OR Tambo MST Academy

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
GRADE 12 SPRING CAMP

01 – 06 OCTOBER 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Newton’s Laws 3
 Examination Guidelines 3
 Examination Tips 5
 Typical Examination Questions 6
Electrodynamics 15

 Examination Guidelines 15
 Examination Tips 15
 Typical Examination Questions 16
Photoelectric Effects 25

 Examination Guidelines 25
 Examination Tips 26
 Typical Examination Questions 27
Organic Molecules 36

 Examination Guidelines 36
 Examination Tips 39
 Typical Examination Questions 40
Electrochemical Cells 49

 Examination Guidelines 49
 Examination Tips 52
 Typical Examination Questions 54
References 62

Page 2 of 62
 Newton’s Laws

Different kinds of forces: weight, normal force, frictional force, applied force (push, pull), tension
(strings or cables)
 Define normal force, N, as the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an object
with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface.
 Define frictional force, f, as the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel
to the surface.
 Define static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary
object relative to a surface.
 Define kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative
to a surface.
Know that a frictional force:
o Is proportional to the normal force
o Is independent of the area of contact
o Is independent of the velocity of motion
 Solve problems using fmaxs = μsN where fmaxs is the maximum static frictional force and μs is the
coefficient of static friction.
NOTE:
o If a force, F, applied to a body parallel to the surface does not cause the object to move, F
is equal in magnitude to the static frictional force.

o The static frictional force is a maximum (f maxs ) just before the object starts to move
across the surface.
o If the applied force exceeds fmaxs , a resultant net force accelerates the object.

 Solve problems using fk = μkN, where fk is the kinetic frictional force and μk the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
Force diagrams, free-body diagrams
 Draw force diagrams.
 Draw free-body diagrams. (This is a diagram that shows the relative magnitudes and directions of
forces acting on a body/particle that has been isolated from its surroundings.)
 Resolve two-dimensional forces (such as the weight of an object on an inclined plane) into its parallel
(x) and perpendicular (y) components.

Page 3 of 62
 Determine the resultant or net force of two or more forces.
Newton's first, second and third laws of motion
 State Newton's first law of motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity
unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
 Discuss why it is important to wear seatbelts using Newton's first law of motion.
 State Newton's second law of motion: When a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate
in the direction of the force and the acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
 Draw force diagrams and free-body diagrams for objects that are in equilibrium or accelerating.
 Apply Newton's laws to a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems including: o
o A single object:
- Moving on a horizontal plane with or without friction
- Moving on an inclined plane with and without friction
- Moving in the vertical plane (lifts, rockets, etc.)
o Two-body systems (joined by a light inextensible string) by applying Newton's laws of motion
separately to EACH of the bodies:
- Both on a flat horizontal plane with and without friction
- One on a horizontal plane with and without friction, and a second hanging vertically from a
string over a frictionless pulley
- Both on an inclined plane with or without friction
- Both hanging vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
 State Newton's third law of motion: When object A exerts a force on object B, object B
SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A.
 Identify action-reaction pairs.
 List the properties of action-reaction pairs.

Page 4 of 62
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
 State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Each body in the universe attracts every other body
with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between their centres.

𝐺𝑚1𝑚2
 Solve problems using F = 𝑟2

 Describe weight as the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or near its surface.
 Calculate weight using the expression w = mg.
 Calculate the weight of an object on other planets with different values of gravitational acceleration.
 Distinguish between mass and weight.
 Explain weightlessness.

EXAMINATION TIPS

 Teachers should adhere to and emphasise the definitions in the Examination

Guidelines and CAPS. Key words must be emphasised in these definitions.
 The importance of drawing free-body diagrams for each object correctly and their
usefulness in problem-solving must be emphasised. A method of solving simultaneous
equations can be used to solve for the unknown in the equation and this method should be
taught thoroughly in class. Encourage learners to use different problem-solving
strategies to solve the same problem to ensure that they gain a greater understanding of the
problem and their solutions.
 Teachers should emphasise that the net force acting on an object is the sum of all the forces
acting on the object parallel to the direction of motion of the object.
 Learners must be systematically exposed to different questions in which trigonometric relations
must be applied.

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QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has
only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number.
1.1 Net force is a measure of the …
A change in energy.
B rate of change in energy.
C change in momentum.
D rate of change in momentum. (2)

1.2 Which ONE of the following forces always acts perpendicular to the surface on which a
body is placed?
A Normal force.
B Frictional force.
C Gravitational force.
D Tension force. (2)

1.3 A car of mass m collides head-on with a truck of mass 2m. If the car exerts a force of
magnitude F on the truck during the collision, the magnitude of the force that the truck
exerts on the car is …
A ½F
B F
C 2F
D 4F (2)

1.4 John, who is standing in a lift, observes a 20 N mass piece suspended from a spring
balance fixed to the roof of the lift. He sees that the reading on the spring balance is less
than 20N for a short time interval. During this short time interval the lift is …
A not moving.
B accelerating upwards.
C accelerating downwards.
D moving with constant velocity. (2)

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QUESTION 2
A 7.5 N force pulls horizontally on a block of mass 1.5 kg. The block slides on a
smooth horizontal surface. The first block is connected by a horizontal string to a
second block of mass 0.93 kg on the same surface.

2.1 State Newton’s second Law of Motion in words. (2)

2.2 Draw a free- body diagram for each block. (7)
2.3 Determine the acceleration of the blocks. (7)
2.5 Determine the tension in the string (3)
2.5 The mass of the 1.5 kg block is increased. State whether the tension in the String will (1)
INCREASE, DECREASE OR STAY THE SAME.
[20]
QUESTION 3
A constant force, F, pulls a 50 kg block at a constant speed over a rough horizontal
surface, AB, as shown in the diagram below. The coefficient of kinetic friction (μk)
between the block and the surface is 0,5.

