Body Movement | Module 2

Movement is a medium of communication, the way in which a person moves

reveals much about the individual. It is a non-verbal communication. A person’s
look/posture and the way which he moves gives an impression of general outlook, of
emotional reaction made to situations of physical stress, and his interest in life.

What Influences How We Move?

How we move while performing any physical activity, whether that activity is
something we need or want to do, is influenced by many factors — for example, our
motivation, our abilities, and the environment. Movement is influenced by our
characteristics as individuals and by everything around us. In other words, how we
move depends on the context in which we are performing an activity. The factors that
influence our movement patterns can be broadly categorized into three types:

Personal factors
Think about how and why you move as an individual while throwing a baseball.
How you throw the ball will be influenced by many unique personal characteristics,
including your physical attributes, fitness level, coordination, confidence, attitude,
emotions, motivation, and awareness of both your body and your surroundings. For
instance, factors such as limited shoulder range of motion, feeling exhausted after a
late night, or playing baseball every summer for the past six years could all influence
how you throw a ball.

Environmental factors
How you throw a baseball is also influenced by the environment you are in. For
instance, the surface on which you are standing (e.g., grass versus pavement), the
temperature (e.g., hot versus cold), weather conditions (e.g., rainy versus sunny),
background sounds or music, verbal instructions from a coach, and the presence of
social groups such as friends or peers could all influence how you throw the ball.

The task or activity

Lastly, features of the specific task or activity that you are performing will
influence your movement. When you throw a baseball, task-related factors such as
the size and weight of the ball or the type of pitch being thrown will influence how you
move. Suppose you were throwing a boomerang instead of a baseball. This difference
could clearly influence your throwing action.

Two Kinds of Body Movements

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 Locomotor Movement are movements in which body changes location from one
place to another.

Locomotor Movement
Walking The basic means of locomotion. In
walking, the arms swing in the
opposition to the feet
Running The stride is longer, more rapid
and with a greater arm swing
Jumping Is a spring into the air from one foot
or both feet landing on both feet
Hopping It is the spring in the air from one
foot and landing on the same foot
Leaping It is the spring in the air from one
foot and landing on the opposite
foot. It can be done forward and
sideward
Skipping Is made of two fundamental
movements, the step and hop.
Sliding A slide consist of a step on one foot
and a draw on the other foot up to
the first with a shift of weight.
Galloping It consists of stepping or sliding
movement and a quick cut. One foot
is always ahead of the other.

Non-locomotor or Axial Movement are movements done in place.

Non-locomotor Movements
Flexion Bending or shortening of a body
part occurring at a joint.
Extension Stretching or straightening of a
body part occurring at a joint
Rotation Turning, twisting or revolving on its
axis
Pendular Swinging and swaying movements
Percussive Striking and hitting, pushing or
pulling
Vibratory Shaking and vibrating
Sustained A slow flowing movement with a
balance of movement throughout
Suspended A sharp movement followed by
series of slow prolonged

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 movements until a peak is reached

Types of Movement at Joints

The other two movement principles you will learn about involve joint
movements. Movements at joints can be described in terms of the types of actions
involved. Some of these terms — for example, flexion and extension — have become
part of our normal English vocabulary. Some of the more common terms used when
describing movement at joints are explained below.

Flexion / Extension
• Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that
the joint angle decreases. An example of flexion is
when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up
toward your face.
• Extension is the opposite of flexion. It occurs when
you increase the joint angle. When you straighten
your arm from the flexed position, you are
extending your arm.

uction
• Abduction occurs when you move a body
segment to the side and away from your
body. An example of abduction is when you
move your arm out to the side and bring it
level with your shoulder.
• Adduction is the opposite of abduction and
occurs when you move a body segment
toward your body. You adduct your arm
when you bring it back down to your side.

Supination / Pronation
• Supination is rotating the wrist such that the
palm of your hand is facing forward. When you
catch a softball underhanded with one hand,
you must supinate your wrist.
• Pronation occurs in the opposite direction of
supination. When you dribble a basketball, you
first have to pronate your wrist.

