NOTE-MAKING AND SUMIMARIZATION

Note-making is an crcative writing skill which is

remember at least the main points of gaining imporlance due to knowledge explosion. There is
a necdto any given subjet. Making notes is a complex
combines several skills. activity which
L. How to make notes:
1. Read the passage carefully.
) Give a heading to your work. The heading will be based on
the following considerations.
(i) What is the main idea of thc passage?
(i) Franme a heading bascd on the main idca.
(iüi) Write it in the middle of the page.
3. Give subheadings
(i) How has the main idea been presented and devcloped?
(i) Are there two or three subordinate/associated ideas?
(iü) Franme subheadings based on thesc.
4. Points are to be noted under each subheading.
Are there further details or points of the subtitles that youwish to keep in these notes? These are
called points. Points may have subpoints.
5. Allsubheadings should be at a uniform distance from the margin.
6. Indenting Points should also be at the sanme distance away from the margin.
7. Do not write complete sentences.
8. Abbreviations should be used.
II Help with abbreviations:
1. Use standard abbreviations and symbols as far as possible.
(i) Capitalise the first letters of the names of states, countries or organisations.
For example: UP, USA, UK andUNO.
(i) Common abbreviations
Sc. (for science), Mr, Mrs, Dr, govt, BSc, etc.
(ii) Common symbols such as, i.e., e.g., Rx, /, , tve, -ve, ’ (leading to)T (rising).
(falling), =, >,<
(iv)Measurements and figures - 100", 100, 100 kg, 100 mm, 100 mL.
2. Make your own abbreviations.
(i) Keep the main sounds of the words: edn (education), progm. (programme ).
the last letters of the word such as
(u) It is a good practice to keep the first few and
that later when you are going
education -edu'n, developing - dev'ing. Retain the suffix soexample:
word, for ed'nal (educational).
Over the notes, youmay recall the full form of the
prog've (progressive).
3. Take the following caution:
() Donot get overenthusiasticabout abbreviations.
(iü) You should not abbreviate every word.
(iü) One abbreviation in one point is enough.
(7v) As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated.
(v) You may use abbreviations in subheadings.
I1I. our
essential.
()Indenting is
Heading
1. Subheading
1.1. Point
1.2. Point
1.3. Point
1.3.1. Sub-point
1.3.2. Sub-point
2. Subheading
2.1. Point
2.2. Point
3. Subheading
3.1. Point
3.2. Point

Notice that indenting, i.e. shifting from the margin, has been usedIto clearly indicate
points and subpoints. Subheadings, though separated by points, occur
Similarly, points and subpointsshould also come below one another. Such use subheading
below one another
of
yOur notes a visual character. At a glance, you can see the main idea and
its various indenting
gves
aspects.
(ü) NumberingYou may follow any system but you should be consistent,
the same system throughout. Some examples are given below. that is, you should folow
1.
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.
(i)
(üü)
A
a.

1.
2.

a.
b
(i)
(ii)
Abbreviations:
Note-making IS an informal exercise as it is meant for
document in noteform. Notes will your use only. You will not present a
be developed into a more notes are
informal and are meant for your formal piece of writing. Since
use only, you can abbreviate long words abbreviations
and symbols. or use accepted
Writing asummary: The summary is an abstract of the passage. Expanddyour heading andsubheadings
and write down the ideas
developed in the passage in the specified word limit.
 this:
m. Nournotes shonld look ike
() Indenting is essential.
Heading
1. Subheading
1.1. Point
1.2. Point
1.3. Point
1.3.1. Sub-point
1.3.2. Sub-point
2. Subheading
2.1. Point
2.2. Point
3. Subheading
3.1. Point
3.2. Point
Noticethat indenting, i.e. shifting from the margin, has been
points and subpoints. Subheadings, though separated by used to clearlyindicate
your notes a visual character. At a glance, you can see the
points, occur below one
Similarly, points and subpoints should also come below one another.
Such use of subheading
another
(ü) Numbering-You may follow any system but you
main idea and its
variousindenting
gives
aspects.
the same system throughout. Some examples are should be consistent, that is, you should follow
given below.
1.
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.
)
(ü)

1.
2.
a
b
)
(ü)
IV. Abbreviations:

Note-making is an informal exercise as it is meant for your use only. You will
document in note form. Notes will be developed into a not present a o
more formal
informal and are meant for your use only, you can abbreviate long or useof accepted
wordspiece Since notes are
writing. labbreviations
and symbols.
Writing asummary: The summary is an abstract of the passage. Expand your heading andsubheadings
andwrite down the ideas developed in the
passage in the specified word limit.
SOLVED QUESTION BANK
, Read the passage given below and
answer the questions that follow: (NCT 20181
Eexibility and mobility are essential not only to reduce the risk of
Iiving a nine to five desk life can be demanding on health injuries but to generally feel better.
and wellness. Here is how you can keep the
most conmmonproblems at bay.
Even if you are not exercising you necd to make sure that you
maintain correct posture and sit at
vour desk in the right way. It is important that your chair is placed
correctly and your legs are not left
hanging. Proper alignment ensures that your neck and back are not strained. Exercises and abdominal
crunches twoto three times aweck can strengthen the core. Itwill help take the pressure off your back
andwill make it casier to maintain good posture. Chairs with back that support your upper
back are
preferable for thOse who work long hours in front of screens.
Constant typing, writing reports and answering e-mais can exert your wrists leading to long-term
damage. The frequency of your use and how you position your wrists at your keyboard can be areason.
The tell tale signs of exertion would be a tingling sensation or numbness. One should not ignore initial
signs. Make sure that you rest your wrist at regular intervals. Torelieve tension quickly fold your hands
in aNAMASTE in front of your chest with elbows moving out and lower your hands till you feel a
o00d stretch inyour wrists. Also rotating your fists inside and outside provides much relief to strained
wrists.
Since those who work ondesks spend a lot of time looking at computer screen, they are at a risk of
straining their eyes. This may also lead to dryeyes and fatigue. Poor eyesight isthe result of continued
and improper expOsure to screens. Keeping the computer screen at an optimal distance helps a lot
inminimising strain to eyes. The screen shouldn't be too close or too far. To ease eye strain use good
lighting and make it a point to look ata distance away from your screen every twenty to thirty minutes.
(a) On the basis ofyour reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it.
the notes made.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50words using
Ans. (a) HEALTH AND WELLNESSFOR DESK USERS
1. Correct posture
1.1 Place chair corr'lyfor neck and back
1.2 Don't hang legs
1.3 Ex'cises & abdomlcrunches
1.4 Choose chairs with support from upper back
2. Maintaining wrist flexibility
2.1 Wrong position can cause wrist damg, cause tingling
2.2. Relax wrists reg'ly in Namaste position and stretch
2.3 Rotate wrists inside and outside
3. Preventing eye strain
3.1 Eye strain can cause dry eyes and fatigue
3.2 Keep computerscreen at optimal distance to prevent poor
eyesight
3.3 Use good light'g
3.4 Look at a distant spot every 20-30 minutes.
 Key to the Abbrevintions Used
1. corly cOnecly
2. ex'cises CXCTCIses
J. abdom'l abdomihal
4. danng damage
5. reg'ly regularly
6. light'g lighting
(b) Summary
Desk uscrs arc at a risk of losing flexibility, mobility and wellnesss due
selection of office chair and propcr posture are essential for neck to lony workingl
the wrists can be prevented by exercising them frequently. Eyes to0and back health
at the computer screen for long. Optimal distance from the scrcen will
are at arisk hours.(on
duc toDarmage to
eyes and poor vision. Good lighting is essential. Onc should
20-30 minutes.
prcvent
look away from the
loking
fatigue,every
dry
2. Read the passage given below and answer the
screen
questions that follow:
Jahangir was born on 30 August 1569, to Akbar, the [NCT 2017),
Bai. He was crowned on 24 Mughal Emperor and his
October 1605. In the twenty-twO years he was
on 28 October, 1627, he had many Hindu
wife, Jodha
battles to
found time for his greatest hobby--the study fight and many rebellions to
suppress. But
Emperor,
till his death
t he
of animals and plants. He
or an ornithologist as he
would be called now, and a keen was an avid bird awar
which Jahangir describedvarious naturalist. The care and watcher
and behaviour, would have characteristics of animals and birds,
done credit to a full-time aCCuracy
their geographical distributenwith
memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri. naturalist. His observations are recordedin hs
Jahangir had a smallzoo and he would
observations. For the first time in the spend hourssometimes days and nights
over their eggs in turn, and history of ornithology, he noted how together-on hs
how sarus
quality in this bird: the parents lovechickS are hatched and taken care of. He also cranes mate brood
The Emperor had not only their eggs and
chícks but also
oberved one human
several
plant, he would instruct an famous painters in his court. When he cach other.
For modern artist to draw it. The came across arare animal, bird or
of the naturalornithologists, Jahangir's collection of
painter who excelled in thís art was Ustad Mansut
India. With thehistory the day.
of paintings provides a strikingly accurate
the paintings were disintegration Unfortunately,
of the Mughal most of these paintings are no longer to bedescription
In 1958, a
thus lost. Empire, foreign adventures lo0ted this tound in
the oo, Russian researcher, A treaure. Mst ot
alarge
non-flying Ivanoc, created a sensation when he
portrait was found in a pigeon-like bird, which became discovered, ara1t
pirtai
Sciences. There was no way ofcollection of paintings at the