50 kg 20o

A B

3.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the block (4)
3.2 State Newton's first law of motion in words. (2)
3.3 Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.3.1 Force F (7)

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 3.3.2 Normal force (3)
3.3.3 Frictional force (3)
3.5 The same constant force, F, is now applied to the block over the same rough horizontal
surface as before, but in the direction shown below.

20o 50 kg

A B

3.5.1 Give a reason why the block will move slower than before. (2)
[21]
QUESTION 4

A 50 kg metal container is dragged to the right across a rough horizontal surface with a
force of 300 N, acting at an angle θ to the surface. The frictional force acting on the
container is 180 N and the acceleration of the container is 2,038 m.s-2 .

4.1 State Newton’s third law of motion in words. (2)

4.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram, representing all the forces acting on the block. (4)
4.3 Prove that angle θ is equal to 20 ⁰. (3)
4.4 Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction for the metal container and the
horizontal surface. (4)
4.5 The metal container continues to be dragged with a force of 300 N but the
angle θ is increased.
4.5.1 What will be the effect on the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force acting
on the container? Only write down INCREASE, DECREASE or STAY THE
SAME. (1)

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 4.5.2 Explain your answer in QUESTION 4.5.1. (2)
[16]

QUESTION 5

5.1 A block of mass 2 kg is sliding down a plane inclined at an angle of 30° to the
horizontal, as shown in the diagram below.

The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the plane is 0,20.
5.1.1 Define the term frictional force. (2)
5.1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the block whilst in motion. (3)
5.1.3 Calculate the acceleration of the block. (5)

Page 9 of 62
5.2 In two adjacent buildings of the same size, the two walls nearest each other are
7 m apart and the walls furthest from each other are 35 m apart, as the diagram
below illustrates.

5.2.1 Use an appropriate calculation to show that the gravitational force that the
two
inner walls exert on each other is 25 times bigger than that of the two outer
walls on each other (i.e. Fg(inner walls) = 25 x Fg(outer walls) (4)
[14]

Page 10 of 62
QUESTION 6
A 5 kg block, resting on a rough horizontal table, is connected by a light inextensible
string passing over a light frictionless pulley to another block of mass 2 kg. The 3 kg
block hangs vertically as shown in the diagram below.

A force of 60 N is applied to the 5 kg block at an angle of 10 o to the horizontal, causing

the block to accelerate to the left. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 5 kg block
and the surface of the table is 0,5. Ignore the effects of air friction.

6.1 Define the term kinetic frictional force. (2)

6.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 5 kg block. (5)
6.3 Calculate the magnitude of the:
6.3.1 Vertical component of the 60 N force (3)
6.3.2 Horizontal component of the 60 N force (3)
6.3.3 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (3)
6.4 Calculate the magnitude of the:
6.4.1 Normal force acting on the 5 kg block. (3)
6.4.2 Tension in the string connecting the two blocks (7)
[26]

Page 11 of 62
QUESTION 7
Two blocks of masses 20 kg and 5 kg respectively are connected by a light inextensible
string, P. A second light inextensible string, Q, attached to the 5 kg block, runs over a
light frictionless pulley. A constant horizontal force of 250 N pulls the second string as
shown in the diagram below. The magnitudes of the tensions in P and Q are T 1 and T2
respectively. Ignore the effects of air friction.

7.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces acting on the 5 kg block. (3)

7.2 Calculate the magnitude of the tension T1 in string P. (7)

7.3 When the 250 N force is replaced by a sharp pull on the string, one of the two strings
break. Which ONE of the two strings, P or Q, will break? (1)
[11]

Page 12 of 62
QUESTION 8
Crate P of mass 1,25 kg is connected to another crate, Q, of mass 2 kg by a light
inextensible string. The two crates are placed on a rough horizontal surface. A constant
force F of magnitude 7,5 N, acting at angle to the horizontal, is applied on crate Q,
as shown in the diagram below.

The crates accelerate at 0, m∙s-2 to the right.

Crate P experiences a constant frictional force of 1,8 N and crate Q experiences a

constant frictional force of 2,2 N.

8.1 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)

8.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for crate P. (4)
8.3 Calculate the magnitude of:
8.3.1 The tension in the string (4)
8.3.2 Angle θ (3)
[13]

Page 13 of 62
QUESTION 9

Block A of mass m is connected to block B of mass 7,5 kg by a light inextensible rope

passing over a frictionless pulley. Block B is initially held at a height of 1,5 m above the
ground, while block A is initially stationary on the ground, as shown in the diagram below.

When block B is released, it moves vertically downwards and strikes the ground with a
velocity of 3,41 m·s-1. Ignore the effects of friction.
9.1 Show, by means of a calculation, that the magnitude of the acceleration of block B was
3,88 m∙s-2 while the block was moving vertically downwards. (3)
9.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on block B immediately
after it was released. (2)
9.3 Calculate the value of m by applying Newton's Second Law to EACH BLOCK while they
are in motion. (5)
9.4 Calculate the maximum height above the ground reached by block A. (5)
[15]

Page 14 of 62
 ELECTRODYNAMICS

Electrical machines (generators, motors)

 State the energy conversion in generators.
 Use the principle of electromagnetic induction to explain how a generator works.
 Explain the functions of the components of an AC and a DC generator.
 State examples of the uses of AC and DC generators.
 State the energy conversion in motors.
 Use the motor effect to explain how a motor works.
 Explain the functions of the components of a motor.
 State examples of the use of motors.
Alternating current
 State the advantages of alternating current over direct current.
 Sketch graphs of voltage versus time and current versus time for an AC circuit.
 Define the term rms for an alternating voltage/current.

