Scribd
Upload
18 views14 pages

Waleed

The document discusses various types of geographic data, including spatial, vector, raster, and attribute data, highlighting their characteristics and applications. It also covers georeferencing, longitude and latitude, and data models in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The document provides a comprehensive overview of how spatial data is structured, stored, and represented for analysis.

Uploaded by

88xp7cmhbh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views14 pages

Waleed

The document discusses various types of geographic data, including spatial, vector, raster, and attribute data, highlighting their characteristics and applications. It also covers georeferencing, longitude and latitude, and data models in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The document provides a comprehensive overview of how spatial data is structured, stored, and represented for analysis.

Uploaded by

88xp7cmhbh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Name:

Waleed Shahwaiz khan


Roll No :
1016
Class:
BSRS&GIS
Subject:
Surveying
Submitted To:
Professor.Nafees
Ahmad
N
W E
S
Topic

Geographic
Data Types
Geographic Data Types:
Geographic data is information that is associated with a location
on Earth, and can include a variety of data types. Some types of
geographic data include:
▪ Spatial Data
▪ Vector Data
▪ Raster Data
▪ Attribute Data
Spatial Data
Spatial data refers to information that is linked to specific locations on the
Earth's surface. It describes the position, shape, and extent of geographic
features.
Key Characteristics of Spatial Data:
1.Location: The exact geographic position or coordinates (e.g., latitude,
longitude) of a feature.
2.Shape: The form or geometry of the feature (e.g., point, line, or area).
3.Extent: The area or boundaries covered by the feature.
4.Attributes: Descriptive data associated with the spatial feature, such as a
building's name, population, or height.
Vector Data
Vector data is a type of spatial data that represents geographic features using
geometric shapes such as points, lines, and polygons. It is precise and typically
used for representing discrete objects or boundaries.
Accuracy: Vector data is precise, using coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude)
to define locations.
Attributes: Each vector feature can have associated data (e.g., the name of a
city, population, or road type).
Raster Data
Raster data is a type of spatial data that
represents the Earth's surface as a grid of
cells (or pixels), where each cell holds a
value that corresponds to a specific attribute,
such as elevation, temperature, or land cover
type.
Applications of Raster Data:
Environmental Monitoring: Analyzing
changes in land cover or forest areas over
time.
Urban Planning: Mapping urban sprawl or
infrastructure development.
Agriculture: Assessing crop health using
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index).
Attribute data refers Types of Data:
to information that • Nominal: Names or
describes the categories (e.g., city
characteristics of spatial name, land use type).
features in a Geographic Attribute
Information System • Ordinal: Ranked data
(GIS). It is non-spatial Data (e.g., high, medium,
data linked to spatial low).
data, providing context • Interval/Ratio:
or details about Numerical data with
geographic entities. measurable
differences (e.g.,
temperature, area).
Geo Referencing

Georeferencing is the process


of aligning spatial data to a
specific location on the Earth's
surface using a coordinate
system. It ensures that data
corresponds to real-world
geographic positions.
Applications:
•Aligning historical maps or
satellite images with modern
GIS data.
•Correcting spatial distortions
in scanned maps.
Longitude: Latitude: UDM (Unusable Data
Longitude is a geographic Latitude is a geographic Mask):
coordinate that specifies coordinate that specifies UDM, or Unusable Data
the east-west position of a the north-south position of Mask, is a raster dataset
point on the Earth's a point on the Earth's or file associated with
surface. It is measured in surface. It is measured in remote sensing imagery
degrees (°), ranging from
degrees (°) from the that identifies pixels with
equator, which is the 0° unusable or invalid data.
0° at the Prime latitude line. It helps users exclude
Meridian to +180° east
Example: problematic areas from
and -180° west.
• The latitude of Cairo, analysis, ensuring
Example: accurate results.
Egypt is approximately
• The longitude of New 30°N. Example:
York City is In a satellite image, a
• The latitude of Sydney,
approximately 74°W. Australia is
UDM might flag all cloudy
approximately 34°S. pixels.
• The longitude of Tokyo
is approximately 139°E.
Data Models

In Geographic Information
Systems (GIS), data models
define how spatial data is
structured, stored, and
represented for analysis. These
models describe the relationship
between real-world features and
their digital representations.
1. Points
A single pair of coordinates (x, y)
representing a specific location.
•Characteristics:
•Dimensionless (no length, area,
or volume).
•Simplest form of spatial data.
•Examples:
Trees, wells, fire hydrants, and
city locations.
2:Lines
A series of connected points
forming a linear feature.
Characteristics:
•One-dimensional (length, but no
area).
•Can represent continuous or
interconnected features.
3:Polygons

•A closed shape formed by a series of connected


lines.
•Characteristics:
•Two-dimensional (has area and perimeter).
•Represents features with defined boundaries.
•Examples:
•Lakes, land parcels, building footprints, and
administrative boundaries.
4. Grid (Raster Data)

A grid of cells (pixels) where each cell has a


value representing a specific attribute.

Characteristics:
•Two-dimensional, but each cell is uniform in size and
shape.
•Suitable for representing continuous data.
Examples:
•Elevation models, temperature maps, satellite imagery,
and precipitation data.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy