UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN, NIGERIA.

B.A., B.Ed., B.Sc.Degree Examinations.

2011/2012
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS
MAT406: Advanced Analysis II
Saturday, 7 July, 2012: Time: 8.30a.m.-11.00a.m.
Answer Question 1 and any TWO others

X,Y are linear spaces unless otherwise stated.

1. Prove, or disprove, the following:

(a) Show that every normed space (X, ∥.∥) is automatically a metric space (X, p) where p(x, y) =
∥x − y∥ , x, y ∈ X.
(b) If (X, ∥.∥) is a normed space, then

∥|x∥ − ∥y∥ | ≤ ∥x − y∥ , ∀ x,y ∈ X.

(c) Show that (Lp (Ω, β, µ), ∥.∥p ) is a normed space for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.
(d) (i) When is an operation T : D(T ) ∈ X → Y bounded?
(ii) Let B(X, Y ) denotes the space of bounded linear map F : X → Y .
Show that B(X, Y ) is a normed space.
2. (a) Let (X, ∥.∥) be a normed space. Show that the collection of all subsets of X which are open
are in the metric induced by ∥.∥ is a topology on X.
Rt
(b) Define T : X → Y by (T x)(t) = 0 K(t, s)x(s)dx where
K : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R is continuous. Show that T ∈ B(X, Y ).

3. (a) Let T : D(T ) ⊆ X → Y be a linear operator. Show that T is continuously if and if T is

bounded.
(b) Show that all linear maps from a finite dimensional normed space are automatically con-
tinuous.

4. (a) State and prove the Banach fixed point theorem.

Rb
(b) For u ∈ C(a, b), define (T u)(x) = h(x) + β a K(x, y)u(y)dy where |K(x, y)| ≤ M, M >
0∀x, y ∈ (a, b). Show that U0 ∈ C(a, b) such that T U0 = U0 .
(c) Show that (B(X, Y ), ∥.∥) is Banach whenever (Y, ∥.∥Y ) is Banach.

Professor E.O. Ayoola, July 2012

1
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
Department of Mathematics
B.Sc/B.Ed. Degree Continuous Assessment
2014/2015 Session
MAT 406
Advanced Analysis II

Instructions: Attempt ONLY FOUR Questions

(1) Prove or disprove that every metric space is a normed space.
(2) Determine whether the norms
(i) ∥x∥ = max {|x1 | , |x2 | , · · · , |xn |}
(ii) ∥x∥ = sup x(t) on C[a, b]
t∈[a,b]
(3) Give two examples of incomplete normed linear spaces and explain why they are incomplete.
(4) Let A be an inner product space and A⊥ be its orthogornal complement. Prove the following:
(i) If A ⊆ B, then B ⊥ ⊆ A⊥
(ii) A ⊆ A⊥⊥ .
(5) Prove that every Hilbert space H is its own dual.
(6) Is the graph of a differential operator closed?

mee/eg ∗

2
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
B.Sc. Degree Examinations.
2015/2016
SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION
Mathematics
MAT 406: Advanced Analysis II
Monday, November 28, 2016 . 8:00 am - 11:00 am

Instructions: Attempt Questions 1 and any other Two .

1. (a) Assert whether the following statements are true or false. Support your answer with math-
ematical facts, reasons or proofs.
(b) Given that M and N are linear subspaces of a linear space X, then M ∩ N and M ∪ N are
subspaces of X.
(c) X is a finite dimensional normed linear space over the field F, then the two norms

∥x∥∞ = max {|x1 | , |x2 | , · · · , |xn |}

and
1
∥x∥2 = (|x1 |2 + |x2 |2 + · · · + |xn |2 ) 2

are equivalent.
(d) An operator T from X = C 2 [a, b], into Y = C[a, b] for a, b ∈ R defined by

T x = p(t)x′′ + q(t)x′ + r(t)x, x ∈ X, t ∈ [a, b]

where p(t), q(t), r(t) ∈ C[a, b], is a linear operator.

(e) If H is a Hilbert space and x, y ∈ H such that x ⊥ y, then ||x + y||2 = ||x − y||2 .

(f) If X is a normed linear space over a field F with a proper subspace X0 . Then there exists
a linear functional f on X such that f (x) = 0; ∀ x ∈ X0 and f (x1 ) = 1, for x1 ∈ X\X0 .

2. (a) Let X1 = (X1 , ||.||1 ) and (X2 , ||.||2 ) be Banach spaces over the same scalar field C or R.
Let X = X1 × X2 be the Cartesian product of X1 and X2 . Then show that X is a linear
space over C or R. Prove that the following is a norm on X

||(x1 , x2 )||∞ = max {||x1 ||1 , ||x2 ||2 }

(b) Let X be a normed linear space. When is a set M said to be a closed linear subspace of
X?
Prove that for any closed proper linear subspace M of the normed linear space X and any
real number r satisfying 0 < r < 1, ∃ a vector xr ∈ X such that

||xr || = 1 and ||m − xr || > r ∀ m ∈ M.

3
3. (a) Let ||.|| be a norm on a linear space E which satisfies the parallelogram law. For x, y ∈ E
define
1
⟨x, y⟩ = [||x + y||2 − ||x − y||2 + i||x + iy||2 − i||x − iy||2 ]
4
Then show that ⟨., .⟩ is the unique inner product on E satisfying
p
⟨x, x⟩ = ||x|| ∀ x ∈ E.

(b) Let E be a inner product space. Verify by direct calculation that for any three elements
x, y, z ∈ E,
1 1
||z − x||2 + ||z − y||2 = ||x − y||2 + 2||z − (x + y)||2
2 2

4. (a) Let X and Y be normed linear spaces over F.

(i) What do you mean by a linear operator T from X into Y ?

(ii) When is T said to be bounded?

(iii) When is T said to be continuous?

R∞
(iv) If X = L1 (0, ∞), f ∈ X, ||f || = 0 |f (x)|dx and Y = B(0, ∞) with ||g|| = sups≥0 |g(s)|,
R∞
for g ∈ Y . If T : X → Y is defined by T f = g where g(s) = 0 e−st f (t)dt, s ≥ 0. Show
that T is a continuous linear operator.
5. (a) Let X, Y be two Banach spaces and T : D(T ) ⊆ X → Y be a linear operator. When is T
said to be an open mapping?

(b) Let T be a bounded surjective linear operator. show that if U ⊆ X is open, then T (U ) is
open in Y .

(c) Show that A : R2 → R defined by (x1 , x2 ) 7→ {x} is open. Is the mapping R2 → R given
by (x1 , x2 ) 7→ (x1 , 0) an open mapping?

POA/mee/eg/UI/2016

4
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
B.Sc.,B.Ed. Degree Examinations.
2016/2017
SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION
Mathematics
MAT 406: Advanced Analysis II
Monday, January 29, 2018 . 8:00 - 10:30 Hours
Instructions: Attempt Questions 1 and any other TWO Questions
1. (a) Prove or disprove the following statements(where applicable, you use either example or
counter example)
The sum of a closed subspace and a finite dimensional subspace of a Banach space is closed.
(b) Every metric space is a normed space.
(c) Every Banach space is a Hilbert space.
(d) Every absolutely continuous function is of bounded variation.
(e) If X is a normed linear space over a field F with a proper subspace X0 . Then there exists
a linear functional f on X = 0; x ∈ X0 and f (x1 ) = 1, for x1 ∈ X\X0 .
(30 Marks)
2. (a) Let X be a linear space over a field K. Define the term norm on X.
(b) Let a, b be nonzero real numbers and define a function on R2 by
 12
x2 y2

||(x, y)||E = + , (x, y) ∈ R2
a b
Prove that ||.||E is a norm on R2 .
(c) Let BV [a, b] be the set of all functions of bounded variation on [a, b]. Define a norm on
BV [a, b] by
||f || = |f (a)| + V (f ; a, b)
where V (f ; a, b) is the total variation of f over [a, b]. Prove that (BV [a, b], ||.||) is a normed
linear space.
(20 Marks)
3. (a) Let X be a normed linear space. When do you understand by (i) a sequence in X is
absolutely convergent? (ii) X is Banach? (iii) a bounded linear operator on X?
(b) Prove that the space X = C[a, b] of all continuous functions on [a, b] with the norm
Z b
||f || = |f (t)|dt, t ∈ [a, b], f ∈ C[a, b]
a

is not Banach.
(c) Let B(X, Y ) be the set of all bounded linear operations on X into Y . Identify a norm on
B(X, Y ) which makes it a normed space. Hence, given thsi norm, prove that B(X, Y ) is
Banach if Y is Banach space.
(20 Marks)
4. (a) What do you mean by the following terms
(i) Linear functional f on a vector space X.
(ii) extension od f defined on a subspace S of X.
(iii) restriction of f defined on X to S.

5
 (b) State abd prove the Halm-Banach theorem.
(c) (i) State the open ampping theorem and the clased graph theorem. Prove one of them.
(ii) Show that A : R2 → R defined by (x1 , x2 ) 7→ {x} is open. Is the mapping R2 → R
given by (x1 , x2 ) 7→ (x1 , 0) an open mapping?
(20 Marks)

5. (a) (i) Let H be a linear space. When is H said to be a Hilbert space.

(ii) Let ||.|| be a norm on a linear space E which satisfies the parallelogram law. For
x, y ∈ E define
1
⟨x, y⟩ = [||x + y||2 − ||x − y||2 + i||x + iy||2 − i||x − iy||2 ]
4
Then show that ⟨., .⟩ is the unique inner product on E satisfying
p
⟨x, x⟩ = ||x|| ∀ x ∈ E.

