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Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components,
and some Cambridge O Level components.

IGCSE™ is a registered trademark.

This document consists of 18 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Mark scheme abbreviations

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
AVP alternative valid point

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) one mark for each label to correct structure on Fig. 1.1 ; ; ; 3
tonoplast line to anywhere on the vacuolar membrane

R if two or more different structures stated for a single label

1(b) ref. to conversion of measured (X-Y) line to µm / AW ; 2

e.g. line is measured in, mm and then multiplied by 1000 / cm and then multiplied by 10 000
evidence that, 60 (±1 mm) is multiplied by 1000 / 6 cm is multiplied by 10 000
measured diameter is 60 000 µm
(and) divide by, magnification / 2000 ;

1(c) two from: 2

rough endoplasmic reticulum ; A rough ER / RER

smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; A smooth ER / SER
endoplasmic reticulum ; acceptable only if the other structure is not SER / RER

80S / larger, ribosomes ; A 25–30 nm range

plasmodesma(ta) ;
microtubules ; A microfilaments
A cytoskeleton
lysosome(s) ;
Golgi (body / apparatus / complex) ;
secretory / Golgi, vesicles ;

AVP ; ; e.g. chromatin

EM detail of chloroplast
EM detail of mitochondrion A mitochondrion
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope R nuclear membrane

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Question Answer Marks

1(d)(i) two from: 2

cell wall, pathway / route / AW ; A involves only cell walls

R if only in roots
movement / AW, through intercellular spaces / spaces between cells ;

further detail ; e.g. water does not, enter cells / cross membranes / cross cytoplasm / move through plasmodesmata
osmosis does not occur
membranes not involved

R osmosis once only

1(d)(ii) four from: 4

hydrogen bonding (between water molecules) ;

water molecules are polar ;

movement to spongy mesophyll cells

adhesion / attraction, to, cellulose / cellulose fibres / cell walls ;
this is in context of leaf cells but also allow for xylem
R cell walls of lignin
A hydrophilic parts of lignin

cohesion between water molecules / (water molecules are) cohesive ;

idea that movement of water (molecules) towards, spongy / mesophyll, cells, pulls / AW, other water molecules ;
A transpiration pull / continuous column / unbroken column
I continuous stream

movement to intercellular air spaces

water molecules absorb heat (energy) ;
bonds break between water molecules ;
evaporation / water to water vapour ; I latent heat of vapourisation
from spongy cell, walls / surfaces ;

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Question Answer Marks

1(d)(iii) two from: 2

transpiration occurs ; in context of via stomata or via cuticle

diffuses / moves / AW, to, (external) environment / atmosphere / outside / out of the leaf / from leaf surface ;
R evaporation / osmosis
R from cell surface

via (open) stomata (for, gas exchange / carbon dioxide entry / photosynthesis) ;

accept Ψ for water potential

I solute potential / ref. to concentration

(movement of water vapour) down water potential gradient ;

A down water vapour potential gradient
A high to low water potential / to lower water potential / from higher water potential
R from high to low water potential gradient

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) A = adenine 2
T = thymine R thiamine / thyamine
G = guanine
C = cytosine

all correct = 2 marks

one, two or three correct = 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(ii) three from: 3

1 complementary base pairing / complementary bases / base pairing / base pairs / complementary pairing ;

2 A with T and G with C ;

3 hydrogen bonding / hydrogen bonds ;

in context of between base pairs / holding strands together

4 ref. to purines with pyrimidines ;

5 double ring (bases) with single ring (bases) ;

A idea of longer base with shorter base

6 two (DNA), strands / polynucleotides ;

A two chains
A double helix (as double implies two strands)

7 strands (anti)parallel / distance between strands always the same ;

2(b) deoxyribose ; A 2-deoxyribose / 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1

2(c) two from: 2

(information could be) sequence of amino acids ;

A idea that a polypeptide/protein has amino acids arranged in an order / AW
I primary structure / chains of amino acids

(different) proteins have, different / specific, sequences (of amino acids) ;

(up to) 20 different amino acids in proteins ; A approximately 20

idea that there is a great variety in protein structure ;

I have many functions

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) A antibiotic for penicillin throughout 3

three from:

