Chapter 1: Principles of object oriented programming

Fill in the blanks

1. An act of using essential features without including background details is called Data
Abstraction.
2. In an Object Oriented Programming, the importance is given to data.
3. Wrapping of data and function together as a single unit is called Encapsulation.
4. An object has unique identity through which it may differ with some characteristics
and behaviour.
5. The objects may communicate with each other through function.
6. In POP, the global data are loosely attached to the function.
7. The process by which a class acquires the property of another class is known as
inheritance.
8. In Object Oriented Programming, using a function for many purposes is termed as
polymorphism.

State whether the given statements are TRUE or FALSE

1. In assembly level language, the instructions are given in terms of 0's and 1's.
False
2. PASCAL is a structure oriented programming language.
True
3. Machine level language requires a translator to convert input instructions to be
understood by the machine
False
4. Compilers and Interpreters are referred to as Language processors
True
5. A process according to which a class acquires the characteristics from another class is
Encapsulation.
False
6. Procedure oriented program stresses on data.
False
7. C++ is also an object oriented programming language.
True
8. An object is identified by its characteristics.
True
9. Function is a set of objects that share the common state and behaviour.
False
10. Encapsulation keeps data safe from outside interference.
True
Name the following
1. Two categories of Low Level languages
(a) Assembly Language
(b) Machine Language
2. Two Procedure Oriented Languages
(a) BASIC
(b) COBOL
3. Two structure oriented programming languages
(a) PASCAL
(b) ALGOL
4. Two examples of Data Abstraction in your daily li
(a) Electrical Switchboard
(b) ATM
5. Two examples of real world objects
(a) Television
(b) Car
6. Two basic principles of Object Oriented Programming
(a) Encapsulation
(b) Inheritance
Write short notes with an example (if applicable)
1. Object Oriented Programming
Object Oriented Programming is an approach in which stress is laid on data rather than
functions. The data values remain associated with the functions of a particular block of the
program so as to encourage data security.
2. Data Abstraction
Data Abstraction is the act of representing the essential features without knowing the
background details.
3. Encapsulation
Wrapping of data and functions that operate on that data into a single unit is called
Encapsulation.
 4. Machine Level language
For the processor to perform any computation, we need to give the instructions and data as a
sequence of 0's & 1's. This binary sequence that a processor understands is known as its
Machine Level language. Machine Level language is made up of instructions and data that
are all binary numbers. Machine Level language of a processor differs from vendor to vendor.
So programs written in Machine Level language of one type of processors will not work on a
different type of processor.
5. Polymorphism
In object-oriented programming, Polymorphism provides the means to perform a single
action in multiple different ways.
6. Procedure Oriented Programming
Procedure Oriented Programming basically consists of a list of instructions for the computer
to follow and these are organized into groups known as functions. In Procedure Oriented
Programming, most of the functions share global data and this data moves more openly
around the system from one function to the other.
7. Inheritance
Inheritance enables new classes to receive or inherit the properties and methods of existing
classes. Example of Inheritance is given here.
8. Assembly Level language
In Assembly Level language, instructions are written in more English like words knowns as
mnemonics. These instructions are not understood by the processor directly. They are
converted into equivalent Machine Level instructions through a translator program called
Assembler. Assembly Level language is machine dependent that makes it unsuitable for
writing portable programs that can execute across machines.

Distinguish between
1) Object Oriented Programming and Procedure Oriented Programming
Object Oriented Programming Procedure Oriented Programming
The stress is put on data rather than The stress is put on function rather than
functions. data.
The data is restricted, to be used in a It allows data to flow freely throughout the
specific program area. program.
It follows bottom-up programming It follows top-down programming approach.
approach.
 2) High Level language and Low Level language
High Level language Low Level language
High Level language is machine Low Level language is machine dependent.
independent.
High Level language is human friendly so it Low Level language is machine friendly so
is easy to understand for programmers. it is difficult to understand for programmers.
High Level language needs a compiler or Low Level language might need a assembler
interpreter for translation to machine code. for translation to machine code.
Programs written in High Level language Programs written in Low Level language are
are easier to modify and debug. hard to modify and debug.

3) Compiler and Interpreter

Compiler Interpreter
It converts the whole source program into It converts the source program into the
the object program at once. object program, one line at a time.
It displays the errors for the whole program It displays the error one line at a time and
together, after the compilation. only after fixing that error the control goes
to the next line.

Answer the following questions

1. Enlist the features of Object Oriented Programming.
Some of the features of Object Oriented Programming are:
1. It gives stress on data items rather than functions.
2. It makes the complete program/problem simpler by dividing it into number of objects.
3. The objects can be used as a bridge to have data flow from one function to another.
4. The concept of data hiding enhances security in programs.
5. It is highly beneficial to solve complex programs.
2. Which OOP principle implements function overloading? Explain
Polymorphism implements function overloading. It is the process of using a
function/method for more than one purpose. In function overloading, we write more than
one function with the same name but differing in the number and types of their arguments
to perform different tasks. This way we get different behaviours using the same function
name.
3. Write three benefits of Object Oriented Programming.
Three benefits of Object Oriented Programming are:
1. The reusability of the program code is enhanced.
2. Data abstraction makes the software easier to handle.
 3. Software for complex tasks can be easily developed.

4. Mention two limitations of:

(a) Procedure Oriented Programming

1. No restriction on data values so managing changes is difficult as it impacts the

entire program.

2. No reusability concept hence time management, testing and length of the program
increases.

(b) Object Oriented Programming

1. Requires intensive testing processes.
2. Solving problems takes more time as compared to Procedure Oriented Programming.

5. How is Encapsulation useful in Object Oriented Programming? Explain

Encapsulation restricts the free flow of data from one object to another. The data and
functions are wrapped together in an object in such a way that the data of a particular
object can only be used in associated functions. Thus, Encapsulation helps in protecting
the data from unauthorised access.
6. What are the advantages of High Level languages?
1. High Level languages are machine independent.
2. High Level languages are human readable as instructions are written using English like
words and phrases.
3. It is easier to understand and develop the program logic in High Level languages.
4. The error detection and correction is easier.