Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________

Student Exploration: Bohr Model of Hydrogen

Vocabulary: absorption spectrum, Bohr model, electron volt, emission spectrum, energy level,
ionization energy, laser, orbital, photon

Gizmo Warm-up
When white light is passed through hydrogen gas
and separated by a prism, some wavelengths of
light are absorbed by the hydrogen atoms in the
gas. This causes black bars to appear in the
absorption spectrum of hydrogen. An emission
spectrum is created when hydrogen gas emits light.

The Bohr model of the atom was inspired by the spectrum produced by hydrogen gas. The link
between light and atomic structure is illustrated by the Bohr Model of Hydrogen Gizmo. The
Gizmo shows a laser pointed at a container of hydrogen gas. After passing through the gas,
light from the laser goes through a prism and is detected on a screen.

1. With the Laser energy set to 7.0 eV, click Play ( ). Observe the blue electron on the

No, the 7.0 eV photons have no

ORBITALS pane. Do 7.0-eV photons have any effect on the electron? _________________
effect on the electron, and the
electron stays at energy level 1
2. Click Pause ( ). Set the Laser energy to 12.1 eV and click Play. What happens to the
The electron trembles, and then moved up by two of the orbitals or to the energy level 3
electron now? _____________________________________________________________

3. Under Go to energy level, select 1. Notice that a photon is emitted by the electron.
12.1 eV
What is the energy of the emitted photon? _______________________________________

2018
Activity A:
Get the Gizmo ready:
The spectrum of
 Click Reset ( ).
hydrogen

Introduction: The shorter the wavelength of a photon, the greater its energy. We can see
photons with wavelengths between 700 nanometers (red) and 400 nanometers (violet), which
correspond to energies of 1.8 to 3.1 electron volts (eV).

Question: Which photon energies make up the spectrum of hydrogen?

1. Measure: Set the Laser energy to 0.1 eV. Click Play, and slowly increase the energy in
0.1 eV increments so that the Total absorption spectrum fills in. Stop moving the slider
when the first photon is absorbed. (Hint: At every 0.1 eV increment, allow a photon of light to
reach the electron. If it is absorbed, the photon will not continue to pass by. Be sure that
every energy value is tried.)
10.2eV
A. What is the energy of the absorbed photon? ________________________________
As the laser energy level increased, the
B. What effect does this photon have on the electron? __________________________
electron had energy added causing it to a
higher orbital
C. Under Go to energy level, click 1. What is the energy of the emitted photon?______ 10.2 eV

2. Measure: Increase the Laser energy by 0.1 eV, and click Play. Continue to raise the Laser
energy until the next photon is absorbed.
12.1 eV
A. What is the energy of the absorbed photon? ________________________________
n=3 or energy level 3
B. On which energy level can you find the electron now? ________________________
12.1 eV
C. Go back to energy level 1. What is the energy of the emitted photon? ____________

3. Measure: Increase the Laser energy by 0.1 eV, and click Play. Use the Gizmo to find the
energy of photons that move the electron from the first energy level up to the fourth, fifth,
and sixth energy levels. (Remember to move the electron back to energy level 1 each time.)

A. What is the energy of a photon that moves the electron from energy level 1 to energy

level 4? ____________________________________________________________
12.4 eV

B. What is the energy of a photon that moves the electron from energy level 1 to energy

13.1 eV
level 5? ____________________________________________________________

C. What is the energy of a photon that moves the electron from energy level 1 to energy

13.2 eV
level 6? ____________________________________________________________

(Activity A continued on next page)

2018
Activity A (continued from previous page)

4. Make a rule: How does the energy needed to move an electron to a higher energy level
compare to the energy emitted when the electron moves back to the lower energy level?
The energy absorbed is equal to the energy that is emitted when the level change from the same level
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

5. Interpret: Look at the Total absorption spectrum. What do the black bars in the spectrum
The black bars in the spectrum represent the absorbed photons
represent? ________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

6. Explore: Move the electron to energy level 1, set the Laser energy to 13.3 eV, and click
The electrons moved past the 3rd energy leve
Play. What happens? _______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

There are several energy levels for hydrogen that are not shown in this Gizmo. The electron
is in one of these energy levels.

7. Explore: Under Go to energy level, select 6 and then 1. Set the Laser energy to 13.6 eV,

and click Play. What happens now? ____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
The electron moves from the energy level 6 to energy level 1, and then passed the 6th energy level. The
electron then has been removed
The ionization energy, or energy required to free the electron completely, is 13.6 eV for
hydrogen.

8. Think and discuss: Do you think you have completed the spectrum of hydrogen? Explain.
No, I don’t think so because in the gizmo, the values move in much lower values that can be specified
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2018
 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
 If necessary, select energy level 6.
Energy levels  Click Reset.
 Select the ENERGY LEVELS tab.

Introduction: When an electron absorbs a photon, it gains energy. The added energy causes
the electron to move to an orbit that is farther from the nucleus. Because each possible orbit is
associated with a particular amount of energy, orbits are known as energy levels.

By convention, an energy of 0 eV is assigned to the energy level that is infinitely far from the
nucleus. (This is done so that atoms of different elements can be compared from a common
starting point.) As a result of this convention, each energy level has a negative energy.

Question: How do energy levels relate to the spectrum of hydrogen?

1. List: Look at the graph of energy levels. List the energy of each level (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.).
-13.6 eV
n = 1: __________ n = 2: __________
-3.4 eV -1.5 eV
n = 3: __________
-0.8 eV -0.5 eV -0.4 eV
n = 4: __________ n = 5: __________ n = 6: __________

2. Predict: How much energy would an electron have to gain to move from energy level 2 to
1.9 eV
energy level 3? ____________________________________________________________

3. Test: Under Go to energy level, select 2. Set the Laser energy to the value you think is
required to move the electron up to energy level 3, and press Play.

The electron transferred to the third energy level

A. What happens? ______________________________________________________

B. What do you see on the Total absorption spectrum? ________________________

I see a black line
___________________________________________________________________

C. What do you see on the Visible absorption spectrum? ______________________

___________________________________________________________________
Another black line
1.9 eV
D. Select energy level 2. What is the energy of the emitted photon? ________________

4. Make a rule: In general, how do you calculate the energy of a photon that is needed to move

an electron between two energy levels? _________________________________________

We have to find the difference between the two stages
_________________________________________________________________________

(Activity B continued on next page)

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Activity B (continued from previous page)

5. Calculate: Calculate the energy required to move the electron for each transition listed in the
table below. Check your answers using the Gizmo.

Transition Energy (eV) Transition Energy (eV)

n1 to n2 10.2 n2 to n6 3
n1 to n3 12.1 n3 to n4 0.7
n1 to n4 12.8 n3 to n5 1
n1 to n5 13.1 n3 to n6 1.1
n1 to n6 13.2 n4 to n5 0.3
n2 to n3 1.9 n4 to n6 0.4

n2 to n4 2.6 n5 to n6 0.1
n2 to n5 2.9

6. Interpret: We can see photons that are between 1.8 and 3.1 eV. Based on the table above,
4
how many lines do you expect to appear in the visible absorption spectrum? ____________

7. Create: Based on the table above, use the Gizmo to create the complete absorption
spectrum of hydrogen.

purple, blue, orange

What colors will show up on an emission spectrum?________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

8. Explore: Select the ORBITALS tab. On the SIMULATION pane, select Current. In this
mode, an electrical current passes through the hydrogen.

it is emitting light
What is happening on the ORBITALS pane? _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

9. Compare: The emission of photons results in an emission spectrum. How does the emission
spectrum of hydrogen compare to its absorption spectrum? (You can alternate between
laser and current to compare.)
Inverse of its absorption spectrum
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2018