GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE, SIDDIPET

Final MBBS Part I - Subject: Community Medicine

UG practical exercises / solutions
 Statistical Problems with solution
1. Following data represents pulse rate of 21 individuals. Calculate its Mean, Median and
Mode.

60 70 76 74 65 62

64 65 77 73 76

80 90 64 64 63

78 68 65 70 87

Solution:

Mean (x̅ ) =
∑ of the observations
no . of observations

=
∑ xi
n

1491
= = 71
21

Median: first arrange the data in ascending order or descending order

th
(n+1)
Median = observation (since, n is odd)
2

= 11th observation

= 70

Mode = most frequently occurred observations

Mode = 64 and 65
This is Bio-Modal case.

2. Find the mean weight of 470 infants born in a hospital in one year from the following data.

Weight of 2.0–2.4 2.5–2.9 3.0–3.4 3.5–3.9 4.0–4.4 4.5–4.9

infants(kg)
No of 17 97 187 135 28 6
infants(f)

Solution:

Formula for Mean, when data is grouped (x̅ ) =

∑ fi × xi
∑ fi
Step1: finding middle value for class interval i.e. xi

UPPERCLASS + LOWER CLASS

MIDDLE CLASS =
2

step2: Multiplying mid value with frequency i.e. fi× xi

Step3: adding all frequency values and fi× xi values

I.e. ∑ fi and∑ fi × xi

Weight of Middle point of class No of infants(f) fi× xi

infants(kg) interval(xi)

2.0-2.4 2.2 17 37.4

2.5–2.9 2.7 97 261.9
3.0–3.4 3.2 187 598.4
3.5–3.9 3.7 135 499.5
4.0–4.4 4.2 28 117.6
4.5–4.9 4.7 6 28.2
Total 470 1543

MEAN (x̅ ) =
∑ fi × xi
∑ fi
MEAN (x̅ ) = 1543/470

= 3.28 kg weight of infant

 3. The average income of 10 lady doctors is Rs.40000 per month and that of 20 male doctors is
Rs.60000 per month, calculate the average income of all doctors.
Solution:

Given that, 10 lady doctors average income = 40000 per month

20 male doctors average income = 60000 per month

n 1 x 1+ n 2 x 2
Combined mean =
n 1+ n 2

Here, x̅ 1= 40000; x̅ 2= 60000; n1= 10; n2= 20

n 1 x 1+ n 2 x 2
Combined mean =
n 1+ n 2

10× 40000+20 × 60000

=
10+20

=1600000/30

=53,333.33 per month

4. find the median of Hb % levels of following data.

Hb level in gm% Frequency

9.1 – 10.0 10

10.1 – 11.0 21

11.1 – 12.0 67

12.1 – 13.0 170

13.1 – 14.0 84

14.1 – 15.0 29

15.1 – 16.0 4

Solution:
 Formula:
n
( – f ')i
Median= 2
Li+
fmed

step1. Calculating the total number of observations (N) and cumulative frequency
step2. Find the middle value observation I.e, N/2
step3. Find the frequency of the class interval previous to the median class interval. (f)
Step4. Finding median class interval. (fmed)
step5. Finding lower limit of the median class interval (Li)
step6. Finding length of the class interval (i).
Class interval Frequency Cumulative frequency

9.1 – 10.0 10 10
10.1 – 11.0 21 31
11.1 – 12.0 67 98
12.1 – 13.0 170 268
13.1 – 14.0 84 352
14.1 – 15.0 29 381
15.1 – 16.0 4 385
Total 385

Step7.
n
( – f ')i
Median= 2
Li+
fmed

Median = 12.1 + {(192.5-98)/170} × 1

= 12.1 + (94.5/170)

= 12.1+ 0.56

= 12.66 gm

5. Find the mode for the following distribution.

Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 5 8 7 12 28 20 10 10

Solution:

Here maximum frequency is 28.

Thus the class 40-50 is the modal class
h (f 1−f 0)
Formula for mode =L+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2
Where, L is the lower limit of modal class
h is the weight of class interval
f0 is the preceding frequency of the modal class
f1 is the frequency of the modal class
f2 is the succeeding frequency of the modal class

10(28−12)
mode = 40+
2 X 28−12−20

= 40+6.666 = 46.67

6. If the mean and median of a moderately asymmetrical series are 26.8 and 27.9 respectively.
What would be its most probable mode?

