CONTENT

SNO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 TITTLE 1
2 CERTIFICATE 2
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
4 CONTENTS 4
5 INTRODUCTION 5
6 AIM, APPARATUS REQUIRED 5
7 DIAGRAM 6
8 THEORY 7
9 EFFICIENCY 10
10 ENERGY LOSSES 11
11 PROCEDURE 12
12 CONCLUSION 13
13 PRECAUTION 13
14 SOURCES OF ERROR 13
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one circuit
To another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual
Induction between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another
Without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage level.
Np/Ns=Vp/Vs=Is/Ip
 VpIp=VsIs
AIM
To into investigate the relation between the ratio of:-
1. Input and output voltage
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of self-made
transformer only
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Iron rod

• Copper wire

• Voltmeter

• Ammeter

DIAGRAM

THEORY

When an altering emf is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
Starts falling in it. The altering Current in the primary produces a changing
Magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
Secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic Flux linked with primary
Is also linked with the secondary, and then the 6 induced emf. Induced in each
Turn of the Secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the Primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf induced in the primary and the
Secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
Transformer and dɸ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this
Instant.
And then
Ep = -N p dɸ/dt--------- (1)
Es = -N s dɸ/dt---------- (2)

Where,
N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.
N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil.
Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.
Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil
From the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get;
Es / Ep = - N s / N p------- (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
The instantaneous current primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the
Instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by :
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = I p Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be neglected so therefore,
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence
equation can be written as
Es/Ep=Es/E=output e.m.f/input e.m.f=Ns/Np=k
Where, k is constant
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down is an electrical is device that reduces the voltage of an alternating

current (AC) power supply. It consists of a primary winding, a secondary
winding, and an iron core. When an AC voltage is applied to the primary
winding, it creates Fluctuating magnetic file in the core. To calculate step down
transformer: -
Vs= (Ns/Np) ×Vp

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

A step-up transformer is a transformer that has a primary voltage that is lower

than the secondary voltage. So, if your building is wired with 208v but you
need 480v to power a large Machine, you'll need a step up transformer to boost
the voltage From 208v to 480v.

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as ratio of output power to the input

power:-
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

η = output power /input power × 100%

= Input power -losses/input power ×100%
1-losses/input power × 100%
 ENERGY LOSSES

• Hysteresis loss :
It is due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of iron rod it is
minimized by using a core material of low Hysteresis loss

• Copper loss :
This is due to the current flowing to a primary and secondary windings it is
minimized by using thick wire

• Eddy current loss :

The Varying magnetic flux in the core produces Eddy current and energy it
lost in the form of heat is it is minimized by using laminated core made of
Stelloy

• Flux loss :
The flux produced in the primary is not completely linked with secondary
coil due to the leakage it is minimized using shell type core

USES

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner

etc.
• In the induction furnaces.
• A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 • A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells etc.

PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
Turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
Transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
Number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
Coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
AC voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2.
5. Now connect stand s1and s2 to AC main and again measure voltage and current
Through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6.Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio of the no. of turns (NS / NP)
2. The ratio NS/ NP is equal to the ratios ES / EP and IS / IP
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer
 PRECAUTIONS
• Keep safe yourself from high voltage
• While taking the readings of current and voltage the AC Should remain
constant.

SOURCE OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effects
2. Eddy current can change the reading

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• NCERT Textbook