The rms potential difference is the AC potential difference which dissipates/produces

the same amount of energy as an equivalent DC potential difference.
The rms current is the alternating current which dissipates/produces the same amount
of energy as an equivalent direct current (DC)

EXAMINATION TIPS

 Emphasise the use of subscripts in the formulae when rms calculations are done.
 The differences and similarities between Vrms and Vmax, Irms and Imax, Pave and Pmax must be
explained clearly, and learners must be exposed to sufficient application-type questions.
 Learners must be taught to differentiate AC from DC in words, using graphs, in terms of
components used, law or principle used to find the direction of motion or the induced
current and the factors responsible for the difference.

Page 15 of 62
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has
only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number.

1.1 The device that uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy is called.
A Dynamo
B Alternator
C Electric motor
D Generator (2)

1.2 In a AC generator the current to the external circuit is delivered through the …
A coils.
B battery.
C slip rings.
D split rings (commutators). (2)

1.3 Which ONE of the following combinations represents the component(s) present AS
WELL AS the energy conversion in a direct current (DC) motor?

(2)

1.4 A model car has a motor with variable speed. Which ONE of the following modifications
for the motor will not increase the speed of rotation of the motor?
A Increasing the number of turns in the coil of the motor.
B Winding the armature coil around a zinc core.
C Increasing the current flowing through the coil of the motor.
D Increasing the strength of the magnet in the motor. (2)

Page 16 of 62
QUESTION 2
The simplified diagram below shows a generator.

2.1 Does the diagram show a DC or an AC generator? (1)

2.2 State the energy conversion that takes place in this generator. (1)
2.3 A maximum emf of 15 V is delivered by this generator.

2.3.1 A maximum emf of 15 V is delivered by this generator. Draw a graph to

illustrate how the induced emf changes over time for one complete rotation of
the coil, starting from the position of the coil indicated in the diagram above.
Label the axes and indicate the maximum emf values on the graph. (3)
2.4 The specifications of an electric drill are as follows:
2 100 W; 240 V
2.4.1 Define the term root mean square (rms) value of an AC potential (2)
difference.
2.4.2 What is the value of the rms voltage for this drill? (1)
2.4.3 Calculate the maximum value of the current that can flow through the (4)
drill.

[12]

Page 17 of 62
QUESTION 3
The following diagrams show two types of generators

3.1 Write down the energy conversion which takes place in a generator. (1)
3.2 Write down the type of generator represented by:
3.2.1 Diagram X (1)
3.2.2 Diagram Y (1)
3.3 State the difference between the two generators by referring to the components, shown
in the diagrams, of which they consist. (2)
3.4 The generator in diagram Y produces a potential difference with root-mean-square
(rms) value of 220 V.
3.4.1 Define, in words, the term rms voltage. (2)
3.4.2 Calculate the peak (maximum) potential difference of the generator. (3)
3.4.3 Sketch a graph of potential difference-versus-time to indicate one full
rotation of the coil.
Clearly indicate the values of the following on the graph:
 The rms value
 The peak potential difference (3)
[13]

Page 18 of 62
QUESTION 4
The diagram below is a simplified representation of a generator. The coil is
rotated clockwise.

4.1 Is the above a DC or an AC generator? (1)

4.2 Write down the name of component X. (1)
4.3 Write down the function of component Y. (1)
4.4 Is the direction of the induced current from P to Q or from Q to P? (1)
4.5 The graph below shows the output voltage from a household AC generator for the
rotation of the coil for one complete cycle.

4.5.1 The speed of rotation is doubled. Sketch the graph of the induced emf versus
the time for this change for one cycle. Indicate the maximum voltage and
relevant time values. (3)
4.5.2 An electrical device is connected to this generator. The maximum current
passing through the device is 8 A.
Calculate the:
(a) Resistance of the device (4)

Page 19 of 62
 (b) Energy the device consumes in two hours (4)

[15]

QUESTION 5

A coal power station uses AC generators to produce electricity.

5.1 State the energy conversion that takes place in a generator. (1)
5.2 Draw a sketch graph of emf generated versus time for two complete cycles for an AC
generator. (2)
5.3 Alternating current is used for the long-distance transmission of electricity. Give a reason
why AC is preferred over DC to transmit electricity over long distances. (1)
5.4 An electrical kettle is marked 220 V. What does the 220 V represent? (1)

5.5 A certain AC generator produces a peak current of 6,25 A when connected to an

electrical kettle of resistance 45 Q.
Calculate the:
5.5.1 Root mean square (rms) current (3)
5.5.2 Average power dissipated by the kettle when connected to this generator (3)

[11]

Page 20 of 62
QUESTION 6
The simplified sketch below represents an AC generator with the coil initially horizontal
between the poles of a magnet. X and Y are two points on the coil, while A is one of the poles
of the magnet.

When the coil of the generator rotates clockwise between the two poles of the magnet, the
direction of the induced current is from X to Y, as shown above.
6.1 Is A the NORTH POLE or the SOUTH POLE of the magnet? (1)
6.2 The coil is now rotated through 180°.
Will the direction of the current be from X to Y or from Y to X? (1)
6.3 Sketch an emf-time graph for TWO complete rotations of the coil, starting from the
position of the coil as shown in the diagram above. (3)
6.4 An electrical device is connected to an AC generator. The rms potential difference across
the device is 200 V and the maximum current passing through the device is 6 A.
Calculate the:
6.4.1 Resistance of the device (4)
6.4.2 Energy consumed by the device in two hours (4)
[13]

Page 21 of 62
QUESTION 7
A simplified diagram of an AC generator connected to a 25 Ω resistor is shown below. The coil
rotates anticlockwise.

