Bahçeşehir University

Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences

MAT1052 - 2nd Midterm review (Spring 2019)

1 For each of the following improper integrals, if the given integral is convergent, then the to
the left of Convergent and write its value; otherwise the to the left of Divergent. No
explanation is required.
Z ∞
1
1 I= dx
1 x2

1
Convergent and I =

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): We convert the integral to a limit/integral pair, evaluate

the integral and then the limit.

1
R
Z ∞ Z R
1 1 1

I= 2
dx = lim 2
dx = lim − = lim − + 1 = 1.
1 x R→∞ 1 x R→∞ x 1 R→∞ R

So, the integral is convergent and its value is 1.

Z ∞
2
2 I= xe−x dx
−∞

0
Convergent and I =

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): In this case we have got infinities in both limits. So we need
to split the integral up into two separate integrals. We can split the integral up at any point,
so lets choose x = 0 since this will be a convenient point for the evaluation process.
Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
2 2 2
I= xe−x dx = xe−x dx + xe−x dx
−∞ −∞ 0

Now,
Z 0 Z 0
−x2 2
xe dx = lim xe−x dx
−∞ R→−∞ R
Z 0
1 2
= lim − e−x (−2xdx)
R→−∞ 2 R
1 −x2
0
= lim −
e
R→−∞ 2 R
1 2

= lim − 1 − e−R
R→−∞ 2
1
= −
2

1
 and
Z ∞ Z R
2 2
xe−x dx = lim xe−x dx
0 R→∞ 0

1 R −x2
Z
= lim − e (−2xdx)
R→∞ 2 0
R
1 2

= lim − e−x
R→∞ 2 0
1 −R2

= lim − e −1
R→∞ 2
1
=
2
Since these two integrals are convergent, then I is also convergent and its value is − 12 + 12 = 0.

Z 0
1
3 I= √ dx
−∞ 3−x

Convergent and I =

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): We convert the integral to a limit/integral pair, evaluate

the integral and then the limit.
Z 0 Z 0
1 1
I= √ dx = lim √ dx
−∞ 3−x R→−∞ R 3−x
√
0 √ √

= lim −2 3−x = lim −2 3+2 3−R =∞
R→−∞ R R→−∞

So, the limit is infinite and so this integral is divergent.

Z 3
1
4 I= √ dx
0 3−x
√
Convergent and I = 2 3

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): The problem point is the upper limit.

Z 3 Z t
1 1
I= √ dx = lim √ dx
0 3−x t→3−
0 3−x
√
t √ √
√
= lim − 2 3 − x = lim − 2 3 − t + 2 3 = 2 3
t→3− 0 t→3−
√
The limit exists and is finite and so the integral converges and its value is 2 3.

2
 Z 3
1
5 I= dx
−2 x3

Convergent and I =

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): The integrand is not continuous at x = 0 and so we need

to split the integral up at that point.
Z 3 Z 0 Z 3
1 1 1
I= dx = dx + dx
−2 x3 −2 x3 0 x3
Now we need to look at each of these integrals and see if they are convergent.
Z 0 Z t
1 1
3
dx = lim dx
−2 x t→0− −2 x3

1
t
= lim − 2
t→0− 2x −2
1 1

= lim − 2 +
t→0− 2t 8
= −∞

At this point we’re done. One of the integrals is divergent that means I itself is divergent. We
don’t even need to bother with the second integral.

Z ∞
1
6 I= dx
0 x2

Convergent and I =

Divergent

Explanation (Not required): To do this integral we need to split it up into two integrals
so each integral contains only one point of discontinuity. We can split it up anywhere, but we
pick a value that will be convenient for evaluation purposes.
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞
1 1 1
I= 2
dx = 2
dx + dx
0 x 0 x 1 x2
Now, we check the first integral:
Z 1 Z 1 1
1 1 1
1

2
dx = lim 2
dx = lim − = lim −1+ =∞
0 x t→0+ t x t→0+ x t t→0+ t

So, the first integral is divergent and so the whole integral is divergent.

3
2 A local engineering group defines the vertical complement of a 3D solid S as the solid S̄v for
which S ∪ S̄v is the smallest vertical cylinder containing the solid S. The 3D solids in Figure 1 and
Figure 2 are vertical complements of each other as seen in Figure 3.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

The group also defines the horizontal complement of a 3D solid S as the solid S̄h for which
S ∪ S̄h is the smallest horizontal cylinder containing the solid S. In each of the following, fill in the
blank, do not evaluate the integrals. No explanation is required.

1 S is the solid generated by revolving the region defined by y = x2 , y = 0 and x = 2, around

the x-axis. The volume of the horizontal complement S̄h can be given by:
Z 2
π 16 − x4 dx


Volume(S̄h ) =
0

Explanation (Not required): S is generated by rotating the orange area in the figure
below around the x-axis. Thus, the horizontal complement S̄h can be generated by revolving
the green area (in the figure below) around the x-axis.
y

4
y = x2

To express the volume of S̄h as an integration in x, we need to use the washer method:
• Outside radius (length of red segmenet) = 4.
• Inside radius (length of blue segment) = x2
• The bounds of x are x = 0 and x = 2.
Z 2
π 42 − (x2 )2 dx


Therefore, Volume(S̄h ) =
0

4
2 S is the solid generated by revolving the region defined by y = x2 , y = 0 and x = 2, around
the y-axis. The volume of the vertical complement S̄v can be given by:
Z 2

Volume(S̄v ) = 2π · x · (4 − x2 ) dx
0

Explanation (Not required): Again, the vertical complement S̄v can be generated by
revolving the green area (in the figure below) around the y-axis.
y

4
y = x2

To express the volume of S̄v as an integration in x, we need to use the shell method:
• The length of the slice (length of the red segment) = 4 − x2 .
• Radius from the AOR (length of the blue segment) = x
• The bounds of x are x = 0 and x = 4.
Z 2
Therefore, Volume(S̄v ) = 2π · x · (4 − x2 ) dx
0

√
3 S is the solid generated by revolving the region defined by y = x, x = 0, x = 4 and x-axis,
around the x-axis. The volume of the horizontal complement S̄h can be given by:
Z 2

Volume(S̄h ) = 2π · y · y 2 dy
0

Explanation (Not required): The horizontal complement S̄h can be generated by revolv-
ing the green area (in the figure below) around the x-axis.
y

2 √
y= x

5
 To express the volume of S̄h as an integration in y, we need to use the shell method:
• The length of the slice (length of the red segment) = x = y 2 .
• Radius from the AOR (length of the blue segment) = y
• The bounds of y are y = 0 and y = 2.
Z 2
Therefore, Volume(S̄h ) = 2π · y · y 2 dy
0

√
4 S is the solid generated by revolving the region defined by y = x, x = 0, x = 4 and x-axis,
around the y-axis. The volume of the vertical complement S̄v can be given by:
Z 2
2
Volume(S̄v ) = π y2 dy
0

Explanation (Not required): S is generated by rotating the orange area in the figure
below around the y-axis. Thus, the vertical complement S̄v can be generated by revolving the
green area (in the figure below) around the y-axis.
y

2 √
y= x

To express the volume of S̄v as an integration in y, we need to use the disk method:
• Radius (length of the red segment) = x = y 2 .
• The bounds of y are y = 0 and y = 2.
Z 2