Solution:

Relation between mean, median and mode

Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean

Here given that, mean =26.8 and median= 27.9
Therefore, Mode = (3 X 27.9) – (2X26.8)
= 83.7- 53.6
=30.1
7. Systolic blood pressure in mmHg of five students is as follows:
115, 117, 121, 120, 118
Calculate Range, Mean deviation from mean and Coefficient of Mean deviation.

Solution:

1) step1. To calculate the Range, first find out minimum value

and maximum value in given observations.

Here minimum value is 115

and maximum value is 121

Step2. Subtracted from maximum value to minimum value

i.e. Range

RANGE = 121 – 115= 6

2) Mean deviation from Mean = (∑ |xi- x̅ |) /N

Mean = (115+117+121+120+118)/5 = 591/5

x̅ = 118

Xi |xi- x̅ |
115 3.2
117 1.2
121 3.2
120 2.2
118 0.2
Total 10

3) Mean deviation from Mean = (∑ |xi- x̅ |) /N

= 10/5

=2

4) Coefficient of Mean Deviation = mean deviation / Mean

= 2/118

=0.016
8. The distribution of age at the marriage of grooms with brides of age groups 15-39 is displayed.
Calculate the Mean deviation.
Age Group 15-19 19-23 23-27 27-31 31-35 35-39
(Years)

No of Grooms 8 59 47 23 4 4

Solution:

Class Fi Xi Fi x xi |xi- x̅ | Fi x |xi- x̅ |

intervals
15-19 8 17 136 7.117 56.936
19-23 59 21 1239 3.117 183.903
23-27 47 25 1175 0.883 41.501
27-31 23 29 667 4.883 112.309
31-35 4 33 132 8.883 35.532
35-39 4 37 148 12.883 51.532
Total 145 3497 481.713

Mean =Σfi × xi /Σfi

=3497/145
x̅ = 24.117

Mean deviation from Mean = (∑f|xi- x̅ |) /Σfi = 481.713/145 = 3.322 years

9. Find the mean respiratory rate per minute and its S.D, when in 9 cases the rate was found to
be 23, 22, 20, 24, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 21.
Solution:

formula for S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(x- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)) ; If sample size is less than 30, divide it by n-1

step1. The Mean of the observations is calculated.

 Mean = ∑x/n

x̅ =180 /9 = 20
step2. The deviation of each of the observation in the sample

from the mean, i.e. (xi- x ) is computed.

Step3. Squares of theses deviations are tabulated,

Sum of these squares i.e. ∑ (xi- x̅ )2 is obtained

Xi (xi – x̅ ) (xi - x̅ )2
23 3 9
22
2 4
20
0 0
24
4 16
16 -4 16
17
-3 9
18 -2 4
19 -1 1
21
1 1
Total 60

Step4: This sum ∑ (xi- x̅ )2 is divided by (n-1), If sample size is less than 30, divide it by n-1

step5: The Square root of variance gives Standard Deviation.

∑ (xi- x̅ )2 = 60; n= 9

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1))

= sqr. of (60/8) = sqr. Of (7.5)

= 2.73 respiratory rate per minute

10. Mid arm circumference (cm) of 5 male children's aged 4 months is given below. 14, 11, 11, 10, 12.
Calculate the Mean, Median, Mode and S.D.

Solution:

Mean = Σxi / n

= 58/5
 =11.6
th
(n+1)
Median = observation (since, n is odd)
2

= 3 rd observation

i.e. median = 11

Mode = most frequently occurred value

= 11

Calculation for S.D.:

Formula for S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)) ; If sample size is less than 30, divide it by n-1

step1. The Mean of the observations is calculated.

Mean = ∑xi/n

x̅ =11.6

step2. The deviation of each of the observation in the sample from the mean, i.e. (xi- x) is
computed.

