(ii) Lustrous non-metal – Iodine (I)

(iii) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature – Mercury (Hg)
(iv) Most malleable and ductile metal – Gold (Au)
(v) Metal that is the best conductor of electricity – Silver (Ag)
(vi) Non-metal that can exist in different forms – Carbon (C) (exists as diamond,
graphite, and fullerene)
(b) How are alloys better than metals?
• Alloys are stronger, more corrosion-resistant, and more durable than
pure metals.
• They often have improved hardness, lower melting points, and
enhanced electrical or thermal properties compared to individual
metals.
Composition of Solder and Amalgam:
• Solder – Alloy of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn)
• Amalgam – Alloy of mercury (Hg) with other metals (such as silver, tin,
or copper, commonly used in dental fillings)
Q2. Answer: (a) Among magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), and iron (Fe),
magnesium reacts the fastest with dilute hydrochloric acid because it is the
most reactive metal among the three. The reaction produces hydrogen gas,
leading to the highest rate of bubble formation. The reaction is exothermic, so
the thermometer in the test tube containing magnesium would show the
highest temperature.
(b) (i) Hydrogen gas does not evolve when a metal reacts with dilute nitric acid
because nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. Instead of releasing hydrogen
gas, the hydrogen gets oxidized to water (H₂O), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) or
nitric oxide (NO) is produced depending on the concentration of nitric acid.
(b) (ii) The type of reaction used to determine the reactivity of metals is called
a displacement reaction (also known as a single displacement reaction).
How to decide reactivity:
If you have two metals, X and Y, you can determine their relative reactivity by
reacting them with a salt solution of each other’s metal ions (e.g., X with Y's
salt solution and vice versa).
• If metal X displaces metal Y from its salt solution, then X is more
reactive than Y.
• If no reaction occurs, Y is more reactive than X.
This is based on the reactivity series of metals, where more reactive
metals can replace less reactive metals from their compounds in
solution.
Q3. Answer: (a) Electrolytic reduction is used for metals that are highly
reactive with air and water, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. These
metals cannot be reduced using common reducing agents like carbon. Instead,
they are extracted using electrolysis of their molten salts.
(b) Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent for aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)
because aluminium has a very high affinity for oxygen and forms a very stable
oxide. The Ellingham diagram shows that the free energy change (ΔG) for the
formation of Al₂O₃ is much more negative than that of CO₂ or CO. This means
that carbon is not strong enough to reduce Al₂O₃. Instead, aluminium is
extracted using the electrolysis of molten alumina (Hall-Héroult process).
(c) Differentiate between roasting and calcination with chemical equations.
Roasting Calcination
It is the process of heating sulfide It is the process of heating carbonate
ores in the presence of oxygen to or hydrated ores in the absence or
convert them into oxides. limited supply of air to remove
volatile impurities.
Used for sulfide ores like ZnS, Cu₂S, Used for carbonate and hydroxide
PbS, etc. ores like CaCO₃, Fe₂O₃·xH₂O, etc.
Q4. Answer: (a) Position of Iron in the Reactivity Series and Its Ores

Iron is placed below aluminium but above hydrogen in the reactivity

series of metals. This means it is moderately reactive and can be
extracted from its ores using reduction methods.
Iron is found in nature in the following ore forms:

1. Hematite (Fe₂O₃)
2. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)

3. Limonite (Fe₂O₃·xH₂O)
4. Siderite (FeCO₃)

(b) Difference Between Roasting and Calcination

Roasting Calcination
It is the process of heating an It is the process of heating an
ore in the presence of oxygen. ore in the absence of oxygen.
Used for sulfide ores (e.g., ZnS, Used for carbonate ores
Cu₂S). (e.g., CaCO₃, FeCO₃).
Converts sulfide ores into Converts carbonate ores into
oxides by releasing SO₂ gas. oxides by releasing CO₂ gas.

Example of Roasting:

Example of Calcination:

(c) Methods to Prevent Rusting/Corrosion

1. Galvanization:
 o A layer of paint or oil prevents the exposure of iron to air and
moisture.
o Example: Iron gates, bridges, and machinery are painted.

OR

(d) Aluminium is used to join railway tracks and repair cracked machine
parts of iron using the thermite reaction. This is because aluminium is
highly reactive and can reduce iron oxide to molten iron, which then
solidifies and joins the broken parts.

Reaction:

This reaction generates a high temperature (~2500°C), melting the iron

and allowing it to weld the parts together.
Q5. Answer: Balanced chemical equations for each reaction:
1. When Mercuric Oxide (HgO) is Heated:
o Mercuric oxide decomposes into mercury and oxygen gas.