2
Therefore, Volume(S̄v ) = π y 2 dy
0

3 Let L1 and L2 be the lengths of the arcs of the functions f (x) and g(x), respectively, on the given
intervals. Determine the relation between L1 and L2 . No explanation is required.
 1  1
1 f (x) = x on 0, and g(x) = x2 on 0, .
2 2
L1 ≥ L2 L1 ≤ L2 L1 = L2

Explanation (Not required): This is very easy. First, here are the formulas of L1 and L2 :

6
 Z 1 r Z 1 r
2 d 2 d 2 2
L1 = 1 + ( x)2 dx L2 = 1+( x ) dx
0 dx 0 dx
Z 1 Z 1
2 p 2 p
= 1 + (1)2 dx = 1 + (2x)2 dx
0 0
p p
We know that 2x ≤ 1 on the interval 0, 12 , hence 1 + (2x)2 ≤ 1 + (1)2 on 0, 12 , too. By
   

the properties of definite integrals, we can easily conclude that L2 ≤ L1 .

1   1  
2 f (x) = on 1, 2 and g(x) = on 2, 3 .
x x
L1 ≥ L2 L1 ≤ L2 L1 = L2

Explanation (Not required): Again, here are the formulas of L1 and L2 :

r r
Z 2 Z 3
d 1
2 d 1
2
L1 = 1+( ) dx L2 = 1+( ) dx
1 dx x 2 dx x
Z 2r Z 3r
1 1
= 1 + (− 2 )2 dx = 1 + (− 2 )2 dx
1 x 2 x
Z 2r Z 3r
1 1
= 1 + 4 dx = 1 + 4 dx
1 x 2 x
Z 2r Z 3r
1 1
≥ 1 + 4 dx ≤ 1 + 4 dx
2 2
r1 r2
1 1
= 1+ 4 = 1+ 4
2 2
1
The inequalities in the fourth steps follow from the fact that is a decreasing function on
    x4
the intervals 1, 2 and 2, 3 . Therefore, L2 ≤ L1 .

   
3 f (x) = 5 on 0, 1 and g(x) = 7 on 0, 1 .
L1 ≥ L2 L1 ≤ L2 L1 = L2

Explanation (Not required): The arc lengths L1 and L2 are given by:
r r
Z 1 Z 1
d d 2
L1 = 1 + ( 5)2 dx L1 = 1+( 7) dx
0 dx 0 dx
Z 2p Z 2p
= 1 + (0)2 dx = 1 + (0)2 dx
1 1
= 1 = 1

4 Let S1 and S2 be the areas of the surfaces resulting by revolving the curves of the functions f (x)
and g(x) on the given intervals, respectively, around the given axis of rotation AOR.
  
1 f (x) = 5 on 0, 1 , g(x) = 7 on 0, 1] and AOR is the x-axis.
S1 ≥ S2 S1 ≤ S2 S1 = S2

7
 Explanation (Not required): Here are the formulas of S1 and S2 :
r r
Z 1 Z 1
d d 2
S1 = 2π |5| · 1 + ( 5)2 dx S2 = 2π |7| · 1+( 7) dx
0 dx 0 dx
Z 1 p Z 1 p
= 2π 5 1 + (0)2 dx = 2π 7 1 + (0)2 dx
0 0
= 10π = 14π

  
2 f (x) = 5 on 0, 1 , g(x) = 7 on 0, 1] and AOR is the y-axis.
S1 ≥ S2 S1 ≤ S2 S1 = S2

Explanation (Not required): Again,

r r
Z 1 Z 1
d d 2
S1 = 2π |x| · 1 + ( 5)2 dx S2 = 2π |x| · 1+( 7) dx
0 dx 0 dx
Z 1 p Z 1 p
= 2π x · 1 + (0)2 dx = 2π x· 1 + (0)2 dx
0 0
= π = π

1   1 
3 f (x) = on 1, 2 , g(x) = on 2, 3] and AOR is the x-axis.
x x
S1 ≥ S2 S1 ≤ S2 S1 = S2

Explanation (Not required): The areas S1 and S2 can be calculated as follows:

r r
Z 2 Z 3
1 d 1
2 1 d 1
2
S1 = 2π · 1+( ) dx S2 = 2π · 1+( ) dx
1 x dx x 2 x dx x
Z 2
r Z 3
r
1 1
2 1 1
2
= 2π · 1 + − 2 dx = 2π · 1 + − 2 dx
1 x x 2 x x
Z 2
r Z 3
r
1 1 1 1
= 2π · 1 + 4 dx = 2π · 1 + 4 dx
1 x x 2 x x
Z 2
r Z 3
r
1 1 1 1
≥ 2π · 1 + 4 dx ≤ 2π · 1 + 4 dx
2 2 2 2
r1 r2
1 1
= π· 1+ = π· 1+ 4
24 2
The inequalities in the fourth steps follow from the fact that integrands are decreasing functions
on the intervals of integrations. Therefore, S2 ≤ S1 .

  
4 f (x) = x on 0, 1 , g(x) = x on 1, 2] and AOR is the y-axis.
S1 ≥ S2 S1 ≤ S2 S1 = S2

8
 Explanation (Not required): The areas S1 and S2 can be calculated as follows:
r r
Z 1 Z 2
d d 2
S1 = |x| · 1 + ( x)2 dx S2 = |x| · 1+( x) dx
0 dx 1 dx
Z 1 p Z 2 p
= x· 1 + (1)2 dx = x· 1 + (1)2 dx
0 1
Z 1 p Z 2 p
≤ 1 · 1 + (1)2 dx ≥ 1· 1 + (1)2 dx
√0 √1
= 2 = 2
The inequalities
  in the
  third steps follow from the fact that x is an increasing function on the
intervals 0, 1 and 1, 2 . Therefore, S2 ≥ S1 .

 ∞
5 A sequence an n=1
satisfies: a1 = 1, a2 = 1 and

10  
an = max an−1 , an−2 − min an−1 , an−2 , for n ≥ 3.
9
a Fill in the following boxes with the correct values. No explanation is required.

1 1 1
a3 = a4 = a2019 =
9 9

Explanation (Not required):

a1 = 1
a2 = 1
10 10 1
a3 = max{a2 , a1 } − min{a2 , a1 } = −1=
9 9 9
10 10 1
a4 = max{a3 , a2 } − min{a3 , a2 } = − =1
9 9 9
10 10 1
a5 = max{a4 , a3 } − min{a4 , a3 } = − =1
9 9 9
10 10 1
a6 = max{a5 , a4 } − min{a5 , a4 } = −1=
9 9 9
So, in general, for all n ≥ 1, (
1
9 if 3 divides n,
an =
1 otherwise.
1
Consequently, a2019 = .
9

 ∞
b If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding .
Leave the other s empty. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the points of a correct
. No explanation is required.

9
 Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Converges to 1.

Ultimately increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Ultimately decreasing. Diverges to −∞.