7.1 Name the component that distinguishes this generator from a DC generator. (1)
7.2 In which direction will the induced current flow in section XY of the coil?
Choose from X to Y OR Y to X. (2)
The graph below shows the output voltage of the generator for one cycle of rotation of the coil.

7.3 Define the term rms potential difference. (2)

7.4 Calculate the rms current in the circuit. (4)
7.5 Calculate the average power dissipated in the 25 Ω resistor. (3)

Page 22 of 62
The speed of rotation of the coil in the generator is now DOUBLED.
7.6 Copy the set of axes below in your ANSWER BOOK and sketch the graph of output
voltage versus time for 0,1 s.

(3)
[15]

QUESTION 8

The diagram below shows the initial position of the coil in a simple DC generator. The coil is
rotated in an anticlockwise direction, as shown.

8.1 Name the component in this generator that ensures that the induced current in the
external circuit is in one direction only. (1)
8.2 Is the direction of the induced current from X to Y or from Y to X? (1)
A maximum voltage of 90 V is generated when the coil is rotating at a frequency of 20 Hz.
8.3 Write down the time taken for the coil to complete ONE rotation. (1)
8.4 The coil starts rotating from the initial position, as shown in the diagram above.

Sketch a graph of output voltage versus time for one complete rotation of the coil.
Indicate the maximum voltage and the relevant time values on the graph. (4)

Page 23 of 62
8.5 Wall sockets supply rms voltage and current.

A 220 V AC voltage is supplied from a wall socket to an electric kettle having a

resistance of 32 Ω.
Calculate the average energy dissipated by the kettle in TWO minutes. (4)
[11]

QUESTION 9

In the simplified AC generator, the coil is rotated clockwise

9.1 In which direction does the induced current flow in the coil? Choose from: X to Y or Y to
X. (1)
9.2 On which principle or law is the working of the generator based? (1)
9.3 State the energy conversion that takes place while the generator is in operation. (2)
9.4 The voltage output for an AC generator is shown below

9.4.1 Write down the maximum (peak) output voltage of the generator. (1)
9.5 A stove is connected to the generator above, and delivers an average power of
1 600 W.
9.5.1 Calculate the rms voltage delivered to the stove. (3)
9.5.2 Calculate the resistance of the stove. (3)
[11]

Page 24 of 62
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Photo-electric effect
 Describe the photoelectric effect as the process whereby electrons are ejected from a
metal surface when light of suitable frequency is incident on that surface.
 State the significance of the photoelectric effect.
 Define threshold frequency, fo, as the minimum frequency of light needed to emit
electrons from a certain metal surface.
 Define work function, W o, as the minimum energy that an electron in the metal needs to
be emitted from the metal surface.
 Perform calculations using the photoelectric equation:

E =W o+ Ek(max), where E = hf and W o= hfo and Ek(max) = ½ mv2max

 Explain the effect of intensity and frequency on the photoelectric effect.

 State that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light.

Emission and absorption spectra

 Explain the formation of atomic spectra by referring to energy transition.

 Explain the difference between atomic absorption and emission spectra
An atomic absorption spectrum is formed when certain frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation passing through a substance is absorbed.
For example, when light passes through a cold gas, atoms in the gas absorb
characteristic frequencies of the light and the spectrum observed is a continuous
spectrum with dark lines where characteristic frequencies of light were removed. The
frequencies of the absorption lines are unique to the type of atoms in the gas.
An atomic emission spectrum is formed when certain frequencies of
e lectromagnetic radiation are emitted due to an atom making a transition from a
higher energy state to a lower energy state.
For example, atoms in a hot gas emit light at characteristic frequencies. The
spectrum observed is a line spectrum with only a few coloured lines of frequencies
unique to the type of atom that is producing the emission lines.

Page 25 of 62
EXAMINATION TIPS

 The importance of the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect in understanding the nature of light
and that the particle nature of light was the only way of explaining this phenomenon must be
emphasised.
 Learners must understand that the formulae must be copied from data sheet as is and definitions
studied from the Examination Guidelines.
 Learners must use the formula E = W 0 + Ek(max) as per data sheet (including the subscript max).
Make sure that learners understand the meaning of the different expressions in this formula and
that they can relate this to a straight-line graph.
 Ensure that learners can explain the influence of the changes in the light (intensity and frequency)
incident on a cathode/surface.
 Learners must understand what causes a change in the number of photoelectrons per unit time
and the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons.

Page 26 of 62
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question number.
1.1 In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, the frequency of the incident light is high
enough to cause the removal of electrons from the surface of the metal.
The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface is proportional to the …
A kinetic energy of the electrons.
B number of incident photons.
C work function of the metal.
D frequency of the incident light. (2)
1.2 In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, a scientist shines red light on a metal
surface and observes that electrons are ejected from the metal surface. Later the
scientist shines blue light, with the same intensity as the red light, on the same metal
surface.

Which ONE of the statements below will be the CORRECT observation as a result of
this change?
A The number of ejected electrons per second will increase.
B The number of ejected electrons per second will decrease.
C The speed of the ejected electrons will decrease.
D The maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons will increase. (2)

1.3 The maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected from the surface of a metal by a
photon depends on:
A The photon’s frequency only
B The metal’s work function only
C Both the photon’s frequency and the metal’s work function
D The photon’s intensity and the metal’s work function (2)

Page 27 of 62
1.4 The diagram below shows light incident on the cathode of a photocell.
The ammeter registers a reading.

The intensity of the incident light is now changed.

Which ONE of the following correctly describes the relationship between the intensity
of the incident light and the ammeter reading?

(2)

Page 28 of 62
QUESTION 2

In the diagram below, green and blue light are successively shone on a metal surface.
In each case, electrons are ejected from the surface.