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antar Flexion
• Plantar flexion is also
specific to the ankle joint. It
occurs when you point your
toes.
• Dorsiflexion occurs
when you bend at the ankle
to bring the top of your foot
closer to your shin. It is essential when walking or jumping.

Inversion / Eversion
• Inversion is a result of standing
on the outer edge of your foot. It
is normally what happens when
you twist your ankle.
• Eversion also is associated with
the ankle joint. Eversion is a
result of standing on the inner

edge of your foot.

Internal
Rotation /
External Rotation
• External rotation
results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the
midline, for example when you turn your toes outward. • Internal
rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward toward
the midline, for example, when you turn your toes inward.

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 Circumduction
• Circumduction is a combination of
flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction all wrapped up into one
movement. An example of this occurs
in softball, when a pitcher throws the
ball with a windmill action.

Fundamental Gymnastic Positions

 HANDS ON HIPS- place the hands firmly just above the hips with palms on the
crest of the hip bones, the four fingers forward and together and the thumbs
behind.
 HANDS ON WAIST-place hands firmly at the smallest part of the trunk.
 HANDS ON NECK-Hands are placed at the back at the lower part of the head.
 HANDS ON SHOULDER- With elbows in line with the shoulder, placed hands on
shoulders with fingers straight
 SHOULDER FIRM- forearms are raised upward, elbows flexed and kept close to
the sides as much as possible.
 HANDS ON FOREHEAD- with palms facing, placed hands on the forehead.
 HANDS ON HEAD- hands are on the head with palms facing downward, fingers
closed together.
 ARMS FORWARD- both arms are raised horizontally forward and keep them in a
straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers.
 ARMS SIDEWARD- both arms are raised sideways, in lining with shoulders.
 ARMS UPWARD- both arms are raised upward in a perpendicular position above
the head in a straight line from shoulders to tips.
ARMS OBLIQUELY UPWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward and
upward position, with fingers closed together.
 ARMS OBLIQUELY DOWNWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward and
downward position, with fingers closed together.
 ARMS BENDING UPWARD- the forearms are raised upward to bend at the elbow-
joint as much as possible.
 HANDS ON CHEST- the upper arms are raised horizontally sideways with the
forearms sharply bent upon them in front. This is also called Arms Bending
Forward

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 ARMS BENDING HALF FORWARD- raised horizontally sideways both the upper
arms with forearms bent to a right angle at the elbow joints.
 ARMS IN T-POSITION- with elbow bent at right angle, place both arms at side
horizontally with forearms parallel to body and palms facing backward.
 ARMS IN REVERSE T POSITION- with elbows bent at right angles, arms are
placed at side horizontally with forearms parallel to head.
 ARMS THRUSTING- raise forearms in front and flex the elbows, fists closed with
knuckles turned down and elbows close to the body
 ARMS FORWARD THRUST- From arm to thrust position, the arms is stretched
forward parallel to each other with knuckles turned upward.
 ARMS SIDEWARD THRUST- with the similar starting position as arms forward
thrust, stretch the arms sideways with arms in level with shoulders.
 ARMS UPWARD THRUST- stretch arms upward to a perpendicular position,
elbows and wrist extended.
 STRIDE SIDEWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the side.
 STRIDE FORWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the front.
 STRIDE BACKWARS- the foot is placed backward in the same manner as stride
forward.
 JUMP TO STRIDE FORWARD- spring in both feet, lifting the whole body and land
with feet apart.
 FOOT TOUCHING FORWARD-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in front.
 FOOT TOUCHING SIDEWARD-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in
sideward.
 FOOT TOUCHING BACKWARDS-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in
rear.
 HEEL RAISING- keeping the knee straight and heels together, rise high on
tiptoes.
 LEG RAISING- the leg is raised in front until the left is in the right angle.
 KNEE RAISING-raise knee in front of the level of the hip.
 FULL KNEES BENDING- the knee are flexed until the thigh and foreleg touch
each other.
 HALF KNEE BENDING- the knee are flexed until a right angle is formed at the
knee.
 FULL KNEE REST POSITION- with similar position of full knee bending, keep the
arms in between legs resting lightly.
 FORWARD LUNGE- with left leg in rear straight, place the right foot forward
bending the right knee.
 CHARGE- performed with similar position to lunge with the distance of two feet
from heel to feet.
FORWARD FALL OUT- the foot is placed forward similar in lunge position with
trunk inclining forward, creating a straight line.

