Fe + 4H2O(Steam) ------→ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑
ii) Ca + 2H2O(Hot) ------→ Ca(OH)2 + H2↑
2K + 2H2O(Cold) ------→ 2KOH + H2↑
Q.4) What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate?
Ans: When zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate, the colour of the solution change from pale green to
colourless as iron is replaced by zinc. It happens due to the fact that zinc is more reactive than iron.
FeSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ------→ ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
Q.5) i) Write the electron dot structure for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
Ans: Sodium ------→ 11 ------→ 2, 8, 1 ------→

Oxygen ------→ 8 ------→ 2, 6 ------→

Magnesium ------→12 ------→ 2, 8, 2 ------→

Q.5) ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
Ans: Na2O

Na -------→ 11 ------→ 2,8,1 (-1e-) Na - e- -------→ Na+

O -------→ 8 ------→ 2, 6 (+2e-) O + 2e- ------→ O2-

MgO
Mg -------→ 12 ------→ 2,8,2 (-2e-)

Mg - 2e- -------→ Mg2+

O -------→ 8 ------→ 2, 6 (+2e-) O + 2e- ------→ O2-

Q.6) Why do ionic compounds have a high melting point?

Ans: Ionic compounds are formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. They need more energy to
overcome the force of attraction between them. So, ionic compounds have high melting point.
Q.7) Define i) Mineral ii) Ore iii) Gangue
Ans: i) Mineral - Mineral is the compound of the metal which is obtained from the earth crust.
ii) Ore - The mineral from which the metal can be extracted profitably is called ore.
iii) Gangue - The impurities such as soil, sand , etc present in the ore is called gangue.
Q.8) What are alloys?
Ans: Alloys are the homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals or a metal with a non metal.

NCERT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q.1) You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb and a switch.
i) How could you use them to distinguish between metals and non metals?
ii) Assess the usefulness of these tests in testing metals and non metals.
Ans: i) Both the samples are hammered. If the sample is brittle then it is a non metal and vice versa.
ii) The bulb is connected through the battery by means of a key. First sample is connected between the two terminals.
The key is closed. If the bulb glows then the sample is a metal and vice versa.
Q.2) What are amphoteric oxides? Givetwo examples.
Ans: The oxides which can exhibit the properties of both acidic and basic properties are called amphoteric oxides.
e.g. ZnO and Al2O3
Q.3) What would you take as the anode, cathode and electrolyte in the electrolytic refining of a metal M?
Ans: Anode ---- Impure metal
Cathode ---- Pure metal
Electrolyte ---- Salt solution of the metal
Q.4) Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube
over it.
a) What will be the action of the gas on
i) Dry litmus paper?
Ans: No change
ii) Moist litmus paper
Ans: Blue colour changes to red.
b) Write the balanced chemical equations.
Ans: S + O2 ------→ SO2↑
SO2 + O2 ------→ H2SO3(Sulphurous acid)
Q.5) Give reasons.
i) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellary.
Ans: These metals are low reactive.
ii) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored in oil.
Ans: These metals are highly reactive.
iii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
Ans: Aluminium undergoes corrosion and forms a layer of aluminium oxide. The layer prevents the reaction of
aluminium and food materials.It protects us from the toxic substances.
iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.
Ans: These ores are converted into oxides because it will be easily to reduce the metal oxides into metals with the help of
reducing agents.
Q.6) You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why sour
substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Ans: Copper undergoes corrosion by reacting with the carbon dioxide and water present in the atmosphere and forms a
layer of basic copper carbonate which is green in colour. Sour substances like lemon and tamarind juice have acids in
them. A neutralization reaction takes place between the acid and the base and so the layer is removed and the metal gets
its luster back.
Q.7) Differentiate metals and non metals (on the basis of chemical properties).
Ans:
METALS NON METALS
React with O2 and form acidic
React with O2 and form basic oxides. oxides
Displaces H2 by reacting with acids Do not react with acids
Displaces H2 by reacting with water/steam Do not react with water
Form ionic chlorides with chlorine Form covalent chlorides with water
Form corresponding chlorides with
Very few metals react with hydrogen H2

Q.8) Copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron). Give reasons.
Ans: Copper is a better conductor of heat than steel.
Copper is less reactive as compared to steel.