Institute
extinct
of
about three centuries ago. Th3
toshowthattheit painter, but the style,Orientalists
Mansur. Now there is identifying of Sviet Acalemy
to Emperor
Jahangir evidence was the portrait of without doubt was that of Utad
a
dramatic around 1624. Over
reappearance in theworld of three centuries after their Maurítian dodo that was presented
Jahangir
to how a also loved gardens, but his ornithology! death, Jahangir and his dodo made
lotus traps hornets or dissertations in botany and
cultivation of high altitude trees such how saffron horticulture were musty confined
as the sprouts from soil. However. he wa respnsihle for the
cypress, juniper, pine and Javan
 Key to the Abbreviations Used
1. corly correctly
2. ex'cises Cxcrcises
3. abdom'l abdomial
4. damg damage
5. regly regularly
6. light 'g lighting
(b) Summary
Desk users are at arisk of losingflexibility, mobility and wellness; due to lorng
working
selection of office chair and proper posture are essential for neck annd back
the wrists can be prevented by exercising them frequently. Eyes to0 are at a risk
health.
due to
hourDarsm.aGgeoy
te
at the computer screen for long. Optimal distance from the screen will
eyes and poor vision. Good lighting is essential. One should look away from the
prevent fatigue,lookidng
20-30 minutes. Screen ever
2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Jahangir was born on 30 August 1569, to Akbar, the Mughal Emperor and his
[NCT 2017
Bai. He was crowned on 24 October 1605. In the twenty-two years he
was Hindu wife, Jodha
on 28 October, 1627, he had many battles to fight and many rebellions to Emperor, till his death
found time for his greatest hobby--the study of animals and plants. He was suppress.
an avid
But he alwas
or an ornithologist as he would be called now, and keen bird watcher
naturalist. The care and accuracv
which Jahangir described various characteristicsof with
and behaviour, would have done credit toa animals and birds, their geographical distriurios
full-time naturalist. His observations are recorded in hic
memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
Jahangir had a small zoo and he would spend
observations. For the first time in the history ofhours-sometimes days and nights together-on his
ornithology, he noted how sarus cranes mate brood
over their eggs in turn, and how chicks are
hatched
quality in this bird: the parents love not only their and taken care of. He also observed one human
The Emperor had several
eggsand chicks but also each other.
famous
plant, he would instruct an artist topainters
in his court. When he
came
draw it. The painter who exXcelled inacross
a rare animal, bird or
For modern ornithologists, this art was Ustad Mansur.
Jahangir'
of the natural history of the day. s collection of paintings provides a strikingly accurate descripton
India. With the disintegration of theUnfortunately, most of these paintings are no
longer to be found n
the paintings were thus lost. Mughal Empire, foreign adventures looted this
In 1958, aRussian
treasure. MOst or
the dodo, a large researcher, Ivanoc, created a sensation when he discovered, a rare
A
portrait was foundnon-flying pigeon-like bird, which became extinct about three
in a collection
portrait ol
Sciences. There was no way of of paintings at the Institute of Orientalists of centuries Soviet
ago. u
Academy of
Mansur. Nowthere is identifying the painter, but the
to Emperor evidence to show that it was the portrait style, without doubt was that of Ustad
a dramatic Jahangir around 1624. Over three centuries after
of Mauritian dodo that was presented
reappearance in the world of
Jahangir also loved gardens, but his ornithology!
their death, Jahangir annd his dodo made
to how a lotus
traps hornets or how dissertations
saffron
in botany and
horticulture were mostly confined
cultivation high altitude trees such as the
of sprouts from soil. However, he was responsible forthe
cypress, juniper, pine and Javanse sandal in plains.
 Reading Skills 69
Iahangir hadmany other sCIentificinterests. Heonce
conducted an cxperiment to show that theair ol
Mahmudabad (in Gujrat) was healthicr than that of Ahmedabad.
of the stars and the planets and uscd to IHe was fascinatcd by the movement
regularly reCord the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses.
When a comet made its appearance, he recorded the
growth and
(a) Onthe basis ofyour reading of the above passage make notes ondecay of its tail.
it using headings and subheadings.
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format youconsider suitable. Also supply a title to
it.
(6) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50 words nsing the notes made.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passagc, make notes on it in points. Also
suggest
asuitable title.
(b) Write a sumary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes rnade.
Ans. (a) EMPEROR JAHANGIR: THE NATURALIST
1. An ornithologist & animal enthusiast
() described ch'stics distribution && behaviour of animals &birds
(ii) hada private zoo observed sarus cranes' behaviour as families
2. Documentation of observations
(1) rare animals, birds,plants were painted by skilled artists--UstadMansur, outstanding artist
(ii) recorded observations in autobiography Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri'
(ii) Mughal paintings looted by foreign adven'rs.
(iv) Portrait of Mauritian Dodo (presented to Emperor Jahangir in 1624) found by Russian
researcher A. Ivanoc in 1958
3. Other sci'fic interests
(i) wrote dissertations on botany, horticulture
(ii) cultiv'n of high altitude trees in plains
(üi) expts on air
(iv) movem't of stars & planets, eclipses & comets
Key to abbreviations
ch'stics characteristics
adven'rs adventurers
sc'fic scientific
cultiv'n cultivation
expts experiments
move'mt movement

(6) Summary
animals and had the rare
Emperor Jahangir was a keen naturalist. He loved to observe birds and
an extinct Maurition Dodo was
ones painted by skilled artists like Ustad Mansur. A portrait of
discovered by A. Ivanoc, a Russian researcher.
sarus crane. He
Jahangir had a small zoo, where he observed birds and animals, particularly
his autobiography
noted his observations on the behaviour and geographical distribution in
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
even in the purity of air in
Besides, he had interest in horticulture, stars and planets, eclipses and
various cities.
 and answer the
passage given below energy to concentrate on
3. Read the
depends on effective listening. It
takes
Incompetent listeners fail in a number hearing ofand tn
Effectivespeaking
understanding what has been
heard.
ways.
concentrate on what the. speaker is saying. Second,they may
Their attention
drifts from
speaker may be saying. Third,which
they compete. counter,
First,they may drift.
counter argumentsto whatever a
those parts of the message do not Then,
readily fit
they
Theyfind
exclude from their understanding
let personal feelings about speaker or with
filter. They
frame of reference.
Finallythey react. They
being sent.
subject
their own the message which
is
significance of art off
overside the effective. The first keytoeffective listening is the concentration.
to be more message, his chances of success are high.
What canalistenerdo concentrate on receiving a
positively wishes to difficulttofollow either because of voice problems, or
If alistener speakers are
determination. Some is then a particular need for the
It may need which they send a message..There determination
because oftheformin said.
concentrate on what is being i not simply
alertness. Itis
of a listener to
alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical
Concentration is helped by the body, the limbs and the head. Some people also find it
positioning of
physical fitness, but also hold the head slightly to one side. One useful way for achieving
if they speaker it
helpful to their concentration capture the critical headings and subheadings the
trying to
this is intensive notetaking, by
referring to.
aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. It gives him
Note-taking has been recommended as an sufficiently interested to take notes, the patterns of eve
are
confidence when he sees that listeners positive; and the speaker's timing is aided he cansee
can be very
contact when the note taker looks up pauses.
note-taker is writing hard and can then make effective use of
when a
the impact made by a less competent listener whopushes his chair
Posture toois important. Consider is
An upright posture helps a listener's concentration. At the same time it
backwards and slouches. listeners. Effective listening skills have an
feature amongst his
seen by the speaker to be a positive
impacton both the listener and the speaker.
ofyour reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
(a) On the basis suitable. Also supply a title to it.
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider
than 50 words using the notes made.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more
Ans. (a) EFFECTIVELISTENING LEADS TO EFFECTIVESPEAKING
1. Incompetent listening
(a) attention drifts
(b) lis'nr counters arguments and competes
(i) filterSMsgs
(iü) reacts to the msg
2. How to listen effectively
(a) concentration is needed
() alertness helps in concentration
(ii) physical fitness mental alertness
(b) Note-tkg aids effective listening
(i) lis'nr tries to capture the main pts
(ii) note-tkg helps the spkr too
 (c) Determination is needcd to
(i) overcome voice and other peculiarities
(ii) decipher the form of the msg
(d) Posture helps
() upright posture of lis'nrhelps in concentration
(i) helps the spkr
3. Conclusion
Effective listening impacts the lis'nr and the spkr
Key to abbreviations
lis'nr listener
msg message
tkg taking
pts points
spkr speaker
(b) Summary
Incompetent listeners disturb
Good listening can aid the speaker and can lead to good speaking.
good speaking by countering the speaker or by competing with him.
message is needed. Determination to receive
For good listening concentration on receiving the
notes is also an aid toconcentration
the message,mental alertness and a good posture help. Taking
and good listening.
attentive posture of the listener
Good listening helps the speaker through eye contact. An
increases the speaker's confidence.
[NCT 2015)
4. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions
that follow:
easily and often.
Tventy-one-year-old Jyoti Amge, the smallest woman in the world, laughs
looka bit funny.
Perhaps, from a height of twentythree inches, the world does
21-year-old Amge is a bit shorter than
Afflicted with achondroplasia, a form of pituitary dwarfism,Guinness certificate. In fact, Amge. the
her two-year-old nephew and a lad taller than her framed
youngest of five, wasn't evenvisible in her mother's wonmb. The doctorsthought she wasn't alive
operation in her tenth month to
and her mother Ranjana, who underwent a two hour caesarian
pictures in the album,
birth her, welcomed her youngest as a blessing. In all of Amge's birthday
custom made frocks and bright
her height is the same from age three to twenty-one. Kitted out in
heads in Nagpur and
red lipstick; with fancy beads lining her permed hair, the tiny Amge turned excuse would do,
became a hit with Hindinews channel crews that approached her for bytes, any
the reality
even the elections. Apart from a cameo in a Mika Singh video, she appeared briefly on
show Big Boss 6.
producers
"Ihave always wanted to be an actor," says Amge. Amge was quick to say yes when the a New
of American Horror Story' Freak Show contacted her. "They had seen my interview in
sari-and
York daily," says Amge, who readily agreed to play the role of Ma Petite, the miniature
bindi-clad assistant of a woman.
"In spite of the name the show was not about freaks it was about compassion, " says Amge.
"What makes the world so interesting in that we are different and some folks a little bit odd,"
she said. Sadly, Amge's own home country does notseem to respect differences. Amge's brother
complained that unlike the West where "people ask permission before clickinga photo," Indians
take her privacy for granted. People look at her likeshe's a wonder, an ajooba and try to get too
close to her. Ihave to shelter her like abody guard, adds Satish.
 Amge'sfamily members now make up her entourage. They help Amge, who suffered:an
in Kashmir that severely fractured her leftleg, with everything from
braiding
her to the wash basin. Be it the ncarby mall or a trip to China, one or more her hair
of to
accide
(a)
accompany her.
Onthe basis of your reading ofthe above passage make notes on it using
themcaraly
wig
ay
headings andI
Use recognisable abbreviations and aformat you consider suitable.. Also
supplymadeatitle to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes
Ans. (a) JYOTI AMGE
subheadings
1. The smallest woman in the world
(i) only 23" tall at 21 years of age
(i) dwarf due to achondroplasia
(iü) was not visible in her mother's womb
(iv) same ht from 3 to 21 years.
2. Media exposure
(i) Jyotia hit on a Hindi news chnl in Nagpur
(ü) cameoin a Mika Singh vide0 and Big Boss 6
(üü) 'American Horror Story' a Freak Show of the US
3. Norespect for privacy in Ind
(i) Ppl stare at her
(ü) Fml bas toshelter her or accompany her.

Key to abbreviations
ht height
chnl channel
Ind India
ppl people
fml
family
(b) Summary
Jyoti Amge is twenty one years old and only 23" tall.
She is the world's smallest woman. She did
not gain height after three years of age due to
Hindi newschannel in Nagpur. She featured briefly achondroplasia. Jyoticaught the attention of a
Big Boss 6. She played a role in the on a Mika Singh's video and the reality show
American Freak Show named American Horror Story.
In India, however, Jyoti's privacy is not
protect her. respected. Her family remains close to her in order to
5. Read the passage
given below and answer the questions that
1. Everyone needs a holiday, both to relax and to have afollow: (NCT 2014)
makers feel relaxed and refreshed at the end of change of environment. The nouy
of their duties, be it at the holiday and look forward to the resunpa
all
school, office or factories, with renewed
establishments grant their employees annual vigour. This is the reasOn wi
schools and universities granttheir pupils a leave. With the end of the academic year the
September when the new school term long holiday during mid-summer. This lastssuntil early
this and take their leave to starts. Of course the parents will like to take advantage of
holiday season in most Europeancoincide with the children's vacations. This has become atraditional
countries, particularly in England.
 With the coming of August, the traditional holiday scason in Britain reaches its peak point and
prefer
most of the holiday resorts are packedto capacity. In order to avoid the crowd. some
ther
to take their holiday alittle carlier if facilities so warrant. Those who have already taken
holidayscan console themselves not only with reflections on the happy days spent in the cOuniry.
the year and
at the seaside or abroad, but alsowith the thought that holiday expenses are over for
that by taking an earlier holiday they have missed the August rush.
to prophesy. But whatever
The main thing, of course, is the weather and that would be hazardousatmosphere in which t can
the carefree
the weather is like, the essence of a holiday for most is
be enjoyed. "Take all youneed but leave vour
worries behind"' isthe sound advice for the holiday
However, even the pessimist would
maker. Private worries are not always casy to escape from.
admit that for the moment things appear brighter than they have been.seeking the pleasures that
pre-occupations and
Holiday time is surely a time for shedding serious succeed in finding them, indeed there are people
true that we may not always
appeal tous. It is gives you an ampler appreciation or
that the great thing about holiday is that it
who maintain elderly than you.
home comforts aview no doubt more widely held among the
reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
(a) On the basis ofyour a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it.
Use recognisable albbreviations and
made.
summary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes
(b) Write a IMPORTANCE OF HOLIDAYS
Ans. (a)
1. Need for holidays
students and workers
() holidays give relaxation to
holidays
(ü) establishments grant annual
mid-summer
(üü) schools and univs give holidays
in Europe, England
(iv) Aug-Sept are holidays season
season
2. Aug-Sept peak holiday
(i) resorts packed to capacity
(ü) some take early holidays in Aug.
essence of holidays
3. Carefree atmospherethe
(i) weather may be bad
difficult to forget
(ü) private wor'sare
(iüü) we shed wor's during holidays comfort
appr'cn of home
(iv) Holidays giveus keener
Key to abbreviations
universities
Univs
Aug August
September
Sept
Wor's Worries

Appr'cn appreciation

(b) Summary provide us with relaxation. Allestablishments

lives because they
Holidays are important in our summer. August and September are holiday seasons
holidays in
and academic institutions grant
inEurope and England.
 In August most holiday resorts in I Britain are packed to capacity. Some people take
a littlecarly in order toavoid thecrowds. their lrdlida
The most important thing is to have a carefree atmosphere cven though private
difficult to get rid of. During holidays we acquire ampler appreciation of homc comfort WOrries Are
6. Readthe passage given belowandanswer the questions that follow:
to makessure that the travel
1. When planning to go on a vacation, the tendency is
involves booking by train, hus orplans are hassle
free, betore stepping out of one's doors. This even andhy air t
onc's chOsen destination. Yet the greatest holidays can be enjoycd by going on foot
wilds. Any holiday can be made into a
not referring to trekking cxpcditions into the
by opting out of a bus ride or a train journey or a taxi
drop, by selecting to go on foot. walkiBesing des
walking is a great form of exercise and, above all, helps you to go deep into thelocal culture, the
triçp
music.
daily lives of pcople, their food and their
2. Walking helps you enhance the adventurous streak in you. If you are Out on abeach holiday
instead of workouts at the gym, head out to the water for your exercise. Resort p00)s are agreat
way to have fun and stay fit and are suitable for all ages. Wake up early to start your day with
aswim and you can also recruit family and friends to join in to make the activity even nore
interesting.
3. The best holiday destinations need not be those that the travel brochures advertise, It can L
out.
one of vour own search, if you take advantage of what an area is known for and then set
explore it on your own terms. Thus youcan learn tai chi when on a trip to China or smarten e
your dancing skills by trying out flamenco when in Spain.
4. In order to enjoy a walking holiday to the hilt, one needs to be physically in form. Thus one needs
tokeep a tab on one's diet when on holiday. The travelbrochures give youa choice of tried-out
brands with a peppering of local options. But whatever be your choice, it is smart to stick to the
rule book. In every place you are sure to find fresh and healthy high-protein, high-fibre options to
fill you up. That willkeep you away from opting for the high sugar, processed foods, and simple
carbohydrates.
5. These simple rules would ensure that your walking holiday was not only enjoyable but one that
left you feeling fully in commandof your holiday mood and proved economical as you did not
waste a single moment nursing an upset belly or asluggish day or a boring ride across acres of
non-stimulating countryside, cooped in a taxi or jostling on a train.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes made.
Ans. (a) WALKING HOLIDAYS

1. Planning a vacation involves

1. making it hassle free
2. bookings in advance
3. options of air, train, bus, taxi
2. Choice of a walking holiday
1. great form of exercise
2. allows going deep into local culture
3. selections of cuisine and music
4. explore area beyond travel brochure info.
 1, Comb walking holiday with holiday choices
1. Beach holiday: workouts on beach
2. Resort holiday: carly morning swim
4. Food intake on a walking holiday
1. nccessity of keeping fit by choosing what tocat
2. high fibre, high prot options preferred
3. curbs opting for high sugar, simple carbs. and processed fo0d
5. Advs of food selections
1, feel fully in comd of your holiday
2. no time wasted over upset belly, orsluggish day
3. keeps off boring taxi rides across non-stimulating countryside
Key to abbreviations
info. information
carbs. carbohydrates
comd. command
combo. combining
prot. proteins
Advs. Advantages
(b) Summary
Conventional holiday planning involves making bookings by air, train or taxi. Yet the choice of
included
awalking holiday allows opportunitiesof delving into local culture, exploring areas not
in travel brochures. Workouts on a beach for beach holiday makers and use of a resort pool at
resort destinations are the usual modes of exercise on a holiday. Walkers, though, need to keep an
eye on dietary intakes, settling for high fibre, high protein options to ward off high sugar,simple
carbohydrates and processed foods. This regimen keeps walkers fully in command, minus upset
stomachs and boring taxi rides.
7. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
may
1. We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advance, although useful,
have unpleasant side effects. More and more the tendency is to exert caution before committing
the world to something that may not be reversible.
Sobrero
2. The trouble is it's not always easy to tellwhat the side effects will be. In 1846, Ascanio
produced the first nitroglycerine. Heated, a drop of it exploded shatteringly. The Italian chemist
realised in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn't
help, of course. Others followed it up and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare
by the close of the nineteenth century.
3. Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to miy
nitroelvcerine with diatomaceous carth to produce asater-to-handle mixture he called 'dynamite'.
With dynamite. earth could be moved at a rate tar beyond that of pick and shovel and without
brutalising men by hard labour. It was dynamite that helped forge the way for railways, that helned
builddams. subways, foundations, bridges, and athousand other grand-scale constructions of the
industrial age.
 4. Adouble-cdgedsword of goodland evil has hung over human technology from the
invention of knives and spears increased man's food supply-and improved the art
The discovery of nuclear energy now places all the carth under the threat of of begin ingmur"Tdhere.
also offers the possibility of fusion power as an ultimate solution to men's
energy
5. Or think back to the first successful vaccination in 1876 and the germ theory of destructionyet
problems.
i