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 FORWARD BENDING- the trunk is bent horizontally forward.
 SIDEWARD BENDING- the trunk bends directly to the side, as far as possible.
 TRUNK TWISTING- twist trunk on vertical axis without twisting the head or hips
 HEAD BEDNING FORWARD-let head fall forward as far as possible with chin
drown down and in.
 HEAD BENDING SIDEWARD- let the head fall sideward as far as possible.
 HEAD BENDING BACKWARD- move the head strongly backward with chin up.
 HEAD TWISTING- twist the head sideward to the left/right and attempt to bring
the chin in line with the shoulder.
 PRONE- with face down, body straight from head to foot, lie down with the
stomach flat on the floor. This is also called Forward Lying Position
 SUPINE- with body straight from head to foot, lie down with the back flat on the
floor. Also called as Back Lying Position.
 PRONE LEANING REST- with trunks and legs straight, stretch the leg backward
from deep-knee-bend-rest position.
 LEANING REST-from supine lying position, raise the trunk up with hands
supporting the weight of the body.
 PRONE ELBOW SUPPORT- from prone-lying position, the body is raised and is
supported in the forearms and toes.
 SUPINE ELBOW SUPPORT- from supine-lying position raise the trunk upward
until it is inclined at 30degree angle.
 SIDE LEANING REST- from prone-leaning rest position, turn left supporting the
body with right hand.
 LONG SITTING-sit on the floor with legs together out in front, stretching the
knees.
 LONG SITTING REST-sit on the floor with legs together out in front with hands
placed on both sides.
 HOOK SITTING- from the long-sitting position, the knees are bent and slightly
parted keeping the heels together.
 CROSS SITTING- from long sitting position, the legs are crossed in front in a
tailor-like fashion.
 KNEELING- knees are on a kneeling position with body at the right angel to the
floor, back erect, and knees and heels together.
 STRIDE KNEELING-from kneeling position, open the knees a little to keep
balance steadier.
 STRIDE KNEELING SITTING- from stride-kneeling position, sit down on the heels,
keeping the back straight.
 HALFT KNEE STANDING POSITION- from kneeling position, place the other foot
and knee in front with the thigh at right angle to foreleg.
 CROOK LYING POSTION-flex the knees upward, from supine lying position.

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  SHOULDER STAND POSITION-from supine-lying position, raise legs and hips with
elbows placed on the floor.
 FOREARM STAND POSITON- from prone elbow support position, raise the legs
and hips upward.
FORE BASE- lower the trunk forward from kneeling position, placing the hands
on the floor.
BRIDGE STAND- revers the position of the trunk in fore base with feet and hands
bearing the weight of the body.
 HALF KNEE STRIDE STANDING-kneel on left knee with the right leg stretched
sideways.
 FOLDED POSITION-from kneeling position, bend trunk forward until head is
closed to the knees.
 STRIDE LONG SITTING- from long-sitting position, open legs apart.
 OPEN CROOK SITTING- from crook sitting position, open and lower the knee
outward.
 CLOSE CROOK SITTING- from wide-crook sitting, close the legs until the knees
and feet are touching.
 SIDE SITTING- from long-sitting position, bend both legs to left side.
 HURDLE SITTING- from long sitting position, bend one leg while the hands are
raised upward.

Activity No. 4 LOCOMOTOR AND NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS

Perform all the Locomotor and non-locomotor movements. Submit the video through
FB Messenger.

Activity No. 5 FUNDAMENTAL GYMNASTIC POSITION

Execute all the Fundamental Gymnastic Positions. Complete the table below by
supplying photo with appropriate/exact execution of the following positions:

FUNDAMENTAL GYMNASTIC POSITION

HANDS ON HIPS- place the hands
firmly just above the hips with
palms on the crest of the hip
bones, the four fingers forward and
together and the thumbs behind.
HANDS ON WAIST-place hands
firmly at the smallest part of the
trunk.
HANDS ON NECK-Hands are placed

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at the back at the lower part of the
head.
HANDS ON SHOULDER- With elbows
in line with the shoulder, placed
hands on shoulders with fingers
straight
SHOULDER FIRM- forearms are
raised upward, elbows flexed and
kept close to the sides as much as
possible.
HANDS ON FOREHEAD- with palms
facing, placed hands on the
forehead.

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HANDS ON HEAD- hands are on the
head with palms facing downward,
fingers closed together.
ARMS FORWARD- both arms are
raised horizontally forward and
keep them in a straight line from
shoulder to tips of fingers.
ARMS SIDEWARD- both arms are
raised sideways, in lining with
shoulders.
ARMS UPWARD- both arms are
raised upward in a perpendicular
position above the head in a
straight line from shoulders to tips.
ARMS OBLIQUELY UPWARD- arms
are raised halfway between
sideward and upward position, with
fingers closed together.
ARMS OBLIQUELY DOWNWARD-
arms are raised halfway between
sideward and downward position,
with fingers closed together.
ARMS BENDING UPWARD- the
forearms are raised upward to bend
at the elbow-joint as much as
possible.
HANDS ON CHEST- the upper arms
are raised horizontally sideways
with the forearms sharply bent
upon them in front. This is also
called Arms
Bending Forward
ARMS BENDING HALF FORWARD-
raised horizontally sideways both
the upper arms with forearms bent
to a right angle at the elbow joints.
ARMS IN T-POSITION- with elbow
bent at right angle, place both
arms at side horizontally with
forearms parallel to body and
palms facing backward.
ARMS IN REVERSE T POSITION- with

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elbows bent at right angles, arms
are placed at side horizontally with
forearms parallel to head.
ARMS THRUSTING- raise forearms
in front and flex the elbows, fists
closed with knuckles turned down
and elbows close to the body
ARMS FORWARD THRUST- From
arm to thrust position, the arms is
stretched forward parallel to each
other with knuckles turned upward.
ARMS SIDEWARD THRUST- with the
similar starting position as arms
forward thrust, stretch the arms
sideways with arms in level with
shoulders.
ARMS UPWARD THRUST- stretch
arms upward to a perpendicular
position, elbows and wrist
extended.
STRIDE SIDEWARD- the foot is
lifted, move 2 ft. length to the side.
STRIDE FORWARD- the foot is lifted,
move 2 ft. length to the front.
STRIDE BACKWARS- the foot is
placed backward in the same
manner as stride forward.
JUMP TO STRIDE FORWARD- spring
in both feet, lifting the whole body
and land with feet apart.
FOOT TOUCHING FORWARD-lift the
right foot and touch the floor lightly
in front.
FOOT TOUCHING SIDEWARD-lift the
right foot and touch the floor lightly
in sideward.
FOOT TOUCHING BACKWARDS-lift
the right foot and touch the floor
lightly in rear.
HEEL RAISING- keeping the knee
straight and heels together, rise

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high on tiptoes.
LEG RAISING- the leg is raised in
front until the left is in the right
angle.
KNEE RAISING-raise knee in front of
the level of the hip.
FULL KNEES BENDING- the knee are
flexed until the thigh and foreleg
touch each other.
HALF KNEE BENDING- the knee are
flexed until a right angle is formed
at the knee.
FULL KNEE REST POSITION- with
similar position of full knee
bending, keep the arms in between
legs resting lightly.
FORWARD LUNGE- with left leg in
rear straight, place the right foot
forward bending the right knee.
CHARGE- performed with similar
position to lunge with the distance
of two feet from heel to feet.
FORWARD FALL OUT- the foot is
placed forward similar in lunge
position with trunk inclining
forward, creating a straight line.
FORWARD BENDING- the trunk is
bent horizontally forward.
SIDEWARD BENDING- the trunk
bends directly to the side, as far as
possible.
TRUNK TWISTING- twist trunk on
vertical axis without twisting the
head or hips
HEAD BEDNING FORWARD-let head
fall forward as far as possible with
chin drown down and in.
HEAD BENDING SIDEWARD- let the
head fall sideward as far as
possible.

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HEAD BENDING BACKWARD- move
the head strongly backward with
chin up.
HEAD TWISTING- twist the head
sideward to the left/right and
attempt to bring the chin in line
with the shoulder.
PRONE- with face down, body
straight from head to foot, lie down
with the stomach flat on the floor.
This is also called Forward Lying
Position
SUPINE- with body straight from
head to foot, lie down with the back
flat on the floor. Also called as Back
Lying Position.
PRONE LEANING REST- with trunks
and legs straight, stretch the leg
backward from deep-knee-bendrest
position.
LEANING REST-from supine lying
position, raise the trunk up with
hands supporting the weight of the
body.
PRONE ELBOW SUPPORT- from
pronelying position, the body is
raised and is supported in the
forearms and toes.
SUPINE ELBOW SUPPORT- from
supinelying position raise the trunk
upward until it is inclined at
30degree angle.
SIDE LEANING REST- from
proneleaning rest position, turn left
supporting the body with right
hand.
LONG SITTING-sit on the floor with
legs together out in front,
stretching the knees.
LONG SITTING REST-sit on the floor
with legs together out in front with
hands placed on both sides.

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HOOK SITTING- from the long-
sitting position, the knees are bent
and slightly parted keeping the
heels together.
CROSS SITTING- from long sitting
position, the legs are crossed in
front in a tailor-like fashion.
KNEELING- knees are on a kneeling
position with body at the right
angel to the floor, back erect, and
knees and heels together.
STRIDE KNEELING-from kneeling
position, open the knees a little to
keep balance steadier.
STRIDE KNEELING SITTING- from
stride kneeling position, sit down
on the heels, keeping the back
straight.
HALFT KNEE STANDING POSITION-
from kneeling position, place the
other foot and knee in front with
the thigh at right angle to foreleg.
CROOK LYING POSTION-flex the
knees upward, from supine lying
position.
SHOULDER STAND POSITION-from
supine-lying position, raise legs and
hips with elbows placed on the
floor.
FOREARM STAND POSITON- from
prone elbow support position, raise
the legs and hips upward.
FORE BASE- lower the trunk
forward from kneeling position,
placing the hands on the floor.
BRIDGE STAND- revers the position
of the trunk in fore base with feet
and hands bearing the weight of
the body.
HALF KNEE STRIDE STANDING-
kneel on left knee with the right leg
stretched sideways.

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 FOLDED POSITION-from kneeling
position, bend trunk forward until
head is closed to the knees.
STRIDE LONG SITTING- from
longsitting position, open legs
apart.
OPEN CROOK SITTING- from crook
sitting position, open and lower the
knee outward.
LOSE CROOK SITTING- from wide-
crook sitting, close the legs until
the knees and feet are touching.
SIDE SITTING- from long-sitting
position, bend both legs to left side.
HURDLE SITTING- from long sitting
position, bend one leg while the
hands are raised upward.

References

Corbin & Lindsey, (1994), Concepts of Fitness and Wellness with Laboratories. Brown and
Benchmark Publishers.
Jonathan Howard, (2018), “Healthy Behaviors and Wellness”. Galileo, University System of
Georgia. Galileo Open Learning Materials.
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Guidelines for Fitness Assessment in
ManitobaSchools: A Resource for Physical Education/Health Education. Winnipeg, MB:
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2004. 9. Available online at
www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/curriculum.html
Scott Flynn, (2018), “Fitness Principles”. Galileo, University System of Georgia. Galileo Open
Learning Materials.
Topend sports latest. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27,2022 from https://topendsports.cpm/home.htm

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