Step3. Squares of theses deviations are tabulated Sum of these squares i.e. ∑ (xi- x) 2 is
obtained

Xi (xi – x̅ ) (xi - x̅ )2
14 2.4 5.76
11
-0.6 0.36
11 -0.6 0.36
10 -1.6 2.56
12
0.4 0.16

Total 9.2
Step4: This sum ∑ (xi- x̅ )2 is divided by (n-1), If sample size is less than 30, divide it by n-1

step5: The Square root of variance gives Standard Deviation.

∑ (xi- x̅ ) 2 =9.2; n= 5

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1))

= sqr. of (9.2/4)

= sqr. Of (2.3)

= 1.51

11. The calculate of S.D of intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 27 boys is given below as an example.
I.Q 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

Freq 3 4 3 4 13
.

Solution:

step1. Multiplying Xi with fi

step2. Calculating the Mean of the observations

step3. mean is subtracting from each observations Xi

step 4. squaring the above results.

step5. Multiplying (xi- x̅ )2 with fi

then we will get following table.

C.I Xi x fi |xi- x̅ | (xi- x̅ )2 (xi- x̅ )2 x fi
Xi Fi
 0-20 10 3
30 -54.81 3004.14 9012.41
20-40 30 4
120 -34.81 1211.74 4846.94
40-60 50 3
150 -14.81 219.34 658.01
60-80 70 4 280 5.19 26.94 107.74
80-100 90 13
1170 25.19 634.54 8248.97

TOTAL 27 1750 22874.07

Mean of x = ∑xi x fi / ΣFi

= 1750/27

x̅ = 64.81

S.D.= sqr. of ∑(xi- x̅ )2 × fi /ŋ-1

S.D.= sqr. of (22874.07/26)

= sqr. of (879.76)
= 29.66

12. The body surface area of five children are given. Calculate the mean, variance, standard deviation and
standard error.

Body Surface area

196 101 184 227 253
solution:

1) Mean = ∑xi/n
= 961/5

x̅ =192.2

2) S.D

formula for S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi - x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)) ; If sample size is less than 30, divide it by n-1

step1. The Mean of the observations is calculated.

Mean = ∑xi/n =1

step2. The deviation of each of the observation in the sample from the mean, i.e. (xi- x̅ ) is computed.
Step3. Squares of theses deviations are tabulate, Sum of these squares i.e. ∑ (xi - x̅ )2 is obtained
 Xi (xi – x̅ ) (xi - x̅ )2

196 3.8 14.44

101 -91.2 8317.44
184 -8.2 67.24
227 34.8 1211.04

253 60.8 3696.64

Total
13306.8

Step4: This sum ∑ (xi- x̅ )2 is divided by (n-1), where n is the number

of observations to get the variance.

step5: The Square root of variance gives Standard Deviation.

∑ (xi - x̅ )2 =13306.8; n= 5

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi - x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1))

= sqr. of (13306.8/4)

= sqr. Of (3326.7)

= 57.677

Variance = square of S.D.

= (57.67)²= 3325.82

Standard error = S.D. /√N

=57.67/√5

= 57.67/2.23

=25.86
13. Hb level of 10 individuals with mean=3, Median=89 and S.D.= 1.69. Describe the skewness of the data.
solution:

step1. skewness means frequency curve is not symmentrical about the Peak.

Step2. Karp Pearson described

Skewness =3(mean-Median)/S.D.

step3. if calculated quantity is positive , then skewness is right side skewness.

if calculation quantity is negative , then skewness is left sided skewness.

If calculation quantity is zero, then there no skewness

by the problem:

mean=3

median= 89
standard deviation = 1.69

skewness =3(mean- median)/S.D.

=3(3-89)/1.69

=-258/1.69

=-152

since, calculation quantity is negative

so, Skewness is towards to left side

Group Number Mean Standard

Deviation

Hb 10 10 2.6

Diastolic BP 10 81 6.9

14. Following table represents average and standard deviation of Hb level and diastolic B.P of 10
individuals. Which one has more variation?

Solution:

step1. given mean of first and second group of Hb ,Diastolic BP

 are x̅ 1=10 , x̅ 2 = 81

step2. and also given that standard deviations of first and second group

of Hb , Diastolic BP are σ1=2.6, σ2 = 6.9

step3. formula for the Coefficient of variation = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

here , for the two groups
coefficient of variation for first group= (σ1/ x̅ 1)x100

=(2.6/10)x100

=26%

coefficient of variation for second group =(σ2/ x̅ 2) ()x100

=(6.9/81)x100

=8.52%

conclusion: since, Coefficient of variation of Hb > Coefficient of variation of Diastolic

blood pressure.
Therefore, Hb varies more than Diastolic Blood pressure.

15. In a series of boys the mean systolic blood pressure was 120 and S.D was 10.In the same series mean
height and S.D were 160 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find which character shows greater variation?

Solution:

step1. given mean of systolic blood pressure was 120 and mean height is 160cm

are x̅ 1=120 , x̅ 2= 160

step2. and also given that standard deviations of first and second group

of Hb , height are σ1= 10, σ2 = 5

step3. formula for the

Coefficient of variation = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

here , for the two groups

coefficient of variation for first group= (σ1/ x̅ 1)x100

=(10/120)x100

=8.33%

coefficient of variation for second group =(σ2/ x̅ 2) ()x100

 =(5/160)x100

=3.125%
conclusion:
since, Coefficient of variation in systolic blood pressure > Coefficient of variation in height.

16. The following figures give the crude birth rate per 1000 people in India from 1968 to 1980.
Calculate the C.V.
Crude Birth Rate(X):17.1, 16.5, 15.8, 15.2, 14.3

Solution:

Formula for C.V. = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

Xi (xi- x̅ ) (xi- x̅ )²
17.1 1.32 1.7424
16.5 0.72 0.5184
15.8 0.02 0.0004
15.2 -0.58 0.3364
14.3 -1.48 2.1904
Total 4.788

Mean = ∑xi/n

= 78.9/5

x̅ = 15.78

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)

= sqr. of (4.788/4)

= sqr. Of (1.197)

= 1.094

C.V. = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

= (1.094/15.78) x 100
= 6.93

17. Find out which of the following is more consistent in scoring. Would you also accept him as a better
batsman? Why?

Batsman A: 5; 7; 16; 27; 39

Batsman B: 0; 4; 16; 21; 41

Solution:
 Formula for C.V. = (σ/x) x 100

X1i (x1i- x̅ 1) (x1i- x̅ 1)² X2i (x2i- x̅ 2) (x2i- x̅ 2)²

5 -13.8 190.44 0 -16.4 268.96
7 -11.8 139.24 4 -12.4 153.76
16 -2.8 7.84 16 -0.4 0.16
27 8.2 67.24 21 4.6 21.16
39 20.2 408.04 41 24.6 605.16
Total 812.8 total 1049.2

Mean = ∑xi/n

x̅ = 18.8

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi - x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)

= sqr. of (812.8/4)

= sqr. Of (203.2)

= 14.25

C.V. = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

= (14.25/18.8) x 100
= 75.79

Mean = ∑xi/n

= 82/5

x̅ = 16.4

S.D.= sqr. of ( ∑(xi- x̅ )2 /(ŋ-1)

= sqr. of (1049.2/4)

= sqr. Of (262.3)

= 16.19

C.V. = (σ/ x̅ ) x 100

= (16.19/16.4) x 100
= 98.71

Conclusion:
Coefficient of Variation in batsman A < Coefficient of Variation in batsman B
Hence, batsman A is better than batsman B.

18. From the following frequency distribution calculate the values of Quartiles.
i.e , Q1 ,Q2 & Q3
 Marks in 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Statistics
No. of 4 12 22 10 8 6 4
Students

Solution:

first quartile Q1= L+¿) χ h

second quartile Q2= =L+¿) χ h = Median

Third quartile Q3= =L+¿) χ h

Preparing table to find quartiles:

Class interval Frequency Cumulative

frequency
0-10 4 4
10-20 12 16
20-30 22 38
30-40 10 48
40-50 8 56
50-60 6 62
60-70 4 66
Total 66

first quartile Q1= L+¿) χ h

16.5−16
= 20 + X 10
22

= 20 + 0.22 =20.22

second quartile Q2=L+¿) × h = Median

33−16
= 20 + X 10
22
=27.72

Third quartile Q3 L+¿) ×h

49.5−48
= 40+ X 10
8
 = 41.875

19. Calculate the quartile deviation and Median for the following data and interpret on the results.
Monthly 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190 190-200
per capita
expenditure
classes (Rs.)