(iii) Let E be a inner product space. Verify by direct calculation that for any three elements
x, y, z ∈ E,
1 1
||z − x||2 + ||z − y||2 = ||x − y||2 + 2||z − (x + y)||2
2 2
(b) Let A be an inner product space and A⊥ be its orthogornal complement. Prove the
following:
(i) If A ⊆ B, then B ⊥ ⊆ A⊥
(ii) A ⊆ A⊥⊥ .
(iii) State the Projection theorem and Riesz Representation theorem. Prove one of them.
(c) (i) what do you understand by the adjoint T ∗ of a linear operator T on H?
(ii) Show that ||T || = ||T ∗ ||
(20 Marks)

MEE/eg//UI/2018

6
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.Sc. and B.Ed Degree Examinations.
SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION
2018/2019 Session
MAT 406: Advanced Analysis II
Monday, 24 February, 2020 . Time: 3 hours

Instruction: Answer any THREE questions.

1. (a) What is meant by (i) a norm; (ii) a normed linear space; and (iii) a Banach space?
(b) Prove that the product of two normed linear spaces is a normed linear space.
(c) If X is a Banach space and M is a closed subspace of X, prove that (i) M is a Banach
space and (ii) X\M is a Banach space.
2. (a) Let X be a normed linear space over the scalar field K. Prove that the following mappings
(i) + := (x, y) 7→ x + y : X × X → X and (ii) · := (λ, x) 7→ λx : K × X → X are continuous.
(b) (i) State four characterisations of a continuous linear map T of a normed linear space
(X, || · ||X ) into a normed linear space (Y, || · ||Y ).
(ii) Prove that if T is continuous at the origin, then it is bounded.
(c) Let k(x, y) be a complex-valued continuous function on [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Show that
Z 1
(T f )(x) = k(x, y)f (y)dy
0

defines a bounded linear operator L2 ([0, 1]) to C([0, 1]), considered as a Banach space with
respect to the norm
||f || = sup |f (x)|
x∈[0,1]
.
3. (a) What is meant by (i) an inner product space, (ii) a Hilbert space, and (iii) an orthonormal
set?
(b) Let ω denote the linear space of all complex sequences and let
∞
( )
X
2
l2 := x = (xn ) ∈ ω : |xn | < ∞ .
n=1

If
∞
X
⟨x, y⟩ := xn ȳn
n=1

, prove that (l2 , ⟨·, ·⟩) is a Hilbert space.

dx
(c) H := L2 ([0, 2π], 2π ) is the Hilbert space of square integrable functions on [0, 2π]. Show an
example of orthonormal basis for H.
4. (a) What do you understand by (i) a linear associative alegbra; (ii) a normed algebra; and (iii)
a Banach alegbra?
(b) Prove that a Banach algebra without identity can be embedded isometrically in a Banach
algebra with identity.
(c) Let X denotes a complex Banach algebra and let LC (X) denote the space of continuous
linear maps on X equipped with the operator norm. Show that LC (X) is a noncommutative
Banach algebra with identity.

7
5. (a) (i) What does it mean to say taht ywo norms || · ||, || · ||1 on a linear space X are equivalent?
(ii) Let X be a finite-dimensional linear space with norm || · ||, let {e1 , e2 , · · · , en } be a
basis for X and let || · ||1 be another norm on X defined by

n n
! 21
X X
2
λ i ei = |λi |
i=1 i i=1

∀ (λ1 , · · · , λn ) ∈ Kn Prove that || · || and || · ||1 are equivalent.

(b) Show that every linear map of a finite-dimensional normed linear space is continuous.
(c) Let H be a Hilbert space and f a continuous linear functional on H. Prove that there
exists a unique element y ∈ H such that

f (x) = ⟨x, y⟩ , ∀x ∈ H, and ||f || = ||y||.

UNB ©UI

8
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
B.Ed. and B.Sc Degree Examination.
2020/2021
SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS
MATHEMATICS
MAT 406: Advanced Analysis II
Wednesday, 8 December, 2021 . Time: 3 hours
Answer any THREE questions.

1. (a) What is meant by

(i) a norm;
(ii) a normed linear space;
(iii) a metric; and
(iv) a Banach space?
(b) (i) Let || · || be a norm on a linear space X. Deduce that

|||x|| − ||y||| ≤ ||x − y|| ∀x, y ∈ X.

Hence, show that || · || is continuous.

(ii) Prove that a closed subspace of a Banach space is itself a Banach space.
(c) (i) Let S be a non-empty set and let B(S) be the function space of all bounded numerically-
valued functions on S. If
||f || := sup |f (s)|, f ∈ B(S),
s∈S

prove that (B(S), || · ||) is a Banach space.

(d) Let S be a compact metric space. Ket C(S) be a normed linear space of all numerically-
valued continuous functions on S under the norm given in

||f || := sup |f (s)|, f ∈ B(S),

s∈S

. Justify the completeness of C(S).

