Group 2

Revina Nugraheni (20202060)

A. English
1) English is the most spoken languages of the world.
- Spoken by more than 1.5 billion people in the world. English is spoken by people
throughout the world as their first language, second language and foreign
language.
- English is now a world language. English as a world language is not merely an
international language. English as an international language is used in every
international communication involving people from many countries.
- English is used by people of different first languages. It is not only applied when
people speak to English people, but also used when people from different nations
meet.
2) English has become a global language because of geographical-historical and
sociocultural features (Crystal, 2003)
- Geographical-historical factor, English has become the principal language of the
countries influenced by the British colonialism, it effects of the British Empire
over their former colonies like the United States, Australia, Canada, Nigeria,
South Africa, and India.
It is also because of the emergence of America, with its dominant power in
politics and military force since the early 20th century, helped spread English's
popularity over the world.
- When it comes to the sociocultural factor, English gains its high social status and
people are encouraged to use it in a global context because of its socioeconomic
supremacy (Majidi, 2013)
3) English is one of the most important language that needs to be taught or learned.
a. English is the international common tongue
English is the most common foreign language, this means that two people who
come from different countries usually uses English as a common language to
communicate. That’s why everyone needs to learn English in order to get in touch
in international level.
b. Education
In many countries, students are taught English as a second language or foreign
language. We will find many curriculum in science, engineering and higher
education field, research and studies are written in English. That’s why English is
important to learn.
c. The internet and press
On the internet, English is dominant in international communication. if you know
how to read English, it will allow you to access to billion pages of information
which may not be otherwise available.
d. Travel and Business
With good understanding and communication in English, we can travel around the
globe. Because English is language of foreigner. We easily understand what tour
guide say. For business, companies at an international level, will consider staff
they are hiring in good English speaker.
e. The language of Hollywood movies/ most movies are in English
With good understanding in English, we will also understand what they say in
Movies. In addition, it is good choice to learn English through movies or TV.
B. Englishes

1. World Englishes: World Englishes refers to forms of English that have been developed
by non-native speakers. The plural form Englishes shows the diverse aspect of English
today. This term is used to describe the different varieties of English in the multifarious
sociolinguistic context.
2. The pluralised word “Englishes” is a term of art in education to mean the varieties of
English language used in various parts of the world.The word is not for general use
outside education.
3. World Englishes is a variation of the English language that emerges because of the
heterogeneity and diversity of English speakers (Kachru, 1985 & 1992)
4. English has spread so widely that several experts give the term ‘global language status’ to
it. World Englishes (Kachru & Nelson, 1992; Kirkpatrick, 2007) are new names that have
emerged due to the rapid growth of English as an international language (EIL).
5. In World Englishes (WE) paradigm, Kachru (1985, 1992) divided the spread of English
into three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle.
● In the Inner Circle, English is dominated by variations of the language 'mother tongue'
(Kachru, 1992). example member countries are the UK, the US, Canada, New Zealand
and Austria.
● Outer Circle represents the English that has been institutionalized. example member
countries are India, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Tanzania.
● While, Expanding Circle covers countries that consider English as a foreign language.
example of countries are Egypt, China, Indonesia, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.
6. World Englishes (also known as International English; Kirkpatrick, 2007) can be defined
as variations of English language that emerges because of heterogeneity of English
speakers (Kachru, 1992)
C. The role and status of english
a. English as an international language.
The global status of English is partly due to the number of people who speak it.
(Crystal, 2003a: 67-69, Crystal, 2003b: 108-109) estimates that in 2,000 there were
approximately 1,500 million speakers of English worldwide). This means in effect,that
approximately one in four of the world’s population are capable of communicating to a
“useful level” in English. That is potentially a lot of people for Indonesians who know
English to communicate with.English is spoken in almost every country in the world and
where there are seventy five territories in which it is either a first language (L1) or it is
used in some official or institutional capacity as a second language (L2)
In Indonesia, although English has no wide use in society, is not used as a
medium of communication in official domains like government, the law courts, and the
education system, and is not accorded any special status in the country’s language
legislation, it is still seen as a priority, as the most important of the foreign languages to
be taught (Simatupang, 1999: 64). Making easy generalizations about the social functions
of English are not easy in a country like Indonesia where it is not the first language. In
inner circle countries, English by definition is used for all communicative situations, but
in Indonesia, its role is defined primarily by means of a conscious process of language
planning, rather than by linguistic evolution (Crystal, 2003b: 106).
b. English as a Lingua Franca
English continues to serve as an important lingua franca to globally support human
relations in the postmodern world (Graddol, 2006). Ishikawa (2017) indicates that the
majority of people whose English is not their native language use English mainly for
lingua franca purposes instead of using it as an intra-national or intra-regional means of
communication.
c. English as a second language
As a second language, English is spoken by people in the countries as the official
language. Because of this special role of English in these countries, mastering English
should be done as early as possible. As an official language, English may be the one and
only official language or it may share the status with other languages, such as that in
India, Singapore, and Malaysia.
d. English as a foreign language
English as a foreign language does not have the official status, but it is the language
which is most likely to be taught to children and learned by adults for various reasons.
Now, English is the most widely taught as a foreign language in more than 100 countries,
including China, Russia, Germany, Spain, Egypt, Brazil, and Indonesia. (Crystal, 1997).