MODERNPHYSICs

photon ?
by a of radiation.
do you mean which are emittedby a source
1. What of energy
the packets space
Ans.A photon are speed 310'm/s in free
straightline with
rest mass of photon?
V:C, Mo0
What is the Mo
2
light depend?
Ans. Zero
does the energy carried by a photon of
1 On what factor light (sinceE =hv).
ssOUNGE
aUARTI EILTER
frequency (v) of
Ans.Onlyon
Revarsing Key

LENARD'S OBSERVATIONS he
n
paatans incident
Ne. o
tunsity ’metaluie sunfo.
variation of photoelectric current with intensi
4 Drawa graph showing the
does it conclude?
with the intensity of the
The photoelectric curent varies linearly
incident radiation.
OR
emitted per second is directly
The number of photoelectrons
Intensity of light ’
proportional to the of the incdent radiations.
eleetrens.
5. Define stopping potential to the positive plate at which the
photoelectric autert
Ans. The minimum negative potential given
potential.
becomes zero is called stopping potential or cutoff
Drawa graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with potential for
6. it conclude?
different intensity of light. What does
having
(0 All the photoelectrons emitted from metal are
the same kinetic energy.
I,>4>h
(i) For the radiations of a given frequency and material ofof
plate, the value of stopping potential is independent
It means, the
the intensity of the incident radiation.photoelectrons
Stopping8. maximum kinetic energy of emitted is
polential
+Retarding potential
O Anode potential V
independent of the intensityof incident radiation.

current with potential tor

7. Drawa graph showing the variation of photoelectric
different frequency of light.What does it conclude?
depends
(0 The stopping potential or maximum K.E.potentias
on the frequency. The value of stopping
different for radiation of different frequency.
negativre
(i) The value of stopping potential is more
Saturation for radiation of higher incident frequency.
Current
(i) The value of saturation current depends ot
-Yo -Va -V 0 Anode potential V-’
intensity of incident radiation but is indepenent or
+Retarding polential frequency of the incident radiation.

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MODERN PHYSICS
8. Draw a graph showing
the
variation of stopping potential with
does it conclude? i) For a
given frequency .What
potential
radiation.
photosensi
varies linearly with tthe
ivefrequency
material, ofthe stopping
the incident
(i) Fora given
Afetal
minimum photosensitive material, there is a cordaie
cut off frequency Vo (called
Metal B
for which the
(ii) The stopping potential is zero.
threshold frequenc
higher is
Frequency of incddent
material, the greatertheis work function for a photosensitive
the value of
radiation ()’

(iv) The intercept on the

threshold frequenc,
potential axis =
9. Define work function.
Anc \Nork function of a metal is tne minimum energy
metallic surface.
required to release an electren ke
10. What is threshold frequency ?
Ans Threshold frequency is minimum trequency of
emission from the metal. :
incidentlight which can cause photoelectrie
net po6ible belaw whih p:eemiasLan s
11. What is threshold wavelength ?
Ans. Threshold wavelength is the maximum wavelength of inçident light which
can cause
photoelectric emission from the metal. above, whih pe-e s Bat
12. Write laws of photoelectric emission possible.
Ans:1. For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the number of photoelectrons
ejected per second is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
2. For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of the incident radiation
below which no emission of photoelectrons takes place. This frequency is called threshald
frequency.
3. Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectron is independent of the intensity of the incident light but depends only upon
the frequency (or wavelength) of the incident light.
4. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
13. Work function of aluminium is 4.2eV. If two photons each of energy 2.5eV ara
incident on its surface, will the emission of electrons take place? Justify your
answer.
individual photon
Ans. In photoelectric effect, a single photon interacts with a single electron. As
electron will not take
hence emission of
has energy (2.5eV) which is less than work function,
place.
areen light is incident on it, but no
14. EleCtrons are emitted from the surface when
incident on it. Do you expect electronsX
rons are ejected when yellow light is redlight and(il) blue light? VBaYOR
be ejected when surfaceiis exposed to() electron willbe
than threshold wavelength, hence no wavelength,
Ans.() The wavelength ofred light is loonger smallerthan
threshold
emitted red light. (ü) The
with wavelength of bluelight is
hence electrons will be ejected. electron-emissionfrom
effective for
15. Which of the following radiation will be more
ultraviole. its photon
the surface of zinc 2 Microwave, infrared and frequency and hence
maximum
Ans. Out of given the ultraviolet light has I
radiation, effect.
photoelectric
has maximum energy, so it is most effective forr

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 MODERN PHYSICs
16. The given graph shown the variation of photoelectric current ()
versus applied voltage (V) for two different photosensitive materials
and for two different intensities of the incident radiation ldentify
the pairs of curves that correspond to different materials but same
intensity of incident radiation.
Ans: (1, 3) and (2,4) Stopping potential depends on
(0 Nature of material and (ii) Frequency of incident
radiation
17. Draw graph between frequency f of incident
radiation and photocurrent i
18. If the intensity of lightfalling on a metal plate is doubled, what will be the
photocurrent and maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons ?
Ans As photocurrentis proportional tointensity of incident light, hence the
ohotocur ent
doubled, but the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons does not dene
intensity of incident light hence the maximum kinetic energy remains unchanged
19. If the intensity of radiation in photocell is increased how does the stopping p
vary ?
Ans. The stopping potential does not depend on the intensity of incident radiation; so st
potential will remain unchanged.
20. How does the work function influence the kinetic energy of electrons liber
during photoelectric emission ?

Ans. Einsteins photoelectric equation is E =hv -W , an increase in work function, causa

decrease in kinetic energy of photo-electrons.
21. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5V.Whatiste
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
Ans. 1.5eV.
22. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 5eV, what the stopplng
potential?
Ans. The stopping potential V, -5 volt (negative).
whe he
Z3. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted is doubled , to:
wavelength of light incident on the photosensitive surface changes from
meta
Deduce expressions for the threshold wavelength and work function for the
surface in terms of and
Ans.

24. Two beams, one of red light and the other of blue light, of the same intensitybeams
incident on photoelectrons. Which one of the two
a metallic surface to emit
emits electrons of greater kinetic energy.
25. For a
photoemsion
photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is Ag . Does
Occur if the wavelength of radiation is (i) more than , and (i) less than ,
Yes Ne
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MODERN PHYSICSs
your answer ?
26. Which of the metal has larger theshold wavelength ? Which metal
givingout electrons,, having larger K.E..for the same wavelength or
radiation ?
frequency of incident
Ans A

photoelectric
27. Explain the laws of emission onthe basis oof
equation. Einstein's photoelectric
Ans () Since one inCxdent photon ejects one
photoelectron
number ofphotoelectronssemitted per second depends from metal
a
on the metal surface per second upon the
which in turn depends on e numbersurface,
of therefore
light. If the intensity of the light is increased. the number of the intensty ofphot ons fallirg
the incident
which results in an increase in the number of incident
of photoelectric emission. photo-electrons ejected. photons increases.
This Is the first law
() From Kmax =h(v -vÍ),if v<vo- max. K.E. is
photoelectric emission does not take place for negative, which iis impossible. Hence,
frequency. This is the second law of photoelectrictheemission.
incident radiation below
threshold
(ii) From Kmax =h(v-vo) if v> vo- max K.E. V.
Thissr
of photoelectron
depends only on the frequency (or means, maximum inetic
intensity of the incident light radiation is increased, thewavelength)of of incident light. energy
f the
Der second on the metal number incident
surtace increases but the energy of each photon photons felirn
same. This is the third law of photoelectric emission. remains the
(iv) The time lag between the
verv small thus the photoelectric incidence of radiations and emission of
law of photoelectric emission.
emission is an instantaneous process.photoelectrons
This is the fourth
is

Draw a graph showing the variation of

radiation in relation to photoelectric effect.stopping potential with frequency of incident
this graph using Einstein' photoelectric Deduce an expression for the slope of
equation. OR
Drawa graph showing the variation of stopping
incident on metal plate. How can the value ofpotential with frequency of radiation
from the graph. planck's constant be determined

