INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter you will be able to understand :
 Introduction and Feature of C++
 Character and Token
 Precedence and Associativity
 Program Structure
 Data Types and Operators
 Variables and Their Scope
 Expressions

5.1. INTRODUCTION OF C++

C++ is an object-oriented programming language. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
at AT and T Bell Laboratories USA, in the early 1980’s. Stroustrup, an admirer of
Simula67 and a strong supporter of C wanted to combine the best of both the languages
and create a more powerful language that could support object-oriented programming
features and still retain the power and elegance of C. The result was C++.

L C++ is an object-oriented computer language used in the development

of enterprise and commercial applications.
5.1.1. Feature of C++. C++ is a superset of the ‘C’ programming language. It contain
following feature :
1. Object-oriented. The object-oriented features in C++ allow programmers to build
large programs with clarity, extensibility and ease of maintenance incorporating the spirit
and efficiency of C. The most important facilities that C++ adds on to C are classes,
inheritance, function overloading and operator overloading.
2. Classes. C++ support the concept of classes. A class is a user defined type. Classes
provide data hiding, initialization of data, dynamic typing, user controlled memory
5-2 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
management. Classes extend the built-in capabilities of C++ able you in representing
and solving complex, real-world problems. A class is an organization of data and functions
which operate on them. Data structures are called data members and the functions are
called member functions, the combination of data members and member functions
constitute a data object or simply an object.
3. Data Abstractions. In C++, classes use the concepts of abstraction and are define
as a list of abstract attributes such as size, height, width, cost and methods that operate
on these attributes.
4. Inheritance. The mechanism of deriving a new class form a base class is called
inheritance. C++ support the feature of inheritance. It is the capability of one of the thing
to inherit capabilities or properties from another class.
5. Polymorphism. Polymorphism is one of the C++ polymorphism is the concept that
supports the capability of an object of class to behave differently in response to a message
action.
6. Portability. C++ and its standard libraries are designed for portability. The current
implementation will run on most systems that support C. C libraries can be used from a
C++ program, and most tools that support programming in C can be used with C++.
7. Versatile. C++ is a versatile language for handling very large programs. It is suitable
for virtually any programming task including development of editors, compilers, databases,
communication systems and any complex real-life application systems.

5.2. CHARACTER SET

C++ programs are a collection of character set, keywords, identifiers, literals, operators
and white space etc.

L Character set is valid set of characters. A character set represent any

letter, digit or any other sign.

C++ has the following character set:

Letter A-Z and a-z.
Digits 0 to 9.
Special Symbols +,-,/,\,(),{},[],=,!=<,>,"",;,&,$,?,-<=,>=,% etc and
other characters.
White space characters Space, horizontal, vertical, tab, newline

5.3. TOKEN
In a passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks are called token or lexical
elements.

L The smallest individual unit of a C++ program is known as a token or a

lexical unit.
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-3
C++ has following token:
1. Keywords.
2. Identifier.
3. Literals.
4. Separators.
5. Operators.
1. Keywords. In C++, Keywords are the reserved word that have special meaning to
the language compiler. We cannot use any of the following as identifiers in your programs.

L Keywords are the reserved word that have special to the language
compiler they cannot use as identifiers in your program.

The C++ programming contain following keywords as shown in Table 5.1:

Table 5.1 C++ Keywords
asm auto bad_cast bad_typeid bool
break case catch char class
const const_cast continue default delete
do double dynamic_cast else enum
except explicit extern false finally
float for friend goto if
inline int long mutable namespace
new operator private protected public
register reinterpret_cast return short signed
sizeof static static_cast unsigned struct
switch template this throw true
try type_info typedef typeid typename
union unsigned using virtual void
volatile wchar_t while

2. Identifiers. An identifier may be in any sequence of uppercase and lowercase letters,

numbers or underscore.
• They must not begin with number.
• C++ is case sensitive programming language, so A is different identifier then a.
5-4 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

L Identifiers are used to represents the names of classes, functions and

variables constant, etc. in C++.

Some of the example of identifier is as following:

IndiaCon number value4 $my this_is_val
Invalid identifier names include:
2Val number-val Not/right this is my var
3. Constant. A constant value in C++ is created by using a literal.

L Constants are data items that never change the value during the execution
of program.

C++ allows several kinds of literals:

Integer Constant: 1000, 45, 32, 34, -12, -45.
Character Constant: ‘x’, ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘p’
Floating Constant: 99.8, 67.567, 456.78, -908.98, 987.23
String Constant: “Hello C++”,“GGGC Bhopal”
Escape Sequences Constant: An escape can be included in double-quotes as
“\n”, or as part of a string.
4. Separators. In C++ there are some characters that are used as separators. For
Example, one of the most important separators in C++ is parentheses, which is used to
contain the list of parameters in functions definition and method invocation. The table
5.2 shown the different separators name, symbol used, and their use in C++ technology.
Table 5.2 Separators in C++
Symbol Separator Name Descriptions

; Semi-colon Used to terminates the C++ Statements.

() Parentheses Represent properties of function parameters.
{} Braces Used to define a block of code for classes, functions,
and scopes.
[] Bracket Used to declare array types.
, Comma Used for the separation of identifier in C++.
. Dot Used to separate package name form sub packages
name and classes.
= Equal to sign. Used for variable initializations.
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-5
5. Operators. Operators are special symbols that perform mathematical or logical
operations on one, two, or three operands, and then return a result. For example :
+, –, *, ÷ etc.

5.4. PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY

Precedence and Associativity Rules together determine in what order the variables are
evaluated in an expression. The Table 5.3 describes Precedence and Associativity rules
of variable.
Table 5.3 Precedence and Associativity rules for variables
Operator Type Operators Associativity
Postfix Operators x++, x-- Unary postfix increment and
decrement operators associate
left to right, other unary operators
associate right to left
Unary prefix operators ++x ,--x ,+x ,-x ~ ,! Right to left
Multiplicative *, / ,% Left to right
Additive + ,- Left to right
Shift << ,>> Left to right
Equality = =, != Left to right
Bitwise/Logical AND & Left to right
Bitwise/Logical XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise/Logical OR | Left to right
Conditional AND && Left to right
Conditional OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = ,+= ,-=, *= ,/= ,%= , Right to left
<<= ,>>=, &= ,^= |=
5-6 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

5.5. PROGRAM STRUCTURE

In C++, the structure of program looks like this:
// This Program is Written By Pawan Thakur // comment section
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h> // preprocessor directives
void main () // Main function
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Hello, world."<<endl; // body of Main function
getch();
} // End of Main function

Output:
Hello, world.

1. Comment section. The programmer can use comment section for short explanations
of the source code itself or other comment. In above program the comment section
display the following comment:
// This Program is Written By Pawan Thakur // comment section
2. Preprocessor directive. Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the
preprocessor. They are not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the
compiler's preprocessor. For Ex.
#include<iostream.h>

In this case the first directive #include <iostream.h> tells the preprocessor to include the
iostream.h standard file.
3. Main function definition. The main function is the point by where all C++ programs
start their execution, independently of its location within the source code. It is essential
that all C++ programs have a main function.
void main()
{
----------
body of main
----------
}

This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function. The word
main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (). That is because it is a function.
4. Body of main. It contains the set of statements. A statement is a simple or compound
expression that can actually produce some effect. C++ uses curly-braces {} to group
things together.
cout represents the standard output stream in C++, and the meaning of the entire statement
is to insert a sequence of characters into the standard output stream.
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-7
cout<<"Hello, world."<<endl;

In this case, Hello World is the sequence of characters which display on screen. The
statement ends with a semicolon character (;). This character is used to mark the end of
the statement and in fact it must be included at the end of all expression statements in all
C++ programs.

5.6. DATA TYPES

There are five basic data type in C++: char, int, float, double and void. All other data type
in C++ is based upon on of these basic data types. Such data types are called derived
data types.

L Data type specifies the size and type of values that can stored in computer
memory.

C++ support flowing data types :

1. Basic data type.
2. User defined data type.
3. Derived data type.
Data types in C++ under various categories are shown in Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.1. Data Type in C++.

