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Tropical Design 01302024 2

Air movement is crucial for thermal comfort in hot-humid environments, particularly in urban areas of the Philippines, as it promotes sweat evaporation and cooling. Effective building design should facilitate air flow while also considering resistance to typhoon winds, utilizing principles such as directing air from high to low pressure areas and maximizing cross-ventilation. Tropical architecture aims to optimize energy consumption and cooling loads through strategic design elements like large windows, high-pitched roofs, and vegetation for shade and evaporative cooling.

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Alessandra Galvez
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9 views40 pages

Tropical Design 01302024 2

Air movement is crucial for thermal comfort in hot-humid environments, particularly in urban areas of the Philippines, as it promotes sweat evaporation and cooling. Effective building design should facilitate air flow while also considering resistance to typhoon winds, utilizing principles such as directing air from high to low pressure areas and maximizing cross-ventilation. Tropical architecture aims to optimize energy consumption and cooling loads through strategic design elements like large windows, high-pitched roofs, and vegetation for shade and evaporative cooling.

Uploaded by

Alessandra Galvez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Air movement

AIR MOVEMENT
▪ Air movement is vital in passively-cooled
environments in hot-humid localities
▪ This is particularly critical for most urban areas
and lowlands in the Philippines
AIR MOVEMENT
▪ Moving air that hits the human body promotes
evaporation of sweat and induces a cooling
sensation.
▪ Thus, air flow into the interiors should be directed
to the occupancy zones especially those far from
windows
AIR MOVEMENT
▪ Although there is a need to induce air
movement during the hot-humid
periods of the year, there are also
periods of the year when the building
should be able to resist typhoon
winds
Principles of air flow
WIND
The movement of air through a building is
generated by differences in air pressure as well as
temperature. The resulting patterns of air flow are
affected more by building geometry and orientation
than by air speed.
PRINCIPLE #1
Air flows from a high pressure
area to a low pressure area.
PRINCIPLE #2
Air possesses inertia. Once set in
motion, it tends to continue to
flow in its initial direction until
some intervening force is met.
PRINCIPLE #3
Air flows through the path of least
resistance.
Inducing Air
Movement
Thermal Comfort
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that
expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment. Maintaining this standard of
thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or
other enclosures is one of the important goals of
HVAC design engineers.
 High inlets direct air flow upward,
resulting in a loss of cooling effect.
 Low inlets direct air flow at occupants.
 Outlets should be as large or larger
than inlets for maximum air flow.
 The position of an outlet has little
effect on the air flow but should allow
rising warm air to escape.
Overhangs over openings direct flow
upward which may be undesirable for
cooling.

Louvers can beneficially redirect and


diffuse air flow.
Roof overhangs increase incoming flow
of air.

Slots in overhangs equalize external


pressure.
Sea and Land
Breeze
SEA AND LAND BREEZE
▪ SEA BREEZE – wind from the sea (high pressure)
directed towards the land (low pressure); due to
daytime heating.
▪ LAND BREEZE – wind from land (high pressure)
directed towards the sea (low pressure); due to
night time cooling.
Tropical Architecture
TROPICAL
ARCHITECTURE
Tropical architecture can be regarded as a
type of green building applicable specifically
for tropical climates, using design to optimally
reduce buildings’ energy consumption,
particularly the cooling load.
MAIN OBJECTIVES (HOT HUMID)
▪ Maximize filtered air movement/speed up winds
▪ Minimize humidity and avoid mold growth
▪ Provide maximum shade, especially in late morning and all
afternoon
▪ Create a cool and dark microclimate
▪ Low building density for better air movement
▪ Vegetation is desirable as a radiation absorbent surface and for
its evaporative and shade properties. However, it has to be
arranged in a way that does not impede air circulation
TROPICAL
ARCHITECTURE
▪ Samoans long ago did not install
walls to allow free-flow breezes.
TROPICAL
ARCHITECTURE
▪ Malayan homes’ plentiful windows
aim to maximize cross-ventilation.
BAHAY KUBO
▪ Living platform elevated on stilts, adaptation to damp ground
conditions
▪ High-pitched roof, rain water can be quickly drained, creates large
air space (insulation), heat is radiated at an angle rather than
directly on living space below
▪ Large windows, cross ventilation
▪ Operable windows, awning type, protection from rain at the same
time provides shade
▪ Wide roof overhangs
▪ Walls and roof are constructed of thatch, low U-value
▪ Bamboo flooring, slats allows air to breeze upward
▪ Surrounding gardens
BAHAY NA BATO
▪ Living platform is elevated, heavy stone walled ground floor
▪ High-pitched roof, rain water can be quickly drained, creates large
air space (insulation), heat is radiated at an angle rather than
directly on living space below.
▪ Wide eaves, alero, underside was fitted with latticed vents
▪ Large windows, capiz panels allow daylight to penetrate interiors
▪ Ventanillas, operable windows on barandillas
▪ Volada, cantilevered gallery along the perimeter of the second
floor, double layered façade
▪ Calado, latticed openings above interior walls
▪ Operable louvers or jalousies, dynamic exterior louvers
▪ Wooden walls, low U-value
PRINCIPLES
▪ The consideration of the weather, hydrography
and ecosystems of the environment in which
buildings are built for maximum performance
with the least impact.
▪ The efficacy and moderation in the use of
construction materials, giving priority to low
energy content compared to high energy.
PRINCIPLES
▪ The reduction of energy consumption for heating,
cooling, lighting and equipment, covering the
remainder of the claim with renewable energy
sources.
▪ The minimization of the building overall energy
balance, covering the design, construction, use and
end of its life.
▪ The fulfillment of requirements of comfort, safety,
lighting and occupancy of buildings.
Improving Natural
Ventilation and
Daylighting
▪ Building should be sited in high
altitudes for maximum cool airflow
and locations with evaporative
possibilities are advantageous

▪ Settlements have to be properly


oriented regarding prevailing winds
▪ Settlements in flat areas (less natural
features: hill sides, slopes) should
include vegetation because the air is
cooled while crossing green shaded
areas
▪ Sun orientation: preference for north
orientations of the main facades of
the building

▪ Wind orientation: main walls and


windows should face the prevailing
wind direction
▪ Orient active living areas to the
northeast to collect early morning
sun.

▪ Glass areas should face north with


properly designed overhangs.

▪ Plant trees in south.

▪ East and west windows should be


avoided to minimize radiation with
low sun angles.
▪ Outlets at higher levels serve to vent
hot air

▪ Semi-open spaces such as balconies


and porches can be used
advantageously for daytime activities
as well as give protection from
rainfall.
▪ The form of the roof should be
planned to promote air flow. Vents at
the rooftop induce ventilation and
draw hot air out. A double roof with
ventilated space in between can be
used to promote air flow. The space
between can also act as a heat
buffer.

▪ Air should enter the building through


shaded outdoor areas, avoiding
passing through heated surfaces.
▪ Openings of a comparatively smaller
size can be placed on the windward
side, while the corresponding
openings on the leeward side should
be bigger for facilitating natural
ventilation.
 Opening shape matters and can
influence airflow effectiveness. Long
horizontal strip windows can ventilate
a space more evenly.
 Tall windows with openings at top and
bottom can use convection as well as
outside breezes to pull hot air out the
top of the room while supplying cool
air at the bottom.
END

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