Bounded and monotonic. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): Apparently, the sequence {an }∞ n=1 is bounded below by
1
and bounded above by 1. Moreover, {a } ∞ is neither increasing, nor decreasing, and
9 n n=1
consequently it cannot be monotonic. Also, {an }∞ n=1 is positive, so it is not alternating. The
∞ ∞
sequence {an }n=1 is divergent because lim an does not exist. So {an }n=1 cannot be neither
n→∞
convergent nor divergent to ±∞.

 ∞ 2
6 A sequence an n=1
satisfies: a1 = 1, a2 = 3 and
10  
an = max an−1 , an−2 − min an−1 , an−2 , for n ≥ 3.
9
a Fill in the following boxes with the correct values. No explanation is required.

4 8 2
2018
a3 = a4 = a2019 =
9 27 3

Explanation (Not required):

2
0
a1 = 1 =
3
2 2
1
a2 = =
3 3
10 10 2 4 2
2
a3 = max{a2 , a1 } − min{a2 , a1 } = − = =
9 9 3 9 3
10 10 2 4 8 2
3
a4 = max{a3 , a2 } − min{a3 , a2 } = · − = =
9 9 3 9 27 3
2
n−1 2
2018
So, in general, for all n ≥ 1, an = . Consequently, a2019 = .
3 3

 ∞
b If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding .
Leave the other s empty. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the points of a correct
. No explanation is required.

Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Decreasing. Diverges to −∞.

Positive. Divergent.

10
 2
n−1
Explanation (Not required): For each n ≥ 1, we have 0 ≤ ≤ 1. So, the sequence
∞
3
{an }n=1 is bounded above and bounded below, hence it is also bounded. Clearly, the sequence
is decreasing, and hence it cannot be increasing. The sequence is positive, so it cannot be
alternating. The sequence {an }∞n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (decreasing +
bounded below =⇒ convergent). A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

 ∞
7 A sequence an n=1
satisfies: a1 = 1, a2 = 3 and

an = 2an−1 + 3an−2 , for n ≥ 3.

a Fill in the following boxes with the correct values. No explanation is required.

9 27 32018
a3 = a4 = a2019 =

Explanation (Not required):

a1 = 1 = 30
a2 = 3 = 31
a3 = 2a2 + 3a1 = 2 · 3 + 3 · 1 = 9 = 32
a4 = 2a3 + 3a2 = 2 · 9 + 3 · 3 = 27 = 33

So, in general, for all n ≥ 1, an = 3n−1 . Consequently, a2019 = 32018 .

 ∞
b If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding .
Leave the other s empty. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the points of a correct
. No explanation is required.

Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Decreasing. Diverges to −∞.

Not monotonic. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): Apparently, the sequence {an }∞ n=1 is bounded below by 1,
and it is not bounded above. Moreover, {an }∞ n=1 is increasing, hence not decreasing. Any
increasing sequence is monotonic. The sequence is positive, so it cannot be alternating. Any
increasing sequence that is not bounded above must be divergent to ∞. A divergent sequence
cannot be convergent.

11
 x
n
8 Consider the sequence an = for all n ≥ 1, where
y+1

5
x = ←− Put here the 3rd digit of your Student No.

4
y = ←− Put here the 4th digit of your Student No.

In each of the following, the appropriate to make it into a true statement.

 ∞
a The sequence an n=1 is bounded below bounded above
 ∞
b The sequence an n=1 is increasing decreasing
 ∞
c The sequence an n=1 is convergent divergent

5
n
Explanation (Not required): If x = 5 and y = 4, then an = = 1 for all n ≥ 1.
 ∞
4+1
Thus, the sequence an n=1 is a constant sequence, and hence it is bounded above, bounded below,
increasing, decreasing and convergent.

x
n
8’ Consider the sequence an = for all n ≥ 1, where
y+1

7
x = ←− Put here the 3rd digit of your Student No.

4
y = ←− Put here the 4th digit of your Student No.

In each of the following, the appropriate to make it into a true statement.

 ∞
a The sequence an n=1 is bounded below bounded above
 ∞
b The sequence an n=1 is increasing decreasing
 ∞
c The sequence an n=1 is convergent divergent

7
n 7
n
Explanation (Not required): If x = 7 and y = 4, then an = = for all n ≥ 1.
4+1 5
 ∞  7 49 343
Now, the sequence an n=1 = , , , . . . is bounded below by zero, but it is not bounded
5 25 125
above. Moreover, for all n ≥ 1,
7 n+1


an+1 5
7
= 7 n = ≥ 1,
an 5
5
 ∞
so an+1 ≥ an , i.e., the sequence an n=1 is increasing. A non-constant sequence which is increasing
cannot be decreasing. An increasing sequence which is not bounded above must be divergent to ∞,
so it is not convergent.

12
 x
n
8” Consider the sequence an = for all n ≥ 1, where
y+1

3
x = ←− Put here the 3rd digit of your Student No.

4
y = ←− Put here the 4th digit of your Student No.

In each of the following, the appropriate to make it into a true statement.

 ∞
a The sequence an n=1 is bounded below bounded above
 ∞
b The sequence an n=1 is increasing decreasing
 ∞
c The sequence an n=1 is convergent divergent

3
n 3
n
Explanation (Not required): If x = 3 and y = 4, then an = = for all n ≥ 1.
4+1 5
3
n
Now, for all n ≥ 1, 0 ≤ ≤ 1, so the sequence is bounded above by 1, and bounded below by
5
0. Moreover, for all n ≥ 1,
3 n+1


an+1 5
3
= 3 n = ≤ 1,
an 5
5
 ∞
so an+1 ≤ an , i.e., the sequence an n=1 is decreasing. A non-constant sequence which is decreasing
cannot be increasing. The sequence {an }∞ n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (decreasing +
bounded below =⇒ convergent). A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

(x + 1)n − x
9 Consider the sequence an = for all n ≥ 1, where
(x + 1)n

5
x= ←− Put here the 3rd digit of your Student No.

In each of the following, the appropriate to make it into a true statement.

 ∞
a The sequence an n=1
is bounded below bounded above
 ∞
b The sequence an n=1
is increasing decreasing
 ∞
c The sequence an n=1
is convergent divergent

6n − 5
Explanation (Not required): If x = 5, then an = for all n ≥ 1. Now,
6n
6n − 5
0 ≤ an = ≤ 1,
6n
 ∞
so, the sequence an n=1
is bounded below by 0 and bounded above by 1. Moreover,

13
 6n+1 − 5 6n+1 − 6 6(6n − 1) 6n − 1 6n − 5
an+1 = ≥ = = ≥ = an
6n+1 6n+1 6n+1 6n 6n
Thus, the sequence is increasing, so it cannot be decreasing. The sequence {an }∞
n=1 is convergent
by the completeness of R (increasing + bounded above =⇒ convergent).

10 Consider a circle whose half is shaded, and let a1 be the area of the shaded region. Shade half of
the non-shaded region, and let a2 be the area of the new shaded region. Then, again, shade half of
the non-shaded region, andlet a3 be the area of the newest shaded region. Continue in this manner
∞
to construct the sequence an n=1 .

a1 a2 a3 a4
 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Ultimately increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Ultimately decreasing. Diverges to −∞.

Monotonic. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): Areas cannot be negative, so the sequence {an }∞ n=1 is bounded
below by zero. Moreover, all the shaded regions are contained in the whole circle, so {an }∞
n=1 is
bounded above by the area of the circle (no need to calculate this).
For each n ≥ 1, an+1 = an + (some new shaded area) ≥ an . Thus the sequence is increasing, and
hence ultimately increasing. An ultimately increasing sequence (which is not constant) cannot be
ultimately decreasing. An increasing sequence is monotonic.
The sequence {an }∞n=1 is bounded below by zero, so it is a positive sequence. A positive sequence
cannot be alternating. The sequence {an }∞
n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (increasing +
bounded above =⇒ convergent). A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

11 Let S1 be some fixed square. Let S2 be the north-east quarter of S1 . Let S3 be the north-east
quarter of the square S2 . Continue in this manner to get an infinite list of squares S1 , S2 , · · · . For
each n ∈ N, let an be the area of the square Sn .

14
 S4
S3

S2

S1

 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

Bounded below. Convergent.

Bounded above. Diverges to ∞.

Ultimately increasing. Diverges to −∞.

Ultimately decreasing. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): Areas cannot be negative, so the sequence {an }∞ n=1 is bounded
∞
below by zero. Moreover, all the squares constructed are contained in S1 , so {an }n=1 is bounded
above by the area of S1 (no need to calculate this).
an
For each n ≥ 1, an+1 = ≤ an . Thus the sequence is decreasing, and hence ultimately decreasing.
4
An ultimately decreasing sequence (which is not a constant) cannot be ultimately increasing.
The sequence {an }∞
n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (decreasing + bounded below =⇒
convergent). A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.


12 The Triangular Number Sequence an is generated from patterns of dots which form triangles.
For the (n + 1)th triangle, one adds a row of (n + 1)-many dots to the bottom of the nth triangle.
Then, for each n ≥ 1, an is the number of dots forming the triangle number n.

 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

15
 Bounded below. Ultimately negative.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Ultimately increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Ultimately decreasing. Diverges to −∞.

Ultimately positive. Divergent.


Explanation (Not required): This sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, . . . can be defined using the re-
cursive formula:

a1 = 1 and an = an−1 + n, for all n ≥ 1

 ∞
Apparently, the sequence an n=1 is bounded below (by zero) but not bounded above. Moreover,
for all n ≥ 1, an+1 − an = n + 1 ≥ 0, i.e., an+1 ≥ an . So the
 sequence is ultimately increasing,
∞
and hence it cannot be ultimately decreasing. The sequence an n=1 is ultimately positive, and
consequently not ultimately negative. Any increasing sequence which is not bounded above must
be divergent to ∞. Of course, a divergent sequence cannot be convergent.

13 Let
n
an = , for n ≥ 1.
n2 + 1
 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Bounded. Diverges to ∞.

Increasing. Diverges to −∞.

Decreasing. Divergent.

n
Explanation (Not required): For each n ≥ 1, we have 0 ≤ ≤ 1. So, the sequence
n2
+1
∞
{an }n=1 is bounded above and bounded below, hence it is also bounded. To study the monotonicity
x
of {an }∞
n=1 , consider the function f (x) = 2 with x ≥ 1. Then,
x +1
(x2 + 1) − x · 2x 1 − x2
f 0 (x) = = ≤0 for x ≥ 1.
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2

Thus, the function f is non-increasing, so the sequence {an }∞ n=1 is decreasing. A non-constant
sequence, which is decreasing, cannot be increasing. The sequence is positive, so it cannot be
alternating. Finally, {an }∞
n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (decreasing + bounded below
=⇒ convergent), and a convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

16
14 Let
2n
an = , for n ≥ 1.
n!
 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

Bounded below. Alternating.

Bounded above. Convergent.

Increasing. Diverges to ∞.

Decreasing. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): For each n ≥ 1, we have

2n 2 · 2···2 2 2 2
0≤ = = ( ) · ( ) · · · ( ) ≤ 2.
n! 1 · 2···n 1 2 n
So, the sequence {an }∞
n=1 is bounded above and bounded below. Moreover, for each n ≥ 1,

an+1 2n+1 n! 2· n

2 n
! 2
= · n = · n = ≤ 1,
an (n + 1)! 2 (n + 1) · 
n 2
!  n+1
and hence an+1 ≤ an . So the sequence is decreasing. A non-constant sequence which is decreasing,
cannot be increasing. Obviously, {an }∞
n=1 is positive, so it cannot be alternating. The sequence
∞
{an }n=1 is convergent by the completeness of R (decreasing + bounded below =⇒ convergent).
A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

15 Let
n!
an = , for n ≥ 1.
nn
 ∞
If the sequence an n=1 has any of the following properties, then the corresponding . Leave
the other s empty. No explanation is required. Be careful, for each wrong you will lose the
points of a correct .

Bounded below. Ultimately positive.

Bounded above. Ultimately negative.

Ultimately increasing. Convergent.

Ultimately decreasing. Divergent.

Explanation (Not required): For each n ≥ 1, we have

n! 1 · 2···n 1 2 n
0≤ n
= = ( ) · ( ) · · · ( ) ≤ 1.
n n · n···n n n n
So, the sequence {an }∞
n=1 is bounded above and bounded below. Moreover, for each n ≥ 1,

an+1 (n + 1)! nn (n · n

+1) !
 nn nn n n
= · = · = =( ) ≤ 1,

an (n + 1) n+1 n! (n  n
+ 1) · (n + 1)  n
! (n + 1) n n+1


17
 and hence an+1 ≤ an . So the sequence is ultimately decreasing. An ultimately decreasing se-
quence, which is not constant, cannot be ultimately increasing. Obviously, {an }∞
n=1 is ultimately
positive, and not ultimately negative. The sequence {an }∞
n=1 is convergent by the completeness of
R (decreasing + bounded below =⇒ convergent). A convergent sequence cannot be divergent.

 ∞
16 For each of the following sequences, if the given sequence an n=0 is convergent, then the to
the left of Convergent and write its limit; otherwise the to the left of Divergent. No
explanation is required.
1
1 an = n n for all n ≥ 1

1
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent

1
Explanation (Not required): lim n n = ∞0 = indeterminate. Now,
n→∞

1
1

ln lim n n = lim ln n n
n→∞ n→∞
1
= lim · ln n
n
n→∞
ln n
= lim
n→∞ n
1
L.H. n
= lim =0
n→∞ 1
1
∴ lim n n = e0 = 1.
n→∞

n!
2 an = for all n ≥ 1
nn

0
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent

n! ∞
Explanation (Not required): limn
= = indeterminate.
n
n→∞ ∞
n! 1 · 2···n 1
2
n
1
0≤ n = = · ··· ≤
n n · n···n n n n n
1
Note that lim 0 = lim = 0. So, by Squeeze theorem, it follows that
n→∞ n→∞ n
n!
lim = 0.
n→∞ nn

√ √
3 an = ( n + 47 − n) for all n ≥ 1

18
 0
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent
√ √
Explanation (Not required): lim ( n + 47 − n) = ∞ − ∞ = indeterminate.
n→∞

