RVS TECHNICAL CAMPUS-COIMBATORE

(An Autonomous Institution)

B.E/B. Tech - Degree Examination, Nov/Dec 2024
First Semester
24UCS105 – PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING
(Common to All Branches)
CONTINUOS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT – II

ANSWER KEY

1.List out data types used in python.

Python provides a variety of built-in data types to handle different kinds of data. Here's a
comprehensive list of Python data types:
1. Numeric Types
2. Sequence Types
3. Text Type
4. Set Types
5. Mapping Type
6. Boolean Type
7. Binary Types
8. None Type
9. Callable and Iterator Types
10. Custom Types
11. Special Data Types (via Libraries)

2. Draw the flowchart symbol and their purpose.

3. Write the algorithm to find biggest of three numbers.

Algorithm to Find the Largest of Three Numbers

Input: Three numbers, a, b, and c.

Output: The largest number among a, b, and c.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input the three numbers: a, b, c.
Step 3:If a > b and a > c, then:
Output a as the largest number.
Step 4:Else if b > c, then:
Output b as the largest number.
Step 5:Else:
Output c as the largest number.
Step 6:End

4. Define interpreter and interface mode.

Interpreter

An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a programming or scripting

language by directly translating them into machine-readable code, line by line. Unlike a
compiler, which translates the entire program into machine code before execution, an interpreter
processes the code one statement at a time.

 Examples: Python interpreter, JavaScript engine (e.g., V8), PHP interpreter.

 Key Features:
1. Executes code immediately.
2. Useful for debugging since it runs code line-by-line.
3. Slower than compiled programs for repetitive tasks due to line-by-line translation.

Interactive Mode

Interactive mode is a feature provided by interpreters that allows users to execute commands one
at a time and see the output immediately. It provides a quick and convenient way to test code
snippets, experiment with features, or learn a programming language.

 How It Works:
1. You type a statement or expression directly into the interpreter prompt.
2. The interpreter executes it and displays the result immediately.
 Examples:
o Python: The Python Shell or REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop).
o JavaScript: Browsers' developer console.
o SQL: Database management systems' interactive prompt.
Key Features:
 Immediate feedback on each command.

Ideal for learning and testing small pieces of code.

Not suitable for running full programs.

5.What is Boolean value and their expression?

A Boolean value represents one of two possible states: True or False. These values are
fundamental in computer science and are primarily used in decision-making, logical operations,
and control flow.

 True: Represents a logical "yes" or a condition that is satisfied.

 False: Represents a logical "no" or a condition that is not satisfied.

In most programming languages:

 Boolean values are represented as True and False (e.g., Python).

 In others, they may be represented as 1 (True) and 0 (False) internally.

Boolean Expressions

A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to a Boolean value: either True or False.
These expressions often involve:

 Comparison operators (e.g., ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=).

 Logical operators (e.g., and, or, not).

Examples of Boolean Expressions:

1. Comparison Expressions:
o 5 > 3 evaluates to True.
o 10 == 15 evaluates to False.
2. Logical Expressions:
o (5 > 3) and (10 < 20) evaluates to True.
o not (5 == 3) evaluates to True.
3. Combined Expressions:
o (x > 10) or (y <= 5) evaluates to True if either x > 10 or y <= 5.
6. Difference between local variable and global variable.

Difference Between Local and Global Variables :

Local Variable Global Variable

Aspect
A variable declared inside a
A variable declared outside all functions,
Definition function or block, accessible only
accessible throughout the program.
within that function or block.
Limited to the function or block in Available globally across the entire
Scope
which it is defined. program, including all functions.
Created when the function is called
Exists for the entire duration of the
Lifetime and destroyed when the function
program’s execution.
exits.
Not accessible outside the
Accessibility function/block in which it is Accessible from any part of the program.
defined.
In some languages (e.g., Python), the
Keyword No special keyword is required to
global keyword may be needed to modify
Requirement declare it.
a global variable inside a function.
Used for temporary storage of data
Used to share data between multiple
Usage Purpose and encapsulation within a specific
functions or parts of a program.
task.
Less prone to accidental
Prone to unintended modifications, which
Risk modification by other parts of the
can lead to bugs in larger programs.
program.

7(a).What is String? Explain details about list of string functions.

A string is a sequence of characters used to represent text in programming. Strings are enclosed
in quotes, either single quotes (' ') or double quotes (" "), depending on the programming
language. In some languages, strings can also be enclosed in triple quotes (e.g., Python) for
multi-line strings.

Example:

 "Hello, World!" is a string.

 '12345' is also considered a string, even though it contains digits.
Key Characteristics of Strings

1. Immutable: Strings cannot be changed after they are created (common in most
languages, like Python and Java).
2. Indexed: Strings are indexed, meaning each character can be accessed using its position
(0-based indexing in most languages).
o Example: "Python"[0] gives 'P'.
3. Iterables: Strings can be iterated over, character by character.

List of String Functions

Here is a list of commonly used string functions, with explanations and examples (Python is used
for illustration):

1. len()

 Description: Returns the length of the string.

 Example:

text = "Hello"
print(len(text)) # Output: 5

2. lower()

 Description: Converts all characters in the string to lowercase.

 Example:

print("HELLO".lower()) # Output: "hello"

3. upper()

 Description: Converts all characters in the string to uppercase.

 Example:

print("hello".upper()) # Output: "HELLO"

4. strip()

 Description: Removes leading and trailing whitespace (or specific characters).

 Example:

print(" Hello ".strip()) # Output: "Hello"

5. replace(old, new)

 Description: Replaces all occurrences of a substring with another substring.

 Example:

print("Hello World".replace("World", "Python")) # Output: "Hello Python"

6. find(substring)

 Description: Returns the index of the first occurrence of the substring. Returns -1 if not
found.
 Example:

print("Hello".find("e")) # Output: 1

7. split(delimiter)

 Description: Splits the string into a list of substrings based on the specified delimiter.
 Example:

print("a,b,c".split(",")) # Output: ['a', 'b', 'c']

8. join(iterable)

 Description: Joins elements of an iterable (e.g., list) into a string, with the calling string
as a delimiter.
 Example:

print(",".join(["a", "b", "c"])) # Output: "a,b,c"

9. startswith(prefix) / endswith(suffix)

 Description: Checks if the string starts or ends with the specified prefix or suffix.
 Example:

print("Hello".startswith("He")) # Output: True

print("Hello".endswith("lo")) # Output: True

10. isalpha()

 Description: Returns True if the string contains only alphabetic characters.

 Example:

print("Hello".isalpha()) # Output: True

11. isdigit()

 Description: Returns True if the string contains only numeric characters.

 Example:

print("12345".isdigit()) # Output: True

12. isalnum()

 Description: Returns True if the string contains only alphanumeric characters (letters and
digits).
 Example:
 print("Hello123".isalnum()) # Output: True

13. capitalize()

 Description: Capitalizes the first character of the string.

 Example:

print("hello".capitalize()) # Output: "Hello"

14. title()

 Description: Converts the first character of each word to uppercase.

 Example:

print("hello world".title()) # Output: "Hello World"

15. count(substring)

 Description: Counts the number of times a substring appears in the string.

 Example:

print("banana".count("a")) # Output: 3

16. isupper() / islower()

 Description: Checks if all characters in the string are uppercase or lowercase.

 Example:

print("HELLO".isupper()) # Output: True

print("hello".islower()) # Output: True

17. format()

 Description: Formats the string by replacing placeholders with specified values.

 Example:

print("My name is {}".format("John")) # Output: "My name is John"

18. zfill(width)

 Description: Pads the string on the left with zeros to make it of the specified width.
 Example:

print("42".zfill(5)) # Output: "00042"

Summary Table of Functions

Function Description
len() Get string length.
lower(), upper() Convert to lowercase/uppercase.
Function Description
strip() Remove leading/trailing spaces.
replace() Replace substring.
split(), join() Split string or join iterables into a string.
find() Find index of a substring.
startswith(), endswith() Check prefix or suffix.
isalpha(), isdigit(), isalnum() Validate string contents.
capitalize() Capitalize the first letter.
title() Capitalize the first letter of each word.
count() Count occurrences of a substring.
isupper(), islower() Check for uppercase/lowercase letters.
format() Format strings with placeholders.
zfill() Pad with leading zeros.

7(b). Explain the list of Operators and Precedence of Operator .

Operators in Python are special symbols or keywords used to perform operations on operands (values or
variables). Below is a detailed list of operator types:

1. Arithmetic Operators

Used to perform mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example Result

+ Addition 5+3 8
- Subtraction 5-3 2
* Multiplication 5*3 15
/ Division (float result) 5 / 2 2.5
// Floor Division 5 // 2 2
% Modulus (Remainder) 5 % 2 1
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8

2. Relational (Comparison) Operators

Used to compare two values. The result is a Boolean ( True or False).

Operator Description Example Result

== Equal to 5 == 3 False
!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True
> Greater than 5 > 3 True
< Less than 5<3 False
 Greater than
>= 5 >= 3 True
or equal to
Less than
<= 5 <= 3 False
or equal to

3. Logical Operators

Used to perform logical operations.

Operator Description Example Result

and Logical AND True and False False
or Logical OR True or False True
not Logical NOT (negation) not True False

4. Bitwise Operators

Used to perform bit-level operations.

Operator Description Example Result

& Bitwise AND 5&3 1
`` Bitwise OR `5
^ Bitwise XOR 5^3 6
~ Bitwise NOT ~5 -6
<< Left Shift 5 << 1 10
>> Right Shift 5 >> 1 2

5. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example Result

= Assign x=5 x=5
+= Add and assign x += 3 x=x+3
-= Subtract and assign x -= 3 x=x-3
*= Multiply and assign x *= 3 x=x*3
/= Divide and assign x /= 3 x=x/3
//= Floor divide and assign x //= 3 x = x // 3
%= Modulus and assign x %= 3 x=x%3
**= Exponentiation and assign x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&=, ` =, ^=` Bitwise and assign Similar usage
6. Membership Operators

Used to test if a value is a member of a sequence (e.g., string, list, tuple).

Operator Description Example Result

in True if value exists "a" in "apple" True
not in True if value does not exist "x" not in "apple" True

7. Identity Operators

Used to compare memory locations of two objects.

Operator Description Example Result

is True if same object x is y True or False
is not True if not same object x is not y True or False

8. Precedence of Operators in Python

Operator precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression.
Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.

Precedence Level Operator(s)

1 (Highest) () (Parentheses)
2 ** (Exponentiation)
3 +x, -x, ~x (Unary operators)
4 *, /, //, % (Multiplicative)
5 +, - (Additive)
6 <<, >> (Bitwise shift)
7 & (Bitwise AND)
8 ^ (Bitwise XOR)
9 `
==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
10
(Comparison)
11 not (Logical NOT)
12 and (Logical AND)
13 (Lowest) or (Logical OR)

Example of Precedence in Action :

x = 3 + 5 * 2 # Multiplication has higher precedence print(x)

# Output: 13
y = (3 + 5) * 2 # Parentheses have the highest precedence print(y)
# Output: 16
 Precedence Level Operator(s)
8(a). Write short notes on Tower of Hanoi (problem Statement).

Tower of Hanoi

The Tower of Hanoi is a classic mathematical puzzle that involves moving a set of disks from
one peg to another, following specific rules. The puzzle was invented by the French
mathematician Édouard Lucas in 1883.

Rules of Tower of Hanoi

1. There are three pegs: Source (A), Auxiliary (B), and Destination (C).
2. A set of disks of different sizes is placed on the Source peg in decreasing order of size
(largest at the bottom, smallest at the top).
3. The goal is to move all the disks from the Source peg to the Destination peg.
4. Rules to follow while moving disks:
o Only one disk can be moved at a time.
o A disk can only be placed on top of a larger disk or on an empty peg.
o All moves must be performed using the Auxiliary peg.

Recursive Algorithm

The problem can be solved using recursion:

1. Move the top n-1 disks from Source to Auxiliary.

2. Move the largest disk (nth disk) from Source to Destination.
3. Move the n-1 disks from Auxiliary to Destination.

Steps for 3 Disks Example

1. Move disk 1 from A to C.

2. Move disk 2 from A to B.
3. Move disk 1 from C to B.
4. Move disk 3 from A to C.
5. Move disk 1 from B to A.
6. Move disk 2 from B to C.
7. Move disk 1 from A to C.

Formula for Moves

The minimum number of moves required to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem with n disks is:
Moves= 2n-1.

For example:

 For 3 disks: 23-1=7 moves.

 For 4 disks: 24-1=15 moves.
Applications of Tower of Hanoi

1. Problem-solving skills: Demonstrates recursion and divide-and-conquer techniques.

2. Computer Science: Used in algorithm design, particularly for understanding recursion.
3. Mathematics: Represents exponential growth and powers of 2.

8(b). Explain simple strategies for developing algorithm (Recursion & iteration) with example.

When developing an algorithm, two fundamental strategies to solve problems are recursion and
iteration. Both approaches achieve the same goal but differ in how they process the problem.

1. Recursion

Definition:
Recursion is a problem-solving strategy where a function calls itself to break down a larger
problem into smaller, similar subproblems until a base case is reached.

Key Components of Recursion

1. Base Case: The condition under which the recursion stops (avoids infinite recursion).
2. Recursive Case: The part where the function calls itself to solve smaller subproblems.

Example 1: Factorial

The factorial of a number n is defined as:

Recursive Implementation:
 def factorial(n):

if n == 0:

# Base case

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

# Recursive case

print(factorial(5))

# Output: 120

How It Works:

1. factorial(5) calls factorial(4), then factorial(3), and so on.

2. When n = 0, it returns 1 (base case).
3. The calls "unwind," multiplying the results to give 120.

Recursive Implementation:

def fibonacci(n):

if n == 0: # Base case

return 0

elif n == 1: # Base case

return 1

else:

return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2) # Recursive case

print(fibonacci(6)) # Output: 8
2. Iteration

Definition:
Iteration is a problem-solving strategy that uses loops to repeatedly perform a set of instructions
until a condition is met.

Example 1: Factorial

Iterative Implementation:

def factorial_iterative(n):

result = 1

for i in range(1, n + 1):

result *= i

return result

print(factorial_iterative(5)) # Output: 120

Example 2: Fibonacci Sequence

Iterative Implementation:

def fibonacci_iterative(n):

if n == 0:

return 0

elif n == 1:

return 1

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(2, n + 1):

a, b = b, a + b

return b
print(fibonacci_iterative(6)) # Output: 8

Comparison: Recursion vs Iteration

Aspect Recursion Iteration

Loops (e.g., for, while) are
Definition Function calls itself.
used.
Can lead to high memory usage due to Efficient with less memory
Complexity
function call stack. overhead.
Base Case No, loop termination
Yes, to stop infinite recursion.
Required condition is used.
Ease of Easier for problems naturally expressed Simpler for iterative
Understanding recursively (e.g., tree traversal). problems.
May have higher time and space complexity Typically faster with lower
Performance
due to recursive calls. memory usage.

When to Use Recursion or Iteration

Use Recursion Use Iteration

Problem can be broken into smaller subproblems Problem involves repeated tasks with a clear
of the same type (e.g., factorial, Fibonacci, tree stopping condition (e.g., summing a list,
traversal). simple loops).
Depth of problem-solving is more critical (e.g., Efficiency is more critical (e.g., simple
DFS in a graph). mathematical calculations).

Example Problem: Sum of Natural Numbers:

Recursive Approach

def sum_recursive(n):

if n == 0: # Base case

return 0

else:

return n + sum_recursive(n - 1) # Recursive case

print(sum_recursive(5)) # Output: 15

Iterative Approach

def sum_iterative(n):
 total = 0

for i in range(1, n + 1):

total += i

return total

print(sum_iterative(5)) # Output: 15

Conclusion

 Recursion is elegant and useful for problems with naturally recursive structures but can
be inefficient due to stack overhead.
 Iteration is generally more efficient and preferred for performance-critical tasks.
Choose the strategy that best fits the problem and constraints!

9(a) i. List out the Conditional statements and explain it.

Conditional statements in Python allow the execution of specific blocks of code based on certain
conditions. These are essential for decision-making in programs.

