Chemistry (CHEM-1101)

Lecture 03
The Elements and Compounds

Chemistry Section – 2024/2025

Presentation Outline

1. Classification of materials.
2. An overview of the Periodic Table of the
elements.
3. Classification of the elements.
4. Ions and the Periodic Table of the elements.
5. Classification of inorganic compounds.
6. Naming of inorganic compounds.

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Presentation Objectives
By the end of this presentation, you should be able
to:

1. Deduce charges of cations and anions, based on their

position on the Periodic Table.
2. Deduce charges of cations and anions that constitute a
compound.
3. Name inorganic compounds.
4. Formulate formulae of inorganic compounds.

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 Classifying Materials

• atomic elements = elements whose

particles are single atoms
• molecular elements = elements
whose particles are multi-atom
molecules
• molecular compounds = compounds
whose particles are molecules made
of only nonmetals
• ionic compounds = compounds
whose particles are cations and
anions 4
 Natural abundance of elements

Natural
abundance of
elements in
Earth’s crust

Natural
abundance of
elements in
human body
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 Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and
the Periodic Table
• In 1869, Mendeleev noticed that certain
groups of elements had similar properties.
• He found that when elements are listed in
order of increasing mass, these similar
properties recurred in a periodic pattern.
– To be periodic means to exhibit a repeating
pattern.

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 The Periodic Law

• Mendeleev summarized these observations

in the periodic law:
– When the elements are arranged in order of
increasing mass, certain sets of properties
recur periodically.
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 Periodic Table
• Mendeleev organized the known elements
in a table.
• He arranged the rows so that elements with
similar properties fall in the same vertical
columns.

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 Periodic Table
• Mendeleev’s table contained some gaps,
which allowed him to predict the existence
(and even the properties) of yet undiscovered
elements.
– Mendeleev predicted the existence of an element
he called eka-silicon.
– In 1886, eka-silicon was discovered by German
chemist Clemens Winkler (1838–1904), who
named it germanium.
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 Modern Periodic Table

• In the modern table, elements are listed in

order of increasing atomic number rather
than increasing relative mass.
• The modern periodic table also contains
more elements than Mendeleev’s original
table because more have been discovered
since his time.

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Modern Periodic Table

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 Classification of Elements

• Elements in the periodic table are classified

as the following:
–Metals
–Nonmetals
–Metalloids

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 Metals
• Metals lie on the lower left side and
middle of the periodic table and share
some common properties:
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• They can be pounded into flat sheets (malleability).
• They can be drawn into wires (ductility).
• They are often shiny.
• They tend to lose electrons when they undergo
chemical changes.
– Chromium, copper, strontium, and lead are
typical metals.

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 Nonmetals
• Nonmetals lie on the upper right side of the
periodic table.
• There are a total of 17 nonmetals:
– Five are solids at room temperature (C, P, S,
Se, and I )
– One is a liquid at room temperature (Br)
– Eleven are gases at room temperature (H, He,
N, O, F, Ne, Cl, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn)

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 Nonmetals
• Nonmetals as a whole tend to
– be poor conductors of heat and electricity.
– be not ductile and not malleable.
– gain electrons when they undergo chemical
changes.

Oxygen, carbon, sulfur, bromine, and

iodine are nonmetals.

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 Metalloids

• Metalloids are sometimes called semimetals.

• They are elements that lie along the zigzag
diagonal line that divides metals and
nonmetals.
• They exhibit mixed properties.
• Several metalloids are also classified as
semiconductors because of their
intermediate (and highly temperature-
dependent) electrical conductivity.
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 Periodic Table

• The periodic table can also be divided into

• main-group elements, whose properties
tend to be largely predictable based on their
position in the periodic table.
• transition elements or transition metals,
whose properties tend to be less predictable
based simply on their position in the periodic
table.

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Periodic Table

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 Periodic Table

• The periodic table is divided into vertical

columns and horizontal rows.
Each vertical column is called a group (or
family).
Each horizontal row is called a period.
• There are a total of 18 groups and 7 periods.
• The groups are numbered 1–18 (or the A and
B grouping).

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 Periodic Table

• Main-group elements are in columns

labeled with a number and the letter A
(1A–8A or groups 1, 2, and 13–18).

• Transition elements are in columns

labeled with a number and the letter B (or
groups 3–12).

