INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

BASIC INFORMATION

Title: Introduction to Chemistry for Engineers

Code: CHM 111
Semester: Fall 2022
Credit Hrs: 3
Course duration: 7 weeks
Final Exam: week 8

Instructor:
Prof. Ahmed Abd El Moneim
ahmed.abdelmoneim@ejust.edu.eg
 Biography

• Received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Chemistry from Faculty of

Science, Cairo University in Egypt.
• Received his Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from
Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
• Post Doc and visiting fellowship in IMR, TIT and IFW in Japan and
Germany for 6 years.
• Joined E-JUST since 2009.
• Founding chairperson of Materials Science and Engineering
Department
• Dean of Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, E-JUST during the period
of 2018-2022.
• Founding director of Graphene Center of Excellence for Energy and
Electronic Applications, E-JUST.
Weighting of Assessment

Assessment Type Weight, %

Attendance 15
Assignment 15
Case Study x
Presentation x
Final Exam mark 80
Total 110
 References

• Course Notes
Course notes will be handed to students after each
Lecture
• Reference Books
- Xxx
- Xxx
• Office Hours:
B 8, Room G28, Sunday 2-4 pm
 COURSE CONTENTS

• Introduction to Electrochemistry Module: 2-3

weeks
• Introduction to Thermochemistry Module: 2-3
weeks
• Acid-Base Module: 1 week
• Molecular Bonding Module: 1 Week
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry Applications in Engineering Life
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY MODULE CONTENT

• Oxidation States/Oxidation Number

• Balancing Oxidation-reduction Equations
• Galavanic/Voltaic Cell
• Cell EMF
• Spontaneity of Redox Reactions
• The Effect of Concentration On EMF
• Electrolytic Cell
• Applications
 Battery
 Corrosion
 Electroplating
 What is electrochemistry?

It’s a relationship between electricity and

chemical reactions.
 But how??
Can Chemical Reaction create Electricity?

Can Electricity can make chemical reactions happen

that wouldn’t happen otherwise?
 What is electricity?

Is the movement of electrons through something such as

circuit, wire, atoms
 Electrons flow through a conductor in response to an electrical
potential difference similar to water flowing downhill in response
to a difference in gravitational potential energy (gPE).

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 Current and Ohm’s Law

• Current is the number of electrons that flow through the

system per second.
Unit = ampere
• 1 ampere of current is equal to a charge of 1 coulomb
flowing in 1 second.

V = IR

ρ is the resistivity
A characteristic property of each material
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 What is a Chemical Reaction?
A chemical reaction is in which the bonds are broken within reactant
molecules, and new bonds are formed within product molecules in order to
form a new substance and expressed by chemical equation: A + B → C + D
Types of Chemical Reactions
• Combustion reaction

• Decomposition
• Neutralization Reaction
NaOH + HCl ---- NaCl +H2O
• Precipitation Reaction
• Redox (REDuction-Oxidation) reaction
is a reaction in which there is a transfer of
electrons between chemical species.
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 Redox Reactions and Current
• Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from
one substance to another.

• Therefore, redox reactions have the potential to

generate an electric current.
• To use that current, we need to separate the place
where oxidation is occurring from the place where
reduction is occurring.
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 But How??

Can use generated current

Cannot use generated current
 Oxidation and Reduction
• Oxidation is the process that occurs when
– an element loses electrons,

Oxidation: I− → IO3− + 6 e−
– a compound adds oxygen,
– a half- cell reaction has electrons as products,
– the oxidation number of an element increases,

• Reduction is the process that occurs when

– an element gains electrons,
Reduction: Cl2 + 2 e− → 2 Cl−
– a half-reaction reaction has electrons as reactants
– a compound loses oxygen,
– the oxidation number of an element decreases
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 Oxidizing agents and Reducing agents

(GER)

+ve -ve

(LEO)

To make an oxidation some species has to take electrons: This called oxidizing agent B
An oxidizing agent makes oxidation happen
To make a reduction some species has to give electrons. This called reducing agent
A Reducing agent makes reduction happens
 Half-Reactions
• We generally split the redox reaction into two separate
half-reactions—a reaction just involving oxidation or
reduction.
– The oxidation half-reaction has electrons as products.
– The reduction half-reaction has electrons as reactants.