No. of 5 10 28 26 34
Families

Solution:
first quartile Q1= L+¿) × h
second quartile Q2= =L+¿) × h = Median

Third quartile Q3= =L+¿) × h

Quartile deviation = (Q3 – Q1)/2

Class interval Frequency Cumulative

frequency
150-160 5 5
160-170 10 15

170-180 28 43
180-190 26 69
190-200 34 103
Total 103
Preparing table to find quartiles:

first quartile Q1= L+¿) × h

25.75−15
= 170 + X 10
28
= 170 + 3.83 =173.83

second quartile Q2=L+¿) × h = Median

51.5−43
= 180+ X 10
26
=180+3.26 =183.26

Third quartile Q3 = L+¿) ×h

77.25−69
= 190+ X 10
34
= 190+2.42 =192.42

Quartile deviation = (Q3 – Q1)/2

= (192.42 – 173.83)/2
= 9.295

20. In a Community survey, estimate Sample Size when the prevalence rate of malnutrition
amongst children is about 40% with the allowable 5% error and 10% error.

Solution:

Given, Prevalence rate (p)=40%

allowable error (L)=5%

calculation:

p=40%

q=(100-40)=60%

allowable 5%

L=5% of 40%=2%

n= (4xpxq)/(L²)

n= (4x40x60)/(2² = ( 4x40x60)/4 = 2400

 2,400 children are to be examined to estimate the malnutrition amongst children with 5% error

if we calculate for 10% error depending upon our resources, then

L= 10% of 40%=4

n= (4xpxq)/L2

n= (4x40x60)/16

= 600

only 600 children are to be examine to estimate the malnutrition amongst children

with an error of 10%

21. The menstrual cycle of a woman follows normal distribution with 28 days of mean and 2 days
of Std. deviation. Assuming the menstrual cycle follows normal distribution, find what % of
woman will have menstrual cycle between 26 and 34 days.

Solution:

z = x- x̅ /S.D.

Z=26-28/2

= -1

Z = x- x̅ /S.D.

Z = 34-28/2
= 6/2
=3

(Area from 0 to -1) + (Area from 0 to 3)

= 0.3413+ 0.4987

= 0.84

= 84% of women will have menstrual cycle between 26 and 32 days.

 22. In a study undertaken by the department of Community Medicine to find out the factors
associated with hypertension, the following data was collected. The data gives the details of
mean Anxiety scores and standard deviation among hypertensive and normal.
Test whether there is a significant difference between Mean Anxiety Scores of
Hypertensive and Normal at 5% level of significance, table value of Z is 1.96

Group Number Mean Standard Deviation

Hypertensive 219 5.91 4.65
Normal 590 3.90 3.38
Solution:

Null hypothesis H₀: μ₁ = μ₂ (Anxiety Scores are same among Hypertensive &Normal)

Alternative hypothesis H1 : μ₁ ǂ μ₂ (Anxiety Scores are not same among Hypertensive &
Normal

The test Statistic is:

Ӏ ZӀ = | X̄ ₁ - X̄ ₂| / √ ((σ₁²/n₁) + (σ₂²/n₂))

= Ӏ5.91-3.9Ӏ / √ ((4.65)²/219) + ((3.38)²/590))

= 2.01 / √ ((21.62/219) + (11.42/590))

= 2.01 / √ (0.098 +0.019) = 2.01 / √ (0.117) = 2.01 / 0.342 = 5.87

Inference:

At 5% level of significance, table value of Z is 1.96

And conclude that Mean Anxiety Score is not the same among Hypertensive and Normal.

23. A double blind controlled study was carried out with new drug (A)and standard drug (B)and the
results are given the drug (A)and (B)were administered to reduce blood pressure in patients suffering from
hypertension.

Can you infer that the new drug is more effective than the standard drug in reducing the B.P.?

at 5% level of significance, table value of Z is 1.96

Drug MEAN SD mmHg NO OF

REDUCTION PATIENTS
A 15 3 50

B 12 2 50

Solution:
 Null hypothesis HO: new drug and Std. are equally effective in reducing B.P.