1860s. Do we view medical advance as dangerous to humanity. or refuse to take disease in the
vaccines and antitoxins, of anaesthesia and asepsis, of chemicalIspecifics and advantage
antibiotics?
the side efects of the last century's medical discoveries have done more to assure
of
And yet
civilitsoadaytion'sis
destruction than anything nuclear physicists have done. For, the population explosion
caused not by any rise in average birth rate but by the sharp dropthanks to
death rate. medicinein the
(a) Onthe basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings andI
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes made.
subheading.
Ans. (a) SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENT-A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
1. Benefits of technology
1.1 Nitroglycerine explodes shatteringly
1.1.1modified to dynamite used for earth mov'g
1.1.2railws, dams, bridges became possible
1.1.3substitute for manual labour-freed men from slavery
1.2. knives & spears increased man's food supply
1.3. nuclear energyso>'n to man's energy probs
1.4. vaccination-freedom from disease
2. Harmful effects
2.1. used in warfare
2.2. extremely destr've
2.3. improved art of murder
2.4. destruc'nof earth possible
2.5. popl'n increase

Key to abbreviations
mov'g moving
railws
sol'n railways
inc
solution
increase
destr've
popl'n destructive
(b) Summary population
Scientific advancements, however
cautious before introducing an beneficial, have some harmful side effects. We need to be
High explosives have
immense
advancement, the side effects of
which may be irreversible.
construction. Best of all, they free destructive power but can be used for earth moving and
nuclear energy have good as well asmenbadof manual labour. Similarly, knives and Spears andcaused
even
population explosion. uses. Vaccinations controlled disease, but also
 Reading Skills
8. Read the passage given below and
1. It must have
answer the questions that follow:
been aterrible
which knocked down any experience.
person who
The carthquake hegan with strong side-to-side movcments
a vast rumbling and was standing. Then there were up-and-down movements,
reverberating
in the sky, and water gushed out in
noise as of an artillery bombardment or a hundred aeroplanes
innuperable nlaces out of hupe fissures and craters and rose
toabout ten or twelve fect. Allthis probably
lasted for three minutes or a little more, and thent
died doWn; but those three minutes were terrible
cnough. It is not
who sawW this hapPpen imagined that this was the cnd of the world. Insurprising that many peso
the cities, there was a nose
of fall1ng houses, and rushing of waters, and an atmosphere full of dust
to see even afew yards. In the rural arcas, there was not
which made it impossile
much dust and one couldsee a t e
farther, but there were no calm-eyed spectators about. Those who survived lay flat onthe ground,
or rolled about in an agony of
terror.
2. The city of Monghyr was the last place in our tour. When we saw Monghyr and the absolute
destruction of this rich city, we gasped and shivered at the horror of it.
3. All over the earthquake areas there was a very painful absence of self-help among the reSidens,
both in the cities and villages, Probably, the middle classes in the cities were the worst offenders in
this respect. They allwaited for somebody to take action and help them, either the Government
or the non-officialrelief agencies. Others who offered their services thought that the work meant
ordering people about. Part of this feeling of helplessness was no doubt due to the nervous
collapse brought about by the terror of the earthquake, and it must have gradually lessened.
4. In marked contrast with this was the energy andcapacity of the large numbers of relief workers
who poured in from other parts of Bihar andother provinces. It was wonderful to see the spirit
of efficient service of these young men and women and, in spite of the fact that a host of separate
relief organisations were working, there was a great deal of co-operation between them.
(Jawaharlal Nehru)
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 50 words using the notes made.
Ans. (a) EARTHQUAKE IN BIHAR
1. The quake:
1.1 movem'ts movem'ts knocked down people
1.2 reverberating noise
1.3 fissures and craters, water gushed out, dust in atmosphere
1.4 terbl. destruction in Monghyr
2. The victims:
2.1 painful absc. of self-help
2.2 waited for govt non-govt agencies to act
2.3 some only ordered others
nervous collapse
2.4 quake generated helplessness,
3. Relief work:
energetic
3.1 wkrs from Bihar & other states
different teams
3.2 cooperation between
 Key to abbreviations
movem'ts movements

terbl. terrible
absc. absence
wkrs workers

(b) Summary
as well as up and
When earthquake struck Bihar, the earth moved sideways down. People were
knocked down. There was reverberating noise as well as fissures and craters. The
Monghyr city was horrifying. destruction
of

In all this destruction there was a painful absence of self-help. People only waited for
or non-gOvernment agencies to help or ordered other people about.
government
In contrast, the young relief workers from Bihar and other places were full of energy and snie.
of service. There was cooperation among various teams.