√ √
√ √ √ √ n + 47 + n
lim n + 47 − n = lim n + 47 − n · √ √
n→∞ n→∞ n + 47 + n
n + 47) − 
( n
= lim √ √
n→∞ n + 47 + n
47
= lim √ √ =0
n→∞ n + 47 + n

n2 + 1
4 an = for all n ≥ 1
(n + 1)2

1
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent

n2 + 1 ∞
Explanation (Not required): lim = = indeterminate.
n→∞ (n + 1)2 ∞
n2 + 1 1 + n12 1+0
lim 2
= lim 1 = = 1.
n→∞ (n + 1) n→∞ (1 + )
n
2 (1 + 0)2

n + 47
5 an = √ for all n ≥ 1
n2 + 3n
1
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent

n + 47 ∞
Explanation (Not required): lim √ = = indeterminate.
n→∞ 2
n + 3n ∞
n + 47 1 + 47 1+0
lim √ = lim q n = √ = 1.
n→∞ n2 + 3n n→∞ 1 + 3 1+0
n

2n
6 an = for all n ≥ 1
n!
0
Convergent and lim an =
n→∞

Divergent

19
 2n ∞
Explanation (Not required): lim = = indeterminate.
n→∞ n! ∞
2n 2 · 2 · 2···2 2
2
2
2
2
0≤ = = · · ··· ≤2·
n! 1 · 2 · 3···n 1 2 3 n n
2
Note that lim 0 = lim 2 · = 0. So, by Squeeze theorem, it follows that
n→∞ n→∞ n
2n
lim = 0.
n→∞ n!

17 In each of the following indicate whether the given series converges or diverges, and also indicate how
could you determine your answer by choosing exactly one of the tests and filling in the corresponding
blank if any. (You just choose a test to get any points.)
∞
X 1
1 √ converges diverges
n=1
n2 + n
∞
X 1
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with
n2
n=1
∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=1
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test
√
Explanation (Not required): For each n ≥ 1, we have n2 + n ≥ n2 , so
1 1
√ ≤ 2.
n2 + n n
∞ ∞
X 1 X 1
2
is convergent, so by the comparison test 2
√ is also convergent.
n n + n
n=1 n=1

∞
X 1
n
2 3n sin( ) converges diverges
4
n=0
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=0
∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=0
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required):

1 n+1
3n+1 sin



an+1 4


lim = lim n
n→∞ an n→∞ 3n sin 14
1 n+1 1 n 1 1 n





3· n sin
3 ·
4 4

4 4
= lim n · · · 

3 1 n+1

1 n n
n→∞  sin 4
1
4 4
1 3
= 3·1·1· = ≤1
4 4

20
 ∞
X 1
n
Thus, by the ration test, it follows that 3n sin( ) is convergent.
4
n=0

∞
X
3 (−1)n ln n converges diverges
n=2
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=2
∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=2
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required): lim (−1)n ln n does not exist, so by the nth term test, we
n→∞
∞
X
can easily conclude that (−1)n ln n is divergent.
n=2

∞
X 1
4 converges diverges
n · ln n
n=2
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=2
∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=2
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required):

Z ∞ Z R
1 1
dx = lim dx
2 x · ln x R→∞ 2 x · ln x
Z ln R
1
= lim du substitution u = ln x
R→∞ ln 2 u
ln R
= lim ln u
R→∞ ln 2


= lim ln ln R − ln ln 2 = ∞
R→∞

Z ∞ ∞
1 X 1
So, the integral dx is divergent, and hence is also divergent.
2 x · ln x n · ln n
n=2

∞
X 1
5 √ converges diverges
n=2 n· ln n
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=2

21
 ∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=2
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required):

Z ∞ Z R
1 1
√ dx = lim √ dx
2 x· ln x R→∞ 2 x· ln x
Z ln R
1
= lim √ du substitution u = ln x
R→∞ ln 2 u
√ ln R
= lim 2 u
R→∞
√ ln 2 √

= lim 2 ln R − 2 ln 2 = ∞
R→∞

Z ∞ ∞
1 X 1
So, the integral √ dx is divergent, and hence √ is also divergent.
2 x· ln x n=2 n· ln n

∞
X 1
6 1 converges diverges
1+ n
n=1 n
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=1
∞
X 1
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with
n
n=1
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required):

1 1
n1+ n 1
lim n
1 = lim = lim n n = ∞0 .
n→∞ 1
n→∞ n n→∞
n1+ n

1
1

ln lim n n = lim ln n n
n→∞ n→∞
1
= · ln n
lim
n n→∞
ln n
= lim
n→∞ n
1
L.H. n
= lim =0
n→∞ 1
1 ∞
n 1
0
X 1
Hence, lim 1 = lim n n = e = 1. Since we know that is divergent, then by the
n→∞ 1
n→∞ n
1+ n
n n=1
∞
X 1
limit comparison test, we can conclude that 1 is also divergent.
1+ n
n=1 n

22
 ∞
X n
7 √ converges diverges
5
n −1
n=2
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=2
∞
X 1
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with √
n=2 n3
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

Explanation (Not required):

√ n
√ √
5 n · n3 n5
lim n −1 = lim √ = lim √ = 1.
n→∞ √1 n→∞ n5 − 1 n→∞ n5 − 1
n3

∞
X 1
Since we know that √ is convergent, then by the limit comparison test, we can conclude
n=2 n3
∞
X n
that our series √ is also convergent.
5
n −1
n=2

∞
X n
8 (−1)n converges diverges
ln n
n=2
∞
X
nth Term Test Direct Comparison Test with ···
n=2
∞
X
Integral Test Limit Comparison Test with ···
n=2
Ratio Test nth Root Test Alternating Series Test

n ∞
Explanation (Not required): lim = . So, we can use L’Hopital,
ln n
n→∞ ∞
n 1
lim = lim 1 = lim n = ∞.
n→∞ ln n n→∞ n→∞
n
∞
n n X n
Thus, lim (−1)n 6= 0, so lim (−1)n 6= 0, too. Therefore, (−1)n is divergent
n→∞ ln n n→∞ ln n ln n
n=2
by the nth Term Test.

18 For each of the following, write the exact sum of the series in the box if it converges and write
Diverges if it diverges. No further explanation is required.

∞
X 1
n 1
1 (−1)n = −
3 4
n=1

23
  ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =1
,

N N N
N
X
n 1
n X 1
n 1X 1
n−1 1 − 31 −1 1 1
N

SN = (−1) = − =− − =− · 1 = − −1 .
3 3 3 3 3 −3 − 1 4 3
n=1 n=1 n=1

1 1
N
1 1
Now, lim SN = lim − − 1 = (0 − 1) = − .
N →∞ N →∞ 4 3 4 4

∞
X 1 3
2 =
n2 −1 4
n=2

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =2
,

N N
X 1 X 1
2
=
n −1 (n − 1)(n + 1)
n=2 n=2
N  
1X 1 1
= −
2 n−1 n+1
n=2
 N N 
1 X 1 X 1
= −
2 n−1 n+1
n=2 n=2
 
1 1 1 1
1 1
 1 1

= 1 + +  + · · · +  −  + · · · +  + +
2 2 3 N −1
 3 N −1
 N N +1
1 1 1 1

= 1+ − −
2 2 N N +1
1 1 1 1
1 1
3
Now, lim SN = lim 1+ − − = 1+ −0−0 = .
N →∞ N →∞ 2 2 N N +1 2 2 4

∞
X Diverges
3 (e − 1)n =
n=0

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =1
,

N −1 N
N
X
n X
n−1 e−1 −1
SN = e−1 = e−1 = .
e−1
n=0 n=1

N
e−1 −1
Now, lim SN = lim does not exist because e − 1 ≥ 1. Therefore, the infinite
N →∞ N →∞ e−1
∞
X
summation (e − 1)n is divergent.
n=0

∞
X 3 3
4 =
n2 +n
n=1

24
  ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =1
,

N N N  
X 3 X 1 X 1 1
SN = 2
=3 =3 −
n +n n(n + 1) n n+1
n=1 n=1 n=1
 
1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= 3 1 −  +  −  +  −  + · · · +

−
2 2 3 3 4
N N +1
 
1
= 3 1−
N +1
  ∞
1 X 3
Now, lim SN = lim 3 1 − = 3. Therefore, = 3.
N →∞ N →∞ N +1 n2 +n
n=0

∞
X 1
1

π
5 arccos − arccos = −
n n+1 2
n=1

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =1
,

N
X 1
1


SN = arccos − arccos
n n+1
n=1
1

1
1




 
 

arccos 1 − arccos
=  + arccos
 − arccos
 + ···

 2 
 2 
 3
1
1


· · · + arccos
 − arccos
  N N +1

1

= arccos 1 − arccos
N +1
   

1


π
Now, lim SN = lim arccos 1 − arccos = arccos 1 − arccos 0 = − .
N →∞ N →∞ N +1 2
∞
X 1
1

π
Therefore, arccos − arccos =− .
n n+1 2
n=1

∞
X n
Diverges
6 ln =
n+1
n=2

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =2
,

N
X n
2
3
N

ln = ln + ln + · · · + ln
n+1 3 4 N +1
n=2
= (ln 2 − 
ln
3) + ( 3 −
ln 4) + · · · + (
ln  − ln(N + 1))
ln
N
= ln 2 − ln(N + 1)

25
 ∞
X n

Now, lim SN = lim ln 2 − ln(N + 1) = −∞. Therefore, ln is divergent.
N →∞ N →∞ n+1
n=2

19 In each of the following, indicate all possible completions of the sentence that will make it into a
true statment by ing the corresponding s. No explanation is required.
∞
X 1 1 1
1 = 1 + + + · · · is
n 2 3
n=1
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

∞
X 1 1 1
Explanation (Not required): = 1 + + + · · · is an infinite sum of real numbers,
n 2 3
n=1
∞
X 1
so it is a series. By the integral test, one can easily see that is divergent.
n
n=1

1 ∞  1 1
2 n=1
= 1, , , · · · is
n 2 3
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

1 ∞  1 1
Explanation (Not required): n=1
= 1, , , · · · is an infinite list of real numbers,
n 2 3
1 ∞ 1
so it is a sequence. Moreover, n=1
is convergent because lim = 0.
n n→∞ n

∞
X 1 1 1
3 =1+ + + · · · is
2n−1 2 4
n=1

a convergent sequence a convergent series

none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

∞
X 1 1 1
Explanation (Not required): = 1+ + +· · · is an infinite sum of real numbers,
2n−1 2 4
n=1
so it is a series. Moreover,
∞ N N 1 N


X 1 X 1 X 1
n−1 2 − 1 0−1
= lim = lim = lim 1 = 1 = 2.
2n−1 N →∞ 2n−1 N →∞ 2 N →∞
2 −1 2 −1
n=1 n=1 n=1

∞
X 1
So, the series is convergent.
2n−1
n=1

26
  1 ∞  1 1
4 n=1
= 1, , , · · · is
2n−1 2 4
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

 1 ∞  1 1
Explanation (Not required): n=1
= 1, , , · · · is an infinite list of real num-
2n−1 2 4
 1 ∞ 1
bers, so it is a sequence. Moreover, n=1
is convergent because lim n−1 = 0.
2n−1 n→∞ 2

∞
X 1 1 1
5 = 1 + + + · · · is
n2 4 9
n=1

a convergent sequence a convergent series

none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

∞
X 1 1 1
Explanation (Not required): 2
= 1 + + + · · · is an infinite sum of real numbers,
n 4 9
n=1
∞
X 1
so it is a series. By the integral test, one can easily see that is convergent.
n2
n=1

1 ∞  1 1
6 n=1
= 1, , , · · · is
n2 4 9
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

1 ∞  1 1
Explanation (Not required): 2 n=1
= 1, , , · · · is an infinite list of real numbers,
n 4 9
1 ∞ 1
so it is a sequence. Moreover, 2 n=1
is convergent because lim 2 = 0.
n n→∞ n

∞
X 1 1 1
7 = + + · · · is
n · ln n 2 · ln 2 3 · ln 3
n=2
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

∞
X1 1 1
Explanation (Not required): = + + · · · is an infinite sum of
n · ln n 2 · ln 2 3 · ln 3
n=2
∞
X 1
real numbers, so it is a series. Moreover, is divergent by the integral test.
n · ln n
n=2

27
  1 ∞  1 1
8 n=2
= , ,··· is
n · ln n 2 · ln 2 3 · ln 3
a convergent sequence a convergent series
none of these
a divergent sequence a divergent series

1 ∞   1 1
Explanation (Not required): n=2
= , , · · · is an infinite list of
n · ln n 2 · ln 2 3 · ln 3
1
real numbers, so it is a sequence. Moreover, it is convergent because lim = 0.
n→∞ n · ln n

∞
X 1
n 1
1
1

9 − = − + + − · · · is
2 2 4 8
n=1

a convergent series a conditionally convergent series

a divergent series an absolutely convergent series

Explanation (Not required):

∞ ∞ N
X 1
n X 1
n X 1
n
− = = lim
2 2 N →∞ 2
n=1 n=1 n=1
N
1
X 1
n−1
= lim ·
N →∞ 2 2
n=1

N
1
12 −1
= lim · 1

N →∞ 2
2 −1
1
0−1
= · 1
=1
2 2 −1

∞
X 1
n
So, the series − is absolutely convergent, so it is also convergent.
2
n=1

∞
X √ √
√ √
√ √
√ √

10 (−1)n n+1− n =− 2− 1 + 3− 2 − 4 − 3 + · · · is
n=1

a convergent series a conditionally convergent series

a divergent series an absolutely convergent series

Explanation (Not required): The series is not absolutely convergent, because

∞ ∞ N
X √ √
X √ √
X √ √

(−1)n n+1− n = n+1− n = lim n+1− n
N →∞
n=1 n=1 n=1
√
√√ √
√ √ 

= lim 2 − 1 +  3 − 
2 + ··· + N + 1 − 
N
N →∞
√ √
= lim − 1 + N + 1 = ∞
N →∞

28
 √ √
But the series is convergent by the alternating series test, indeed, let an = n + 1 − n, for
all n ≥ 1, then
 ∞ √ √
• an n=1 is decreasing because the function f (x) = x + 1 − x, x ≥ 1, is non-increasing.
1 1
f 0 (x) = √ − √ ≤ 0.
2 x+1 2 x
•
√ √
√ √ √ √
n+1+ n
lim n+1− n = lim n + 1 − n · √ √
n→∞ n→∞ n+1+ n
n + 1) − 
( n
= lim √ √
n→∞ n+1+ n
1
= lim √ √ =0
n→∞ n+1+ n
∞
X √ √

Therefore, (−1)n n+1− n is conditionally convergent series.
n=1

∞
X 1
1

11 (−1)n+1 cos 2
= cos(1) − cos + · · · is
n 4
n=1
a convergent series a conditionally convergent series

a divergent series an absolutely convergent series

∞
1
X
Explanation (Not required): The series (−1)n+1 cos
is divergent by the nth term test,
n2
n=1
1
1
1

indeed lim (−1)n+1 cos 2 = lim cos 2 = 1 6= 0 and so lim (−1)n+1 cos 2 6= 0
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞ n

20 Fill in the boxes to make each of the following sentence a true statement.

1 ∞
n=1
is a convergent sequence
n

∞
(−1)n

n=1 is a divergent sequence

∞
X 1 is a convergent series
n2
n=1

∞
X 1 is a divergent series
n
n=1

29
21 Consider the question:

(−1)n
Q. Study the convergence of the sequence an = , n ≥ 1.
n

Your friend from Section 22 shows you their solution:

(−1)n 1

lim (−1)n ·


lim = lim = 1 or − 1) · 0 = 0.
n→∞ n n→∞ n→∞ n
 ∞
Therefore, the sequence an n=1
converges to 0.

Express your opinion of your friend’s solution by ing the corresponding .

The solution is correct.

The solution is incorrect, but the answer is correct.
Both the solution and the answer are incorrect.

If you ed the first , then you are done with question 21 . If you ed the second or the third
, then you need to write the correct solution below.

Correct solution (Required): First, we note that, for all n ≥ 1,

1 (−1)n 1
− ≤ ≤ .
n n n
1 1 (−1)n
Since lim − = lim = 0, then the Squeeze theorem implies that lim = 0. Hence, the
n→∞ n ∞ n→∞ n n→∞ n
sequence an n=1 converges to 0.

22 Consider the question:

n
Q. Study the convergence of the sequence an = ln( ), n ≥ 1.
n+1

Your friend from Section 22 shows you their solution:

n n
lim ln( ) = ln( lim ) because ln x is continuous function
n→∞ n+1 n→∞ n + 1
= ln(1) = 0.
 ∞
Therefore, an n=1
converges to 0.

Express your opinion of your friend’s solution by ing the corresponding .

The solution is correct.

The solution is incorrect, but the answer is correct.
Both the solution and the answer are incorrect.

30
 If you ed the first , then you are done with question 22 . If you ed the second or the third
, then you need to write the correct solution below.

23 Consider the question:

1
n
Q. Study the convergence of the sequence an = 1 − , n ≥ 1.
n

Your friend from Section 22 shows you their solution:

∞ 1
n
= lim (1 − 0)n = lim 1 = 1.

The sequence an n=1 is convergent because lim 1 −
n→∞ n n→∞ n→∞

Express your opinion of your friend’s solution by ing the corresponding .

The solution is correct.

The solution is incorrect, but the answer is correct.
Both the solution and the answer are incorrect.

If you ed the first , then you are done with question 23 . If you ed the second or the third
, then you need to write the correct solution below.

1
n
Correct solution (Required): = 1∞ = indeterminate
lim 1 −
n→∞ n
ln 1 − n1
   

1
n 1
n 1
0
ln lim 1 − = lim ln 1 − = lim n · ln 1 − = lim 1 = ,
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞
n
0
so we can use L’Hopital’s rule
1
n2
1



ln 1 − n 1− n1
−1
lim 1 = lim = lim = −1.
n→∞ n→∞ 1
− n→∞ 1 − 1
n n2 n

1
n 1 ∞
= e−1 = . So the sequence an

Thus, lim 1 − n=1
is of course convergent.
n→∞ n e

24 Consider the question:

∞
X n

Q. Find the sum of the series ln .
n+1
n=2

31
 Your friend from Section 22 shows you their solution:
∞
X n
2
3
4

ln = ln + ln + ln ···
n+1 3 4 5
n=2
= (ln 2 − 
ln
3) + ( 3 −
ln ln
4) + ( 4 −
ln 5) + · · ·
ln
= ln 2

Express your opinion of your friend’s solution by ing the corresponding .

The solution is correct.

The solution is incorrect, but the answer is correct.
Both the solution and the answer are incorrect.

If you ed the first , then you are done with question 24 . If you ed the second or the third
, then you need to write the correct solution below.

 ∞
Correct solution (Required): We construct the sequence of partial sums SN N =2
,

N
X n
2
3
N

ln = ln + ln + · · · + ln
n+1 3 4 N +1
n=2
= (ln 2 − 
ln
3) + ( 3 −
ln 4) + · · · + (
ln  − ln(N + 1))
ln
N
= ln 2 − ln(N + 1)
∞
X n

Now, lim SN = lim ln 2 − ln(N + 1) = −∞. Therefore, ln is divergent.
N →∞ N →∞ n+1
n=2

25 Consider the question:

∞
X
Q. Determine whether the series en is convergent or not.
n=1

Your friend from Section 22 shows you their solution:

Z ∞ Z N
ex dx = lim ex dx = lim eN − e = ∞,



1 N →∞ 1 N →∞
Z ∞ ∞
X
thus ex dx is divergent and hence en is divergent, too.
1 n=1

Express your opinion of your friend’s solution by ing the corresponding .

The solution is correct.

The solution is incorrect, but the answer is correct.
Both the solution and the answer are incorrect.

If you ed the first , then you are done with question 25 . If you ed the second or the third
, then you need to write the correct solution below.

32
 Correct solution (Required): The series is divergent by the nth term test, since

lim en = ∞ =
6 0.
n→∞

∞
26 If there exists a sequence an n=1 satisfying the given conditions, write its nth term in the box;


and if no such sequence exists, write Does Not Exist in the box. No explanation is requires.
 ∞ 1 ∞
1 an n=1
converges and n=1
converges.
an

1
an =

Explanation (Not required): Let an = 1 for all n ≥ 1, then

1
lim an = lim 1 = 1 and lim = lim 1 = 1.
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ an n→∞
 ∞  1 ∞
Therefore, both an n=1
and an n=1
are convergent.

 ∞ 1 ∞
2 an n=1
converges and n=1
diverges.
an

1
an =
n

1
Explanation (Not required): Let an = for all n ≥ 1, then
n
1 1
lim an = lim =0 and lim = lim n = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞ n n→∞ an n→∞
∞ ∞
converges, but a1n
 
Therefore, an n=1 n=1
diverges.

 ∞ 1 ∞
3 an n=1
diverges and n=1
converges.
an

n
an =

Explanation (Not required): Let an = n for all n ≥ 1, then

1 1
lim an = lim n = ∞ and lim = lim = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ an n→∞ n
 ∞  1 ∞
Therefore, an n=1 diverges, but an n=1
converges.

33
  ∞ 1 ∞
4 an n=1
diverges and n=1
diverges.
an

(−1)n
an =

Explanation (Not required): Let an = (−1)n for all n ≥ 1, then

1
lim an = lim (−1)n = D.N.E. and lim = lim (−1)n = D.N.E.
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ an n→∞
 ∞  1 ∞
Therefore, both an n=1
and an n=1
are divergent.

5 1 ≤ an < an+1 for all n ≥ 1, and lim an = ∞.

n→∞

n
an =

Explanation (Not required): Obviously, for all n ≥ 1,

1 ≤ an = n < n + 1 = an+1 ,
and lim an = lim n = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞

6 1 ≤ an < an+1 for all n ≥ 1, and lim an 6= ∞.

n→∞

1
an = 2−
n

Explanation (Not required): Obviously, for all n ≥ 1,

1 1
1 ≤ an = 2 − <2− = an+1
n n+1
1
and lim an = lim 2 − = 2 6= ∞.
n→∞ n→∞ n

∞ ∞
 ∞
X X 1
7 an n=1
positive, an converges and · an converges.
n
n=1 n=1

1
an =
n2

34
 1  ∞
Explanation (Not required): Let an = 2 for all n ≥ 1. Obviously, an n=1
is positive.
n
By the integral test, it is easy to see that both
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X 1 X 1 1 X 1
an = and · an = · 2 = are convergent.
n2 n n n n3
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

∞ ∞
 ∞
X X 1
8 an n=1 positive, an converges and · an diverges.
n
n=1 n=1

D.N.E.
an =

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): Suppose that an n=1
is positive, then

1 1
n ≥ 1 =⇒ ≤ 1 =⇒ · an ≤ an ,
n n
∞ ∞
X X 1
so if an is convergent, then · an must be convergent by the comparison test.
n
n=1 n=1

∞ ∞
 ∞
X X 1
9 an n=1 positive, an diverges and · an converges.
n
n=1 n=1

1
an =
n

1  ∞
Explanation (Not required): Let an = for all n ≥ 1. Obviously, an n=1 is positive.
n
∞ ∞
X X 1
By the integral test, it is easy to see that the series an = is divergent, while the
n
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 1 X 1
series · an = · = is convergent.
n n n n2
n=1 n=1 n=1

∞ ∞
 ∞
X X 1
10 an n=1 positive, an diverges and · an diverges.
n
n=1 n=1

1
an =

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): Let an = 1 for all n ≥ 1. Obviously, an n=1
is positive.
By the nth term test and the integral test, it is easy to see that both
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X X 1 X 1 X 1
an = 1 and · an = ·1= are divergent.
n n n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

35
 ∞
X
11 lim nan = 0 and an diverges.
n→∞
n=2

1
an =
n · ln n

∞
1 X
Explanation (Not required): Let an = for all n ≥ 1. The series an diverges
n · ln n
n=2
1 1
n·
by the integral test. Moreover, lim  = lim = 0.
n→∞ n · ln n n→∞ ln n


∞
∞
 X
12 an n=1 diverges and an converges.
n=1

D.N.E
an =

 ∞
Explanation (Not required): If an n=1
is divergent, then by the nth term test the series
∞
X
an must be divergent, too.
n=1

 ∞
27 In each of the following, if the given statement is true for all sequences an n=1 , then the to the
left of True; otherwise, the to the left of False and give a counterexample. No explanation
is required.
an+1  ∞
1 If lim = 1 then an n=1 is divergent.
n→∞ an

True
1
False, because it does not hold for an =
n

1 ∞
Explanation (Not required): Apparently n n=1 is convergent, and
1
an+1 n+1 n
lim = lim 1 = lim = 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ n→∞ n+1
n

an+1  ∞
2 If lim = 1 then an n=1
is convergent.
n→∞ an

True
n
False, because it does not hold for an =

36
  ∞
Explanation (Not required): Clearly, n n=1
is divergent, and

an+1 n+1
lim = lim = 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ n

an+1  ∞
3 If lim = −1 then an n=1
is divergent.
n→∞ an

True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =
n

 (−1)n ∞
Explanation (Not required): By the Squeez theorem, n=1
is convergent, and
n
(−1)n+1
an+1 n+1 n
lim = lim (−1)n
= lim (−1) = −1.
n→∞ an n→∞ n→∞ n+1
n

an+1  ∞
4 If lim = −1 then an n=1
is convergent.
n→∞ an

True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =

∞
Explanation (Not required): The sequence (−1)n is divergent because lim (−1)n

n=1 n→∞
does not exist. Now,

an+1 (−1)n+1
lim = lim = −1.
n→∞ an n→∞ (−1)n

∞
X ∞
X
5 If an is convergent then (−1)n · an is convergent.
n=1 n=1
True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =
n

∞
X (−1)n
Explanation (Not required): The series is convergent by the alternating series
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X 1
test, while (−1)n · = is divergent by the integral test.
n n
n=1 n=1

37
 ∞
X ∞
X
6 If an is convergent then (−1)n · an is divergent.
n=1 n=1
True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =
n2

∞
X (−1)n
Explanation (Not required): The series is convergent by the alternating series
n2
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n(−1)n X 1
test, and (−1) · = is convergent by the integral test.
n2 n2
n=1 n=1

∞
X ∞
X
7 If an is divergent then (−1)n · an is convergent.
n=1 n=1
True
1
False, because it does not hold for an =

∞
X ∞
X
Explanation (Not required): Both 1 and (−1)n are divergent by the nth term test.
n=1 n=1

∞
X ∞
X
8 If an is divergent then (−1)n · an is divergent.
n=1 n=1
True
1
False, because it does not hold for an =
n

∞
X 1
Explanation (Not required): The series is divergent by the integral test, while the
n
n=1
∞ X (−1)n∞
X 1 n
series (−1) · = is convergent by the alternating series test.
n n
n=1 n=1

∞
X ∞
X
9 If an conditionally convergent then n · an is convergent.
n=1 n=1
True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =
n

38
 ∞
X (−1)n
Explanation (Not required): The series is convergent by the alternating series
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X 1 X (−1)n
test, but is divergent by the integral test. So, is conditionally convergent. By
n n
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X
the nth term test, it follows that n· = (−1)n is divergent.
n
n=1 n=1

∞
X ∞
X
10 If an conditionally convergent then n · an is divergent.
n=1 n=1
True

(−1)n
False, because it does not hold for an =
n · ln n

∞
X (−1)n
Explanation (Not required): The series is convergent by the alternating series
n · ln n
n=1
∞ ∞
X 1 X (−1)n
test, but is divergent by the integral test. So, is conditionally conver-
n · ln n n · ln n
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n
gent. By the alternating series test, it follows that n· = is convergent.
n · ln n ln n
n=1 n=1

∞
1 X
11 If 0 < n < an for all n ≥ 1, then an is convergent.
2
n=1
True
1
False, because it does not hold for an =

∞
X
Explanation (Not required): The series 1 is divergent by the nth term test, indeed
n=1

lim 1 = 1
n→∞

∞
1 X
12 If 0 < < an for all n ≥ 1, then an is divergent.
2n
n=1
True
1
False, because it does not hold for an =
2n−1

39
 ∞
X 1
Explanation (Not required): The series is convergent by the ratio test, indeed
2n−1
n=1
1
an+1 2n 1
lim = lim 1 = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ 2
2n−1

With best wishes

Mohamed Khaled Khalifa

40