Null hypothesis H1: new drug is more effective than Std. drug in reducing B.P.

The test statistics is:

x 1−x̅ ₂

√
3 3
| Z |= 61 2 6 2 2 = = = 5.89
+ √ 0.26 0.059
n1 n2

Inference:

at 5% level of significant the table value of | Z | = 1.96

Since, Z cal > Z table

Hence, we are Reject H0 and Accept H1

Therefore, new drug is more effective than the standard drug in reducing blood pressure.

24. Mean Haemoglobin level of 20 children's was 10.6 gm/dl. Is it significantly from population
mean value of 11.0 gm/dl with a standard deviation of 0.15?
z
(Test at 5% level tab= 1.96)

Solution:
Null hypothesis (H0): (population mean) μ =11
Alternative hypothesis (H1): (population mean) μ ≠11 (two tailed )
Test statistic Z= x̅ - μ (σ /√n)
x̅ =10.6
μ = 11.0
σ = 0.15
n= 20

Z=| x̅ - μ| /(σ /√n)

Z=|10.6 – 11.0| /(.15 /√20)

= |-0.4|/.033
Z=|-12.12|
IZI =12.12> 1.96, at 5% level of significance.
Hence, we reject the null hypothesis (H0)

Conclusion: population mean value not equal to 11.

25. The following table represents the study undertaken by the community medicine department to find
the association between hypertension and obesity.
 Obesity Disease Total
Yes No
Yes 113 195 308
No 106 395 501
Total 219 590 809

Based on the data find out whether there is any association between obesity and hypertension

Note: Given the table value of×2=3.84at 5% level of significance for d.f.=1

Solution:

Null hypothesis H0: obesity and hypertension are not associated.

Null hypothesis H1: obesity and hypertension are associated.

2
2 N (ad −bc)
× =
(a +c)(b+d )(a+ b)(c+ d)

= 809{(113×395) – (195×106)} ² / (113+106) (195+395) (113+195) (106+395)

= 809×23652×23652 / 219×590×308×501

= 23.30

At 5% level of significance the calculated value ×2 is more than the table value.

Hence, reject H0 at 5% level of significance

Inference: obesity and hypertension are associated.

26. In a cohort study of smoking and lung cancers, the observations are given in the table, find whether
There is any association between smoking and lung cancer.

Group Lung Cancer Total

Yes No
Smokers 38 62 100
Non-smokers 16 109 125
Total 54 171 225

Given that the table value of

X2 =3.84 at 5% level of significance for D.F. =1
X2=6.64 at 1% level of significance for D.F. =1

Solution:

H0: There is no association between cancer and smoking

H1: There is an association between cancer and smoking

 2
2 (38 ×109−62 ×16) × 225
Χ observed = = 19.34
54 × 171× 100 ×125

for d.f. = 1, X2 = 0.01(1% level of significance) = 6.64

X2= 0.05(at 5% level of significance) = 3.84

Inference:

Since, X2 observed > X2 0.01 ; X2 observed > X2 0.05 for DF=1, Reject Ho at both 1% & 5% level
of significance and infer that smoking is associated with lung cancer.

27. In a filarial survey, the no of people with or without filarial infestation in both sexes is
calculated find out whether there is any association between sex and filarial disease.

Sex Disease Total

Yes No
Male 28 237 265
Female 20 222 242
Total 48 459 507
Given that the table value of

X2 =3.84 at 5% level of significance for d.f.=1

X2 = 6.64 at 1% level of significance for d.f.=1

Solution:

H0: There is no association between sex and filarial disease.

H1: There is an association between sex and filarial disease.
2
2 (28 ×222−237 ×20) × 225
Χ observed = = 0.34
48× 459 ×265 × 242
For d.f. = 1: Χ 2 = 0.01(at 1% level of significance) = 6.64
2
Χ =¿.0.05 (at 5% level of significance) = 3.84
Since, Χ 2 calculated< Χ 2 0.01 for D.F. =1
2 2
Χ calculated < Χ 0.05 for D.F. =1
Fail to reject Ho at both 1% & 5% level of significance

Inference:
No association between sex and filarial disease.