Types of Conditional Statements

1. if Statement
2. if-else Statement
3. if-elif-else Statement
4. Nested Conditional Statements
5. match Statement (Python 3.10 and later)

1. if Statement

The if statement executes a block of code only if a specified condition evaluates to True.

Syntax:

if condition:

# Code to execute if condition is True

Example:

x = 10

if x > 5:

print("x is greater than 5")

# Output: x is greater than 5

2. if-else Statement

The if-else statement provides an alternative block of code to execute if the condition evaluates to
False.

Syntax:

if condition:

# Code to execute if condition is True

else:

# Code to execute if condition is False

Example:

x=3

if x > 5:

print("x is greater than 5")

else:

print("x is less than or equal to 5")

# Output: x is less than or equal to 5

3.if-elif-else Statement

The if-elif-else statement is used when multiple conditions need to be checked. The elif (short for "else if")
is used to test additional conditions after the initial if.

Syntax:

if condition1:

# Code to execute if condition1 is True

elif condition2:

# Code to execute if condition2 is True

else:
 # Code to execute if none of the conditions are True

Example:

x = 15

if x < 10:

print("x is less than 10")

elif x < 20:

print("x is between 10 and 20")

else:

print("x is 20 or more")

# Output: x is between 10 and 20

4.Nested Conditional Statements :

Conditional statements can be nested, meaning an if or if-else statement can exist inside another.

if condition1:

if condition2:

# Code to execute if condition1 and condition2 are True

else:

# Code to execute if condition1 is True but condition2 is False

else:

# Code to execute if condition1 is False

Example:

x = 10

y = 20

if x > 5:

if y > 15:
 print("x is greater than 5 and y is greater than 15")

else:

print("x is greater than 5 but y is not greater than 15")

else:

print("x is not greater than 5")

# Output: x is greater than 5 and y is greater than 15

5. match Statement
The match statement, introduced in Python 3.10, provides a cleaner way to perform pattern matching,
similar to a switch statement in other languages.

match variable:

case pattern1:

# Code to execute if pattern1 matches

case pattern2:

# Code to execute if pattern2 matches

case _:

# Code to execute if no patterns match

Example:

day = "Monday"

match day:

case "Monday":

print("Start of the workweek")

case "Friday":

print("End of the workweek")

case _:

print("It's a midweek day")

# Output: Start of the workweek

Common Points About Conditional Statements

1. Indentation: Python relies on indentation to define blocks of code. Proper indentation is

mandatory.
2. Condition Syntax: Conditions use comparison operators (==, <, >, etc.) and logical
operators (and, or, not).
3. Truth Value Testing: Conditions evaluate any value as True or False:
o Non-zero numbers, non-empty strings/lists/tuples are considered True.
o 0, None, empty strings (""), and empty collections are considered False.

Example Using Multiple Statements :

age = 18

if age < 13:

print("Child")

elif age < 18:

print("Teenager")

else:

print("Adult")

# Output: Adult

9(a) ii. Brief discuss about Looping & unconditional statements.

Looping and Unconditional Statements in Python

In Python, looping and unconditional statements are used to control the flow of execution within
a program. They are essential for implementing repetitive tasks and breaking or skipping
operations under specific conditions.

1. Looping Statements

Looping statements allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly based on a condition.

Types of Loops in Python

1. for Loop
2. while Loop
1.1. for Loop

The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (e.g., list, tuple, string, or range).

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:

# Code block to execute

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

# Output:

# apple

# banana

# cherry

Using range() with for:

for i in range(5): # Iterates from 0 to 4

print(i)

# Output:

#0

#1

#2

#3

#4

1.2. while Loop

The while loop executes a block of code as long as the condition evaluates to True.

Syntax:

while condition:
 # Code block to execute
Example:

count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

# Output:

#0

#1

#2

#3

#4

3.Unconditional Statements :
Unconditional statements alter the normal flow of loops or skip specific parts of code. Python
provides the following:

1. break Statement
2. continue Statement
3. pass Statement

2.1. break Statement

The break statement terminates the loop prematurely, regardless of the loop condition.

for i in range(10):

if i == 5:

break

print(i)

# Output:

#0

#1

#2
#3

#4

2.2. continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next iteration of the loop.

for i in range(5):

if i == 2:

continue

print(i)

# Output:

#0

#1

#3

#4

Example:

for i in range(5):

if i == 2:

continue

print(i)

# Output:

#0

#1

#3

#4

2.3. pass Statement

The pass statement is a placeholder that does nothing. It is often used when a block of code is
syntactically required but you don't want to implement it yet.

for i in range(5):

if i == 2:
 pass # Placeholder for future code

print(i)

# Output:

#0

#1

#2

#3

#4

Key Differences Between break, continue, and pass

Statement Purpose
break Exits the loop entirely.
continue Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next iteration.
Does nothing; used as a placeholder or for maintaining syntactical structure in the
pass
program.

Combining Looping and Unconditional Statements :

Example:

n = 10

for i in range(n):

if i % 2 == 0:

continue # Skip even numbers

if i > 7:

break # Stop the loop if i is greater than 7

print(i)

# Output:
#1

#3

#5

#7

Infinite Loops

An infinite loop occurs when the loop's terminating condition is never met. This can be useful
but should be handled carefully.

Example:

while True:

print("This is an infinite loop!")

break # Add a condition to prevent actual infinite looping

In Summary

 Looping Statements:
o for: Iterates over sequences.
o while: Repeats code while a condition is True.
 Unconditional Statements:
o break: Terminates a loop.
o continue: Skips to the next iteration.
o pass: Does nothing (placeholder).

9(b). Explain brief fruitful functions.

Fruitful Functions in Python

A fruitful function in Python is a function that returns a value when called. Unlike a void
function (which performs an action but doesn't return a value), fruitful functions are designed to
compute and return results that can be used in further computations.

Key Characteristics of Fruitful Functions

1. return Statement:
o A fruitful function must include a return statement to pass a value back to the
caller.
o The return statement can return any type of value (e.g., number, string, list, or even
another function).
2. Reusable Output:
o The returned value can be assigned to a variable, used in expressions, or passed as
arguments to other functions.
3. Custom Logic:
 o Fruitful functions can include custom logic to perform calculations, process data,
or generate results.

Fruitful Functions in Python

A fruitful function in Python is a function that returns a value when called. Unlike a void
function (which performs an action but doesn't return a value), fruitful functions are designed to
compute and return results that can be used in further computations.

Key Characteristics of Fruitful Functions

1. return Statement:
o A fruitful function must include a return statement to pass a value back to the
caller.
o The return statement can return any type of value (e.g., number, string, list, or even
another function).
2. Reusable Output:
o The returned value can be assigned to a variable, used in expressions, or passed as
arguments to other functions.
3. Custom Logic:
o Fruitful functions can include custom logic to perform calculations, process data,
or generate results.

Syntax

def function_name(parameters):

# Perform operations

return value

Examples of Fruitful Functions

1. Basic Example: Addition

A function to return the sum of two numbers.

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 3)

print(result) # Output: 8
Computing a Factorial

A function to compute the factorial of a number.

def factorial(n):

if n == 0:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

3. Checking Even or Odd

A function to check if a number is even.

def is_even(num):

return num % 2 == 0

print(is_even(4)) # Output: True

print(is_even(7)) # Output: False

4.Returning Multiple Values

Fruitful functions can return multiple values using tuples or lists.

def calculate(a, b):

sum_ = a + b

difference = a - b

return sum_, difference

result = calculate(10, 5)

print(result) # Output: (15, 5)

5.Conditional Logic

A function can use conditional logic and return values accordingly.

def check_number(num):

if num > 0:

return "Positive"

elif num < 0:

return "Negative"

else:

return "Zero"

print(check_number(-3)) # Output: Negative

Advantages of Fruitful Functions

1. Modularity: Helps divide complex tasks into reusable, smaller functions.

2. Reusability: Returned values can be used multiple times in the program.
3. Clarity: Improves code readability by separating logic from output.

Comparison: Fruitful vs Void Functions

Aspect Fruitful Function Void Function

Returns a Value Yes No
Purpose To compute and return a result. To perform an action or task.
Example def add(a, b): return a + b def greet(): print("Hello!")

Conclusion

Fruitful functions are essential in Python programming for computations and logical operations
that produce reusable results. They are an integral part of creating efficient, modular, and
readable code.