Last Lecture

! Administrative aspects
! A brief overview of the course
! Desired features of the Internet

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 1
 This Lecture

Nuts-and-bolts description of the Internet

! The topology

! The core
! The edge
! The communication links

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 2
 A illustrative slice of the Internet

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 3
 The Core and the Edge Nodes

! The core:
! Interconnected ISPs’ networks of routers/switches

! The edge:
! Users’ nodes (i.e. end systems, hosts) “tap” into the core
via access networks

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 4
 This Lecture

Nuts-and-bolts description of the Internet

! The topology

! The core
! The edge
! The communication links

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 5
 The Core: ISPs’ Networks are Interconnected

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 Tier 1 ISPs’ Networks
! Also called Internet backbone networks
! Unofficially, the following are tier 1 ISPs
! Sprint
! Verizon business (acquired UUNet/(MCI) Worldcom)
! AT&T
! Level 3
! Qwest
! NTT communications
! Global Crossing
! SAVVIS
! TeliaSonera
! Tata communications

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 7
 Sprint’s North America IP Network

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 NTT’s Global IP Network

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 9
SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 10
 The Internet’s Undersea World

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1JEuzBkOD8
SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 11
 Routers and POPs
POP3
POP2
POP1
A POP4 D

B POP5 E

C POP6 POP7
POP8 F

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 12
 Sprint’s North America IP Network

POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… …
.

…
…

…
to/from customers

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 13
 POPs reside in buildings like this London IXP

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 14
 Internet Core Routers Look Like These

Router on
“paper”

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 15
 More Internet Core Routers
Alcatel 7670 RSP Juniper TX8/T640

TX8

Avici TSR Cisco CRS-1

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 16
 Autonomous Systems (AS)

Intra-AS border (exterior gateway) routers

Inter-AS interior (gateway) routers

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 17
 AS and AS Numbers
! AS, according to RFC4271:
“a set of routers under a single technical administration, using an interior
gateway protocol (IGP) and common metrics to determine how to route
packets within the AS, and using an inter-AS routing protocol to
determine how to route packets to other ASs”
! Types of AS
! Multihomed AS: connections to > 1 ISP (no transit traffic)
! Stub AS: connection to 1 ISP (waste of AS number)
! Transit AS
! Each AS assigned a 16-bit AS number by the IANA
(Internet Assigned Number Authority)
! Public ASNs: 1 – 64511
! Private ASNs: 64512 – 65536 (used internally in an AS)

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 18
 AS Numbers Assigned as of Aug 23, 2010

http://www.potaroo.net/tools/asns/
SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 19
 Examples of AS Numbers
Currently almost 50,000 in use. (Running out!)

• LVLT-1 - Level 3 Communications, Inc.: 1

• MIT: 3
• Harvard: 11
• AT&T: 7018, 5075, …, 6341, …
• UUNET (i.e. MCI, i.e. Verizon): 702, 284, 12199, …
• Sprint: 1239, 1240, 6211, 6242, …
• University at Buffalo: 3685 (since 1994)
• …

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 20
 Neighborhood of UB’s Network (Sep 2010)
AS 3356 Out: 448, In: 195
Level3 (might be outdated)

Out: 1
Used to AS 6395
Be here Broadwing AS 3754
In 2009 (also Level 3) NYSernet3

AS 3685
UB
AS 33177 128.205.0.0/16
Kaleida Health

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 AS-Level Internet Graph (2008)

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 22
 This Lecture

Nuts-and-bolts description of the Internet

! The topology

! The core
! The edge
! The communication links

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 23
 The Edge
o End systems (hosts):
o run application programs
o e.g. Web, email
o at “edge of network”
peer-peer
o Client/server model
o client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
o e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server client/server

o Peer-peer model:
o minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
o e.g. Skype, BitTorrent

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 24
 Access Networks

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?

A: Typically 3 types of
access networks
" Residential access
networks
" Institutional access
networks (school,
company)
" Mobile access networks

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 25
 Residential Access
! Over Ordinary Phone Lines:
! Dialup Modems: up to 56kbps
! ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): 128Kbps –
full duplex
! ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): typically
640K - 1.5 Mbps for downloading
! HDSL (High-bit-rate DSL): symmetric, 1.5 - 2 Mbps
! BDSL (Broadband DSL): asymmetric, 12 Mbps - 52 Mbps
! Over Cable TV Networks:
! HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable): bandwidth depends on
the number of homes sharing the network, up to 30Mbps
downstream, 2 Mbps upstream

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 26
 Institutional Access Networks

! Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Fast-Ethernet, Gigabit-Ethernet,

Switched-Ethernet
! Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
! Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 30
 Wireless Access Networks

o Shared wireless access network

connects end system to router
o Via base station aka “access point”
o Wireless LANs:
o 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11/54/400
Mbps
o Municipal wireless networks
802.11b/g AP
(Sunnyvale, CA, was the first) ~ $70
o Wider-area wireless access
o Provided by telco operator
o ~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA) 802.11n AP
o Next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps) ~ $150
over wide area

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 31
 This Lecture

Nuts-and-bolts description of the Internet

! The topology

! The core
! The edge
! The physical communication links

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 32
 Physical Links

! Physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver

! Bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs

Two main types of media

! Guided media: signals propagate in solid media, e.g., copper,

fiber, coax
! Unguided media: signals propagate freely through the air (or

vacuum), e.g., radio signals or light

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 33
 Guided Media: Twisted Pair
! Twisted pair:
! A type of cabling used for telephone communications and
most Ethernets
! Cable pairs are twisted to reduce crosstalk and
interference; Cat3: phone and 10Mbps Ethernets; Cat5:
100Mbps Ethernets

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 Guided Media: Coaxial Cable

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 Guided Media: Optical Fiber

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 Optical Fiber

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 Unguided Media

o Signal carried in Many radio link types:

EM spectrum o Terrestrial microwave
o No physical “wire” o e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

o Often bidirectional o LAN (e.g., Wifi)

o 11Mbps, 54 Mbps, 400Mbps
o Propagation
environment effects: o Wide-area (e.g., cellular)
o reflection o 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps

o obstruction by objects o Satellite

o interference o Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
o 270 msec end-end delay
o geosynchronous versus low
altitude

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 38
 Data Rate vs Bandwidth
! Any transmission system has a limited band of
frequencies
! Physical properties of the medium cut off higher
frequency components
! The width of the band limits the data rate that can
be carried on the medium
! Depends on the ability of receivers to discern the
difference between 0 and 1 in the presence of noise and
other impairments
! Data rate also depends also on the coding scheme

! Many people (and books) use bandwidth to mean

data rate
SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 39
 EM Spectrum

SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 – MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 40