2.1 What property of light is illustrated by the photoelectric effect? (1)

22.2 Without any calculation, give a reason why the maximum kinetic energy of an ejected
electron, using blue light, is GREATER THAN that obtained using green light, for the
same metal surface. (2)
12.3 The wavelength associated with the cut-off (threshold) frequency of a certain metal is
330 nm.
Calculate:
2.3.1 The work function of the metal. (4)
2.3.2 The maximum speed of an electron ejected from the surface of the metal
when light of frequency 1,2 x 1015 Hz is shone on the metal. (5)
[12]

Page 29 of 62
QUESTION 3

A learner uses two photoelectric cells to determine the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons from caesium and sodium cathodes. Monochromatic light from the
SAME SOURCE is shone on the cathode of each photoelectric cell, as shown in the
diagram.

The ammeter records a small current in each case.

The learner compiles the following data for the two metals:

3.1 Define the term work function of a metal. (2)

3.2 Use the information in the table to calculate the wavelength of the
light used in the experiment. (5)
3.3 Calculate the maximum velocity of an ejected electron from sodium metal. (4)
3.4 The intensity of the incident light was INCREASED. How does the
change affect the reading on the ammeter?

Write down only INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAINS THE SAME.

Explain the answer. (3)
[14]

Page 30 of 62
QUESTION 4
The diagram below shows a photoelectric cell. An ammeter is connected as
shown in the diagram.

4.1 Define the term Threshold frequency in words. (2)

4.2 When an ultraviolet light of wavelength 200 nm falls on to the metal cathode of
work function of 2,3 x 10-19 J, photoelectrons are released.

Calculate the:
4.2.1 Frequency of ultraviolet light (2)
4.2.2 Threshold frequency of the metal (3)
4.2.3 Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron (4)
4.3 The intensity of the incident light is LOWERED. Will the reading on the ammeter
INCREASE, DECREASE or STAYS THE SAME? (1)
[12]

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QUESTION 5
In a photoelectric investigation, light of different frequencies was radiated on each of
two metals, A and B. The graph of maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons
from metal A and the frequency of the incident photons is shown below.
Point X on the graph represents an unknown maximum kinetic energy.

5.1 Define the term photoelectric effect. (2)

5.2 Write down the numerical value of the gradient of the graph. (1)
5.3 Calculate the:
5.3.1 Work function of metal A. (3)
5.3.2 Value of X shown on the graph. (4)
5.4 How will EACH of the following be affected if light of frequency 12,54 x 10 14 Hz, but of
higher intensity, is used?
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.
5.4.1 The value of X. (1)
5.4.2 The number of photoelectrons emitted per unit time. (1)
Metal B has a larger work function than metal A.
5.5.1 Redraw the graph above in your ANSWER BOOK. (Do NOT include values on
the axes.) Label this graph as A.
On the SAME set of axes, sketch the graph for metal B. Label this graph
as B. (2)
[14]

Page 32 of 62
QUESTION 6
Light is incident on the cathode of a photoelectric cell connected to a battery and a
sensitive ammeter, as shown below.

6.1 What conclusive evidence about the nature of light is provided by the photoelectric
effect? (1)
6.2 The cathode has a work function of 3,42 x 10-19 J.
Define the term work function. (2)
6.3 Light of frequency 5,96 x 1014 Hz is shone onto the cathode.
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected from the cathode. (4)
6.4 The ammeter registers a constant current of 0,012 A.

Calculate the minimum number of photons of light that strike the cathode in a 10 s
period. (4)
6.5 The intensity of the incident light is now INCREASED. How will this change affect the
reading on the ammeter?

Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain the

answer. (3)
[14]

Page 33 of 62
QUESTION 7
The graph below shows the results obtained when the relationship between maximum
kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from metal P and the wavelength of the
photons were investigated.

7.1 Define the term photoelectric effect. (2)

7.2 Prove that the threshold frequency of metal P is equal to 4,5 x 10 14 Hz. (2)
7.3 Calculate the maximum speed of an ejected electron if light of frequency
5,2 x 1014 Hz is incident on metal P. (4)
7.4 The intensity of the light in QUESTION 7.3 is now DECREASED.
How will this change affect each of the following?
Choose between INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT.
7.4.1 The energy of the incident light. (1)
7.4.2 The maximum speed of an ejected electron.
Explain your answer. (2)
The experiment is now repeated with metal Q. It is found that no photoelectrons are
ejected when the same light is incident on metal Q.
7.5 How does the work function of metal Q compare to that of metal P?
Choose between HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

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7.6 Which graph below shows the correct relationship between the maximum kinetic
energy and frequency for metal Q?
Choose between GRAPH 1 or GRAPH 2.

(1)
[13]

QUESTION 8

In a photoelectric effect experiment, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons

ejected from a certain metal surface is 4,48 x 10-19 J. When the wavelength of the
incident light is increased by 50%, the maximum kinetic energy decreases
to 1.76 x 10-19 J
8.1 Define the term work function of a metal in words. (2)
8.2 Prove, by means of an appropriate calculation, that the work function of the
cathode is 3,68 x 10-19 J. (6)
8.3 Hence, find the initial wavelength of the incident light. (2)
8.4 How does EACH of the following affect the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons?
(State only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME).
8.4.1 Using incident light of shorter wavelength (1)
8.4.2 Using a photocathode with a higher work function (1)
8.4.3 Using incident light of greater intensity (1)
[13]

Page 35 of 62
 Organic Molecules

Page 36 of 62
Page 37 of 62
Page 38 of 62
EXAMINATION TIPS

When writing IUPAC names, the following should be emphasised:

 Correct use of hyphens (between a number and a letter) and commas (between
two numbers).
 The prefixes, di, tri, etc. are used to indicate more than one of the same type of
substituents.
 In aldehydes and carboxylic acids, the functional group is always on C-1 and
numbering must not be used to indicate the position of the functional group, e.g.
it should be butanal and not butan-1-al.
 The functional group of haloalkanes do not get preference over the alkyl groups.
Therefore, numbering should not necessarily start from the side closest to the
halogen. Instead, numbering should start from the side giving substituents,
halogen and alkyl, the lowest total number.
 Numbering should always be from the side giving substituents the lowest
number, for example when deciding between 4-bromo-3,3-dimethyl or 3-bromo-4,4-
dimethyl, the numbers of each should be added to determine the lowest total.
4-bromo-3,3-dimethyl: 4 + 3 + 3 = 10; bromo-4,4-dimethyl: 3 + 4 + 4 = 11.
Therefore, the lowest total is 10 and numbering should be such that the name is
4-bromo-3,3-dimethyl.
 Substituents must be written in alphabetical order in IUPAC names regardless of
their position in the longest chain. Numbers of substituents cater for the position
of substituents in the longest chain.
 When drawing structural formulae, learners should be encouraged to count the number
of bonds drawn around atoms to eliminate unnecessary errors. They need to be
reminded that a carbon atom cannot have less than or more than 4 bonds around it

Page 39 of 62
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question number.
1.1 The structural formula of an organic compound is given below.

The IUPAC name of this compound is ...

A 2,3-dimethylhept-5-yne.
B 5,6-dimethylhept-2-yne.
C 2,3-methylhept-2-yne.
D 5,6-dimethylhept-3-yne. (2)

1.2 A structural isomer of butane is ...

A propane.

B 2-methylbutane.

C 2-methylpropane.

D 2,2-dimethylpropane. (2)

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1.3 The structural formulae for four compounds are shown below.

These compounds can be classified in the correct sequence as …

A Carboxylic acid, alkane, ketone, aldehyde

B Carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, alkane

C Aldehyde, alkane, carboxylic acid, ketone

D Carboxylic acid, alkane, aldehyde, ketone (2)

1.4 Which ONE of the following compounds represents a ketone?

(2)

Page 41 of 62
QUESTION 2

The letters A to E in the table below represent six organic compounds.

2.1 Write down the letter(s) representing:

2.1.1 A compound with the general formula CnH2n-2 (1)

2.1.2 A ketone (1)

2.1.3 A compound that can be used as fuel (1)

2.1.4 An unsaturated hydrocarbon (1)

2.2 For compound E, write down the:

2.2.1 NAME of the functional group (2)

2.2.2 Structural formula of its FUNCTIONAL ISOMER (2)

2.3 Write down the IUPAC name of:

2.3.1 Compound C (3)

2.3.2 Compound D (2)

2.4 Write down the IUPAC name of the functional isomer of D. (2)

Page 42 of 62
2.5 Write down the structural formula of:

2.5.1 A CHAIN ISOMER of compound A (2)

2.5.2 Compound E (2)

[19]

QUESTION 3

The letters A to G in the table below represent seven organic compounds.

3.1 Write down the IUPAC name of compound E. (3)

3.2 Compounds A and F are isomers:

3.2.1 Define the term isomer. (2)

3.2.2 What type of isomers is compound A and F? (1)

3.2.3 Write down the homologous series to which compound F belongs? (1)

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3.3 Compound B is an alcohol.

3.3.1 Is compound B a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol? (1)

3.3.2 Explain the answer in QUESTION 3.3.1. (2)

3.4 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound C. (2)

3.5 For compound D, write down:

3.5.1 The NAME of the functional group. (1)

3.5.2 The IUPAC name. (2)

3.6 Compound G undergoes hydrogenation reaction.

Write down the:
3.6.1 General formula of the homologous series of which compound G belongs. (1)

3.6.2 CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the product formed in this

reaction. (1)

[17]

QUESTION 4

The structural formula of a functional group of a certain organic

compound is given below.

4.1 Define the term functional group. (2)

4.2 Write down the

4.2.1 Name of this functional group (1)

4.2.2 General formula of the homologous series to which this

functional group belongs. (1)

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4.3 Consider the condensed structural formula of the organic compound
below.

The above-mentioned organic compound has one functional isomer.

4.3.1 Define the term functional isomer. (2)

4.3.2 2 Draw the structural formula of the FUNCTIONAL ISOMER of

this compound (2)

The same compound can be prepared in a laboratory.

4.3.3 Write down the IUPAC name of the alcohol needed to prepare
this compound. (2)

[10]

Page 45 of 62
QUESTION 5

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.

5.1 Write down the letter(s) that represent(s) the following:

5.1.1 Alkene (1)

5.1.2 A ketone (1)

5.1.3 A compound with the general formula CnH2n-2 (1)

5.1.4 A structural isomer of octanoic acid (1)

5.2 Write down the IUPAC name of compound:

5.2.1 A (2)

5.2.2 E (2)

5.2.3 F (2)

Page 46 of 62
5.3 Compound D is prepared by reacting two organic compounds in the
presence of an acid as a catalyst.
Write down the:
5.3.1 Structural formula of compound D (2)

[12]

QUESTION 6

Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

6.1 Define the term unsaturated hydrocarbon. (2)

6.2 Write down the:

6.2.1 Letter that represents an UNSATURATED hydrocarbon (1)

6.2.2 IUPAC name of compound A (3)

6.2.3 IUPAC name of the POSITIONAL isomer of compound B (2)

6.2.4 IUPAC name of compound D (2)

6.2.5 Balanced equation, using MOLECULAR FORMULAE, for the complete

combustion of compound A (3)

6.3 The formula C4H8O represents two compounds that are functional isomers of each other.

6.3.1 Define the term functional isomer. (2)

6.3.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULAE of each of these two

FUNCTIONAL isomers. (4)

[19]

Page 47 of 62
QUESTION 7

The letters A to H in the table below represent eight organic compounds.

7.1 Define the term unsaturated compound. (2)

7.2 Write down the:

7.2.1 Letter that represents an UNSATURATED compound (1)

7.2.2 NAME of the functional group of compound C (1)

7.2.3 Letter that represents a CHAIN ISOMER of compound C (2)

7.2.4 IUPAC name of compound G (3)

7.2.5 General formula of the homologous series to which compound E belongs (1)

7.3 Define the term functional isomers. (2)

7.4 For compound A, write down the:

7.4.1 Homologous series to which it belongs (1)

7.4.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of its FUNCTIONAL isomer (2)

[15]

Page 48 of 62
 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
Galvanic cells

 Define the galvanic cell as a cell in which chemical energy is converted to

electrical energy.
 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e-) transfer:

Oxidation is a loss of electrons. Reduction is a gain of electrons.

 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers:

Oxidation: an increase in oxidation number

Reduction: a decrease in oxidation number
 Define an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in terms of oxidation and
reduction:

Oxidising agent: a substance that is reduced/gains electrons.

Reducing agent: a substance that is oxidised/loses electrons.
 Define an anode and a cathode in terms of oxidation and reduction:

Anode: the electrode where oxidation takes place

Cathode: the electrode where reduction takes place
 Define an electrolyte as a substance of which the aqueous solution contains ions
OR a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electricity.

Relation of current and potential difference to rate and equilibrium

 State that the potential difference of a galvanic cell (Vcell) is related to the extent
to which the spontaneous cell reaction has reached equilibrium.
 State and use the qualitative relationship between Vcell and the concentration of
product ions and reactant ions for the spontaneous reaction, namely V cell
decreases as the concentration of product ions increases and the concentration
of reactant ions decreases until equilibrium is reached at which the Vcell = 0 (the
cell is 'flat'). (Qualitative only. Nernst equation is NOT required.)

Understanding of the processes and redox reactions taking place in galvanic

cells
 Describe the movement of ions in the solutions.
 State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
 Write down the half-reactions that occur at the electrodes.
 State the function of the salt bridge.

Page 49 of 62
 Use cell notation or diagrams to represent a galvanic cell.

When writing cell notation, the following convention should be used:

o The H2|H+ half-cell is treated just like any other half-cell.
o Cell terminals (electrodes) are written on the outside of the cell notation.
o Active electrodes:

reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species|inert

electrodes (usually Pt or C):

Pt | reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species | Pt

- -
Example: Pt | Cℓ (aq) |Cℓ2(g) || F2(g) | F (aq) | Pt
 Predict the half-cell in which oxidation will take place when two half-cells are
connected.

Predict the half-cell in which reduction will take place when connected to another
half-cell.
 Write down the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions.
 Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to calculate the emf of a
standard galvanic cell.
 Use a positive value of the standard emf as an indication that the reaction is
spontaneous under standard conditions.

Standard electrode potentials

 Write down the standard conditions under which standard electrode potentials are
determined.
 Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain its role as the reference
electrode.
 Explain how standard electrode potentials can be determined using the reference
electrode and state the convention regarding positive and negative values.

Electrolytic cells
 Define the electrolytic cell as a cell in which electrical energy is converted into
chemical energy.
 Electrolysis: The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy OR the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change

Page 50 of 62
 Understanding the processes and redox reactions taking place in electrolytic
cells
 Describe the movement of ions in the solution.
 State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
 Write equations for the half-reactions taking place at the anode and cathode.
 Write down the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions.
 Describe, using half-reactions and the equation for the overall cell reaction as
well as the layout of the particular cell using a schematic diagram, the following
electrolytic processes:
o The decomposition of copper (II) chloride
o Electroplating, e.g., the electroplating of an iron spoon with silver/nickel
o Refining of metals, e.g., copper
o The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

Page 51 of 62
EXAMINATION TIPS

TIPS FOR USING THE TABLES OF REDUCTION POTENTIALS

It is recommended that when using the Table of Reduction Potentials, for easy to score marks,
learners should use Table 4A for electrolytic cells and Table 4B for galvanic cells. The C-method
can be used. Where the C starts will be for the oxidation reaction and where it ends will be for the
reduction reaction.

Examples

For Zn-Cu cell (Galvanic-Table 4B will be used)

Starting from the top as we

write the C, we start with
Zn, followed by Zn2+ + 2e-,
i.e. Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-, this
gives the oxidation half-
reaction. The following
information can be
deduced: Zn is the anode,
and it is the reducing
agent.

At the bottom of the C we

start with Cu2+ + 2e-
followed by Cu, i.e.
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu, this
gives the reduction half-
reaction, the following
information can be
deduced: Cu is the
cathode, and Cu2+ is the
oxidising agent.

The learners will be able to

calculate the Emf because
they now have all the
necessary data, i.e. anode
and cathode.

Page 52 of 62
For the electrolysis of concentrated CuCℓ2 (Electrolytic-Table 4A will be used)

Starting from the top as we

write the C, we start with
2Cℓ-, followed by Cℓ2 + 2e-,
i.e. 2Cℓ- → Cℓ + 2e-, this
gives the oxidation half-
reaction. The following
information can be
deduced: Cℓ- is the anode,
and it is the reducing
agent.

At the bottom of the C we

start with Cu2+ + 2e-
followed by Cu, i.e.
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu, this
gives the reduction half-
reaction, the following
information can be
deduced: Cu is the
cathode, and Cu2+ is the
oxidising agent.