2. When a Mixture of Cuprous Oxide (Cu₂O) and Cuprous Sulphide (Cu₂S)

is Heated:
o The reaction between Cu₂O and Cu₂S produces copper metal and
sulfur dioxide gas.
 o Aluminium reduces ferric oxide to molten iron with the release of
heat.

4. When Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO₃) Undergoes Calcination:

o Zinc carbonate decomposes into zinc oxide and carbon dioxide.

These reactions are commonly used in metallurgy and industrial applications.

Q6. Answer: Type of Ore and Example
The brisk effervescence observed when an ore reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid (HCl) indicates the release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas. This suggests that
the ore is a carbonate ore because carbonate compounds react with acids to
release CO₂.
• Type of Ore: Carbonate Ore
• Example: Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO₃) – Smithsonite
Steps to Obtain Metal from the Enriched Ore
The extraction of metal from carbonate ores involves the following steps:
1. Calcination:
o The carbonate ore is heated in the absence of air to decompose it
into metal oxide and release CO₂ gas.
o Reaction:

2. Reduction of Metal Oxide to Metal:

o The metal oxide obtained is reduced to metal using carbon (C) or
carbon monoxide (CO).
o Reaction:
Overall Process
1. Reaction with HCl (Effervescence Due to CO₂ Release):

2. Calcination (Decomposition of Carbonate Ore):

3. Reduction of Zinc Oxide to Zinc Metal:

This process is commonly used for extracting metals like zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca),
and magnesium (Mg) from their carbonate ores.
Q7. Answer:
Given Information:
• Metal A reacts violently with cold water, and the gas evolved catches
fire.
• Metal B when dipped in water starts floating.
• Metal C does not react with cold or hot water but reacts with steam.
• Metal D does not react with water at all.
Identifying the Metals:
1. Metal A: Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K)
o Alkali metals like Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K) react violently
with cold water, producing hydrogen gas, which catches fire.
2. Metal B: Calcium (Ca)
o Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas, making it float due to hydrogen bubbles sticking to
its surface.
 4. Metal D: Copper (Cu)
o Copper is an unreactive metal that does not react with water,
even with steam.
Final Answer:
• A ⟶ Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K)
• B ⟶ Calcium (Ca)
• C ⟶ Magnesium (Mg)
• D ⟶ Copper (Cu)
Reaction Equations:
1. Sodium Reaction (Metal A):

(Hydrogen gas catches fire.)

2. Calcium Reaction (Metal B):

(Hydrogen gas makes calcium float.)

3. Magnesium Reaction (Metal C with Steam):

4. Copper Reaction (Metal D):

Q8. Answer: (i) In the electrolytic refining of copper, a pure copper strip is used
as the cathode, and an impure copper block is used as the anode.
(ii) The solution used in this process is acidified copper sulfate solution, and its
chemical formula is CuSO₄.
copper. Impurities settle as anode mud at the bottom.
Q9. Answer: (a) The colour of the ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) solution will remain
unchanged in the glass where copper is added.
Explanation:
• Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) contains Fe²⁺ ions, which give it a pale green
colour.
• A displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive metal displaces a
less reactive one from its compound.
• Copper is less reactive than iron (as per the reactivity series), so it
cannot displace Fe²⁺ from ferrous sulphate.
• As a result, the solution remains pale green in the glass with copper.
(b) The solution will fade in colour in the glasses where zinc and aluminium are
added.
Explanation:
• Zinc and aluminium are more reactive than iron, meaning they can
displace Fe²⁺ ions from FeSO4 solution.
• The reaction occurs as follows:
o For zinc:

o For aluminium:

• As Fe²⁺ ions are replaced by Zn²⁺ or Al³⁺, the green colour of the solution
fades.
• Also, iron gets deposited on the zinc/aluminium surface.
Thus, the solution fades in colour when zinc or aluminium is added but
remains unchanged with copper.
Reaction:

(b) Amphoteric oxides are metal oxides that react with both acids and bases
to form salt and water. This means they show both acidic and basic properties.
Example: Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)
• Reaction with Acid (HCl):

• Reaction with Base (NaOH):

(c) (i) Na₂O (s) + H₂O (l) ⟶

(Sodium oxide reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide.)

(ii) Al₂O₃ (s) + 2NaOH (aq) ⟶

(Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium aluminate.)

Q11. Answer: (1) Electron-Dot Structure of CaO
The electron-dot structure (Lewis structure) of calcium oxide (CaO) shows the
transfer of electrons:
• Calcium (Ca) has 2 valence electrons, which it donates to achieve a
stable noble gas configuration.
• Oxygen (O) needs 2 electrons to complete its octet.
• After the transfer, Ca²⁺ and O²⁻ ions are formed, held together by strong
electrostatic forces.
The Lewis structure: