Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Writing

Practice Test 4
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A second-generation Japanese American, 1

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Wataru Misaka ______ in World War II Which choice completes the text so that it
(1941-45) and won two amateur national conforms to the conventions of Standard
basketball championships at the University of English?
Utah when he joined the New York Knicks for
the 1947-48 season, becoming the first non- A) already served
white basketball player in the US’s top B) was already serving
professional league.
C) already serves
D) had already served

In addition to advocating for South 2

America’s independence in two political Which choice completes the text so that it
treatises, the Cartagena Manifesto and the Letter conforms to the conventions of Standard
from Jamaica, Simón Bolívar personally led English?
armies against the Spanish, liberating three
South American territories—New Granada A) Ecuador,)
(present-day Colombia and Panama), B) Ecuador)
Venezuela, and Quito (present-day ______ C) Ecuador),
from colonial rule.
D) Ecuador)—

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The first time I visited the Art Institute of 3

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Chicago, I expected to be impressed by its Which choice completes the text so that it
famous large paintings. For instance, I couldn’t conforms to the conventions of Standard
wait to view ______ 10-foot-wide A Sunday English?
Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte in
its full size. A) painter, Georges Seurat’s,
B) painter, Georges Seurat’s
C) painter Georges Seurat’s,
D) painter Georges Seurat’s

Researchers studying the “terra-cotta army,” 4

the thousands of life-size statues of warriors Which choice completes the text so that it
found interred near the tomb of Emperor Qin conforms to the conventions of Standard
Shi Huang of China, were shocked to realize English?
that the shape of each statue’s ears, like the
shape of each person’s ears, ______ unique. A) are
B) is
C) were
D) have been

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The plainer rooms are more sparsely 5

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______ architectural features, furnishings, and Which choice completes the text so that it
decorations are just as true to the periods they conforms to the conventions of Standard
represent. One of my favorite rooms in the English?
whole exhibit, in fact, is an 1885 summer
kitchen. A) furnished by their
B) furnished, but their
C) furnished: their
D) furnished, whereas

It has long been known that the sea otters 6

______ keep kelp forests in their habitat Which choice completes the text so that it
healthy and vital. They do this by feeding on conforms to the conventions of Standard
sea urchins and other herbivorous English?
invertebrates that graze voraciously on kelp.
A) living along the West Coast of North
America help
B) living along the West Coast of North
America, they help
C) that live along the West Coast of North
America and help to
D) that live along the West Coast of North
America, where they help

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On sunny days, dark rooftops absorb solar 7

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energy and convert it to unwanted heat, raising Which choice completes the text so that it
the surrounding air ______ a lightcolored conforms to the conventions of Standard
covering to an existing dark roof, either by English?
attaching prefabricated reflective sheets or
spraying on a paint-like coating, helps combat A) temperature; by adding
this effect. B) temperature, adding
C) temperature. Adding
D) temperature by adding

Studies find that kelp forests protected by 8

sea otters can absorb as much as twelve times Which choice completes the text so that it
the amount of carbon dioxide from the conforms to the conventions of Standard
atmosphere as those where sea urchins are English?
allowed to devour the kelp. Like its terrestrial
plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide A) how large a role they played
from the atmosphere, turning it into sugar B) how large a role that it played
fuel through photosynthesis, and releases
C) how large a role sea otters played
oxygen back into the air. Scientists knew this
but did not recognize ______ in helping kelp D) that they played such a large role
forests to significantly decrease the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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Wilmers and Estes caution, however, that 9

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increasing the otter population will not Which choice completes the text so that it
automatically solve the problem of higher levels conforms to the conventions of Standard
of carbon dioxide in the air. But they suggest English?
that the presence of otters provides a good
model of how carbon can be sequestered, A) or removed; from
______ the atmosphere through the B) or removed from,
management of animal populations.
C) or, removed from,
D) or removed, from

Planned obsolescence, a practice ______ 10

products are designed to have a limited period
Which choice completes the text so that it
of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of
conforms to the conventions of Standard
manufacturing strategy for the past 80 years.
English?

A) at which
B) from which
C) so that
D) whereby

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More like a fair than an actual café, the first 11

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Repair Café takes place in Amsterdam, the Which choice completes the text so that it
Netherlands. Participants bring all manner of conforms to the conventions of Standard
damaged articles—clothing, appliances, English?
furniture, and more—to be repaired by a staff
of volunteer specialists including tailors, A) they await
electricians, and carpenters. While ______ for B) awaiting
service, patrons can enjoy coffee and snacks
C) they waited
and mingle with their neighbors in need.
D) waiting

On April 5, 1977, Kitty Cone and 150 other 12

disability rights activists entered a San Which choice completes the text so that it
Francisco federal building. After pleading for conforms to the conventions of Standard
years—to no effect—for the passage of key English?
antidiscrimination legislation, ______ until
their demands were addressed. Finally, on A) pressure on lawmakers increased when
April 28, the legislation was signed. the activists staged a sit-in protest
B) a sit-in protest staged by the activists
increased pressure on lawmakers
C) lawmakers came under increased
pressure when the activists staged a sit-in
protest
D) the activists increased pressure on
lawmakers by staging a sit-in protest

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A study conducted in 2013 by 13

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Northwestern University in Chicago showed Which choice completes the text so that it
that inadequate natural light could result in conforms to the conventions of Standard
eye strain, headaches, and fatigue, as well as English?
interference with the body’s circadian
rhythms. Circadian rhythms, which are A) bodies biological clocks,
controlled by the ______ influence body B) bodies’ biological clocks’,
temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep
C) body’s biological clocks,
and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.
D) body’s biological clock’s,

In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington 14

University psychologist Amani El-Alayli Which choice completes the text so that it
found that, among the study participants who conforms to the conventions of Standard
experienced frisson (a physiological response English?
akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while
listening to music, there was one personality A) high. On
trait that they scored particularly ______ B) high on;
openness to experience.
C) high on
D) high on:

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Businesses can install light tubes, ______ 15

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pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture Which choice completes the text so that it
and funnel sunlight down into a building’s conforms to the conventions of Standard
interior. Glass walls and dividers can also be English?
used to replace solid walls as a means of
distributing natural light more freely A) these are
B) they are
C) which are
D) those being

In the canon of North African literature, 16

Moroccan author Driss Chraïbi’s 1954 novel Which choice completes the text so that it
The Simple Past (Le Passé simple) looms large. conforms to the conventions of Standard
A coming-of-age story, a social meditation, English?
and a sober gaze into the dark maw of French
colonialism, ______ interrogates systemic A) Morocco gained its independence two
power with memorable intensity. years before the publication of Chraïbi’s
debut novel, which
B) Chraïbi’s debut novel, published two
years before Morocco gained its
independence,
C) Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that,
published two years before Morocco
gained its independence,
D) published two years before Morocco
gained its independence, Chraïbi wrote a
debut novel that

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These Harvey Houses, which constituted 17

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the first restaurant chain in the United States, Which choice completes the text so that it
______ high standards of service and quality. conforms to the conventions of Standard
The menu was modeled after those of fine English?
restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond
the abysmal fare travelers were accustomed to A) was unique for its
receiving in transit. B) were unique for their
C) was unique for their
D) were unique for its

In 1966, Emmett Ashford became the first 18

African American to umpire a Major League Which choice completes the text so that it
Baseball game. His energetic gestures conforms to the conventions of Standard
announcing when a player had struck out and English?
his habit of barreling after a hit ball to see if it
would land out of ______ transform the A) bounds helped
traditionally solemn umpire role into a B) bounds, helping
dynamic one.
C) bounds that helped
D) bounds to help

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For as long as Harvey Houses served rail 19

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travelers through the mid-twentieth century, Which choice completes the text so that it
working there was a steady and lucrative conforms to the conventions of Standard
position for women. Living independently and English?
demonstrating an intense work ______ the
Harvey Girls became known as a A) ethic;
transformative force in the American West, B) ethic:
inspiring books, documentaries, and even a
C) ethic, and
musical.
D) ethic,

While 1-MCP keeps apples firm and crisp 20

for months, it also limits their scent Which choice completes the text so that it
production. This may not be much of a conforms to the conventions of Standard
problem with certain kinds of apples that are English?
not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny
Smith, but for apples that are prized for their A) that
fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be B) they
a problem with consumers, ______ will reject
C) which
apples lacking the expected aroma.
D) who

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Some fruits do not respond as well to 1- 21

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MCP as others do, and some even respond Which choice completes the text so that it
adversely. Furthermore, some fruits, conforms to the conventions of Standard
particularly those that naturally produce a English?
large amount of ethylene, do not respond as
well to 1-MCP treatment. Take Bartlett A) pears, for instance,
______ unless they are treated with exactly B) pears, for instance:
the right amount of 1-MCP at exactly the
C) pears for instance,
right time, they will remain hard and green
until they rot, and consumers who experience D) pears. For instance,
this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van 22

Gogh’s series of self-portraits to Grant
Which choice completes the text so that it
Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in
conforms to the conventions of Standard
American ______ by human artists have
English?
favored representations of members of their
own species to those of other species. A) Gothic. These works
B) Gothic. Works
C) Gothic; these works
D) Gothic, works

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American writer Edwidge Danticat, who 23

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emigrated from Haiti in 1981, has won acclaim Which choice completes the text so that it
for her powerful short stories, novels, and conforms to the conventions of Standard
______ her lyrical yet unflinching depictions of English?
her native country’s turbulent history, writer
Robert Antoni has compared Danticat to A) essays, praising
Nobel Prize–winning novelist Toni Morrison. B) essays and praising
C) essays praising
D) essays. Praising

Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. 24

Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA’s Which choice completes the text so that it
Harvest Africa initiative, gathers important conforms to the conventions of Standard
data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn’t just English?
compile the ______ she also shares her
findings with African farmers, enabling them A) information, though;
to make data-driven decisions about managing B) information, though,
critical food crops.
C) information; though
D) information though,

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The State Hermitage Museum in St. 25

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Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art Which choice completes the text so that it
museums, has long had a productive conforms to the conventions of Standard
partnership with a much loved animal: the cat. English?
For centuries, cats have guarded this famous
museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other A) scared
rodents that could damage the art, not to B) scaring
mention ______ off visitors.
C) scare
D) have scared

The person chosen for this ______ painted 26

the cats in the style traditionally used by
Which choice completes the text so that it
portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats
conforms to the conventions of Standard
as nobleindividuals worthy of respect.
English?

A) task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov

B) task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov,
C) task digital artist Eldar Zakirov,
D) task, digital artist Eldar Zakirov,

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In 1932 the well-known Mexican muralist 27

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David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned to Which choice completes the text with the
paint a mural on the second-story exterior most logical transition?
wall of a historic building in downtown Los
Angeles. Siqueiros was asked to celebrate A) Also,
tropical America in his work, which he B) However,
accordingly titled “América Tropical.” He C) Although,
painted the mural’s first two sections,
featuring images of a tropical rainforest and a D) Moreover,
Maya pyramid, during the day. ______ to
avoid scrutiny, Siqueiros painted the final
section of the mural, the centerpiece, at night.

Some people buy organic food because they 28

believe organically grown crops are more
Which choice completes the text with the
nutritious and safer for consumption than
most logical transition?
their conventionally grown counterparts,
which are usually produced with pesticides A) therefore,
and synthetic fertilizers. In the name of B) furthermore,
health, these consumers spend $1.60 for every
C) however,
dollar they would have spent on food that is
conventionally grown. Scientific evidence, D) subsequently,
______ suggests that consumers do not reap
significant benefits, in terms of either
nutritional value or safety, from organic food.

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Although advocates of organic food 29

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maintain that organic produce is healthier Which choice completes the text with the
than conventionally grown produce because most logical transition?
it has more vitamins and minerals, this
assertion is not supported by scientific A) For instance,
research. ______ one review published in The B) However,
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
C) In addition,
provided analysis of the results of
comparative studies conducted over a span of D) Likewise,
50 years; researchers consistently found no
evidence that organic crops are more
nutritious than conventionally grown ones in
terms of their vitamin and mineral content.

Conceptualizing a game is only the 30

beginning of a video game designer’s job. No
Which choice completes the text with the
matter how good a concept is, it will never be
most logical transition?
translated into a video game unless it is
communicated effectively to all the other A) Likewise,
members of the video game development
B) Nevertheless,
team. A designer must generate extensive
documentation and explain his or her ideas C) Consequently,
clearly in order to ensure that the D) However,
programmers, artists, and others on the team
all share the same vision. ______ anyone
considering a career as a video game designer
must be skillful in writing and speaking.

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When storyteller Mary Carter Smith 31

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practices her art, everybody listens. Wearing a Which choice completes the text with the
brightly colored African dress, a large turban, most logical transition?
and bracelets, the seventy-eight-year-old
Smith seems to inhabit each of the different A) Indeed,
characters she describes. Her voice changes B) Well,
with each emotion she wants to evoke. Her
gestures fit the pace of the narrative. And C) However,
though many of the stories are intended to D) At once,
make the audience laugh, Smith is fully aware
of the other values of storytelling. ______ she
identifies strongly with the griots of West
Africa—those village storytellers where they
use songs, poems, and narration to help
preserve and transmit culture and history.

______ there’s not much chance that a 32

seven-year-old just learning the game can hit
Which choice completes the text with the
a pitched baseball, the umpire puts the ball on
most logical transition?
top of a stationary tee, a piece of flexible
tubing adjusted to each batter’s height. If A) Since
batters repeatedly fail to hit the ball—and lots B) While
of them do—the umpire is patient, giving
them four or five chances instead of the usual C) Although
three. D) Unless

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In a T-ball league, one needs to do 33

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something to keep the score from reaching Which choice completes the text with the
triple digits in the early going. There’s a rule, most logical transition?
______ that says the runner must stop when
any fielder from the other team picks up the A) therefore,
ball and holds it aloft. The rule might seem a B) instead,
good one, but the children can’t remember to
C) likewise,
hold up the ball.
D) meanwhile,

Today, after many birthdays and New 34

Year’s Days, I now find meaningful the Which choice completes the text with the
difference I once found confusing. ______ most logical transition?
this difference points to significant
underlying cultural values. The practice of A) Otherwise,
advancing a person’s age seems to me to B) Though,
reflect the value a society places on life
C) In fact,
experience and longevity.
D) Then,

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When twelve-year-old Kevin Bannister 35

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wore a pair of blue jeans to school, he was Which choice completes the text with the
sent home for violating the dress code. Kevin most logical transition?
and his parents believed that his
constitutional rights had been violated. The A) therefore,
United States District Court of New B) accordingly,
Hampshire agreed to hear Kevin’s case. The
C) moreover,
court determined that the school board had
failed to show that wearing jeans actually D) however,
inhibited the educational process. Certainly
the school board would be justified in
prohibiting students from wearing clothing
that was unsanitary, revealing, or obscene.
The court remained unconvinced, ______
that wearing jeans would actually impair the
learning process of Kevin or of his fellow
classmates.

Kayaking in white water the tumultuous 36

rapids of swift-moving rivers appeals to
Which choice completes the text with the
people seeking adventure and excitement.
most logical transition?
Designed to maneuver through rapids and
around treacherous rocks, many white-water A) at last,
kayaks are only six to nine feet long. Because B) for example,
the center of gravity of the paddler rides low
in the water, kayaks are stable boats not easily C) therefore,
capsized. White-water kayakers are, ______ D) nevertheless,
advised to wear helmets and flotation vests to
prevent injury.

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If life can persist in extreme environments 37

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on Earth, scientists speculate that life may Which choice completes the text with the
endure under similar conditions elsewhere, most logical transition?
perhaps in the frozen seas or the exploding
volcanoes of Jupiter’s moons, or beneath the A) Nevertheless,
barren landscape of Mars. ______ findings B) On the other hand,
suggest that life—at least on the microbial
C) However,
level—may flourish throughout the universe
in places we have yet to look. D) Indeed,

Brightly lit stations welcomed the public, 38

many of whom were skeptical of traveling
Which choice completes the text with the
underground. It didn’t take long for New
most logical transition?
Yorkers to adapt, ______ The day after the
subway opened, one newspaper reported that A) however.
the riders were emerging from underground
B) therefore.
“having finished what will be to them the
daily routine of the rest of their lives.” C) for instance.
D) that is.

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Between March and November of 2011, an 39

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anonymous donor left intricately crafted paper Which choice completes the text with the
sculptures at various cultural institutions in most logical transition?
Edinburgh, Scotland. The first sculpture
discovered—at the Scottish Poetry Library— A) Therefore,
was a tiny tree formed from a book of verse. At B) Eventually,
the Scottish Storytelling Centre, a dragon
crafted from the pages of a mystery novel was C) Of course,
found nesting in a window. At the National D) However,
Museum of Scotland, a paper tail was spotted
emerging from the spine of Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle’s book The Lost World. Inside, a
dinosaur charges through shredded pages of
the open book. More creations appeared at
several libraries and museums devoted to
books and writing. ______ a total of ten
sculptures were bestowed on special
institutions, whose staff are thrilled by their
luck.

As a young boy, John Pollack dreamed of 40

building a full-size boat made entirely of bottle
Which choice completes the text with the
corks. To amass the staggering number of
most logical transition?
corks needed to construct the boat—165,231 in
all—Pollack convinced the staff of several A) finally
restaurants in Washington, DC, to donate B) next
discarded corks for his cause. Pollack
eventually received cork donations from a C) first
cork-importing company based in Portugal. D) also
Constructing the boat introduced a challenge
of another variety. Pollack ______ tried gluing
the corks together to create stackable logs, but
he soon realized that this strategy was too
time-consuming.

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While working for the Michigan Central 41

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Railroad in the 1870s, McCoy invented a Which choice completes the text with the
device that released oil while a train was in most logical transition?
motion, substantially reducing the number of
maintenance stops and making travel more A) for example,
efficient. McCoy applied the principles of this B) subsequently,
invention to other engineering challenges.
C) regardless,
Factories in the late 1800s, ______
increasingly relied on steam engines to power D) however,
factory machines. As with trains, many of the
machines’ parts had to be oiled manually.
McCoy, recognizing the similarities between
train wheels and factory machines, designed
automated oilers for steam engines. These
innovations allowed factories to run machines
continuously, increasing factory productivity
and profits.

For much of her journalism career, Dori 42

Maynard was involved with the Maynard
Which choice completes the text with the
Institute, a journalism-education institute in
most logical transition?
Oakland, California. (The institute was
founded in 1977 by her father, Robert C. A) Conversely,
Maynard, former editor of the Oakland B) Among other objectives,
Tribune.) ______ the organization is dedicated
C) Besides that objective,
to recruiting and training people of color to
become journalists. By the time Dori Maynard D) In comparison,
became president of the institute in 2001, she
was already passionately committed to this
mission.

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Diversity among journalists in the United 43

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States must increase, Maynard believed, Which choice completes the text with the
______ the industry is going to meet its most logical transition?
ethical obligation to provide a wide audience
credible and accurate news. A) if
B) as soon as
C) whereas
D) until

In 1139, when King Roger II of Sicily 44

wanted a new map of the known world, he
Which choice completes the text with the
desired accuracy foremost. To that end, he
most logical transition?
engaged Moroccan-born scholar Muhammad
al-Idrisi. Al-Idrisi adopted a systematic A) likewise,
approach to the project, combining B) on the other hand,
comparative analysis, eyewitness accounts,
C) regardless,
and scientific measurements. He also
scrutinized accounts written by long-distance D) otherwise,
travelers. By comparing sources, al-Idrisi
could judge their accuracy. If multiple sources
agreed on things—the route of a river, for
instance—it was likely true. If sources
disagreed, ______ al-Idrisi sought the truth,
he dispatched a research expedition to the
area in question.

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Diffraction happens in all clouds, but most 45

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cloud particles are too large and irregular to Which choice completes the text with the
diffract sunlight consistently. One particle most logical transition?
might deflect red waves at the same angle an
adjacent particle deflects green. Or, in denser A) for example,
clouds, each light wave is likely to collide with B) consequently,
a series of particles, deflecting at a different
C) furthermore,
angle every time. In both cases, the different
light waves cross paths, and the cloud appears D) however,
white.
In iridescent clouds, ______ deflection
angles don’t conflict. As sunlight passes
through the cloud, every particle deflects
distinct light waves at consistent angles, and
breathtaking colors emerge.

In 1857 Frederick Olmsted and Calvert 46

Vaux were given the enormous task of
Which choice completes the text with the
transforming a desolate area into a park. They most logical transition?
undertook the project with confidence and
enterprise, overturning nearly five million A) Although
cubic yards of rock and earth. Another 700,000 B) Considering
cubic yards of topsoil had to be brought from
C) Through
New Jersey before the landscapers could plant
their 17,000 trees and shrubs. Today in the D) Despite
park, natural beauty and human engineering
work together. ______ the genius of Olmsted
and Vaux, a once-bare landscape was
transformed into an oasis in the center of
urban life.

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47 48

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While researching a topic, a student has While researching a topic, a student has taken
taken the following notes: the following notes:

• Organisms release cellular material into their • Some people buy organic food because they
environment by shedding substances such as believe organically grown crops are more
nutritious and safer for consumption than their
hair or skin.
conventionally grown counterparts.
• The DNA in these substances is known as • However, researchers comparing the nutritional
environmental DNA, or eDNA. content of organic foods with that of their
• Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to nonorganic counterparts found very little
detect the presence of species that are difference between the two.
difficult to observe. • Evidence also undermines the claim that organic
• Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research food is safer to eat.
team analyzed eDNA in water samples from • While researchers have found lower levels of
the Florida Everglades to detect invasive pesticide residue in organic produce than in
constrictor snake species in the area. nonorganic produce, the pesticide residue
detected in conventional produce falls within
• The study determined a 91% probability of acceptable safety limits.
detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given
• The minute amounts of residue falling within
location.
such limits have no negative impact on human
health.
The student wants to present the study to an
audience already familiar with environmental The student wants to further reinforce
DNA. Which choice most effectively uses the claim about the safety of nonorganic food.
relevant information from the notes to Which choice most effectively uses relevant
accomplish this goal? information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed
eDNA in water samples from the Florida A) To be labeled organic, a product must meet
certain standards determined and monitored
Everglades for evidence of invasive
by the US Department of Agriculture.
constrictor snakes, which are difficult to
observe. B) Organic food is regulated to eliminate artificial
ingredients that include certain types of
B) An analysis of eDNA can detect the preservatives, sweeteners, colorings, and
presence of invasive species that are flavors.
difficult to observe, such as constrictor C) Consumers who are concerned about ingesting
snakes. pesticide residue in conventional produce can
C) Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, eliminate much of it by simply washing or
or environmental DNA, in water samples; peeling produce before eating it.
eDNA is the DNA in released cellular D) The Environmental Protection Agency
materials, such as shed skin cells. estimates that about one-fifth of the pesticides
used worldwide are applied to crops in the
D) Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed
United States.
environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is,
DNA from cellular materials released by
organisms—in water samples from the
Florida Everglades.
49 50

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While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken
following notes: the following notes:
• In 1968, Schindler and Brunskill were • Astronomers estimate that the number of
investigating possible causes for the large
comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions.
blooms of blue-green algae that had been
affecting bodies of water in Canada. • 81P/Wild is one of many comets whose
• These algal blooms cause oxygen depletion, orbit has changed over time.
which kills fish and other wildlife in the lakes. • 81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits
• The two scientists hypothesized that phosphates of Uranus and Jupiter.
were responsible for the growth of blue-green • The comet’s orbit is now positioned
algae. between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
• The research, conducted at Lake 226,
demonstrated a clear correlation between The student wants to make and support a
introducing phosphates and the growth of blue- generalization about the orbits of comets.
green algae. Which choice most effectively uses
• Legislators in Canada passed laws banning relevant information from the notes to
phosphates in laundry detergents, which had accomplish these goals?
been entering the water supply.
A) Astronomers estimate that the number of
The student wants to add a second policy outcome
comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions;
of the research described. Which choice most
the comets’ orbits may change over time.
effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal? B) Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of
comets orbit the Sun.
A) Lake 226 continued to develop blooms of blue-
green algae for eight consecutive years after the C) One example of a comet is 81P/Wild,
experiment took place. whose orbit around the Sun once lay
between Uranus’s and Jupiter’s orbits but
B) In the United States, many individual states
have also adopted legislation to eliminate, or at
is now positioned between those of
least reduce, phosphorous content in laundry Jupiter and Mars.
detergents. D) A comet’s orbit around the Sun may
C) In 1974, Schindler initiated a study of the change over time: the orbit of comet 81P/
effects of acid rain, using Lake 226 to examine Wild once lay between the orbits of
how sulfuric acid altered aquatic ecosystems. Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned
D) Aerial photos of the lakes taken before and between those of Jupiter and Mars.
during algal blooms helped convey the effects
of phosphates in water to the public.
51 52

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While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken
following notes: the following notes:
• When Harry Gordon Selfridge, a junior partner • Flavorists are professional chemists who
at the flourishing Chicago department store specialize in the art of mixing chemicals to
Marshall Field’s, traveled to London in 1906, he create food flavoring.
noted a significant gap in the city’s retail market:
• They are tasked with giving a tantalizing taste to
There were no department stores.
everything from soup to juice to chewing gum,
• Selfridge moved to England shortly thereafter, often to imitate a flavor found in nature at a
opened a store that would modernize British fraction of the cost of using the actual
shopping, and promised the pleasures of ingredient.
shopping as well as those of sightseeing.
• Most flavorists earn a bachelor’s degree in
• He invited famed French aviator Louis Blériot to chemistry or a related field.
the store’s grand opening, convinced Blériot to
• There are fewer than 500 flavorists in the world,
loan the plane to him, and had it transported to
all of them committed to keeping their recipes
London; the plane was displayed in the center of
secret.
the store for four days, drawing crowds of over
150,000 people. • Though flavorists spend most of their days in
lab coats, they are nonetheless artists, using
• In addition to holding widely publicized events,
creativity and expertise to turn a myriad of
Selfridge created a sense of theatricality through
lavish window displays. He used windows to tell ingredients into a unified and distinct product.
stories that included elaborate backdrops and The student wants to indicates the broader
props as well as merchandise. implications of flavorists' work. Which choice
• Selfridge once remarked that his department most effectively uses relevant information from
store was the third-biggest attraction in London. the notes to accomplish this goal?

The student wants a conclusion that reflects the A) The modern food industry, with its seemingly
details emphasized in the notes. Which choice infinite variety of tastes and aromas, stands
most effectively uses relevant information from upon this meeting of chemistry and human
the notes to accomplish this goal? perception.

A) Selfridge had made a wise decision in leaving B) Many flavorists report high job satisfaction,
Marshall Field’s. though the industry can be quite competitive
because of the small number of jobs.
B) Selfridge transformed the culture of shopping
in England from a dull necessity into a C) Aspiring flavorists can look forward to more
recreational activity undertaken for pleasure job opportunities: the US Bureau of Labor
and escape. Statistics predicts an 11 percent growth in food
science employment between 2012 and 2022.
C) Selfridge's store ultimately changed the culture
of shopping in England, as did an abundance D) Though rewarding, flavoring is not an easy job,
of newly wealthy consumers, beneficiaries of as demonstrated by the large amount of
England’s ongoing Industrial Revolution. training it requires.

D) Just as Louis Blériot had an enduring impact

on the aviation industry, Selfridge ultimately
changed the culture of shopping in England