2. (a) What do you understand by
(i) a linear associative alegbra; (ii) a normed algebra; and
(iii) a Banach alegbra?
(b) Prove that a Banach algebra without identity can be embedded isometrically in Banach
algebra with identity.
(c) Let X denotes a complex Banach algebra and let LC (X) denote the space of continuous
linear maps on X equipped with the operator norm. Show that LC (X) is a noncommutative
Banach algebra with identity.
3. (a) Let (H, ⟨·, ·⟩) be an inner product space.
p
(i) For each x ∈ H, show that ||x|| = ⟨x, x⟩ is a norm on H.
(ii) Prove the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality:

| ⟨x, y⟩ | ≤ ||x|| ||y||, ∀x, y ∈ H

.
(b) Prove that a real Banach space X is a Hilbert space if and only if its norm, || · ||, satisfies
the parallelogram law:

||x + y||2 + ||x − y||2 = 2(||x||2 + ||y||2 ) ∀x, y ∈ X.

9
 (c) Let ω denote the linear space of all complex sequences and let
∞
( )
X
2
l2 := x = (xn ) ∈ ω : |xn | < ∞ .
n=1

If
∞
X
⟨x, y⟩ := xn ȳn
n=1

, prove that (l2 , ⟨·, ·⟩) is a Hilbert space.

4. (a) Explain the Gram-Schimdt process of orthonormalizing a linearly independent sequence
{xn }n∈N in an inner product space.
(b) Let B = {xα : α ∈ I} be an orthonormal set in a Hilbert space H. Consider the following
statements:
(i) B is a basis for H.
(ii) X
∀x ∈ H, x = ⟨x, xα ⟩ xα .
α

(iii) X
∀x, y ∈ H, ⟨x, y⟩ = ⟨x, xα ⟩ ⟨xα , y⟩ .
α

Prove that (i) =⇒ (ii) =⇒ (iii). Show also the Parseval identity,
X
||x||2 = | ⟨x, xα ⟩ |2 ,
α

implies that B is a maximal orthonormal set


(c) Prove that B = en (x) := einx : n ∈ Z is an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space
dx


L2 [0, 2π], 2π .
5. (a) Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and let T : X → Y be a linear map. What does it
mean to say that
(i) T is open; (ii) G(T ) is the graph of T ; and (iii) T is closed?
Show that G(T ), the graph of T , is a subspace of X × Y , the Cartesian product of X and
Y.
(b) State the open mapping theorem. State and prove the closed graph theorem.
(c) Let M and N be closed subspaces of a Banach space X such that x ∈ X can be represented
uniquely as x = y +z, with y ∈ M and z ∈ N . If P is a linear map on X defined by P x = y,
prove that
(i) p2 = P ; and
(ii) P is continuous.

UNB ©UI

10
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc. Degree Examinations.
1998/99 Second Semester Examination
MAT 720 - FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Friday, August 18, 2000 - 8.30 - 11.30 a.m.

Answer any FOUR Questions

(Results used must be stated without proof )

1. (a) Let X be a non-empty set.

(i) When is X said to be a linear space over the field F?
—(ii) When is a set M said to be a linear subspace of the space X?
(iii) Given that M and N are linear subspaces of a linear space X, prove that M ∪ N are
subspaces of X or otherwise.
(b) Let X be a normed linear space over the field F.
(i) When are two norms || · || and || · ||0 said to be equivalent on X?
(ii) Determine whether the norms

∥x∥∞ = max {|x1 | , |x2 | , · · · , |xn |}

and
1
∥x∥2 = (|x1 |2 + |x2 |2 + · · · + |xn |2 ) 2

are equivalent or not on the space X = Rn

(c) Let M be a subset of a normed linear space X over the field F. When is M said to be (i)
bounded (ii) closed (iii) compact.
Prove that a subset M of a finite dimensional space X is compact iff it is closed and
bounded.
2. (a) Let X and Y be two normed linear spaces over the same field F.
(i) Define a linear operator T from X and Y .
(ii) Let X = C 2 [a, b] and Y = C[a, b]. Show that the operator T : X → Y such that

T x = p(t)x′′ + q(t)x′ + r(t), x ∈ X, t ∈ [a, b]

is a linear operator.
(b) When is the linear operator T in a (a(i)) said to be (i) bounded (ii) continuous?.
Prove that T is continuous iff T is bounded.
(c) When is T said to have an inverse?
Prove that T has an inverse and the inverse is continuous iff there exists b ∈ F such that
b||x|| ≤ ||T x|| for b > 0 and ∀ x ∈ X.
3. (a) (i) Define an inner product space and give an example.
(ii) Show that a complex inner product space H satisfies the polarization identity.
(b) (i) When does an inner product space become an Hilbert space?
(ii) State and prove the Riesz Representation Theorem for Hilbert space.
4. (a) Let X be a normed linear space and X ′′ its bidual.
Show that the functional C : X → X ′′ given by x 7→ gx′ for each x ∈ X is an isometric
isomorphism of X into X ′′ .
(b) When is X said to be reflexive?

11
 (c) Prove that if X is reflexive then X is a Banach space and that X ′ is reflexive.
5. (a) State and prove the Baire’s category Theorem. Use this to establish the uniform bounded-
ness theorem.
(b) (i) Define the weak and strong convergence of a sequence {xn } is a normed linear space X.
(ii) Prove that strong convergence implies weak convergence.
(iii) Show that the converse of (ii) is not generally true.
(iv) What extra condition must be imposed for the converse of (ii) to be true?

POA/rog/18th August, 2000.

12
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc. Degree Examinations.
MAT 720
(Functional Analysis)
Thursday, 27th March, 2008, Time: 1.00p.m 3.00p.m.
Instruction: Answer any FOUR questions.

1. (a) WHat is meant by (i) a norm; (ii) a normed linear space; and (iii) a Banach space?
(b) Let BV [a, b] be the function space of all real-valued functions of bounded variation on [a, b]
and let V (f ; a, b) be the total variation of f over [a, b]. Show that || · || given by

||f || = |f (a)| + V (f ; a, b)

is a norm on BV [a, b].

(c) Prove that a normed linear space X is a Banach space if and only if every absolutely
convergent series in X is convergent.
2. (a) Prove that any n-dimensional normed linear space over R is topologically isomorphic to
(Rn , || · ||1 ), where
n
X
||x||1 = |xi | ∀ x = (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) ∈ Rn
i=1

(b) Prove that for any closed linear subspace E of a normed linear space X and any number
0 < a < 1, there exists xa ∈ X with ||xa || = 1 and inf x∈E ||x − xa || ≥ a.
(c) Let X be a normrd linear space and let SX := {x ∈ X : ||x|| = 1} . Prove that SX is compact
implies X is finite dimensional.
3. (a) What is meant by (i) an inner product space; (ii) a Hilbert space; and (iii) an orthonormal
set?
(b) Prove that a Banach space X is a Hilbert space if and only if its norm satisfies the paral-
lelogram condition:
||x + y||2 + ||x − y||2 = 2(||x||2 + ||y||2 )
for all x, y ∈ X.
(c) State and prove the Riesz Representation Theorem.
4. (a) State the Hahn-Banach theorem. Let X be a normed linear space with strong topological
dual X ′ and let x0 ∈ X with x0 ̸= 0. Prove that there is f ∈ X ′ such that

||f || = 1 and f (x0 ) = ||x0 ||

. Hence, deduce that the topological dual X ′ of X separates points of X.

(b) Let X, X ′ be as in (a) and let X ′′ denote the second dual of X. For each X ∈ X, x′′ be
defined by
⟨x, f ⟩ = ⟨f, x′′ ⟩ ∀ f ∈ X ′
. Prove that the map J := x 7→ x′′ : X → X ′′ is an isometric isomorphism of X into
X ′′ . Hwnce, deduce that every normed linear space X is a dense subspace of some Banach
space.

5. (a) Let X be a topological space and S a subset of X. Whaty does it mean by (i) S is nowhere
dense; and (ii) S is of the second category?
(b) State the Baire’s category theorem. State and prove the uniform boundedness theorem.

13
 (c) Let {Sn r ∈ N} be a sequence in the space of continuous linear maps of the Banach space
X into the Banach space Y . Suppose that for each x ∈ X, limnb→∞ Sn x exists. Prove that
S given by
Sx = lim Sn x
n→∞

is a continuous map.

UNB/rue

14
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc Degree Examinations
2009/2010
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS
Mathematics
MAT720: Functional Analysis
Monday, September 3, 2012. 9:00 - 12:00 Hours
Instructions: Answer any FOUR Questions.

1. (a) What is meant by a norm? Let bv[a, b] be the function space of all real-valued functions of
bounded variation on [a, b] and let V (f ; a, b) be the total variation of f over [a, b]. Show
that || · || given by
||f || = |f (a) + V (f ; a, b)
is a norm on BV [a, b]
(b) Prove that a normed linear space X is a Banach space if and only if every absolutely
convergent series in X is convergent.
(c) Let X = C[0, 4] be the space of real-valued continuous functions on the closed and bounded
interval [0, 4] and let X be endowed with the norm
Z 4  21
2
||f ||2 = |f (t)| dt
0

Prove that X is not complete and discuss its completion.

2. (a) Let X and Y be normed spaces such that X ̸= 0. Prove that B(X < Y ), the space of all
bounded linear operators from X into Y is Banach implies that Y is Banach.
(b) When do you say a Banach space is separable? Prove that a Banach space X is separable iff
it is isometrically isomorphic with a closed linear subspace of C(K) where K is a compact
metric space. Give an example of a non-separable Banach space and prove that actually it
is non-separable.
(c) Let X be a normed linear space and let SX := {x ∈ X : ||x|| = 1} . Prove that SX is
compact implies X is finite dimensional.

