ST.

LOUISE DE MARILLAC COLLEGE OF SORSOGON

GUBAT CAMPUS
FORMERLY: ST. ANTHONY ACADEMY
COGON, GUBAT, SORSOGON

Time Frame: Week 5

Module
5 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Name: ________________________________________________ Grade & Section: ________________

Learner`s Target

 I can illustrate the measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) of a statistical data.
 I can calculate the measures of central tendency of ungrouped and grouped data.

INTRODUCTION
A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central
position within that set of data.
In this module, we will look at the mean, median, and mode, and learn how to calculate them under what conditions
they are most appropriate to be used.

EXPLORE
1. Given the set numbers {80 81 82 83 84}, add the following numbers and divide the sum of it by 2.
What would be the answer? _________________________

2. Given the set of numbers {85 86 87 88 89 90 91}

What is the middle number? _________________________

3. 1 2 3 5 7 1 8 1 1, from the given set of numbers what is the number that is frequently used or listed? ____________

FIRM- UP
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measures of central tendency are numerical descriptive measures which indicate or

locate the center of a distribution or data set.

In layman’s term, a measure of central tendency is an AVERAGE. It is a single number of values which can be
considered typical in a set of data as a whole.
For example, in a class of 40 students, the average height would be the typical height of the members of this class as
a whole.

The MEAN of a set of values or measurements is the sum of all the measurements
divided by the number of measurements in the set.

Among the three measures of central tendency, the mean is the most popular and widely used. It is sometimes called
arithmetic mean.
If we compute the mean of the population, we call it the parametric or population mean, denoted by µ (read “mu”).
If we get the mean of the sample, we call it the sample mean and it is denoted by x (read “x bar”).
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 The MEDIAN, is the middle value of the sample when the data are ranked in order
according to the size

The MEDIAN, denoted as ~ x , and usually referred to as the midpoint, of a given data by following these steps.
1. The data should be arranged from least to greatest.
2. If there is an odd number of numbers, the median is the middle number.
3. If there is an even number of numbers, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 The given set of data is odd numbers of a numbers.

Therefore, median is the middle number.
Median

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
The given set of data is even numbers of a
numbers. Therefore, the median is the average
19+20
of the two middle numbers. Median =19.5
2

The MODE of a data is the number that occurs most frequently in a set of measurements
or values.

1.54 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.65 1.67 1.74 1.74 1.74

The mode in the given data in the box is 1.74. it occurs 3 times. If no number is repeated, then the data has no mode.

Here is the detailed example for getting the measures of central tendency:

Find the mean of the scores of a student in a test.

23 25 30 19 21 23 28 25

Formula:

x=
∑x
n

where: x = mean
∑ x = sum of all the observations, read as the summation of X.
n = total number of observations in the data.

x=
∑ x = 23+25+30+19+ 21+ 23+28+25 = 194 = 24. 25
n 8 8

*We use the mean when the range, the difference between the highest and lowest observations, is not great because
small or large observations greatly affect the mean.

Find the median of the given scores

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 Arrange the scores from least to greatest and get the average of the middle numbers.

19 21 23 23 25 25 28 30

The two middle scores are 23 and 25.

~
x = (23 + 25) ÷ 2 = 24

*We use the median when the range on the observations in the given is a great because small and large observations
have little effect on the median.

Find the mode of the given scores above. The mode is usually denoted as ^x .

19 21 23 23 25 25 28 30

The frequencies of 23 and 25 are both 2. It is bimodal.

^x = 23 and 25

The mean, median, and mode computed from the row or ungrouped data, also called primary data, are exact values. When
the set of primary data is not available, we just estimate the values of the measures of central tendency using available data,
like the grouped data. Grouped data are considered secondary data.

MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA

Formula:

Mean =
∑ fx m
n
where: f = frequency of each class interval
x m = class mark
n = sum of the frequencies or sample size.

Steps to follow:
1. Find the midpoint of each class, x m .
2. Multiply each frequency by its corresponding midpoint, fx m.
3. Find the sum of the products in step 2, ∑ fx m .

4. Divide the sum in step 3 by the sum of the frequencies,

∑ fx m .
n

Example:
Determine the mean using the frequency distribution below.

Scores Frequency
60 – 64 2
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 9
75 – 79 10
80 – 84 8
85 – 89 7
90 – 94 5
95 – 99 4

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Step 1: find the class mark x m of each interval.

Scores Frequency Class Mark ( x m)

60 – 64 2 62

65 – 69 5 67

70 – 74 9 72

75 – 79 10 77

80 – 84 8 82

85 – 89 7 87

90 – 94 5 92

95 – 99 4 97

Step 2: Multiply each frequency by its corresponding class mark, fx m.

Step 3: Find the sum of the products in Step 2, ∑ fxm.

Scores Frequency Class Mark ( x m) fx m.
60 – 64 2 62 124

65 – 69 5 67 335

70 – 74 9 72 648

75 – 79 10 77 770

80 – 84 8 82 656

85 – 89 7 87 609

90 – 94 5 92 460

95 – 99 4 97 388

N = 50 ∑ fxm = 3990

Step 4: Divide the sum in step 3 by n, the sum of the frequencies,

∑ fx m .
n

x=
∑ fx m = 3,990 = 79.8
n 50

Answer: The mean of the given distribution is 79.8.

MEDIAN FOR GGROUPED DATA

Formula:

( )
n
~ −cf b
x = lb + 2
x i
fm
where: x lb = lower class boundary of the median class

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 cf b = cumulative frequency before the median class
f m = frequency of the median class
n = total frequency
I = class width or class size

Steps to follow:
1. Construct the cumulative frequency column.
1 n
2. Determine of the total number of values, .
2 2
3. Determine the value of the cumulative frequency before the median class, cf b.
4. determine the frequency of the median class, f m.
5. Determine the lower boundary of the median class, x lb.
6. Determine the class width I, the difference between two consecutive lower limits.
7. Substitute the values obtained in the formula.

Example:
Determine the median using the frequency distribution below.

Scores Frequency
60 – 64 2
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 9
75 – 79 10
80 – 84 8
85 – 89 7
90 – 94 5
95 – 99 4
n = 50

Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency (cf) column.

Scores Frequency Cumulative Frequency or cf

60 – 64 2 2

65 – 69 5 7

70 – 74 9 16

75 – 79 10 26

80 – 84 8 34

85 – 89 7 41

90 – 94 5 46

95 – 99 4 50

n = 50
1 n
Step 2: Determine of the total number of values, .
2 2
50
= 25
2
The median class is the interval that contains half of the observations, which is in the interval 75 – 79.

Step 3: Determine the value of the cumulative frequency before the median class, cf b.
cf b = 16

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 n
* Note that cf b ≤ .
2

Step 4: Determine the frequency of the median class, f m.

Scores Frequency Cumulative Frequency or cf

60 – 64 2 2

65 – 69 5 7

70 – 74 9 16cf b
75 – 79 26
10 f m
Median Class
80 – 84 8 34

85 – 89 7 41

90 – 94 5 46

95 – 99 4 50

n = 50
Step 5: Determine the lower class boundary of the median class, x lb.
The median class is 75 – 79
x lb = 75 – 0.5 = 74.5 or (74 + 75) ÷ 2 = 74.5

Step 6: Determine the class width. i = 5

Step 7: Substitute the values obtained in the formula.

( )
n
~ −cf b
x = x lb + 2 i
fm

~
x = 74.5 + (25−16
10
5 )
~
x = 74. 5+¿ ( )
9
10
5

~
x = 74. 5+¿ ( )
9
10
5
~
x = 74. 5+¿ ( 0.9 )5
~
x = 74. 5+¿ 4.5
~
x = 79

Answer: The median of the distribution is 79.

MODE FOR GROUPED DATA

Formula:

^x = x lb +
d1
(
d 1 +d 2
i )
where: x lb = lower class boundary of the median class
d1 = difference of the frequency of the modal class and the class interval above it.
d2 = difference of the frequency of the modal class and the class interval below it.

Steps to follow:
1. Determine the modal class, the modal class contains the highest frequency in the distribution.
2. Find the value of d1.
3. Find the value of d2.
4. Determine the lower boundary ( x lb) of the modal class.
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 5. Substitute the values obtained in the formula.

Example:
Determine the mode using the frequency distribution below.

Scores Frequency
60 – 64 2
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 9
75 – 79 10
80 – 84 8
85 – 89 7
90 – 94 5
95 – 99 4
n = 50

Step 1: determine the modal class. The modal class contains the highest frequency in the distribution. It is the interval 75 –
79.

Scores Frequency
60 – 64 2
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 9
75 – 79
10
Modal Class
80 – 84 8
85 – 89 7
90 – 94 5
95 – 99 4
n = 50

Step 2: Find the value of d1.

d1 = 10 – 9 = 1

Step 3: Find the value of d2.

D2 = 10 – 8 = 2

Step 4: Determine the lower boundary ( x lb) of the modal class.

x lb = 74.5, from the modal class 75 – 79.

That is, 75 – 0.5 = 74.5 or (74 + 75) ÷ 2 = 74.5

Step 5: Substitute the values obtained in the formula.

^x = x lb + ( d1
d 1 +d 2)i

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 = 74.5 + ( 1+21 )5
= 74.5 + ( )5
1
3
= 74.5 + (0.33)5
= 74 + 1.67
= 76.17

Answer: The mode of the distribution is 76.17.

DEEPEN

Find the mean ( x ), the median (~

x ), and the mode ( ^x ) of each of the following set. Show your solution.

1. Scores of Joey in his mathematics tests

82 75 92 96 78 82

2. The costs of a can of milk from different stores

P18.50 P18.00 P20.25
P17.50 P19.00

3. Number of students in each class in a small school.

20 15 20 22 18 17 19 19 20 21 20 20

TRANSFER
Find the mean, median, and mode for the set of grouped data below. Show your solution. Use another sheet of paper
(1 whole/ bond paper) to answer this.

Class Interval f
5–9 3
10 – 14 5
15 – 19 9
20 – 24 10
25 – 29 8
30 – 34 5

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 REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE
References:
- Our World of Math 7 Vibal Publishing house, Inc.
- The New Grade 7 Realistic Math Scaling Greater Heights

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