Page 53 of 62
QUESTION 1

1.1 Which ONE of the following statements regarding the anode of a standard galvanic
cell in operation is correct?

A The anode accepts electrons.

B The mass of the anode decreases.
C The concentration of the electrolyte in the half-cell containing the anode
initially decreases.
D The anode is the positive terminal of the cell. (2)

QUESTION 2

An electrochemical cell is set up under STANDARD CONDITIONS.

2.1 Write down ONE function of the part labelled X. (1)

2.2 Which electrode of the cell is the anode? Write down only Cu or Ag.
2.3 Write down the name or formula of the electrolyte in: (1)
2.3.1 The copper half-cell (1)
2.3.2 The silver half-cell (1)
2.4 Write down the balanced net (overall) equation for the above cell. (3)
2.4 Calculate the emf of the cell. (4)
2.5 State the standard conditions under which this cell operates. (2)
[13]

Page 54 of 62
QUESTION 3

A Cu-Ag cell is setup as shown below:

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/inorganicchemistrychem250/chapter/galvanic-cells/

3.1 Write down the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1)

3.2 Write down a balanced over all reaction. (3)

3.3 Calculate the initial emf of this cell. (4)

[08]

QUESTION 4

A galvanic cell is set up using a manganese rod, Mn, and an unknown metal X. The initial
EMF measured under standard conditions is 1,05 V. The electrons flow from manganese to
metal X in the external circuit.
4.1 Is the reaction that occurs in this cell spontaneous? Write down only YES or NO. Give
a reason for the answer. (2)
4.2 Which electrode, X or Mn, is the anode? (1)
4.3 Use calculations to identify metal X.. (5)
4.4 For this cell, write down the:
4.4.1 TWO standard conditions (2)
4.4.2 Cell notation (2)

Page 55 of 62
 4.4.3 Reduction half reaction (2)
[14]

QUESTION 5

A pupil sets up an electrochemical cell based on the following reaction:

5.1 Identify the type of electrochemical cell represented by this reaction. (1)
5.2 Represent this cell by writing its cell notation. (3)
5.3 Do the electrons in the external circuit flow from the Al- to the Cu- electrode or from the
Cu- to the Al- electrode? (2)
5.4 For this cell, write down the half reaction that take place at the anode. (4)
5.5 What energy conversion takes place when the cell is in operation? (1)
[11]

Page 56 of 62
QUESTION 6
The electrochemical cell illustrated below is set up under standard conditions.

6.1 Component X completes the circuit in the cell. State ONE other function of
component X. (1)
6.2 Define the term anode. (2)
6.3 Identify the anode in the cell above. (1)
6.4 Write down the:
6.4.1 Reduction half-reaction that takes place in this cell (2)
6.4.2 NAME or FORMULA of the reducing agent in this cell (1)
6.5 Calculate the initial voltmeter reading of this cell under standard conditions. (4)
6.6 The Mg|Mg2+ half-cell is now replaced by a Cu|Cu2+ half-cell. It is found that
the direction of electron flow changes.

Fully explain why there is a change in direction of electron flow by referring to the
relative strengths of the reducing agents involved. (3)
[14]

Page 57 of 62
QUESTION 7

The simplified diagram below represents an electrolytic cell used to electroplate a

copper (Cu) coin with silver (Ag).

7.1 Define the term electrolysis. (2)

7.2 Which component in the diagram indicates that this is an electrolytic cell? (1)
7.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the electrolyte. (1)
7.4 How will the concentration of the electrolyte change during electroplating?
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

7.5 Write down the balanced equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the
silver electrode. (2)
[08]

Page 58 of 62
QUESTION 8
The simplified diagram below represents an electrochemical cell used for the
purification of copper.

8.1 State the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (2)
8.2 Define the term electrolyte. (2)
8.3 Which electrode contains impure copper? Write down Electrode A OR Electrode B. (1)
8.4 Write down the half-reaction which takes place at electrode B. (2)
8.5 Is electrode A the ANODE or the CATHODE? (1)
8.6 The two electrodes are replaced with CARBON RODS.
8.6.1 Write down what will now be observed at electrode A. (2)
8.6.2 Write down a relevant half-reaction that explains the observation
made in QUESTION 8.6.1. (2)
[12]

Page 59 of 62
QUESTION 9

The diagrams below show two electrochemical cells in which carbon electrodes are
used. In cell A, concentrated copper (II) chloride solution is used and in cell B, liquid
aluminium oxide is used.

9.1 What type of electrochemical cell, ELECTROLYTIC or GALVANIC, is shown above?

Give a reason for the answer. (2)
9.2 Write down the:
9.2.1 Half-reaction that takes place at the anode of cell A. (2)
9.2.2 Half-reaction that takes place at the cathode of cell B. (2)
9.2.3 NAME or FORMULA of the product formed at the cathode of cell A. (1)
9.3 Give a reason why the mass of electrode Y decreases after a while. (1)
[08]

Page 60 of 62
QUESTION 10
The simplified electrolytic cell below is used to electroplate a metal spring. Zinc nitrate,
Zn(NO3)2(aq), is used as an electrolyte and R is an electrode.

10.1 Define the term electrolytic cell. (2)

10.2 Which electrode (R or METAL SPRING) is the ANODE? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
10.3 Write down the:
10.3.1 Equation for the half-reaction occurring at the metal spring. (2)
10.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of a suitable metal that can be used as electrode R (1)
10.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 10.3.2 (2)
[9]

Page 61 of 62
REFERENCES
The following documents were used in the Development of this booklet:

o Physical Sciences Grade 10-12 CAPS document (DBE)

o Physical Sciences Examination Guidelines 2021 (DBE)
o Previous Grade 12 Question Papers (DBE)
o Grade 12 Preparatory Examination Papers (PEDs)

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