Topic - 4 - P2 - SL - NEW MS
Topic - 4 - P2 - SL - NEW MS
The solid line in the graph shows the variation with distance x of the displacement
y of a travelling wave at t = 0. The dotted line shows the wave 0.20 ms later. The
period of the wave is longer than 0.20 ms.
Markscheme
0.05
v=« =» 250 «m s –1»✔
0.20×10−3
Markscheme
λ = 0.30 «m» ✔
250
f = « 0.30 =» 830 «Hz» ✔
NOTE: Allow ECF from (a)(i)
Allow ECF from wrong wavelength for MP2
1c. The graph also shows the displacement of two particles, P and Q, in the [2 marks]
medium at t = 0. State and explain which particle has the larger
magnitude of acceleration at t = 0.
Markscheme
Q✔
acceleration is proportional to displacement «and Q has larger displacement»
✔
One end of a string is attached to an oscillator and the other is fixed to a wall.
When the frequency of the oscillator is 360 Hz the standing wave shown is formed
on the string.
1d. State the number of all other points on the string that have the same [1 mark]
amplitude and phase as X.
Markscheme
3 «points» ✔
1e. The frequency of the oscillator is reduced to 120 Hz. On the diagram, [1 mark]
draw the standing wave that will be formed on the string.
Markscheme
first harmonic mode drawn ✔
Markscheme
two waves superpose/mention of superposition/mention of «constructive»
interference ✔
they arrive in phase/there is a path length difference of an integer number of
wavelengths ✔
Ignore references to nodes/antinodes.
2b. The distance from S1 to Y is 1.243 m and the distance from S2 to Y is [3 marks]
1.181 m.
Markscheme
path difference = 0.062 «m» ✔
so wavelength = 0.031 «m» ✔
frequency = 9.7 × 109 «Hz» ✔
If no unit is given, assume the answer is in Hz. Accept other prefixes (eg 9.7
GHz)
Award [2 max] for 4.8 x 109 Hz.
2c. Outline one reason why the maxima observed at W, X and Y will have [1 mark]
different intensities from each other.
Markscheme
intensity varies with distance OR points are different distances from the slits
✔
Accept “Intensity is modulated by a single slit diffraction envelope”.
The diagram shows the direction of a sound wave travelling in a metal sheet.
3a. Particle P in the metal sheet performs simple harmonic oscillations. [2 marks]
When the displacement of P is 3.2 μm the magnitude of its acceleration
is 7.9 m s-2. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of P when its
displacement is 2.3 μm.
Markscheme
Expression or statement showing acceleration is proportional to displacement
✔
so «7.9 × 2.3
3.2
» = 5.7«m s−2 » ✔
3b. The wave is incident at point Q on the metal–air boundary. The wave [2 marks]
makes an angle of 54° with the normal at Q. The speed of sound in the
metal is 6010 m s–1 and the speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1. Calculate the angle
between the normal at Q and the direction of the wave in air.
Markscheme
340
sin θ = 6010
× sin 54∘ ✔
θ = 2.6° ✔
Markscheme
f = 250 «Hz» OR Same OR Unchanged ✔
Markscheme
λ = « 340
250
= »1.36 ≈ 1.4«m» ✔
3e. The sound wave in air in (c) enters a pipe that is open at both ends. The [1 mark]
diagram shows the displacement, at a particular time T, of the standing
wave that is set up in the pipe.
On the diagram, at time T, label with the letter C a point in the pipe that is at the
centre of a compression.
Markscheme
any point labelled C on the vertical line shown below ✔
eg:
A pipe is open at both ends. A first-harmonic standing wave is set up in the pipe.
The diagram shows the variation of displacement of air molecules in the pipe with
distance along the pipe at time t = 0. The frequency of the first harmonic is f.
4a. An air molecule is situated at point X in the pipe at t = 0. Describe the [2 marks]
motion of this air molecule during one complete cycle of the standing
wave beginning from t = 0.
Markscheme
«air molecule» moves to the right and then back to the left ✔
returns to X/original position ✔
4b. The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by [3 marks]
c = √ Kρ
where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.
A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The
density of the air in the pipe is 1.3 kg m–3. Determine, in kg m –1 s–2, the value of K
for air.
Markscheme
wavelength = 2 × 1.4 = «2.8 m» ✔
c = «f λ =» 120 × 2.8 «= 340 m s−1» ✔
K = «ρc2 = 1.3 × 3402 =» 1.5 × 105 ✔
A transmitter of electromagnetic waves is next to a long straight vertical wall that
acts as a plane mirror to the waves. An observer on a boat detects the waves both
directly and as an image from the other side of the wall. The diagram shows one
ray from the transmitter reflected at the wall and the position of the image.
4c. Demonstrate, using a second ray, that the image appears to come from [1 mark]
the position indicated.
Markscheme
construction showing formation of image ✔
Another straight line/ray from image through the wall with line/ray from
intersection at wall back to transmitter. Reflected ray must intersect boat.
4d. Outline why the observer detects a series of increases and decreases in [2 marks]
the intensity of the received signal as the boat moves along the line XY.
Markscheme
interference pattern is observed
OR
interference/superposition mentioned ✔
The beam is incident normally on a double slit. The distance between the slits is
0.300 mm. A screen is at a distance D from the slits. The diffraction angle θ is
labelled.
5a. A series of dark and bright fringes appears on the screen. Explain how a [3 marks]
dark fringe is formed.
Markscheme
superposition of light from each slit / interference of light from both slits
with path/phase difference of any half-odd multiple of wavelength/any odd
multiple of π (in words or symbols)
producing destructive interference
Markscheme
evidence of solving for D «D = sd »
λ
−3 −3
4.50×10 ×0.300×10
« × 2» = 4.27 «m»
633.0×10−9
The air between the slits and the screen is replaced with water. The refractive
index of water is 1.33.
Markscheme
633.0
1.33
= 476 «nm»
[1 mark]
5d. State two ways in which the intensity pattern on the screen changes. [2 marks]
Markscheme
distance between peaks decreases
intensity decreases
[2 marks]
A loudspeaker emits sound towards the open end of a pipe. The other end is
closed. A standing wave is formed in the pipe. The diagram represents the
displacement of molecules of air in the pipe at an instant of time.
Markscheme
the incident wave «from the speaker» and the reflected wave «from the closed
end»
superpose/combine/interfere
Allow superimpose/add up
Do not allow meet/interact
[1 mark]
X and Y represent the equilibrium positions of two air molecules in the pipe. The
arrow represents the velocity of the molecule at Y.
6b. Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of [1 mark]
the molecule at X.
Markscheme
Horizontal arrow from X to the right
Markscheme
P at a node
[1 mark]
6d. The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 [2 marks]
m. Calculate, in Hz, the frequency of the sound.
Markscheme
wavelength is λ = « 4×0.30
3
=» 0.40 «m»
340
f = « 0.40 » 850 «Hz»
6e. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s –1 and in water it is 1500 m s –1. [2 marks]
The wavefronts make an angle θ with the surface of the water. Determine
the maximum angle, θmax, at which the sound can enter water. Give your
answer to the correct number of significant figures.
Markscheme
sin θ c 1
340
= 1500
θc = 13«°»
Markscheme
correct orientation
greater separation
[2 marks]
A large cube is formed from ice. A light ray is incident from a vacuum at an angle
of 46˚ to the normal on one surface of the cube. The light ray is parallel to the
plane of one of the sides of the cube. The angle of refraction inside the cube is
33˚.
7a. Calculate the speed of light inside the ice cube. [2 marks]
Markscheme
sin i 3×108×sin(33)
«v = c sin =»
r sin(46)
2.3 x 108 «m s–1»
Markscheme
light strikes AB at an angle of 57°
critical angle is «sin–1( 2.3
3
) =» 50.1°
49.2° from unrounded value
angle of incidence is greater than critical angle so total internal reflection
OR
light strikes AB at an angle of 57°
calculation showing sin of “refracted angle” = 1.1
statement that since 1.1>1 the angle does not exist and the light does not
emerge
[Max 3 marks]
7c. Sketch, on the diagram, the subsequent path of the light ray. [2 marks]
Markscheme
total internal reflection shown
ray emerges at opposite face to incidence
Judge angle of incidence=angle of reflection by eye or accept correctly
labelled angles
With sensible refraction in correct direction
Each side of the ice cube is 0.75 m in length. The initial temperature of the ice
cube is –20 °C.
7d. Determine the energy required to melt all of the ice from –20 °C to water[4 marks]
at a temperature of 0 °C.
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 kJ kg–1
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2.1 kJ kg–1 k–1
Density of ice = 920 kg m–3
Markscheme
mass = «volume x density» (0.75)3 x 920 «= 388 kg»
energy required to raise temperature = 388 x 2100 x 20 «= 1.63 x 107 J»
energy required to melt = 388 x 330 x 103 «= 1.28 x 108 J»
1.4 x 108 «J» OR 1.4 x 105 «kJ»
Accept any consistent units
Award [3 max] for answer which uses density as 1000 kg –3 (1.5× 108 «J»)
7e. Outline the difference between the molecular structure of a solid and a [1 mark]
liquid.
Markscheme
in solid state, nearest neighbour molecules cannot exchange places/have fixed
positions/are closer to each other/have regular pattern/have stronger forces of
attraction
in liquid, bonds between molecules can be broken and re-form
OWTTE
Accept converse argument for liquids
[Max 1 Mark]
8b. Red laser light is incident on a double slit with a slit separation of 0.35 [3 marks]
mm.
A double-slit interference pattern is observed on a screen 2.4 m from the slits.
The distance between successive maxima on the screen is 4.7 mm.
Calculate the wavelength of the light. Give your answer to an appropriate number
of significant figures.
Markscheme
4.7×10−3×0.35×10−3
λ= 2.4
= 6.9 x 10–7 «m»
answer to 2 SF
8c. Explain the change to the appearance of the interference pattern when [2 marks]
the red-light laser is replaced by one that emits green light.
Markscheme
green wavelength smaller than red
fringe separation / distance between maxima decreases
Markscheme
bright central maximum
subsidiary maxima «on either side»
the width of the central fringe is twice / larger than the width of the
subsidiary/secondary fringes/maxima
OR
intensity of pattern is decreased
Allow marks from a suitably labelled intensity graph for single slit diffraction.
A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.
Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected
by a light sensor attached to the train.
The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light
sensor as the train moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional
to the intensity of light incident on the sensor.
9a. Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a [3 marks]
series of voltage peaks occurs.
Markscheme
«light» superposes/interferes
pattern consists of «intensity» maxima and minima
OR
consisting of constructive and destructive «interference»
voltage peaks correspond to interference maxima
9b. The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength of [1 mark]
6.3 x 10–7 m. The slits are 5.0 m from the train track. Calculate the
separation between two adjacent positions of the train when the output voltage is
at a maximum.
Markscheme
6.3×10−7×5.0
«s = λD = =» 2.1 x 10–3 «m»
d 1.5×10−3
If no unit assume m.
Correct answer only.
Markscheme
correct read-off from graph of 25 m s
2.1×10−3
v = « xt = =» 8.4 x 10–2 «m s–1»
25×10−3
The sound sensor gives a graph of the variation of output voltage with time along
the track that is similar in shape to the graph shown in the resource. Explain how
this effect arises.
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«reflection at barrier» leads to two waves travelling in opposite directions
mention of formation of standing wave
maximum corresponds to antinode/maximum displacement «of air molecules»
OR
complete cancellation at node position
10a. Two microwave transmitters, X and Y, are placed 12 cm apart and are [4 marks]
connected to the same source. A single receiver is placed 54 cm away
and moves along a line AB that is parallel to the line joining X and Y.
Maxima and minima of intensity are detected at several points along AB.
(i) Explain the formation of the intensity minima.
(ii) The distance between the central maximum and the first minimum is 7.2 cm.
Calculate the wavelength of the microwaves.
Markscheme
i
minima = destructive interference
Allow “crest meets trough”, but not “waves cancel”.
Allow “destructive superposition” but not bald “superposition”.
ii
sd 12×2×7.2 12×7.2
λ= D
or λ= 54
= or λ = 54
= seen
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
λ = « 12×2×7.2
54
=» 3.2 «cm»
Award [1 max] for 1.6 «cm»
Award [2 max] to a trigonometric solution in which candidate works out
individual path lengths and equates to λ2 .
10b. Radio waves are emitted by a straight conducting rod antenna (aerial). [2 marks]
The plane of polarization of these waves is parallel to the transmitting
antenna.
An identical antenna is used for reception. Suggest why the receiving antenna
needs to be be parallel to the transmitting antenna.
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
the component of the polarized signal in the direction of the receiving antenna
is a maximum «when both are parallel»
ALTERNATIVE 2:
receiving antenna must be parallel to plane of polarisation
for power/intensity to be maximum
Do not accept “receiving antenna must be parallel to transmitting antenna”
ALTERNATIVE 3:
refers to Malus’ law or I = I0 cos2θ
explains that I is max when θ = 0
ALTERNATIVE 4:
an electric current is established in the receiving antenna which is
proportional to the electric field
maximum current in receiving antenna requires maximum field «and so must
be parallel»
10c. The receiving antenna becomes misaligned by 30° to its original [3 marks]
position.
ii
1.9 × 10–4 «s»
A longitudinal wave is travelling in a medium from left to right. The graph shows
the variation with distance x of the displacement y of the particles in the medium.
The solid line and the dotted line show the displacement at t=0 and t=0.882 ms,
respectively.
The period of the wave is greater than 0.882 ms. A displacement to the right of
the equilibrium position is positive.
Markscheme
(i)
ALTERNATIVE 1
«distance travelled by wave =» 0.30 m
v =≪ distance =≫ 340ms−1
time
ALTERNATIVE 2
0.882×10−3×1.6
evaluates T = 0.3
«=4.7ms» to give f = 210 or 212 Hz
ALTERNATIVE 2
0.882×10−3×1.6
T= 0.3
«=4.7ms»
F =≪ T1 =≫ 210Hz
11c. The equilibrium position of a particle in the medium is at x=0.80 m. For [4 marks]
this particle at t=0, state and explain
(i) the direction of motion.
(ii) whether the particle is at the centre of a compression or a rarefaction.
Markscheme
(i)
the displacement of the particle decreases OR «on the graph» displacement is
going in a negative direction OR on the graph the particle goes down
to the left
Do not allow “moving downwards” unless accompanied by reference to graph.
(ii)
molecules to the left of the particle have moved left and those to the right
have moved right
«hence» the particle is at the centre of a rarefaction