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 Noble Gas
• The elements within a group usually have
similar properties.
• The group 8A elements, called the noble
gases, are mostly unreactive.
• The most familiar noble gas is probably helium,
used to fill buoyant balloons. Helium is chemically
stable—it does not combine with other elements to
form compounds—and is therefore safe to put into
balloons.
• Other noble gases are neon (often used in
electronic signs), argon (a small component of
our atmosphere), krypton, and xenon.
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Alkali
• The group 1A elements,
called the alkali metals,
are all reactive metals.
• A marble-sized piece of
sodium explodes violently
when dropped into water.
• Lithium, potassium, and
rubidium are also alkali
metals.

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 Alkaline Earth Metals

• The group 2A elements are called the

alkaline earth metals.
• They are fairly reactive, but not quite as
reactive as the alkali metals.
– Calcium, for example, reacts fairly vigorously
with water.
– Other alkaline earth metals include magnesium
(a common low-density structural metal),
strontium, and barium.

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 Halogens
• The group 7A elements, the
halogens, are very reactive
nonmetals.
• They are always found in
nature as a salt.
– Chlorine, a greenish-yellow
gas with a pungent odor
– Bromine, a red-brown liquid
that easily evaporates into a
gas
– Iodine, a purple solid
– Fluorine, a pale-yellow gas
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Ions and the Periodic Table

• A main-group metal tends to lose

electrons, forming a cation with the same
number of electrons as the nearest noble
gas.
• A main-group nonmetal tends to gain
electrons, forming an anion with the same
number of electrons as the nearest noble
gas.

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 Ions and the Periodic Table
• In general, the alkali metals (group 1A)
have a tendency to lose one electron and
form 1+ ions.
• The alkaline earth metals (group 2A) tend to
lose two electrons and form 2+ ions.
• The halogens (group 7A) tend to gain one
electron and form 1– ions.
• The oxygen family nonmetals (group 6A)
tend to gain two electrons and form 2– ions.
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Ions and the Periodic Table

• For the main-group elements that form

cations with predictable charge, the
charge is equal to the group number.
• For main-group elements that form anions
with predictable charge, the charge is
equal to the group number minus eight.
• Transition elements may form various
different ions with different charges.

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Practice – What is the charge on each of
the following ions?

• potassium cation K+
• sulfide anion S2−
• calcium cation Ca2+
• bromide anion Br−
• aluminum cation
Al3+

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Ions and the Periodic Table

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 Classification of Compounds
• Molecular compounds are either organic or inorganic.
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain the element
carbon.
• The exceptions are carbon dioxide, CO2, and carbonates,
which contain the ion CO32–.
• There are five common classes of inorganic compounds:
1.Binary ionic
2.Ternary ionic
3.Binary molecular
4.Binary acid
5.Ternary oxyacid
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 Classification of Compounds, Continued
• Below is a flow chart for the classification of
inorganic compounds.

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 Ionic Compounds
• Binary ionic compounds
contain two elements: one metal
and one nonmetal.
✓NaCl and AlCl3 are binary ionic
compounds.

• Ternary ionic compounds

contain three elements, at least
one metal and one nonmetal.
✓KNO3 and Al(NO3)3 are ternary
ionic compounds.

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 Molecular Compounds
• Binary molecular
compounds contain two
elements and both are
nonmetals.
✓Some examples of binary
molecular compounds are
ammonia, NH3 and water, H2O.

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 Aqueous Acids
• A binary acid is an aqueous
solution of a compound
containing hydrogen and one
other nonmetal. HCl (aq) is a
binary acid.
• A ternary oxyacid is an
aqueous solution of a
compound containing
hydrogen, oxygen, and one
other nonmetal. HNO3(aq) is a
ternary oxyacid.

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 Classifying Ions

• Recall, an ion is an atom or group of atoms

with a charge.
• A positively charged ion is called a cation.
• A negatively charged ion is called an anion.
• A group of atoms bound together that has an
overall charge is called a polyatomic ion.

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 Classifying Ions, Continued
• Below is a flow chart for the classification of
ions.

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 Monoatomic Ions
• Metal atoms can lose valence electrons and
become positively charged cations.
• Cations are named from the parent atom
followed by the word “ion.”
✓Na+ is named sodium ion.
✓Mg2+ is named magnesium ion.
• This rule applies for metals that usually form
one ion. This includes the main group metals
except tin and lead, along with Ag+, Zn2+, and
Cd2+.

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 Metals That Form Multiple Ions

• If a metal can form more than one cation, it is

named from the parent, followed by the charge
in Roman numerals in parentheses, followed
by the word ion.
✓Cu+ is the copper(I) ion.
✓Cu2+ is the copper(II) ion.
• This is called the Stock system of naming
transition metal cations.