3. (a) what is meant by a Hilbert space? Let H := (H, ⟨·, ·⟩) be a Hilbert space and a, b ∈ H\ {0}
be two orthogonal elements in H. Let U : H → H be defined by

U x = a ⟨x, b⟩ + b ⟨x, a⟩ .

and for H := L2 [0, π], let T be defined on H by

Z π Z π
(T f )(x) = sinx f (t)costdt + cosx f (t)sintdt,
0 0

calculate ||U || and ||T ||.

(b) Let X ′ be the strong topological dual of X and let X ′′ denote the second dual of X. For
each x ∈ X let x′′ be defined by

⟨x, f ⟩ = ⟨f, x′′ ⟩ ∀ ∈ X ′ .

Prove that the map L := x 7→ x′′ : X → X ′′ is an isometric isomorphism of X into X ′′ .

(c) State and prove the Riesz representation theorem for Hilbert space.

15
4. (a) State the Hahn-Banach
 theorem. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, α ∈ K be fixed.
Define G = (x1 , 0) ∈ R2 : x1 ∈ K ⊆ K2 and e : (G, ||.||p ) → K by e(x) = αx1 . Determine
the unique Hahn-Banach extensions e ∈ G∗ for p = 1 and p = ∞.

(b) Let G = (xn ) ∈ ℓ1 : x1 − 3x2 = 0 and f : G → R be defined by f (xn ) = x1 . Prove that
g : ℓ1 → R defined by
3 3
g(x) = x1 + x2 ∀ x ∈ (xn ) ∈ ℓ1
4 4
is the unique Hahn-Banach extension for f .
(c) Let X be a topological space and S a subset of X. What does it mean by (i) S is nowhere
dense; and (ii) S is of the second category? State the Baire’s category theorem. State and
prove the uniform boundedness theorem.

5. (a) Let T ∈ B(H), the normed algebra of continuous linear self-maps of the Hilbert space H.
What is meant by saying (i) T ∗ is the adjoint of T ; (ii) T is self-adjoint; (iii) T is essentially
self-adjoint?
(b) (i) Let T ∈ B(H). Show that T can be expressed as T = A + iB where A and B are
uniquely determined, bounded, self-adjoint operators.
(ii) Let A, B ∈ B(H). Suppose that (A+iI) is inverible and the operator (A+iI)(A−iI)−1
is unitary. Prove that A is self-adjoint.
(c) Let φ : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function and A : L2 [0, 1] → L2 [0, 1] be defined by
Z 1
(Aφ)(x) = φ(t)f (t)dt.
0

(i) Prove that A is self-adjoint. (ii) Prove that there exists λ > 0 such that A2 = λA (iii)
Calculate that spectral radius of A.
6. (a) What is meant by a Banach algebra with involution? Prove that for any Hilbert space
H, B(H) is a Banach space with involution.
(b) When is a Banach Algebra A said to be a division algebra?
(i) Let a be an element in A. Prove that the spectral radius of a, satisfies
p
rσ(a) = lim n ||a||n
n→∞

(ii) Show that if A is a division algebra, then it is isometrically isomorphic to the set of
complex numbers.
(c) Let A be a Banach algebra and rad(A) the radical of A and let σ(x) denote the spectrum
of an element a ∈ A. Prove each of the following:
(i) An element x ∈ A is invertible if and only if x + rad(A) is invertible in A/rad(A).
(ii) if x ∈ rad(A), then σ(x) = {0} .

16
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
B.Sc.,B.Ed. Degree Examinations.
2014/2015
FIRST SEMESTER TEST
Mathematics
MAT 720: Functional Analysis
Friday, July 24, 2015 . 12:00 - 13:00 Hours

Instructions: Attempt ALL Questions

1. (a) Let (X, ||.||) be a normed space over a field K. Show that a closed proper vector subspace
B of X is no where dense.
(b) Consider the mapping T : (C[0, 1], ||.||) → (C[0, 1], ||.||) defined by T f (x) = x2 f (x) ∀ f ∈
C[0, 1] and each x ∈ [0, 1]. Show that T is a bounded linear operator. Is it closed? Justify
your claim.

2. (a) show that a Banach space X is reflexive if and only if X ∗ , the algebraic dual of X is
reflexive.
(b) Prove that the closed unit ball of ℓ2 is a compact set in its norm.
3. (a) If thr functions f, g ∈ L3 (µ) satisfy
Z
||f ||3 = ||g||3 = f 2 gdµ = 1,

then show that g = |f | almost everywhere.