1 (penicillin) weakens / AW, the cell wall ;

I punches holes / holes made

2 (penicillin) acts, on growing cells / when cell wall being synthesised (during growth) ;

3 inhibits / binds to / AW, enzymes / transpeptidases (for cross linkage formation) ;

I ref. to synthesis of peptidoglycan

4 prevents formation of cross, links / linkages (between, peptidoglycan / murein, molecules) / AW ;

suggestions why antibiotic is less effective on Gram negative

5 outer membrane, prevents / interferes with / protects from / AW, entry (of penicillin) ;
A idea of, more difficult / further, to reach peptidoglycan layer

6 proteins in outer membrane may pump out antibiotic ;

A presence of efflux pumps

7 enzymes may be present (in periplasm) to degrade antibiotic / AW ;

8 suggestion that antibiotic cannot cross hydrophobic region of (outer) membrane ;

9 AVP ; e.g. proportionately, less / lower concentration of, penicillin reaches murein for, enzyme / transpeptidase,
inhibition

3(b)(i) ATP not required ; A (metabolic) energy not required 1

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Question Answer Marks

3(b)(ii) four from: 4

1 channel protein ; A pore protein / has a pore / has a channel

2 channel / pore, can form from polypeptides

or
(protein) has quaternary structure ;

3 hydrophilic R-groups, on amino acids lining channel / face inwards (towards channel) ;
A hydrophilic, lining / channel
A water-filled, channel / AW
A idea that passage is through hydrophilic region of protein

4 allows facilitated diffusion ; A diffusion alone if in context of through the protein but R if via phospholipid bilayer

5 increases permeability for, movement of water / osmosis ;

I faster

6 no (specific) binding sites / (channel) not specific / not selective / allows more than one type of substance through / AW ;

7 globular ;

8 AVP ; e.g. ref. to hydrophobic part of protein, faces / interacts with, hydrophobic, region / core / fatty acid tails
ref. to hydrophilic parts of, protein / polypeptide, extend into, external environment / periplasm / aqueous
regions / AW

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Question Answer Marks

3(b)(iii) two from: 2

translation, cannot / does not, begin / occur

or
polypeptide / protein, synthesis, cannot occur / decreases ;
I ompF not made
A chain of amino acids
R transcription does not occur so translation does not occur
R if in context of mutation or enzyme inhibition

mRNA cannot attach to, ribosome / small subunit / ribosomal subunit ;

(first) tRNA (with UAC anticodon) / tRNA carrying met, cannot bind (to START codon) ;

3(c)(i) (composed of) many / chain of / polymer of / AW, monosaccharides / sugar monomers / sugar units ; 2
A glucose, molecules / residues
A more than two / many sugars

further detail ; e.g. carbohydrate

may be, branched / unbranched in context of polysaccharide
macromolecule in context of polysaccharide
glycosidic bonds in context of between sugar monomers
(sugar monomers) joined by condensation reactions

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Question Answer Marks

3(c)(ii) three from: 3

1 specificity / specific (in correct context) ;

2 (B / T, -) lymphocytes have receptors complementary to antigen ;

A immunoglobulins / antibody as receptors for B-lymphocyte
A surface molecules as receptors for T-lymphocytes

3 (different) antigens, stimulate / activate / AW, (different) B-lymphocytes / T-lymphocytes ;

A antigens stimulate an immune response

4 idea that different antibodies, synthesised / produced / AW, for different (O) antigens / O
polysaccharides / lipopolysaccharides ;

5 memory cells will, not respond to different antigen / only respond to same antigen / AW ;

6 different O-antigens can, be composed of different sugars ;

A can have different shapes

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) 1/4 ; 3
3;
5;

4(b) two from: 2

centromere (of each chromosome) divides ;

A sister chromatids separated at the centromere

spindle fibres, contract / shorten ; A spindle contracts

(sister / identical) chromatids / daughter chromosomes, pulled / move, to opposite poles ;

A (sister) chromatids separated
I chromosomes are at opposite poles

centromeres, leading (towards poles) / AW ; A ref. to V-shape / diagram

4(c) one from: 1

not sectioned to include (nucleus) ;

did not take up the stain / not stained (correctly) / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. cells may be dead I destroyed / eliminated / AW