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 Latin (or Suffix) System
• For metal ions with two common ionic charges
• This system takes the Latin name of the element
and adds the suffix –ous or –ic.
• The cation with the lower charge receives the –
ous suffix; the one with the higher charge
receives the –ic suffix.
✓Cu+ is the cuprous ion.
✓Cu2+ is the cupric ion
• The Latin system is less common than the Stock
system.
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 Monoatomic Anions
• Nonmetals can gain valence electrons and
become negatively charged anions.
• Monoatomic anions are named by dropping
the end of the element name and adding the
suffix –ide.

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 Predicting Formulas of Monoatomic Cations

• Recall that Group IA/1 metals always form

1+ ions and Group IIA/2 ions always form
2+ ions.
• We can predict that Group IIIA/13 ions will form
3+ ions.
• Not all metal ion charges are predictable: tin and
lead in Group IVA/14 form both 2+ and 4+ ions.
• Most transition metals form 2+ ions from the
loss of two electrons.
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 Predicting Formulas of Monoatomic Anions

• Nonmetals gain electrons to form anions in a

predictable fashion.
• Group VIIA/17 atoms gain one electron to form
1– ions: F–, Cl–, Br–, and I–.
• Group VIA/16 atoms gain two electrons to form
2– ions: O2–, S2–, and Se2–.
• Group VA/15 atoms gain three electrons to
form 3– ions: N3– and P3–.

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Common Ions

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 Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic anions generally contain one or

more elements combined with oxygen. These
anions
are called oxyanions.
• Most oxyanions have names that end in the
suffix –ate.
✓NO3– is the nitrate ion.
✓SO42– is the sulfate ion.

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 Naming Oxyanions

• Some oxyanions end in the suffix –ite.

✓NO2– is the nitrite ion.
✓SO32– is the sulfite ion.
• Notice that these oxyanions have one less
oxygen than the –ate ions: sulfate (SO42–) and
nitrate (NO3–).
• The oxyanions that end in –ite each have one
less oxygen than the oxyanions that end in –
ate.
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 More Polyatomic Anions
• The formula for the chlorate ion is ClO3–. What
is the formula for the chlorite ion?
✓The suffix has changed from –ate to –ite. Chlorite
must have one less oxygen then chlorate, so its
formula is ClO2–.
• Notice that the charge does not change as the
number of oxygen atoms changes.
• There are two common polyatomic ions that
end
in –ide:
1.Hydroxide, OH–
2.Cyanide, CN–
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Some Common Polyatomic Ions

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 Writing Chemical Formulas

• An ionic compound is composed of positive

and negative ions.
• A formula unit is the simplest representative
particle of an ionic compound.
• A formula unit is neutral, so the total positive
charge must equal the total negative charge in
the formula unit.

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 Formulas of Ionic Compounds

• If the ions in the ionic compound have the

same charge, the formula unit contains one of
each ion.
✓K+ and Br– combine to form KBr.
✓Ca2+ and O2– combine to form CaO.
• If the charges are not equal, we must balance
the positive and negative charges.
✓Ba2+ and Cl– combine to form BaCl2.
✓Li+ and S2– combine to form Li2S.

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 Crossover Rule
• You can quickly verify that the chemical formula
is written correctly by crossing over the charge
on each ion.

• The charge on the aluminum ion becomes the

subscript for the oxygen, and the charge on the
oxide ion becomes the subscript for the
aluminum ion.
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 Formula Units Containing Polyatomic Ions

• Follow the same rules as binary ionic

compounds; if the charges are equal, the
formula has one of each ion.
✓Mg2+ and SO42– combine to form MgSO4.
• If the charges are not equal, total charge must
equal zero. If you have more than one
polyatomic ion, it is placed in parentheses.
✓NH4+ and SO42– combine to form (NH4)2SO4.

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 Binary Ionic Compounds
• If an ionic compound contains a metal that can
have more than one ionic charge, we must
determine the charge on the ion. The sum total
charge of an ionic compound must equal zero.
• What is the charge on the chromium ion in
Cr3N2?
✓The charge on a nitride ion is always 3–, so we have
a total of six negative charges (2 × N3– = 6 negative).
✓The sum of the charges on the chromium ions must
be 6 positive.
✓Crx+ + Crx+ + Crx+ = 6 positive  Each Cr is 2+.
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 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
• When naming ionic compounds, we combine the
cation and anion name (drop the word ion), with
the cation first and the anion second.
• MgO is composed of one magnesium
ion and one oxide ion, therefore the
name is magnesium oxide.
• What is the name of cinnabar, HgS?
• Hg2+ is the mercury(II) ion and S2–
is the sulfide ion, so the name is
mercury(II) sulfide.

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 Predicting Formulas for Binary Ionic
Compounds
• We can determine formula of a binary ionic
compound from its name.
• What is the formula of iron(III) fluoride?
Iron(III) has a +3 charge, Fe3+; and fluoride has a 1–
charge, F –.
• Since the total charge must equal zero, the
formula for iron(III) fluoride is FeF3.
+3 + 3(– 1) = zero

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 Ternary Ionic Compounds
• We name ternary ionic compounds like binary
ionic compounds: the cation name followed by
the anion name.
• KClO2 is named potassium chlorite.
• If we have a metal that can have than one
oxidation state, we have to determine the
charge on the metal.
• Co(ClO3)3 is composed of cobalt(III) and
chlorate ions, so its name is cobalt(III) chlorate.

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 Hydrates
• hydrates are ionic compounds
containing a specific number of Prefix No. of
waters for each formula unit Waters
• in formula, attached waters hemi ½
follow ∙ mono 1
✓ CoCl2∙6H2O
• in name attached waters di 2
indicated by suffix -hydrate tri 3
after name of ionic compound tetra 4
✓ CoCl2∙6H2O = cobalt(II) chloride
hexahydrate penta 5
✓ CaSO4∙½H2O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate
hexa 6
Hydrate Anhydrous hepta 7
CoCl2∙6H2O CoCl2 octa 8
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 Practice

1. What is the formula of magnesium sulfate

heptahydrate?

2. What is the name of NiCl2•6H2O?

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 Practice

1. What is the formula of magnesium sulfate

heptahydrate? MgSO47H2O

2. What is the name of NiCl2•6H2O?

nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate

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 Formulas for Binary Compounds

• We can predict the formula of an ionic

compound based on the formula of a similar
compound.
• What is the formula of cesium nitrite given that
sodium nitrite is NaNO2?
• Cesium, Cs, and sodium are both in Group 1
and will have the same ionic charge.
• The formula for cesium nitrite is CsNO2.

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 Binary Molecular Compounds

• Binary molecular compounds are composed of

two nonmetal elements.
• A molecule is the simplest representative
particle of a binary molecular compound.
• IUPAC has set the following order for writing
the elements in a binary molecular compound:
✓C, P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, and F

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 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

• The first element in the compound is named

first and the second element has the suffix –
ide.
• The number of atoms of each element must be
indicated by Greek prefixes.

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 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds,
Continued
• What is the name of the molecular compound
P 4 S3 ?
✓There are 4 P atoms, use tetra–.
✓There are 3 S atoms, use tri–.
✓The name is tetraphosphorus trisulfide.
• What is the name for P4S7?
✓Tetraphosphorus heptasulfide

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 An Exception

• There is one exception to the use of the Greek

prefixes when naming binary molecular
compounds.
• If there is only one atom of the first element,
the mono– is not used. The prefix mono– is
always used for the second element.
✓CO is carbon monoxide.
✓XeF6 is xenon hexafluoride.

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 Binary Acids
• A binary acid is an aqueous solution of a
compound containing hydrogen and a
nonmetal.
• The formula of an acid always begins with H:
✓HCl(aq)
• Binary acids are named by using the prefix
hydro– before the element stem and adding the
suffix –ic acid.
✓HF(aq) is hydrofluoric acid.
✓HI(aq) is hydroiodic acid.
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 Ternary Oxyacids

• Ternary oxyacids are aqueous solutions of a

compound containing hydrogen and an
oxyanion.
• If the acid is derived from an oxyanion ending
in –ate, the suffix is changed to –ic acid.
✓HNO3(aq) is nitric acid (from NO3–, nitrate ion).
• If the acid is derived from an oxyanion ending
in –ite, the suffix is changed to –ous acid.
✓HNO2(aq) is nitrous acid (from NO2–, nitrite ion).

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 Oxyanions and Oxyacids

• Below is an example of ternary oxyacid and

ternary compound naming.

Ternary Oxyacid Ternary Compound

HClO hypochlorous acid NaClO sodium hypochlorite
HClO2 chlorous acid NaClO2 sodium chlorite
HClO3 chloric acid NaClO3 sodium chlorate
HClO4 perchloric acid NaClO4 sodium perchlorate

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THE END

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