5-8 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

5.6.1. Basic data type

Basic data types are also called fundamental or built in data type. The built data types in
C++ are categorized in to numeric and non-numeric. In further, numeric data type are of
two types:
1. Integer Type
2. Floating - Point
1. Integer Types. C++ supports the integer data type as they are short, int and long.
(a) Short Integers. The smallest integer you can store in a word is declared with the
short keyword followed by a name. Because a short integer is signed by default, it can
store a value that ranges from -32768 to 32767. The program 5.1 displays the example
short integer.
Program 5.1. Example of Short Integer Data Type
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
short number1, number2;
cout << "Enter a number between -32768 and 32767: ";
cin >> number1;
cout << "Enter another number: ";
cin >> number2;
cout << "\nThe numbers you entered were\n";
cout << "\tNumber 1: " << number1 << "\n";
cout << "\tNumber 2: " << number2 << "\n";
getch();
}

Output:

(b) Integers. In C++, an integer is variable whose values are between -

2,147,483,648 and 2,147,484,647. The value is also said to fit in a 32-bit range. The
program 5.2 displays the example integer data type.
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-9
Program 5.2. Example of Integer Data Type
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int coordX, coordY, coordZ;
cout << "Enter the coordinates of point A\n";
cout << "Horizontal X = ";
cin >> coordX;
cout << "Vertical Y = ";
cin >> coordY;
cout << "Depth Z = ";
cin >> coordZ;
cout << "\nOn a cartesian system, point A is located at";
cout << "\n\tX = " << coordX;
cout << "\n\tY = " << coordY;
cout << "\n\tZ = " << coordZ;
getch();
}

Output-:

(c) Long Integers. An integer variable whose value should be positive can also be
declared with the long keyword. The long keyword is a positive 32-bit integer whose
value ranges from 0 to 4,294,967,295. The program 5.3 displays the example integer
data type.
Program 5.3. Example of Long Integer Data Type
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
long UArea;
unsigned long Population;
cout << "What is the area of the U? ";
cin >> UArea;
cout << "What is the population of the U? ";
cin >> Population;
cout << "\nCharacteristics of the U";
5-10 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
cout << "\n\tArea = " << UArea<< "\n\tPopulation = "
<< Population;
getch();
}

Output-:

2. Floating - Point. The integers we have used so far have the main limitation of not
allowing decimal values. C++ provides floating identifier values that would solve this
problem. Floating point is another type of integer, used to hold numbers containing decimal
parts such as 34.456 and -12.780, 15.89 etc. Float and Double are two types of floating
point variables in C++.
(a) Float. The most fundamental floating variable is declared with the float keyword.
The value typically fits in 32 bits (4 bytes). To declare a variable that would hold decimal
values we can use the float data type. The program 5.4 displays the example of float
data type.
Program 5.4. Example of Float Data Type
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
float side, perimeter, area;
cout<<"Enter the side of the square: ";
cin>>side;
perimeter = side * 4;
area = side * side;
cout<<"Characteristics of the square:";
cout<<"\nSide: "<<side;
cout<<"\nPerimeter: "<<perimeter;
cout<<"\nArea: "<<area;
getch();
}
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-11
Output-:

(b) Double. When a variable is larger than the float we can use double identifier. The
double-precision identifier is an 8 Byte. The program 5.5 displays the example of double
data type.
Program 5.5. Example of Double Data Type
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
double side, perimeter, area;
cout<<"Enter the side of the square: ";
cin>>side;
perimeter = side * 4;
area = side * side;
cout<<"Characteristics of the square:";
cout<<"\nSide: "<<side;
cout<<"\nPerimeter: "<<perimeter;
cout<<"\nArea: "<<area;
getch();
}

Output :

3. Void. The void was introduce in ANSI C. It is use to specify the return type of function
when it is not returning any value and indicate and empty argument list to a function.
For example : void getsum (void) ;