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) three from: 3

any four named structures ;

mouth / nose / nostrils / nasal passages (count as one structure)
pharynx
larynx
trachea A windpipe
bronchus / bronchi
bronchiole / bronchioles
alveolus / alveoli / alveolar ducts / alveolar sacs
lungs

trachea, branches / divides, into (two main) bronchi ;

correct sequence from bronchus (branching) to bronchioles to (end with) alveoli ;

further detail ; ; e.g. trachea has, C-shaped / incomplete rings, of cartilage bronchus has cartilage, plates / AW
diameters of gas exchange structures / respiratory tubes, decrease (towards alveoli)

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) two from: 2

blood pressure, decreases / returns to normal ;

platelets no longer sticky / risk of thrombosis decreases / risk of blood clotting decreases ;

endothelial repair (more likely to be) successful ;

A endothelium no longer damaged
A decreased risk of, atheroma / atherosclerosis
I less fatty deposits

heart rate, decreases / returns to normal ;

I heartbeat decreases

AVP ; e.g. increased peripheral circulation / AW

blood vessels, not / less, constricted

A less vasoconstriction
A blood vessel (lumen) diameter increases / vasodilation occurs

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Question Answer Marks

5(c) four from: 4

assume from point of view of giving up smoking unless stated otherwise

in lungs / at high partial pressures of oxygen

1 (so) more oxygen taken up by haemoglobin / haemoglobin more saturated (with oxygen) / AW ;
A haemoglobin has, increased / normal, affinity for oxygen

2 before and after data / calculated difference in data, to support, from 10 kPa ;

3 carbon monoxide no longer binding to haemoglobin / AW ;

A carboxyhaemoglobin no longer forming / ora with ref. to smoking
A haemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than oxygen

4 more (sites on) haemoglobin available to take up oxygen ;

in respiring tissues
5 more oxygen dissociates from (oxy)haemoglobin / AW, at, lower partial pressures / below 4 kPa / in (respiring) tissues
(after stopping) ;
A haemoglobin less saturated (with oxygen)
A haemoglobin has, less / decreased, affinity for oxygen

6 before and after data / calculated difference in data, to support ;

7 ref. to increase in allosteric effect / regains ability for conformational change / AW ;

health benefits after stopping

8 more / sufficient, oxygen to, transport / deliver to, tissues / body
or
more oxygen to reach (respiring) tissues ;
A less, tired / fatigued
A more able to, do work / carry out exercise / be mobile
R more energy unless qualified with link to aerobic respiration

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Question Answer Marks

5(d) two from: 2

non-infectious
not from a pathogen ; A bacteria / viruses / fungi for pathogens
A from lifestyle
A tar / carcinogen in smoke, causes mutation (in cells of lung)

cannot be passed onto another person / not transmissable / AW ;

disease
abnormal condition (affecting an organism) / condition that reduces the effectiveness of the functions of the organism / AW ;

Question Answer Marks

6(a) three from: 3

same / similar, shape as, HMG CoA / substrate ;

complementary (shape) to active site (shape) ;

binds / attaches / fits into / active site (of, enzyme / HMG CoA reductase) ;

HMG CoA / substrate, cannot bind (to active site) ;

A no / few, enzyme/substrate complexes form

mevalonic acid production, decreases / stops ; I product not made

AVP ; e.g. increase in mevinolin concentration increases inhibition / ora

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Question Answer Marks

6(b) two from: 2

treatment of disease
I statements about locating or diagnosis of disease

specific / targeted, therapy / treatment ;

A specific to diseased, cells / tissue
A examples

bind to / recognition of, receptors / antigens, on cell surface (of diseased cells) ;

kill the cell by stimulating the immune system / AW ;

A correct immune responses e.g. stimulates phagocytosis / activates B-cells

attach, radioactive substance / drug (to treat / kill diseased cells) / AW ;

treat infectious diseases / bind to (antigens on) pathogens / recognition of antigens on pathogens ; A viruses
I bacteria unless stated that they cause disease
allow examples such as treatment of ebola or rabies or tetanus (by immunising with antibody)

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