Here, slope of line AB =O

Av
From Einstein photoelectric equation, eV,= hv -
Differentiating it, we get eAV, =h dv or Av e

slope of the ine A8 = Av

AY, A hd olopt ve
e

FAILORE OF WAVE THEORy O8 LGHT TO EXPLAIN THE PHOTOELECTRIG EFl

1. According to wave theory of light, the energy carried by a beam of light is measured in
terms of intensity of the beam. Ifthe intensity oftfthe beam of light is increased, there will be
increase in amplitude of fwaves and hence energy carried by waves willincrease. When
Amplitude ’^enegy
 MODERN PHYSICS

the waves of light of higher intensityfalls on a metal surface it will i

electronsin metal. Due to whichthe
t kinetic energy of the ejectedimpart more ener.
electrons
This is against the experimental facts that the
maximum
photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of incident light.kinetic energy of
2 Accordingto wave theory of light, the photoelectric emission is possible from a
the
thee waves of light of all frequencies,
provided the
the required energy to the electron for its emission. intensity OT ligntiSs
But it is against theSUTcient metal
3
that no photoelectric emission takes place from a

When the wave of light falls on a metal surface, the

a particular electron in metal but will be energy
experimera
metal surface if the freauE.
incident light is less than the threshold frequency, no matter
what so ever may bei
of the wave of light wil,
distributed to all the electrons present in the
portion of metal surface. As a result of which the electrons will take
the energy required for their emission from metal sometime in aco
fact that the emission of photoelectrons takes place surface. This is also against the exp
on the metal. immediately after the light is
DE BROGLIE DUALISTIC HYPOTHESIS
According to de-Broglie a moving material particle sometimes acts as a wa
sometimes as a particle. The wave associated with moving particle is called
wave or de-Broglie wave whose wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength, is
h
by = mv

Relation for de-Broglie wavelength and temperature

h
kis a Boltzmann constant. k=1.38x10J/K
V3mkT
De-Broglie Wavelength of an electron
Consider an electron of mass m and charge e. Let v be the velocity acquired by electon
when accelerated from rest through a potential difference of Vvolt. Then
12.27

EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF WAVE

NATURE OF ELECTRON (Davission and
Germer experiment)
The wave nature of slow moving electrons has
been established experimentally by Davisson and
Germer in 1927.
There is a close agreement with the estimated value of de Broglie
wavelength and the experimental value determined by Davission and Germer. This proves ule
existence of de Broglie waves for the slow moving electrons.
1 Name the experiment for which the above graph, showing the variation of intensity of sca
electrons with the angle of scattering was obtained. Also name the hypothesis Tio
confirmed by this experiment. hypothesisof
Ans. Davisson and germer experiment. This experiment confirmed the de-Broglie
matter waves.
2. Are matter waves
Ans. No. electromagnetic?
etc)is
3. car
Why the de-Broglie wavelength associated with macroscopic object (cricket ball,
not observed in daily life?
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MODERN PHYSICS
Ans. De Broglie wavelength A= h/mv Ashis very small and for
macroscopic
large, therefore, de-Broglie wavelength associated is much smaller then object mass is very
hence de-Broglie wavelength associated with them is not observable the size of objects.
are:accelerated
4 Ae proton and an alpha particle through the same potential.
has greater de-Broglie wavelength and less kinetic energy? Calculate Which of these
them. Less Mads, more the ratio of
wavelength associated with
de boglie de-Brogl ie
wavlength
Ans. De Broglie wavelength ) =h/2mqv . For given potential,
deBroglie wavelength of proton
greater and energy E=qV, so proton having lesser chargein coulomb
IS will have the least
KE. (as KE, ess change
s Aproton and deuteron have same velocity; what is ratio of their de-Broglie
wavelencthe 2
(Ans 2:1) A: h/m
6 Which of the following moving wth same velocity has longest de-Broglie wavelength eleciron
proton deuteron, a- particle ? (Ans. electron)
7 An electron an alpha-particle and a proton have the same kinetic eneray, Which one of
these particles has the largest de Broglie wavelength ?
Ans: As ,c1/Nm electron will have thelargest de Broglie wavelength.
8 Show graphically, the variation of the de-Brogle wavelength (0) with the
potential (V) through which an electron is accelerated from rest.
1
Ans: We know that = DmeV SO