(b) Let H be a Hilbert space amd M a subspace. Prove that M̄ = M⊥⊥
4. (a) Let X = C[0, 1]. Define two norms

||f ||∞ = sup {|f (x)| : x ∈ [0, 1]}

and Z 1
||f ||1 = |f (x)|dx.
0
Show that the identity operator

I : (C[0, 1], ||.||∞ ) → (C[0, 1], ||.||1 )

is continuous, onto but not open. Does this contradict the open mapping theorem? Justify
your answer.

©MEE/eg*/UI/2015

17
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc. Degree Examinations.
2015/2016
FIRST SEMESTER Examination
Mathematics
MAT 720: Functional Analysis
Friday, October 14, 2016 . 9:00 am - 12:00 noon

Instructions: Attempt Question 1 and any other Two.

1. (a) Verify the validity or otherwise of each of the following statements:

The sequence defined by gn (x) = tanhnx is Cauchy.
(b) Separability in metric spaces is hereditary
(c) A densely defined linear operator is closable.
(d) If P is a projection onto a closed subspace M of H, then I − P is the projection onto M⊥
(e) The resolvent set of a linear operator is always open
(f) Every Banach algebra has non-trivial ideals.
2. (a) Let X = C[0, 4] be the space of real-valued continuous functions on the closed and bounded
interval [0, 4] and let X be endowed with the norm
Z 4  21
2
||f ||2 = |f (t)| dt
0

. Prove that X is not complete and name its completion.

(b) Let X and Y be Banach spaces and T : X → Y a closed linear operator. Assume that
dim(X = ∞). Prove that there exists a sequence (xn ) in X such that ||xn || = 1 and
||T xn ||Y → 0.
3. (a) Let H = L2 [0, 1] be equipped with the usual inner product. Consider the operator T : H →
H defined by Z 1
(T f )(x) = x f (t)dt : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
x
Prove that
(i) T is bounded
(ii) T is self-adjoint
(iii) T is positive
(b) Let M and N be closed subspaces of a Hilbert space H. Show that

M ∪ N = (M⊥ + N ⊥ )⊥ .

4. (a) Let X = Lp (0, 1); 1 ≤ p < ∞ and let U ∈ X. Set

Z x
T u(x) u(t)dt
0
.
(i) is T a closed operator? Prove your answer.
(ii) Give an explicit formula for (T − λI) when λ ∈ ρ(T ).
(b) Prove that in a Hilbert space, strong convergence implies weak convergence. Is the converse
true? Justify.

18
5. (a) (i) When is a Banach Algebra A said to be a division algebra?
(ii) Let a be an element in A. Prove that the spectral radius of a, satisfies
p
rσ(a) = lim n ||a||n
n→∞

(iii) Show that if A is a division algebra, then it is isometrically isomorphic to the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Let A be a Banach algebra and rad(A) the radical of A and let σ(x) denote the spectrum
of an element a ∈ A. Prove each of the following:
(i) An element x ∈ A is invertible if and only if x + rad(A) is invertible in A/rad(A).
(ii) if x ∈ rad(A), then σ(x) = {0} .

©MEE/eg*/UI/2016

19
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc. Degree Examinations.
2015/2016
FIRST SEMESTER TEST 2
Mathematics
MAT 720: Functional Analysis
Monday, Septemberr 14, 2016 . 8:00 am - 9:00 am

Instructions: Attempt ALL Questions by writing True or False Only. Any Cancela-
tion renders your choice invalid.

1. Completeness is a Topological property.

2. L1 (R is reflexive
3. L∞ (0, 1) is separable
4. The graph of the operator f : R → R be defined by
(
1
, if x ̸= 0
f (x) = x
0, if x = 0

is closed .
5. If x and y are vectors in an inner product space, then x ⊥ y =⇒ ||x + y|| = ||x|| + ||y||
6. Every symmetric operator is self-adjoint
7. If M and N are subspaces of H,then M ⊥⊥ + N ⊥⊥ ⊆ (M + N )⊥⊥
8. The set of all invertible elements of a Banach algebra A is an open subset of A
9. Every weakly convergent sequence in a bounded set is strongly convergent.
10. The resolvent set of a linear operator is always bounded.
11. Every linear operator between Banach spaces X and X is either onto ot T (X) is a meagre set.
12. A metric space is Baire if and only if the complement of every meagre set is dense.
13. Every linear operator has a self-adjoint decomposition.
14. Every point spectrum is regular

©
15. Every compact metric space is separable.
MEE/eg*/UI/2016

20
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
M.Sc. Degree Examinations.
2016/2017 Test 1 First Semester
MAT 720: Functional Analysis
Thursday, July 20, 2017 . 10-12 noon Answer all Questions

1. (a) Show that the set P (x) of all univariate polynomials in x is a linear space.
(b) Show that P (x) is a subspace of all continuous functions C[a, b] defined on the interval [a, b]
in R
(c) Define the quotient space E\E1 corresponding to a subspace E1 of E and show that quotient
space is a linear space.

2. (a) Let X be a linear space. Define all the axioms of a norm on X.

(b) Define the metric or distance function d(., .) on a linear space X and show that every norm
gives rise to a distance function by the formula.

d(x, y) = ||x − y||, x, y ∈ X.

(c) Show that the space L1 (Ω, F, µ) is a normed space with the norm
Z
||f || = |f (x)|dµ, f ∈ L1
Ω

(d) Prove that the norm function f (x) = ||x|| is continuous on any normed space X.
3. (a) (i) Define a Cauchy sequence {xn } in a normed space X
(ii) A Banach space X.
(b) Prove that the space C(K) is a Banch space where K is a compact topological space.
(c) Show that the set X = {f ∈ C[0, 1] : f (0) = f (1) = 0} is a Banach space with respect to
the sup norm.
(d) Show that the space Lp (Ω, F, µ) is a Banach space.
4. (a) Let X be a linear space over the complex field C. Define inner product ⟨., .⟩ : X × X → C.

(b) State and prove Cauchy-Schwarz inequality on an inner product space X.

(c) If x, y are orthogonal in X, show that

||x + y||2 = ||x||2 + ||y||2 .

(d) Given that X = L2 (Ω, F, µ) show that ⟨f, g⟩ = f gdµ defines an inner product in L2 .
R
Ω

5. (a) State without proof, the following inequalities:

Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in L2 .
(b) Holder’s inequality for Lp where for p, q ∈ [1, ∞), p1 + 1
q = 1 and f ∈ Lp g ∈ Lq

Prof E.O. Ayoola, July 2017

21
 University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Department of Mathematics
2016/2017 M.Sc Examination
MAT 720: Functional Analysis
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Answer Questions 5 and 6 and any two others

1. (a) Let C([0, 1]) denote the space of continuous real valued functions on the interval [0, 1] ⊆ R.
Show that C([0, 1]) is a normed space when equipped with the sup norm:

||f ||∞ = sup |f (x)|, ∀f ∈ C([0, 1]).

x∈[0,1]

(b) Let h ∈ C(a, b), K a continuous map on (a, b)×(a, b) with values in the scalar field. Employ
the Banach contraction principle to show that the integral equation:
Z b
(T X)(x) = h(x) + β K(x, y)X(y)dy
a

has a unique solution X(x).

(c) Let H be a Hilbert space and X a pre-Hilbert space contained in H.
(i) Show that X is a Hilbert space if and only if X is closed in H.
(ii) Show that X is a Hilbert space if X is finite dimensional.
(d) Show that all linear maps from a finite dimensional normed space are automatically con-
tinuous.
2. (a) Define an inner product space (H, ⟨., .⟩).
p
(b) For each x ∈ H, show that ||x|| = ⟨x, x⟩ is a norm on H.
(c) Let H be a pre-Hilbert space. Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:

| ⟨x, y⟩ | ≤ ||x||||y||, ∀x, y ∈ H

.
(d) Show that every pre-Hilbert space is isomorphic to a dense subspace of a Hilbert space
which is unique up to isomorphism.
3. (a) Show that the dual X ′ of a normed space X is a Banach space.
(b) Show that every normed space may be isometrically and isomorphically identified with a
subspace of its topological bidual.
(c) Show that a reflexive normed space is complete.
(d) State and prove the parallelogram law and the polarization identity in real and complex
Hilbert spaces.

(e) Establish whether or not space C([−1, 1]) is a pre-Hilbert space when equipped with the
sup norm. Justify your answers.
4. (a) Prove or disprove the following statement: The Cartesian product of two Banach spaces X
and Y is Banach.
(b) Show that the space space B(X, Y ) of bounded linear maps from normed space X to Y is
Banach if Y is a Banach space.
(c) State and prove the Riesz Representation Theorem on a Hilbert space.

22
 (d) Let (X, ρ) be a non empty complete metric space and T : X → X, a contraction on X.
Show that T has a unique fixed point.

5. (a) State and employ the Riesz Representation theorem to prove the Radon-Nikodym theorem
in measure theory.
(b) Let X0 be a dense subspace of a normed space X. Show that every functional f0 ∈ X0
admits a unique f ∈ X ∗ . Moreover, ||f || = ||f0 ||.
(c) Show that the Lebesque integral is an extension of the Riemann integral from the space
C(0, 1) to its completion L61(0, 1).
(d) State and prove the Hahn-Banach theorem for real normed spaces.
6. (a) Show that every finite dimensional normed space is complete.
(b) State and prove the uniform boundedness theorem for a sequence of bounded linear oper-
ators defined on a Banach space into a normed space.
(c) Show that a bounded linear operator from a Banach space X into another Banach space
Y is an open mapping.
(d) State without proof, the closed graph theorem.

Prof E.O. Ayoola, November 6, 2017.

23