Name of the process Chemical equation Catalyst used Give Reasons

Laboratory Preparation <200oC Nil  Sodium chloride is cheaper

of NaCl+H2SO4⟶NaHSO4+HCl than other metal chlorides,
Hydrogen Chloride gas >200oC so it’s used for the
and NaHSO4+NaCl⟶Na2SO4+HCl preparation of HCl
Hydrochloric acid >200oC  Conc.Nitric acid is not used
2NaCl+H2SO4⟶Na2O4+HCl during preparation of HCl as
it is volatile and may
volatilize out along with
Hydrogen chloride.
 Collected by the downward
delivery (upward
displacement of air) as it is
1.28 times heavier than air)
 As it is sufficiently soluble it
is absorbed in water more
quickly than it is generated.
So, the pressure of the
delivery tube is reduced and
the atmospheric pressure
from outside forces the
water back to the tube.
Funnel arrangement is
done to prevent back
suction.
Laboratory Preparation <200oC  All glass apparatus is used
of NaNO3+H2SO4⟶NaHSO4+HNO3 as nitric acid vapours
Nitric acid <200oC attack rubber and cork.
KNO3+H2SO4⟶KHSO4+HNO3  The yellow colour of the
acid obtained is due to the
formation and dissolution of
nitrogen dioxide gas formed
due to thermal
decomposition of portion of
nitric acid.
 4HNO3⟶2H2O+4NO2+O2
 Conc.HCl is not used as it is
volatile and nitric acid
vapours will carry HCl
vapours.
 The temperature should not
be more than 200oC as at
higher temperature sodium
sulphate is formed which
sticks to the wall of the
retort and difficult to
remove, this results in
lowering the yield. And
also, decomposition of nitric
acid may occur and wastage
of fuel may occur.
Ostwald’s Process of Pt and 800oC Platinum gauze  Higher ratio of air is used
Nitric acid preparation 4NH3+5O2⟶4NO+6H2O+Heat 1
because oxygen is only 5th
part of air and air is required
50oC
in all three chambers.
2N(g)+O2(g)⟶2NO2  Absorption tower is packed
4NO2(g)+2H2O(l)+O2(g)⟶4HNO3(aq) with quartz as it helps in
uniform dissolution of
nitrogen di oxide.
Contact Process of S+O2⟶SO2 Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)  Platinum is more efficient
Sulphuric Acid 4FeS2+11O2⟶2Fe2O3+8SO2 catalyst than vanadium
preparation V2O5 pentoxide but as it easily
2SO2+O2 ⇌ 2SO3+Δ gets poisoned by impurities
400oC-450oC like Arsenic (III) oxide
SO3+H2SO4⟶H2S2O7 Vanadium pentoxide is used
as catalyst.
 The product formed has less
volume than th reactants, so
high pressure is favoured.
  As tall acid resistant towers
are difficult to build so,1-
2atmospheric pressure is
used.
 Sulphur tri oxide on
dissolving in water can
produce sulphuric acid but
as it is not dissolved
satisfactorily and gives a lot
of heat and forms misty
droplets it is not directly
absorbed by water.
Laboratory Preparation 2NH4Cl+Ca (OH)2⟶CaCl2+2H2O+2NH3↑ Nil  Higher ratio by weight of the
of ammonia alkali is used, as it may
counteract the loss by
sublimation of NH4Cl.
 Calcium Hydroxide is used
as it is cheap and not
deliquescent like other
alkalis.
 Though ammonium salts on
warming with alkalis give
ammonia, ammonium nitrate
is explosive and ammonium
nitrite does not produce
ammonia as they decompose
on heating.
 Collected by downward
displacement of water as it’s
lighter than air and highly
soluble in water, so can’t be
collected over water.
Preparation of ammonia Nil
by hydrolysis of nitrides Mg3N2+6H2O(warm) ⟶3Mg(OH)2+2NH3↑
 AlN+3H2O (warm) ⟶Al (OH)3+NH3↑
Haber’s process of Fe and Mo Fe as catalyst and  Even though the reaction is
ammonia preparation N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3+heat Mo as promoter exothermic, lower
450oC-500oC temperature favours
Above 200atm synthesis but at low
temperature the reaction
proceeds slowly, so the
optimum temperature is kept
450oC-500oC
 Four volumes of reactants
produce two volumes of
product, hence high pressure
is required for forward
reaction.
 As the reaction is exothermic
further heating is not
required.