X
The two lines Aand Bshown in the graph plot the de-Broglie wavelength
particles
(2) as a function of 1/-/V Visthe accelerating potential) for twoof heavier
having the same charge. Which of the two represents the partice
m e mass
mass ? less slope, incident on a photosensitive surface of
wavelength 2 is
10. An electromagnetic wave of emitted from this surface have the de-Brogie
negligible work function. If the photo-electrons
^=|(2mc
wavelength ,, prove that
p² hc 2mhc
Ans K.E. of emitted electron = Energy of
photon (hv) 2m .P=A
electrons.
de Broglie wavelength of emitted
h
2nhc 2mhc
- determine the
voltage of 50 kV. asnumerical
accelerated by a factors (such
electrons electron
11. An electron microscope uses electrons. If other
resolving powerof an
associated with the
de Broglie wavelength howdoesthe usesyellowlight ?
roughly the: same, which
A= 2"2? A
aperture, etc.) are taken to be of an opticalImicroscope
microscope compare with that
A(yellowlight) =5.9x10m
Ans =5.5x 10-12 m.
7 oa microscop
 MODERN PHYSICS
proportional to wavelength. Thus, RP
Resolving power (RP) is inversely of an
an optical microscope. r
microscope is about 10 imes that of
12 Radations of wo photons energies,
twice and five times the work function of
incident successively on the
metal surface. Find the ratio of the maximum met
photoelectrons emitted in the two cases [Ans. 1:2]
incident on a metal surface. Electronsswith
13. Light of frequency 7.21x 10"Hz is

treavaemnamy
Ifrom the surface. What is the threshold
speed of 60x10°ms'are ejected
photoemission of electrons? [Ans. 4.73 x 10'Hz ]
source radiates
14 Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271A from a 100W mercury
made of molybdenum metal. Ifthe stopping potential is-1.3V, estimate the work f
work function of the metal.
the metal. How potential is- 1.3V, estimate the
6328A°
photo cell respond to a high intensity (-10°W m) red light of wavelength
by aHe- Ne laser ?
[Ans. 4.2 eV, the photocell will not respond]
wavelength of 1.00nm. Find
15. An electron and a photon each have a (c) the kinetic energy of electre
(a) Their momentum (b) the energy of the photon and eVM
[(a) 6.63 x 10 kg m/s (for both) (b) 1.24 keV (c) 1.51
slope of the cut off voltage versus freolens..
16. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the of planck's constant G
incident light is found to be 4,12x1015Vs. , estimate the value
e=1.6x10-19c [Ans. 6.592x 10 Js. l
electrons emited from a photosensitive sutare
7. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of radiation of wavelength 300nm Given
of work function 3.2eV, for the incident [Ans. 0.925ev)
h=6.6x1oJs.
2.14 eV )and
wavelength 500 nm is incident on caesium metal ( work function
8. Light of the (i) kinetic energy (in eV) of the fastest
photoemission of electrons occurs. Calculate situation. ( Take he = 1240 eV.nm) (2024]
electron and (i) stopping potential for this the stopoing
wavelength 400nm is incident on the cathode of a photocell, calulate
19. When light of 600nm,
of theincident light isincreased to
potential recorded is 6V. Ifthe wavelength (Ans. 4.97V)
the new stopping potential. light that Our eyes can perceive is about
20.The minimum intensity of white entering our pupil
Calculate the number of photons of this light
0.1 nWm
(Take average wavelength of white light= 500 nm and
(area 4.0cm²) per second.
Planck's constant =6.6x10* Js ) [2024]
of earth is 1.388x10Wim?.
Howmany phau
sunlight reaching the surface that the phoo
M. Theenergy flux of incident on the earth per second? Assume
(nearly) per square meter are
x 10"Photons /ms]
the sunlight have wavelength of 550nm. [Ans. 4 Will
incident on potassium (work function 2.3 eV).
hLight of wavelength 600 nm is
longest wavelength that will cause
photoemission of electrons occurs? What is theeV.nm ) (2024]
photoemission of electrons? ( Take he = 1240

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