Oxidation: I− → IO3− + 6 e−

Reduction: Cl2 + 2 e− → 2 Cl−

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Oxidation Number
• The oxidation number is basically the count of electrons that atoms in a
molecule can share (lose or gain) while forming chemical bonds with other
atoms of a different element.
• Oxidation number is also referred to as oxidation state.
Example: Immersion of Zn metal in CuSO4 solution
 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
1. Elements in their elemental form have an oxidation number of 0.
O2 = 0, O3 = 0, P4 = 0, S8= 0 , Zn & Al = 0.

2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as its charge.

Na+ = +1 , Al3+ = +3, Cl- = -1 , Br- = -1

3. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is 0.

H2O: 2(+1) + (-2) = 0
SO2: (+4) + 2(-2) = 0
MgO: (+2)+(-2) =0
4. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is the charge
on the ion.
SO42-: (+6) + 4(-2) = -2
MnO4− : (+7) + 4(-2) = -1
 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
5. The oxidation number of hydrogen is -1 when it is combined
with a metal as in: NaH and LiAlH4.
NaH: Na (+1) + H (?) = 0 H = -1 H is more
electronegative than Na

LiAlH4 : Li (+1) +Al (+3 )+ 4 H(?) = 0 H = -1

6. Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2. Exceptions

include molecules and polyatomic ions that contain O-O bonds,
such as O2, O3, H2O2, and the O22- ion.
O22- : 2O = -2 O = -2/2 O=-1
H2O2: 2(+1) + 2 O = 0 O = -1
 What is the oxidation number of Cl in perchlorate ion
Cl(?) + 3(-2) = -1 Cl = +5

Practice yourself
What is the oxidation number of F in UF6 compound
(+6) + 6F(?) =0 F = -1

Practice yourself

What is the oxidation number of S in H2SO4

2(+1) + S(?) + 4(-2) = 0 S = +6

Practice yourself
ZnH2 & What is the oxidation number of H in ZnH2
(+2) + 2H(?) = 0 H = -1
H2O2
 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations

Consider the reaction between MnO4− and C2O42−:

MnO4−(aq) + C2O42−(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + CO2(aq)

unbalanced redox equation

16 H+ + 2 MnO4− + 5 C2O42− 

2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2

balanced redox equation

 Balancing Redox Reaction
Using Half Reaction Method In Acidic Solution

Example 1
Consider the reaction between MnO4− and C2O42−:
MnO4−(aq) + C2O42−(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + CO2(aq)
-3 +2
Unbalanced redox reaction
 1. Assign oxidation numbers both R & P

First, we assign oxidation numbers.

+7 +3 +2 +4

MnO4− + C2O42-  Mn2+ + CO2

Since the manganese goes from +7 to +2, it is reduced.
Since the carbon goes from +3 to +4, it is oxidized.
2. Separate into half-reactions

C2O42−  CO2 Oxidation

MnO4−  Mn2+ Reduction

3. Balance Each Half Cell Reaction/Oxidation
C2O42−  CO2

To balance the carbon, we add a coefficient

of 2:
C2O42−  2 CO2
-2 0
The oxygen is now balanced as well. To
balance the charge, we must add 2
electrons to the right side.
C2O42−  2 CO2 + 2 e−
4. Balance Each Half Cell Reaction/Reduction
MnO4−  Mn2+
The manganese is balanced; to balance the
oxygen in both sides, we must add 4 waters
to the right side.
MnO4−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O

To balance the hydrogen in both side, we add

8 H+ to the left side.
8 H+ + MnO4−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O
 Reduction Half-Reaction

8 H+ + MnO4−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O

+7 +2
To balance the charge, we add 5 e− to
the left side.

5 e− + 8 H+ + MnO4−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O

 5. Combining the Half-Reactions

Now we evaluate the two half-reactions

together:
C2O42−  2 CO2 + 2 e−
5 e− + 8 H+ + MnO4−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O

To attain the same number of electrons

on each side, charge balance of Redox
Reaction, we will multiply the first
reaction by 5 and the second by 2.
 Combining the Half-Reactions

5 C2O42−  10 CO2 + 10 e−

10 e− + 16 H+ + 2 MnO4−  2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O

When we add these together, we get:

10 e− + 16 H+ + 2 MnO4− + 5 C2O42− 

2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2 +10 e−
 Combining the Half-Reactions

10 e− + 16 H+ + 2 MnO4− + 5 C2O42− 

2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2 +10 e−

The only thing that appears on both sides are the

electrons. Subtracting them, we are left with:

16 H+ + 2 MnO4− + 5 C2O42− 

2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2
 2nd example

Cr2O72-(aq) + SO32-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

 How can we balance this equation?
 First Steps:
 Assign oxidation numbers
 Separate into half-reactions.
 Balance elements except H and O.
 Assign oxidation numbers both R & P

+6 +4 +3 +6

Cr2O72-(aq) + SO32-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

H and 2-O.
SO3 : S + 3(-2) = -2 S= 4
SO42- : S + 4(-2) = -2 S= 6
Cr2O72- : 2Cr + 7(-2) =-2 Cr = 6
 Example 1: Separate into half-reactions

 Cr2O72-(aq) Cr3+(aq) Reduction

 SO32-(aq) SO42-(aq) Oxidation

 2. Balance Each Half Cell Reaction/Reduction

Cr2O72-(aq) Cr3+(aq)
• To balance the no of Cr species we add a coefficient of 2
Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq)

• To balance the oxygen, we must add 7 waters to the

right side.
Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O

• To balance the hydrogen, we add 14 H+ to the left side

14 H+ + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O
+12 +3
• To balance the charge, we add 6 e− to the left side.
6 e− + 14 H+ + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O
 2. Balance Each Half Cell Reaction/Oxidation -

SO32-(aq) SO42-(aq)
• To balance the oxygen, we must add 1 waters to the
right side.
H2O + SO32-(aq) SO42-(aq)

• To balance the hydrogen, we add 14 H+ to the left side

H2O + SO32-(aq) SO42-(aq) + 2 H+
-2 0
• To balance the charge, we add 2 e− to the left side
H2O + SO32-(aq) SO42-(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
Combining the Half-Reactions and Balance
electrons in Full balanced Equation

 14H+ + 6e- + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

 3[H2O +SO32- SO42- + 2e- + 2H+]

Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + 8H+ 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 4H2O

 Summary on How Balance Oxidation-Reduction
Equations
The Half–Reaction Method for Balancing Equations for Oxidation–
Reduction Reactions Occurring in Acidic Solution

1. Write separate equations for the oxidation and

reduction half–reactions.
2. For each half–reaction:
A. Balance all the elements except H and O.
B. Balance O using H2O.
C. Balance H using H+.
D. Balance the charge using electrons.
 How to Balancing Oxidation-Reduction
Equations? Continue
3. If necessary, multiply one or both balanced
half–reactions by an integer to equalize the
number of electrons transferred in the two
half–reactions.
4. Add the half–reactions, and cancel identical
species.
5. Check that the elements and charges are
balanced.
 1st Lecture Assignment

Balance these redox equation using oxidation number

change method.

Br–(aq) + MnO4–(aq) Br2(l)+ Mn2+(aq)

 Electrochemical Cells
The conversion between chemical energy and electrical
energy is carried out in an electrochemical cell.
An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either
generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or
using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions.
Therefore, we have two types of electrochemical cells:
• Spontaneous redox reactions take place in a voltaic
cell.
• Nonspontaneous redox reactions can be made to
occur in an electrolytic cell by the addition of
electrical energy.

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