5.6.2. Non-numeric data types

Non-numeric data types are of two kinds:
5-12 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
(a) Character Type. C++ provide char data type, which is used to store character
value in computer memory. If the character is of a signed category we declare it as a
signed character. This type of variable would be an 8-bit integer whose value can range
from – 128 to + 127. The program 5.6 displays the example char data type.
Program 5.6. Char Data Type
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char Satisfaction, Answer;
signed char AgeCategory, size;
cout<<"From A to Z, enter a char : ";
cin>>Satisfaction;
cout<<"Age category(t=teen/a=Adult/s=Senior): ";
cin>>ageCategory;
cout<<"Are you drunk(y=Yes/n=No)? ";
cin>>answer;
cout<<"Enter your size(s=Small/m=Medium/l=Large): ";
cin>>size;
cout<<"\nSatisfaction: "<<Satisfaction;
cout<<"\nAge category: "<<AgeCategory;
cout<<"\nYour answer: "<<Answer;
cout<<"\nYour size: "<<Size;
getch();
}

Output-:

(b) Boolean Type. In C++, Boolean data type is used for logical values. It can have
only one value of two possible values, true or false. The program 5.7 displays the example
of boolean data type.
Program 5.7. Boolean Data Type
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-13
bool MachineIsWorking = true;
cout<<"Since this machine is working, its value is"
<<MachineIsWorking<<endl;
MachineIsWorking = false;
cout<<"The machine has stopped operating."
<<"Now its value is "<<MachineIsWorking<<endl;
getch();
}

5.6.3. User define data type. User defined data type are those data type which is
defined by user. C++ support following user defined data type :
(a) Class. A class is user define data type, a C++ program can have definition of
different classes. A class contains variables and functions. Variables are called instances
and functions are called method. Class is a template, which declare and define methods
that are called by the objects of the classes.
(b) Structure. A structure is a collection of different types of variables works under one
name, providing a convenient means of keeping related information. For example a
student record is a collection of rollno, name, class, marks, grade etc.
(c) Union. A union is a memory location that is shared by two or more different variables
at different times.
(d) Enumeration. An alternative method for naming integer constants is often convenient
then constant. This can be achieved by creating enumeration using keyword enum. For
example, enum{Start, Pause, Play}.
5.6.4. Derived data type. From the built in data types other data type can be derived by
using the declaration operations. C++ support following non-primitive derived data type:
(a) Arrays. An array is a derived data type. It is a container object that holds a fixed
number of values of a single type.
(b) Function. Function is a derived data type. The brief introduction of function is in 6
chapter.
(c) Pointer. Pointer is special type of variable which hold the address of another variable.

5.7. VARIABLES
A variable is a place to store information. A variable is a location in your computer’s
memory in which you can store a value and from which you can later retrieve that value.

L Variable represents named storage locations, whose value can be

manipulated during the execution of program.
There are some rules for variables declaration in C++. The name of a variable:
(a) They starts with an underscore "_" or a letter, lowercase or uppercase, such as
a letter from a to z or from A to Z. Examples are Name, gender, _Students,
pRice.
5-14 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
(b) They can include letters, underscore, or digits. Examples are: keyboard, Master,
Junction, Player1, total_grade, _Score_Side1.
(c) They can not include special characters such as !, %, ] or $.
(d) They can not include an empty space.
(e) They can not be any of the reserved words.
The syntax to declare a new variable is to write the specified of the desired data type
(like int, bool, float.) followed by a valid variable identifier. For example:
int a;
float mynumber;

These are two valid declarations of variables. The first one declares a variable of type
int with the identifier a. The second one declares a variable of type float with the identifier
mynumber. Once declared, the variables a and mynumber can be used within their
scope in the program. The program 5.8 displays the example of variables.
Program 5.8. Example of variables
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a, b;
int result;
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;
cout<<result;
getch();
}

5.7.1. Scope of variables

All the variables that we want to use in a program must have been declared with its type
specifier. We have declared that a, b, and result were of type int, in the previous code at
the beginning of the body of the main().
A variable can be either of global or local scope.
(a) Global variable. A global variable is a variable declared in the main body of the
source code, outside all functions. Global variables can be used anywhere in the code,
after its declaration.
(b) Local variable. A local variable is one declared within the body of a function or a
block. The scope of local variables is limited to the block enclosed in braces {} where
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-15
they are declared. For example, if they are declared at the beginning of the body of a
function their scope is between its declaration point and the end of that function.
The Fig. 5.2 displays the scope of local and global variables.

Fig. 5.2. Scopes of Variables.

5.8. OPERATORS IN C++

C++ provides rich collections of operator. The operations being carried out on data are
represented by operators.

L Operators are special symbols that perform mathematical or logical

operations on one, two, or three operands, and then return a result.

Let us discuss these operators in details.

1. Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, % ). The five arithmetical operations are supported
by the C++ language, as shown in table 5.4.
Table 5.4 Arithmetic operators

Operator Descriptions

+ addition or unary plus

- subtraction or unary minus
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus or module division

The operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are done by the
mathematical operators.
5-16 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
2. Relational operators and equality. The equality and relational operators are used
if one operand is greater than, less than, equal to or not equal to another operand. The
Table 5.5 describes the equality and relational operators and their descriptions.
Table5.3 Equality and Relational operators

Operator Descriptions

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to

The program 5.9 displays the example of relational operators.

Program 5.9. Example of relational operator
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a=10, b=3;
if(a>b)
cout<<"A is Greater";
getch();
}

Note: Keep in mind that you must use "==", not "=", when testing if two primitive values
are equal.
3. Assignment operator (=). The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.
For Example: a = 5;

This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a. The program 5.10 displays
the example of assignment operator.
Program 5.10. Example of assignment operator
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a, b;
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-17
a = 10;
b = 4;
a = b;
b = 7;
cout<<"a:";
cout<<a;
cout<<" b:";
cout<<b;
getch();
}

4. Increment and decrement operator (++, --). In C++, the increase operator (++)
and the decrease operator (--) used to increase or reduce by one the value stored in a
variable. They are equivalent to +=1 and to -=1, respectively. Thus:
c++;
c+=1;
c=c+1;

The above three statements are all equivalent in its functionality increase by one the
value of c.
A characteristic of this operator is that it can be used both as a prefix and as a suffix.
That means that it can be written either before the variable identifier (++a) or after it
(a++). Although in simple expressions like a++ or ++a both have exactly the same
meaning. But other expressions in which the result of the increase or decrease operation
is evaluated as a value in an outer expression they may have an important difference in
their meaning: Notice the difference in table 5.6:
Table 5.6 Increase and decrease operator

Example 1 Example 2

B=3; B=3;
A=++B; A=B++;
// A contain 4, B contain 4 // A contain 3, B contain 4

In above table Example 1, B is increased before its value is copied to A. While in

Example 2, the value of B is copied to A and then B is increased.
5. Logical operators ( !, &&, || ). The && (AND), || (OR) and | (NOT) operators
perform Conditional-AND, Conditional-OR and Conditional-NOT operations on two
Boolean expressions. For example:
((5 = = 5)&&(3 > 6))//evaluates to false (true && false)
((5 = = 5)||(3 > 6))//evaluates to true (true || false)
5-18 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
6. Conditional operator (? :). The conditional operator evaluates an expression returning
a value if that expression is true and a different one if the expression is evaluated as
false. Its format is:
condition ? result1 : result2

If condition is true, the expression will return result1, if it is not true it will return
result2. The program 5.11 displays the example of conditional operators.
Program 5.11. Example of conditional operators
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr();
int a,b,c;
a=2;
b=7;
c = (a>b) ? a : b;
cout << c;
getch();
}

In this example a is 2 and b is 7, the expression being evaluated (a>b) was not true, thus
the first value specified after the question mark was discarded in favor of the second
value (the one after the colon) which was b, with a value of 7.
7. Compound assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=,^=, |=).
When we want to modify the value of a variable by performing an operation on the value
currently stored in that variable we can use compound assignment. The program 5.12
displays the example of assignment operator.
Program 5.12. Example of compound assignment operator
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a, b=3;
a = b;
a+=2; // equivalent to a=a+2
cout<<a;
getch();
}

8. Bitwise operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> ). Bitwise operators modify variables

considering the bit patterns that represent the values they store as shown in Table 5.7.
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-19
Table 5.7. Bitwise Operators

Operator Equivalent Description

& AND Bitwise AND

| OR Bitwise Inclusive OR
^ XOR Bitwise Exclusive OR
~ NOT Unary Complement
<< SHL Shift Left
>> SHR Shift Right

9. The size of() operator. This operator accepts one parameter, which can be either a
type or a variable itself and returns the size in bytes of that type or object:
a = sizeof(char);

This will assign the value 1 to a because char is a one-byte long type. The value returned
by sizeof is a constant, so it is always determined before program execution.

5.9. EXPRESSIONS IN C++

In C++, anything that evaluates to a value is an expression. An expression is said to
return a value. Thus, 3 + 3 returns the value 6 and so is an expression. All expressions
are statements.

An expression in C++ is any valid combination of operators, constant

L and variables.

A example of expression in C++:

x = a + b;

This is an expression not only adds a and b but also assigns the result to x and returns the
value of that assignment (the value of x) as well.
y = x = a + b;

This line is evaluated in the following order: Add a to b. Assign the result of the expression
a + b to x. Assign the result of the assignment expression x = a + b to y. If a, b, x, and y
are all integers, and if a has the value 2 and b has the value 5, both x and y will be
assigned the value 7. The program 5.12 displays the example of expressions.
5-20 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
Program 5.13. Example of Expressions
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a=0, b=0, x=0, y=35;
cout<<"a: "<<a<<" b: "<<b;
cout<<" x: "<<x<<" y: "<<y<< endl;
a = 9;
b = 7;
y = x = a+b;
cout<<"a: "<<a<<" b: "<<b;
cout<<" x: "<<x<<" y: "<<y<< endl;
getch();
}

POINTS TO REMEMBER
(i) C++ is not a pure object oriented language.
(ii) Pure object oriented language purely deals with classes objects which means you
can not write even very simple program without using a class. If you want to
display “Hellow World” you have to write this with in class.
(iii) Java is pure object oriented language.
(iv) If you want to convert one data type to another data type you have to use type
cast.
(v) The small individual unit of C++ program is known as a token.
(vi) A constant value in C++ is created by using a literal.
(vii) Data type specifies the size and type of values that can stored in computer
memory.
(viii) The range of short integers is from – 32768 to 32767.
(ix) Class is user define data type.
(x) Operators are special symbols that perform mathematical or logical operation.

KEY TERMS
❍ Character set ❍ Token
❍ Identifiers ❍ Constant
❍ Basic data type ❍ User defined data type
❍ Integer type ❍ Floating type
❍ Boolean ❍ Character type
INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS 5-21
❍ Derived data type ❍ Associativity and precedence
❍ Operator ❍ Arithmetical and logical
❍ Increment and decrement ❍ Assignment operator

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A byte can store a relatively small amount of data
(a) One single character (b) Double character
(c) Integer between 0 and 3267 (d) None of above
2. The smallest integer you can store in a word is declared with the
(a) Integer (b) Short keyword
(c) Long integer (d) None of above
3. The float is a real number of
(a) 2 Byte (b) 4 Byte
(c) 8 Byte (d) 16 Byte
4. The double is a real number of
(a) 2 Byte (b) 4 Byte
(c) 8 Byte (d) 16 Byte
5. To declare a variable as a character use the keyword
(a) String (b) Char
(c) Character (d) Array ⎫
⎭
6. The Boolean data type is used to declare a variable whose value would be set
as
(a) Numeric or character (b) True (1) or False (0)
(c) Negative or positive (d) None of above
7. A named location that stores a value is called
(a) Variable (b) Character
(c) String (d) Function
8. A global variable is a variable declared in the
(a) Main body of the source code (b) Inside the main function
(c) Inside a class (d) Inside a user function
9. Anything that evaluates a value in C++.
(a) Statement (b) Expression
(c) Method (d) Operator
10. The symbol used to perform the Boolean operation NOT is.
(a) || (b) &&
(c) ! (d) << >>
5-22 INTRODUCTION OF C++, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

UNSOLVED QUESTIONS
1. What is C++ ? Explain the features of C++.
2. Explain different token in C++.
3. Write down the structure of C++ program.
4. What do you mean by data type ? Explain different data type in C++.
5. What is the different between user defined and derived data type ?
6. Explain basic data type in C++.
7. What is variable ? Explain the scope of variables in C++.
8. What is operator ? Explain different type of operators in C++.
9. Explain the concept expression in C++.
10. What is the difference between C and C++ ?

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