28. A new vaccine on measles was tried in the community. Test the hypothesis whether the
vaccine is effective for measles or not
 Measles vaccination Measles vaccination not Total
taken taken
Suffered 11 32 43

Not suffered 331 224 555

Total 342 256 598

Given that the table value of

X2 =3.84 at 5% level of significance for d.f.=1
X2 = 6.64 at 1% level of significance for d.f.=1

Solution:

Ho = There is no association between measles vaccination and suffering from

Measles.

H1 = There is an association between measles vaccination and suffering from

Measles.
2
2 N (ad −bc)
Χ =
(a +c)(b+d )(a+ b)(c+ d)
2
598×(11× 224−32× 331)
= = 18.91%
342× 256 × 43× 555
2 2
Χ Calculated is more than Χ table at both 1% and 5% level of significance.
Reject Ho and accept H1.
Inference:

Therefore there is an association between measles vaccination and suffering from measles.

Vital Statistics with Solution

1. The 1991 census population of India was 856 million and it was 1027 million in 2001 census.
Estimate the mid-year population in the year 2002 and 2010.

Solution:
 Mid- year population in
6 6
61027 ×10 −826 ×10 1
P2002 = 1027 ×10 + ×1
10 3

= 1053.8 millions

Mid-year population in
6 6
1027 ×10 −826 ×10 1
P2010 = 1027 ×10 6 + ×9
10 3

= 1214.6 millions

2. The midyear population of a town was 2, 00,000 in 2000.The following vital rates were observed
during the year in that town.

Crude Birth Rate, CBR = 24/ 1000 population

Crude Death Rate, CDR = 7/ 1000 population
Infant Mortality Rate, IMR = 65/ 1000 live births
Neonatal Mortality Rate, NMR = 26/ 1000 live births
Maternal Mortality Rate, MMR = 3/ 1000 live births

Calculate the following for that year.

Total number of live births
Total number of deaths
Total number of infant deaths
Total number of neonatal deaths
Post neonatal deaths
Maternal deaths

Solution:

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

Total number of Live births = CBR x Mid-year population / 1000

= 24 x 2, 00,000 / 1000 = 4,800

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = ×1000
mid year population

Total number of deaths = CDR x Mid-year population / 1000

= 7 x 2, 00,000 / 1000

=1400
 Total no . of infant deaths
c) Infant mortality rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

Total number of Infant deaths = 65 x 4800 /1000

= 312

total no . of neonatal deaths

d) Neonatal mortality rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

Total number of Neonatal deaths = NMR x 4800/ 1000

= 26 x 48/10 = 124.5 ~= 125

e) Post neonatal deaths = Infant deaths – Neonatal deaths

= 312 – 125

= 187

Total no . of maternal deaths

f) Maternal Mortality Rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

Total number of Maternal Deaths = 3 x 4800/1000

= 14.4 ~= 14

3. The midyear population of the town was 4 lakhs in 2003. The following vital events were observed
During the same year. Calculate the vital rates.

a) Total no of live births = 12800

b) Total no of deaths =4400

c) Total no of infants deaths = 1050

d) Total no of neonatal deaths = 384

Solution:

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

12800
= × 1000 = 32/1000 population
400000

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = × 1000
Mid year population

4400
= = 11/1000 population
400000
 c) Growth rate = CBR – CDR = 32-11 = (21÷1000) ×100=2.1٪
Total no . of infant deaths 1050 82
d) Infant mortality rate = ×1000= ×1000= live births
total no . of live births 12800 1000

total no . of neonatal deaths

e) Neonatal mortality rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

384 30
= ×1000= live births
12800 1000

f) Post neonatal mortality rate = IMR-NMR = 82-30 = 52/1000 live births

4. The 1991 census population of a town was 3, 20,000 and it was 3, 40,000 in 2001 census.
a) Total no. of live births = 12134
b) Total no. of deaths = 3467
c) Total no. of infants deaths = 960
d) Total no. of neonatal deaths = 360
Calculate all possible vital rates for the town in the year 2004.
Solution:
340000−320000 1
Mid-year population = 340000 + ×3 = 346667
10 3

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

12134 35
= × 1000= live births
346667 1000

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = ×1000
mid year population
3467 10
= × 1000= live births
346667 1000

25
c) Growth rate = CBR- CDR = 35 – 10 = ×100=2.5 %
1000

total no . of infant deaths 960

d) Infant mortality rate = ×1000= ×1000
total no . of live births 12134

79
¿ live births
1000

total no . of neonatal deaths 360

e) Neonatal mortality rate = ×1000= × 1000
total no . of live births 12134

29
¿ live births
1000
f) Post neonatal mortality rate = IMR-NMR = 79-29 = 50/1000 live birth

5. The 1996 mid-population of a PHC area was 32000.the following vital events were recorded
1996 in that area. calculate all possible rates from 1996
a)total no of live births :864
b)total no of deaths:288
c)total no of infants deaths:63
d)total no of neonataldeaths:26

Solution:

Mid-year population = 32000

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

864 27
= ×1000= live births
32000 1000

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = ×1000
mid year population
288 9
= ×1000= live births
32000 1000

18
c) Growth rate = CBR- CDR = 27 – 9 = ×100=1.8 %
1000

total no . of infant deaths 63 73

d) Infant mortality rate = ×1000= × 1000 ¿ live births
total no . of live births 864 1000

total no . of neonatal deaths 26

e) Neonatal mortality rate = ×1000= × 1000
total no . of live births 864

30
¿ live births
1000

f) Post neonatal mortality rate = IMR-NMR = 73-30 = 43/1000 live birth

6. The mid year population of a town was 2,28,000 in 2004.

The following vital rates were given for same year
CBR=26/1000 population
CDR=10/1000 population
IMR=58/1000 live births
 NMR=12/1000 live births
Calculate possible vital events

Solution:

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

Total number of Live births = CBR x Mid-year population / 1000

= 26 x 2, 28,000 / 1000

= 5928

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = ×1000
mid year population

Total number of deaths = CDR x Mid-year population / 1000

= 10 x 2, 28,000 / 1000

=2280

Total no . of infant deaths

c) Infant mortality rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

Total number of Infant deaths = 58 x 5928 /1000

= 343.8 ~= 344

total no . of neonatal deaths

d) Neonatal mortality rate = ×1000
total no . of live births

Total number of Neonatal deaths = NMR x 4800/ 1000

= 12 x 5928/1000 = 63.5 ~= 66

e) Post neonatal deaths = Infant deaths – Neonatal deaths

= 344 – 66

= 278

7. In a town with mid-year population of 150,000 following vital events occurred

Total live births 3200
 Total deaths 1400
Infant deaths 270
Maternal deaths 10
Calculate :
(1) Crude birth rate
(2) Crude death rate
(3) Infant mortality rate and
(4) Maternal mortality rate.

Solution:

Mid-year population = 150,000

total no . of live births

a) Crude birth rate = × 1000
mid year population

3200 21
= ×1000= live births
150000 1000

total no . of deaths
b) Crude death rate = ×1000
mid year population
1400 9
= ×1000= live births
150000 1000

12
c) Growth rate = CBR- CDR = 21 – 9 = ×100=1.2 %
1000

total no . of infant deaths 270 84

d) Infant mortality rate = ×1000= ×1000 ¿ live births
total no . of live births 3200 1000

total no . of Maternal deaths 10

e) Maternal mortality rate = × 1000= ×1000
total no . of live births 3200

3
¿ live births
1000

8. In a population of 10,000 there were 200 cases of TB on 1stjan 2003. There were 40 new cases of TB
during the same year, out of which 10 died due to TB, 15 were cured and 5 migrated to another
community. Calculate the following.

a) Period prevalence for the year 2003

b) Point prevalence on 31stdec 2003

c) Incidence of TB in 2003 and

d) Case fatality rate of TB

Solution:

240
Period prevalence = ×100=2.4 %
10000

210
Point prevalence = ×100=2.1 %
10000

40
Incidence of TB in 2003 = × 1000=4.8 per 1000 population
9800

10
Case fatality rate = ×100=4.1 %
240