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Notes and abbreviations

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) Notes and abbreviations, The Military Balance, 70:1, 1-1, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459792

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 NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS
(A) National Currency Figures have been converted into dollars at the prevailing rate, generally
as reported to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, defence expenditure has been
converted into dollars for:
(1) The USSR as explained in the Annex on pp. 10-12.
(2) East European countries which are not members of the IMF at the rates described by
Professor Benoit and Dr Lubell in Disarmament and World Economic Interdependence
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967).
In all cases the conversion rates used are included in the country entry and may not always be
applicable to commercial transactions. Because estimates for GNP and defence expenditure of
certain countries have altered, figures will not in all cases be entirely comparable with those of
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last year.
(B) A table showing the average strength of military units will be found following the Preface.
The term 'combat aircraft', as used in the text, comprises bombers, fighter-bombers, interceptors,
and reconnaissance, light-strike, counter-insurgency and armed trainer aircraft, but not other
categories of military aircraft.

AA - Anti-aircraft MRV - Multiple re-entry vehicle

ABM - Anti-ballistic missile MTB - Motor torpedo boat
AEW - Airborne early warning NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
AFB - Air Force base NORAD - North American Air Defence
AGM - Air-to-ground missile RCT - Regimental combat team
ANZUS - Australia, New Zealand, and The SAC - Strategic Air Command
United States Security Treaty
SAM - Surface-to-air missile
APC - Armoured personnel carrier
SEATO - South-East Asia Treaty Organiza-
ASW - Anti-submarine warfare tion
AWX - All-weather interceptor SHAPE - Supreme Headquarters Allied
BMD - Ballistic missile defence Powers in Europe
CENTO - Central Treaty Organization SLBM - Submarine-launched ballistic missile
FOBS - Fractional orbital bombardment sys- SP - Self-propelled
tem
SRBM - Short-range ballistic missile
GNP - Gross national product
SSM - Surface-to-surface missile
ICBM - Inter-continental ballistic missile
S/VTOL - Short/vertical take-off and landing
IRBM - Intermediate-range ballistic missile
% - US dollars
LPH - Helicopter landing platform
Mile - Statute mile
MIRV - Multiple independently-targetable
re-entry vehicle Million-000,000
MRBM - Medium-range ballistic missile Billion -000,000,000
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The Military Balance

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The United States and the Soviet Union

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) The United States and the Soviet Union, The Military Balance, 70:1, 1-12, DOI:
10.1080/04597227008459795

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or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any
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Downloaded by [George Mason University] at 10:07 08 January 2015

PRINCIPAL PACTS
COUNTRIES AND
 page page
Albania 33 Laos 66
Algeria 39 Lebanon 41
Argentina 73 Libya 42
Australia 60 Luxembourg 30
Austria 33 Malagasy 50
Belgium 22 Malaysia 66
Bolivia 74 Mexico 78
Brazil 74 Mongolia 66
Britain 22 Morocco 42
Bulgaria 14 NATO 17
Burma 60 Netherlands 30
Cambodia 61 New Zealand 67
Canada 24 Nicaragua 79
CENTO 38 Nigeria 50
Chile 75 Norway 31
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China - People's Republic 56 Pakistan 67

China - Republic of (Taiwan) 61 Paraguay ' 79
Colombia 75 Peru 80
Congo (Kinshasa) 47 Philippines 68
Cuba 76 Poland 16
Czechoslovakia 14 Portugal 31
Denmark 25 Portuguese Forces in Africa 55
Dominican Republic 76 Rhodesia 50
Ecuador 76 Rumania 17
El Salvador - 77 Saudi Arabia 43
Ethiopia 48 SEATO 59
Finland 34 Senegal 51
France 26 Singapore 68
French Forces in Africa 54 Somali Democratic Republic 51
Germany - Democratic Republic (East) 15 South Africa 52
Germany - Federal Republic (West) 27 Soviet Union 6
Ghana 48 Spain 34
Greece 28 Spanish Forces in Africa 55
Guatemala 77 Sudan 43
Guinea 48 Sweden 35
Haiti 78 Switzerland 36
Honduras 78 Syria 44
Hungary 15 Tanzania 52
India 62 Thailand 69
Indonesia 63 Tunisia 44
Iran 39 Turkey 32
Iraq 40 Uganda 53
Israel 40 United Arab Republic 45
Italy 29 United States 1
Ivory Coast 49 Uruguay 80
Japan 64 Venezuela 81
Jordan 41 Vietnam - Democratic Republic (North) 69
Kenya 49 Vietnam - Republic of (South) 70
Korea - Democratic People's Republic WARSAW PACT 13
(North) 64 Yugoslavia 36
Korea - Republic of (South) 65 Zambia 53
 The United States and the Soviet Union

THE UNITED STATES

The United States has a series of multilateral States. Defence against the smaller strategic
and bilateral treaties and agreements with threat which China might present is thought
countries throughout the world. feasible. In March 1969, President Nixon pro-
The . principal multilateral organizations of posed the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile sys-
which she is a full member are the North Atlantic tem, designed to provide some protection for
Alliance (NATO) and the South-East Asia American land-based retaliatory forces against a
Treaty Organization (SEATO). She is associated direct attack by the Soviet Union. In the first
with the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). phase, two Minuteman fields in North Dakota
These commitments - with the exception of the and Montana are to be protected by Spartan
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agreement with Spain, renewed on 6 August area-defence missiles and Sprint point-defence
1970 and reported to cover security arrangements, missiles, and the system is also to be equipped
bases and military aid - are described in the with two Perimeter Acquisition Radars (PARs)
introductions to the above Alliances and to the and two Missile Site Radars (MSRs).
various continents and regions. The Administration has requested funds,
during the 1970-71 Fiscal Year, for the begin-
ning of the second phase of Safeguard. This part
GENERAL of Phase 2 would permit work to begin on the
Population: 205,325,000. actual installation of Spartan/Sprint missiles at
Military service: selective service for two years. one further Minuteman field at Whiteman AFB
Total armed forces: 3,161,000. in Missouri, work to be started at another field
Estimated GNP 1969: $932 billion. at Warren AFB, the acquisition of land for five
Defence estimates 1970-71: $71,791 million. more Spartan/Sprint sites and the construction of
further PARs and MSRs. This expansion and the
proposed subsequent expansion to 12 Spartan/
Sprint sites would provide a 'light' area defence
Strategic Nuclear Forces against Chinese ICBMs during the 1970s; a
The prime objective behind the deployment of defence for an additional portion of the strategic
American strategic nuclear forces has been the retaliatory forces against Soviet attack and in
deterrence of a deliberate nuclear attack upon particular of SAC bomber bases against SLBMs;
the United States and her allies by maintaining and a defence for the National Command
an assured destruction capability: 'the ability to Authorities in Washington.
inflict at all times and under all foreseeable
conditions an unacceptable degree of damage A new anti-ballistic missile system called
upon any single aggressor, or a combination of Hardsite is in an early concept stage. It is
aggressors - even after absorbing a surprise designed to avoid the vulnerability of dependence
attack'. In recent years there has, however, been on a small number of MSRs, by replacing them
increasing debate about the relative weight with a large number of smaller and cheaper
which should be given to a secondary objective, radars. It might require the development of
the limiting of damage to the population1 and improved point-defence missiles.
industrial capacity of the United States. It has
been accepted that on the basis of current
technology there is no practical way of providing STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE FORCES
an adequate measure of 'damage limitation' Land-based missiles. At present 490 Minuteman 1
against the threat which Soviet ballistic missiles and 500 Minuteman 2 solid-fuel inter-continental
pose to the economy and people of the United ballistic missiles (ICBM) are operational. It is
2
 2
planned eventually to replace all Minuteman 1 by organization. The American forces under
the more powerful Minuteman 3, 10 of which, NORAD are known as the Aerospace Defence
equipped with the Mk 12 three-warhead system, Command (ADC) and Army Air Defence Com-
were scheduled to be operational by 1 July 1970. mand (ARADCOM), with a total strength of
54 launchers (six squadrons of 9 missiles each) of about 85,000. There are 15 regular interceptor
the Titan 2 liquid-fuelled ICBM remain in squadrons in ADC, comprising 11 squadrons
service. with F-106A Delta Darts, 3 squadrons with
F-101B Voodoos and 1 squadron with F-102 Delta
Seaborne missiles. The Navy has a total of 41 Daggers (based in Iceland). Air-to-air missiles
nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, used by these aircraft include Sidewinder, Falcon
each of which carries 16 Polaris missiles. 8 and Genie. Three squadrons of airborne early-
vessels are now undergoing conversion so as to warning EC-121S are deployed in the United
fire the Poseidon missile, which will be equipped States.
with 10 MIRV warheads, and will eventually The regular units of the Aerospace Defence
equip 31 submarines (the remaining ten will Command are supplemented by 17 interceptor
have the Polaris A-3). The first Poseidon sub- squadrons of the Air National Guard, equipped
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marine is scheduled to become operational in with F-lOls and F-102s. The total number of
January 1971. 25 of these submarines are interceptor aircraft in NORAD (including
normally deployed at any one time, 20 in the Canadian units) is about 700.
Arctic-North Atlantic-Mediterranean area, and The regular surface-to-air missile force con-
5 in the Pacific. Of the total 41, 13 are now sists of three main systems: Nike, Hawk and
equipped with the A-2 missile (1,750 statute mile Bomarcr There are some 13 battalions of Nike-
range) and the remainder with the A-3 (2,880 Hercules and two battalions of Hawk missiles
statute mile range). still in service; both these systems are operated
by the Army elements of ADC. There are about
Aircraft. Strategic Air Command (SAC) has a 170 long-range surface-to-air Bomarc missiles,
total bomber strength of about 540. These com- deployed in five squadrons. These are all
prise about 35 (2 squadrons) of the supersonic Bomarc B, with a range of 440 miles and a
variable-geometry FB-111, and about 505 ceiling of 100,000 feet, and are mostly stationed
long-range B-52s (of which at least 100 are in the north-eastern states and in Canada. These
thought to be in active storage). The later G/H regular units are supplemented by 38 batteries
models of the B-52 carry the AGM-28B Hound of Nike-Hercules, operated by the Army
Dog air-to-surface cruise missile with a range National Guard.
of up to 700 miles and a thermonuclear war- Ground defence against missile or bomber
head. Development and testing of the supersonic attack is supported by a chain of radar and
AGM-69 short range attack missile (SRAM) is tracking stations, including the Ballistic Missile
continuing. Of the 14 squadrons of earlier C/F Early Warning System (BMEWS), with stations
model B-52s, 3 are stationed in South-East in Alaska, Greenland and England; the 'forward
Asia. The B-58 Hustler supersonic medium scatter' Over-the-Horizon (OTH) radar system,
bombers are no longer operational. which can detect ICBM launches at greater
SAC operates about 500 KC-135 tankers, of ranges than any other ground-based radar; the
which an estimated 100 are stationed in South- Pinetree line; and the 33 Distant Early Warning
East Asia to assist B-52, F-4 and F-105 missions. (DEW) Line radars. Surveillance and tracking
There are also two strategic reconnaissance of objects in North American air space is co-
squadrons operating SR-71s. ordinated by the Semi-Automatic Ground
Environment (SAGE) System. Fourteen loca-
tions are combined with Back-Up Interceptor
Control (BUIQ stations. A system (474N) of
STRATEGIC DEFENSIVE FORCES seven radar stations on the east, west and Gulf
The North American Air Defence Command Coasts of the United States is designed specifi-
(NORAD), with its headquarters at Colorado cally for the detection of submarine-launched
Springs, Colorado, is a joint Canadian-American missiles.
 3
Army Special Forces Group, five artillery groups, one
Total strength: 1,363,000. The ground forces are aviation brigade and a Logistical Command.
organized into 16 operational divisions, five
independent infantry and airborne brigades, five South Korea. 2nd Infantry Division, 7th
armoured cavalry regiments, seven Special Infantry Division and 4th Missile Command.
Forces Groups, 38 surface-to-surface missile
battalions, and about 200 independent aviation Hawaii/Okinawa. 3rd Marine Division (less
units. The army operates about 11,000 aircraft, one brigade) and a Special Forces Group.
including about 9,000 helicopters.
Panama Canal Zone. 193rd Infantry Brigade.

DEPLOYMENT. American ground forces, including

the three divisions of the Marine Corps, were EQUIPMENT. The main operational equipments in
deployed as follows at the beginning of July service with the ground forces overseas include
1970: the M-48 (90mm gun) and M-60 (105mm gun)
medium tanks, and the M-551 Sheridan light
tank with Shillelagh; the M-107 175mm SPgun,
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Continental United States. Strategic reserve:

82nd Airborne Division, 171st and 172nd and the M-109 155mm and M-110 203mm SP
Infantry Brigades, 194th Armoured Brigade, howitzers; the short-range Honest John and
6th Armoured Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Marine Littlejohn and the longer-range Sergeant and
Division, one brigade of the 3rd Marine Division. Pershing surface-to-surface missiles; Hawk and
For reinforcing Seventh Army in Europe: Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missiles, and the
1st Armoured Division, 2nd Armoured Division, Chaparral/Vulcan low level air-defence system.
1st Mechanized Division (less one brigade),* 3rd
Armoured Cavalry Regiment.
RESERVES. The Army National Guard consists of
Training division for units being sent to
some 400,000 men capable, in about five weeks
Vietnam: 5th Mechanized Division.
from mobilization, of providing 8 full divisions,
Germany. Total strength: approximately 21 separate brigades, and some smaller units to
200,000. round out regular Army formations and provide
5th Corps: 3rd Armoured Division, 8th for air defence with 38 Nike-Hercules batteries.
Mechanized Division and 14th Armoured Cav- The Army Reserves have an average paid
alry Regiment. training strength of 260,000, and act chiefly as a
7th Corps: 4th Armoured Division, 3rd reinforcement pool. A further 48,000 undergo
Mechanized Division, one brigade of the 1st short tours of active duty for training.
Mechanized Division and 2nd Armoured
Cavalry Regiment.
In West Berlin; One infantry brigade. Marine Corps
Italy. Southern European Task Force (HQ Total strength: 294,000. In July 1970, the active
elements) and 1 Sergeant surface-to-surface Marine Corps consisted of three marine divisions
missile battalion. and three air wings. A marine division is about
20,000 strong. It is supported by a tank battalion
South Vietnam. Total strength: 330,000. withM-48andM-103tanks,andabattalionof24
4th Infantry Division (less one brigade), Hawk surface-to-air missiles. Tactical artillery
23rd Infantry (Americal) Division, 25th Infantry with the divisions includes 105mm, 155mm
Division, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), howitzers and 105mm SP howitzers and 175mm
101st Airmobile Division, 1st Marine Division, guns.
11th Armoured Cavalry Regiment, 199th Light The three marine air wings have about
Infantry Brigade, 173rd Airborne Brigade, 5th 1,200 combat and support aircraft. There are
14 fighter squadrons of F-4 Phantoms, armed with
* This division is dual-based and its heavy equipment is Sparrow and Sidewinder missiles. The air wings
stored in West Germany. include 12 attack squadrons, with the A-6
 4
Intruder replacing the A-4 Skyhawk, and three KA-3B Skywarrior aircraft are retained as
reconnaissance squadrons with the RF-4B tankers.
Phantom replacing the RF-8A Crusader. There
are three squadrons of C-130 Hercules assault 4 anti-submarine carriers, all Essex-class.
transports. Each wing (including the reserve They are equipped with S-2E Tracker long-
one) contains two squadrons of CH-53A heavy range search aircraft, and SH-3 Sea King heli-
helicopters, and three squadrons of CH-46A copters, and have A-4C Skyhawks for air
medium helicopters. There are also about 45 defence; each carries about 52 aircraft and
AH-1 Cobra gunship helicopters. {Harrier helicopters.
S/VTOL aircraft are being procured to form an
operational squadron.) 103 submarines (excluding Polaris vessels):
44 of these are nuclear-powered attack vessels,
of which 34 have Subroc ASW missiles.
RESERVES. The Marine Reserves have an average
paid training strength of 47,700 plus paid training 239 surface ships for anti-submarine warfare,
for about a further 560. They form a reserve fleet air defence and coastal bombardment.
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division and an associated air wing. These consist of the following:

8 guided-missile cruisers (1 nuclear-powered).
2 gun cruisers.
30 guided-missile frigates (2 nuclear-powered).
Navy 29 guided-missile destroyers.
Total strength: 694,000. The total number of ships 123 gun/ASW destroyers.
commissioned and in service is about 780. The 6 guided-missile destroyer escorts.
General Purpose Forces Navy (excluding Polaris 36 destroyer escorts.
submarines) consists of approximately 740 ships. 5 radar-picket escorts.
The fleets are the First in the Eastern Pacific, Guided-missile ships are armed with the Tartar,
the Second in the Atlantic, the Sixth in the Talos and Terrier surface-to-air missiles and
Mediterranean and the Seventh in the Western Asroc ASW missiles according to class.
Pacific. The main components of the active fleets
are: 97 amphibious assault ships, including 7
16 attack carriers: 1 nuclear-powered (USS helicopter landing platforms (LPH).
Enterprise, 76,000 tons), 8 Forrestal-class 42 landing craft.
(60,000 tons), 3 Midway-class (52,000 tons) and 54 ocean minesweepers.
3 Hancock-class (33,000 tons), and one anti- 185 logistics, operational support and small
submarine carrier acting as an attack carrier. patrol ships.
The attack carriers no longer have a primary
strategic nuclear mission, although they retain a 24 squadrons (about 216 aircraft) of shore-
nuclear strike capability. Attack carriers are based ASW patrol P-3 Orions.
assigned an air wing of between 70 and 100 . 5 transport/liaison squadrons with C-118s,
aircraft consisting of two fighter squadrons, C-130s, C-131s, C-ls and C-2s.
two or three light attack squadrons, AEW, The number of aircraft in the active inventory
tanker and reconnaissance aircraft. The larger of the Navy is estimated at 8,000.
carriers have a medium attack squadron and
their fighter squadrons have the F-4 Phantom, RESERVES. The Navy Reserves have an average
with the F-8 Crusader in the i/a/icodfc-class. paid training strength of 129,000 plus paid
The attack aircraft include the A-4 Skyhawk, training tours for a further 3,350.
the A-6 Intruder and the A-7 Corsair; Corsairs Equipment includes:
will eventually replace all the Skyhawks. The 2 anti-submarine carriers.
RA-5C Vigilante is used for reconnaissance 15 cruisers
in the larger carriers, and the RF-8G Crusader Over 300 escort ships.
is used in this role in the Hancock-class. The 35 squadrons of fixed-wing aircraft and" 4
E-2A Hawkeye is used for AEW, and a few squadrons of helicopters.
 5
Air Force Thirteenth Air Force, with F-4, F-105, RF-4C
Total strength: 810,000 (including Air Force and C-130 aircraft, is responsible for the Philip-
personnel serving in Strategic Air Command pines, Taiwan and Thailand, and all joint
and Air Defence Command (for the organization planning responsibilities under SEATO. About
of strategic and air defence forces, see above). 160 F-4 and 80 F-105 fighter-bombers, as well as
About 6,500 first-line combat aircraft. 40 RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft, fly from
Thirteenth Air Force bases in Thailand.
The General Purpose Forces of the Air Force
consist of the Tactical Air Command, United The Seventh Air Force, with about 59,000
States Air Force in Europe, Pacific Air Forces men in South Vietnam, consists of tactical
and the Military Airlift Command. fighter, reconnaissance, assault airlift and special
The present strength of Tactical Air Command operations squadrons. It also co-ordinates the
is 115,000 men and about 1,000 aircraft normally operations of the Vietnamese Air Force. The
based in the United States. It includes the follow- approximate strength of the Seventh Air Force
ing units: 19 F-4, three F-100, three F-105 and is 280 F-100, F-4C and A-37 fighter-bombers,
three F-111A tactical fighter squadrons; nine 40 RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft, 150 A-IE,
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tactical reconnaissance squadrons with RF-4C; AC-47, AC-119, AC-130 and C-123 counter-
17 assault air-lift squadrons with C-130; two insurgency aircraft, 90 C-7A assault airlift
electronic warfare squadrons; and six special aircraft and a large number of observation and
operations squadrons including A-37, AC-119, liaison aircraft and helicopters.
C-123K and AC-130 aircraft.
US Air Force in Europe (USAFE), with a The Military Airlift Command (MAC) num-
strength of about 50,000 men, controls the Third bers 90,000 men and operates 18 heavy transport
Air Force in Britain, the-Sixteenth Air Force in squadrons, equipped with about 45 C-133
Spain, the Seventeenth Air Force in West Cargomasters and 270 C-141 Starlifters, and at
Germany and a Logistics Group in Turkey, and least another 25 squadrons in medical transport,
includes 21 tactical fighter squadrons and six weather reconnaissance and air-sea rescue roles.
tactical reconnaissance squadrons. Four other (The first C-5A Galaxy squadron is forming.)
tactical fighter squadrons are based in the
United States but are 'on call' to USAFE. The
tactical fighters include about 375 F-lOOs and RESERVES. The Air National Guard General
F-4C/D/Es, and the reconnaissance aircraft Purpose Forces have approximately 1,500 air-
about 90 RF-4Cs. There are two C-130 transport craft in 18 fighter-interceptor squadrons, 24
squadrons in the Command. Four of the tactical tactical fighter squadrons, 12 tactical reconnais-
fighter squadrons, equipped with F-4Es, for air sance squadrons, 3 tactical air support squad-
defence, are based in Germany and the Nether- rons, 4 special operations squadrons, 7 tanker
lands. squadrons and 22 air transport squadrons,
mostly with older type transport aircraft. The
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), with a strength strength of the Guard is 85,000 men.
of about 155,000 men and about 80 squadrons, The Air Force Reserve has an average paid
with headquarters in Hawaii, control the Fifth training strength of 47,900 and a further 2,600
Air Force with bases in Japan, Korea and undergo paid training tours of active duty. The
Okinawa; the Thirteenth Air Force with head- Air Force Reserve has about 400 aircraft in 36
quarters in the Philippines; and the Seventh Air operational squadrons, of which 7 are equipped
Force, which is the air component of the Military with C-119 Boxcar, 16 have C-124 Globemaster,
Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV). The and 2 have C-130 Hercules transports. The
Fifth Air Force operates squadrons of F-4, remainder serve in tactical support, special
F-102, F-105, RF-4C and C-130 aircraft; the operations and air-sea rescue roles.
 6

THE SOVIET UNION

GENERAL Tests have recently been reported to have
Population: 244,000,000 involved a revised re-entry system.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 2 years; 220 SS-7 (Saddler) and SS-8 (Sasin).
Navy and Border Guards, 3 years.
Estimated GNP1969: $466 billion.*
SOLID-FUELLED
Defence appropriations 1970:17.9 billion roubles
($39.8 billion).! 40 SS-13 (Savage).
0.40-0.50 roubles = $ 1 . *
IRBMs and MRBMs
The rouble figure represents the declared Operational IRBM and MRBM: total about
budget of the Ministry of Defence and does not 700.
include certain expenditures such as the cost of
nuclear warheads, research and development ex- The operational Intermediate-Range Ballistic
penditure on advanced weapons systems, and the Missile (IRBM) and Medium-Range Ballistic
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military elements of the space programme, Missile (MRBM) force consists of about 700
which are believed to be included in the budget liquid-fuelled SS-5 (Skean) and SS-4 (Sandal).
of other ministries. Total military expenditure Development continues of the solid-fuelled Scamp
could be of the order of about $51.7 billion.f missile, and the SS-14 mobile MRBM system, of
Total strength of the regular forces is estimated which it forms part, could be used to replace
at 3,305,000 men. In addition, the para-military some of the existing force. IRBMs and MRBMs
forces, including the security and border troops are sited near the southern, eastern and western
of the Ministry of the Interior, have about borders of the USSR: 70 cover targets in China
230,000 men. and Japan and 630 targets in Western Europe.

Strategic Rocket Forces Air Defence

Total strength: 350,000. The Air Defence Command (PVO-Strany) is a
separate command of anti-aircraft artillery and
ICBMs surface-to-air-missile units, using an early-
Operational Inter-Continental Ballistic Mis- warning system based on radar and fighter-
siles (ICBMs): total about 1,300. interceptor squadrons for identification and,
if necessary, interception of hostile targets.
LIQUID-FUELLED Total personnel in the PVO is about 500,000,
240 SS-9 (Scarp%) (further sites are being of which ground elements account for 250,000.
prepared for deployment of missiles). Air defence weapons now in service include:
The operational missiles have one warhead.
Testing of MRVs (multiple re-entry vehicles) has ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY: 14.5mm, 23mm,
been in progress for two years, and it is thought 57mm guns and ZSU-57-2 twin barrelled and
that these may now be available for deployment. ZSU-23-4 four-barrelled SP guns on tank
The SS-9 launcher has also been used to test chassis.
another form of payload, for use as a depressed
trajectory ICBM/fractional orbital bombardment SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES: SA-1 Guild remains
system (FOBS). in service and is deployed in large numbers for
800 SS-11, whose deployment is continuing. the defence of Moscow.
SA-2 Guideline: A two-stage boosted anti-
* See the Annex on pp. 10-12 for an explanation of the aircraft missile with a slant range of about 25
calculation of the figures used for the rate of exchange, statute miles, effective at heights of between
GNP and defence expenditure, 3,000 and 80,000 ft. About 8,000 are thought to
† Calculated at the median exchange rate of 0.45 roubles be in service.

‡ Code names of Soviet-made aircraft and missiles are of SA-3 Goa: A two-stage missile, probably
NATO origin. Their characteristics are given on p. 107ff. intended for short-range defence against low-
 7
flying aircraft, to supplement Guideline. It has a EARLY-WARNING AIRCRAJFT: The PVO operates
slant range (from launch to contact with target) some modified Tu-114 Cleats which, in this role,
of about 15 miles. have been given the designation Moss.
SA-4 Ganef: An air-transportable, mobile
anti-aircraft missile with solid-fuel boosters.
These are twin mounted on tracked carriers and
are assigned to ground forces in the field. Army
SA-5 Griffon: A two-stage boosted missile The total size of the Soviet Army (including the
which has been developed in a long-range anti- ground elements of the Air Defence Command)
aircraft role. is estimated at about 2,000,000 men. It is thought
SA-6 Gainful: A new triple-mounted missile to be organized in 157 divisions. There are three
on a tracked vehicle. It will soon enter general degrees of combat-readiness in the Soviet Army,
service as a defence against low-flying aircraft and probably about two thirds of their divisions
and will supplement Ganefin the field forces. are at or near full combat-strength. The remain-
der could be brought up to strength at short
notice, although about a quarter of the total are
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ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILES (ABMs) at the lowest degree of readiness and would

Galosh: 67 launchers for these multi-stage mis- require major reinforcement.
siles have been deployed around Moscow. The The location of divisional headquarters is
alignment of the associated radars suggests roughly as follows: 31 divisions in Central and
that their function is the,limited defence of Eastern Europe (20 in East Germany, 2 in
the centre of government against Minuteman Poland, 4 in Hungary, 5 in Czechoslovakia);
firings from North America or Polaris missiles 60 divisions in European USSR (i.e. west of
from the Arctic Ocean. They are believed to have the Ural Mountains and north of the Caucasus);
a range of over two hundred miles and to carry a 8 divisions in central USSR (i.e. between the
nuclear warhead in the megaton range. They are Ural Mountains and Lake Baikal); 28 divisions
therefore only suitable for interception outside in southern USSR (Caucasus and West Turkes-
the atmosphere and thus for area defence. tan); and 30 divisions in the Sino-Soviet
Continuing development and testing have as border area, of which three are in Mongolia.
their objective either an improved version of the The 31 divisions in Eastern Europe are main-
present systems or a substantially more effective tained at or near combat strength, as are about
new missile. 15 of those in the Far East. The other divisions
If the SA-5 were provided with the appropri- in the Far East are probably in the second
ate radar and data-processing equipment, it category of readiness: below combat strength,
might in theory have a limited ABM capacity. but not requiring major reinforcement in the
event of war. Most of the remaining combat-
ready divisions are in European USSR, while the
FIGHTERS: There are probably about 3,300 divisions in central USSR would mostly require
operational PVO fighters, the majority of major reinforcement, as would 10 of the
which are the MiG-19 Farmer, MiG-21 Fishbed divisions in southern USSR.
and Su-9 Fishpot. A few Mig-17 Fresco are By types of division, the distribution is roughly
still in service. as follows:
Other aircraft include the Yak-28P Firebar Motorized rifle divisions (10,000 men and
and Tu-28 Fiddler, the latter of which has a 175 medium tanks at full strength): about 100.
maximum speed of the order of 900 mph and Tank divisions (8,250 men and 325 medium
an operational ceiling of about 50,000 ft. The tanks at full strength): about 50.
Su-11 Flagon-A is in, and the MiG-23 Foxbat is Airborne divisions (7,000 men and 45 self-
probably about to come into squadron service: propelled guns at full strength): 7.
they have a maximum speed of the order of Ten of the tank divisions are in East Germany,
Mach. 2-3 and Mach. • 3 respectively. Many ten in the Far East, two in Hungary, and two in
of these aircraft are equipped with air-to-air Poland. It has been estimated that the force of
missiles. 31 divisions in Central Europe might be increased
 8
to 70 within less than a month if mobilization defence capability, including guns and surface-
and movement were unimpeded. to-air missiles.
The 7 airborne divisions total approximately
50,000 men. The transport fleet could lift two of MISSILES. Tactical missiles in use by the
these divisions and supporting elements simul- ground forces include those of the Scud and
taneously over short or medium ranges. air-portable Frog series, mounted on modified
There are some numbers of Soviet military T-10 tank chassis and wheeled launchers. These
personnel stationed outside the Warsaw Pact have ranges of up to 150 miles according to the
area, mostly in the capacity of instructors and type-high explosive, chemical or nuclear-of
advisers. These include about 1,000 in Cuba, warhead fitted. The newer Scaleboard has a
10,000 in Egypt, 1,000 in Syria, 1,500 in Algeria, maximum range of 500 miles. There are also two
and 1,000 in North Vietnam. cruise missiles: Shaddock, with a range of up to
The military doctrines of the Soviet Army 300 miles, and the shorter range Salish.
envisage a major offensive role for it in future
war and accordingly emphasize training for Navy
large-scale advance at high speed. Infantry Total strength: 475,000. (Navy 400,000: Naval
Downloaded by [George Mason University] at 10:07 08 January 2015

formations contain amphibious covered Air Force 75,000).

armoured personnel carriers which would In total tonnage, it is the second biggest navy
enable them to advance rapidly across water in the world. Its main strength lies in the
obstacles and radio-active terrain. submarine fleet. A high proportion of the fleet
Tactical nuclear missile units are organic to is kept in commission.
Soviet formations inside and outside the Soviet
Union, and the stockpile of warheads is estimated SURFACE SHIPS.They include:
at some 3,500. The Soviet Army is well-equipped 2 ASW helicopter cruisers with a new surface-
for offensive and defensive chemical warfare, but to-air missile system (SA-N-3).
its long-standing logistic shortcomings for 5 Kresta-class and 4 Kynda-class cruisers with
extended operations have been only partly Shaddock surface-to-surface cruise and Goa
remedied. Its equipment includes: surface-to-air missiles.
11 Sverdlov-dsLSS cruisers (one with Guideline
TANKS. Tanks in service with armoured surface-to-air missiles).
formations include the T-62 medium tank with a 4 other cruisers (used as flagships and for
115mm gun, the T-54/55 medium tank with a training).
100mm gun, the T-10 heavy tank with a 122mm 6 Krupny-class destroyers with surface-to-
gun, and the PT-76 amphibious reconnaissance surface cruise missiles.
tank with a 76 mm gun. The T-34 medium tank 4 Kildin-clsLSS destroyers with surface-to-
is no longer operational. Most Soviet tanks are surface cruise missiles.
equipped for amphibious crossing by deep 15 Kashin-class destroyers with Goa surface-
wading, and many carry infra-red night-fighting to-air missiles.
equipment. 2 Kanin-class. destroyers with Goa surface-to-
air missiles.
ARTILLERY. The main types are 100mm, 27 Kotlin-c\a.ss destroyers (two with Goa
122mm, 130mm and 152mm. Lorry-mounted surface-to-air missiles).
multi-barrelled rocket-launchers play an impor- 45 Skory- and modified S^ory-class destroyers.
tant part in Soviet artillery operations. The main 100 other ocean-going escorts.
specialized anti-tank weapons are the 57mm, 275 coastal escorts and submarine chasers.
85mm and 100mm guns, and the Snapper, 100 Osa- and 30 Komar-cl&ss patrol boats with
Swatter and Sagger missiles: the last is Styx short-range cruise missiles.
mounted on a tracked combined anti-tank 300 fast patrol boats.
(75mm gun) and armoured personnel carrier. 165 fleet minesweepers.
Self-propelled assault guns are only used in 130 coastal minesweepers.
airborne divisions. 80 landing ships and numerous landing craft.
The Soviet Army also has a considerable air Some trawlers have been adapted for electronic
 9
intelligence. All submarines and the larger 300 Tu-16 Badgers with Kipper or Kelt air-to-
surface vessels not fitted with surface-to-surface surface missiles, and about 100 in the recon-
missiles are capable of minelaying. A proportion naissance and tanker roles. (The partial replace-
of the destroyers and smaller vessels may not be ment of this aircraft with a version of the
fully manned. Tu-22 Blinder has begun.)
SUBMARINES. The fleet has some 290 con-
50 Tu-20 Bears for long-range naval recon-
ventionally-powered and 80 nuclear-powered naissance missions.
submarines. About 10 of the Y-class nuclear- 5011-28 Beagles, equipped with torpedoes.
powered ballistic missile submarines, each In the ASW role are:
equipped with 16 SS-N-6 missiles for submerged About 60 Be-6 Madge flying-boats and Be-12
firing, are now in service. Production of Y-class Mail amphibians.
submarines appears to be at the rate of 5-10 a 100 Mi-4 Hound and Ka-25A Hormone
year. About 15 other nuclear and 25 of the helicopters.
conventional submarines can fire ballistic missiles About 200 miscellaneous transport aircraft.
and carry three missiles each. About 33 of the There is a small marine corps (Naval Infantry)
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nuclear and 16 of the conventionally-powered numbering about 15,000 men.

submarines are equipped with anti-shipping The number of Soviet warships in the Mediter-
cruise missiles which have ranges of up to 300 ranean varies between 15 and 25. The squadron
miles; they are thought to carry from four to has included tank landing vessels and helicopter
eight missiles each. The remainder are attack cruisers and, in addition to warships, a large
submarines, or training craft. The submarine number of auxiliaries.
force is distributed as follows: 75 in the Baltic
Fleet, 150 in the Arctic, 40 in the Black Sea and
about 105 in the Far East. The missile-carrying Air Force
submarines are mostly divided between the Total strength: 480,000: 10,200 combat aircraft.
Arctic and the Far East fleets. Soviet air forces include the following five main
categories; (1) the Long Range Air Force (long-
FLEET BALLISTIC MISSILES. Submarine-launched
and medium-range strategic bombers); (2) the
missiles currently in the Soviet inventory are Tactical (or front-line) Air Force, which includes
Sark, Serb and the SS-N-6. The Serb is similar in fighters and light bombers; (3) the air element of
dimensions to Polaris, but has a much shorter the Air Defence Command (fighter-interceptors);
range. The SS-N-6 and Serb can be fired from a (4) the Naval Air Force; and (5) the Air Trans-
submerged position but some older submarines port Force (including an independent force for
can fire Sark only from the surface. Testing the airborne divisions).
continues of a new submarine missile, which is
thought to have a range of up to 2,000 nautical THE LONG RANGE AIR FORCE. A b o u t 75 per
miles and which may be identical with the cent is based in European USSR with most of
missile designated Sawfly. the remainder in the Far East; in addition, it has
FLEET CRUISE MISSILES. Some surface vessels
staging and dispersal points in the Arctic. Its
and submarines are fitted with cruise missiles numbers of inter-continental bombers - esti-
including the long-range Shaddock, which are mated at 140 aircraft - are under a third of those
intended primarily for anti-ship use. in the US Strategic Air Command's B-52 force;
but there is still a very strong force of medium
NAVAL AIR FORCE. There are no true aircraft bombers for operations in the Eurasian theatre.
carriers in the Soviet Navy, although two 18,000 Aircraft include:
ton helicopter cruisers are now in service, each About 90 Mya-4 Bison and about 100
operating up to 20 Ka-25A Hormone helicopters. Tu-20 Bear turbo-prop long-range bombers.
The land-based Naval Air Force comprises Some 50 out of the total are used in the tanker
about 500 bombers, most of which are based near role. It is believed that two-thirds of the Bears
the north-western and Black Sea coasts of the carry the Kangaroo stand-off cruise missile.
Soviet Union, and 500 other aircraft and About 550 Tu-16 Badger and 175 Tu-22
helicopters. It includes: Blinder twin-jet medium bombers. It is estimated
 10
that half the Badgers are equipped with the Kelt medium- and long-range transport aircraft,
air-to-surface missile (carried in pairs) while including twin-engined 11-14 Crate and An-24
about half the Blinders are equipped with the Coke, some 800 four-engined An-12 Cub and
Kitchen air-to-surface missile. (The Blinder has a U-18 Coot. About 5 An-22 Cock heavy transports
supersonic capability.) are also in operational service. There are in
addition civil airliners belonging to Aeroflot,
TACTICAL AIR FORCE. The strength of the some of which could be adapted to military use
Soviet Tactical Air Force has risen slightly in time of war; these include about 280 long- and
during the last year. Altogether there are over medium-range aircraft (Tu-104 Camel, Tu-114
4,000 aircraft. These include light bombers, Cleat, Tu-124 Cookpot and Tu-134 Crusty).
ground-attack and interceptor-fighters, helicop- Helicopters in use with the ground • forces
ters, transports and reconnaissance aircraft. number about 600 and include the troop-
The aircraft in service still include some carrying Mi-6 Hook and Mi-8 Hip, and the heavy
obsolescent types such as the MiG-17 Fresco load-carrier Mi-10 Harke. The smaller Mi-1
and the MiG-19 Farmer. The most notable high Hare and Mi-4 Hound are being withdrawn from
performance aircraft in service are the interceptor- service. The Mi-12 Homer, a very heavy load
Downloaded by [George Mason University] at 10:07 08 January 2015

fighters MiG-21 Fishbed, and Yak-28P Firebar, carrier, may be entering service. The total
the ground-attack Su-7 Fitter, the supersonic helicopter inventory is probably around 1,500.
light bomber Yak-28 Brewer and the new
reconnaissance MiG-21 Fishbed. Ground-attack
aircraft are equipped with a range of tactical Para-military Forces and Reserves
air-to-surface missiles. Of several fighter and Security and border troops number some
fighter-bomber types, including a variable- 230,000. There are also approximately 1.5
geometry aircraft resembling the American F-111, million members of the part-time military train-
displayed at the Moscow Air Show in July 1967, ing organization (DOSAAF), who take part in
the supersonic strike version of the MiG-23 such recreational activities as athletics, shooting
Foxbat may be operational, while the VTOL and parachuting, but reservist training and
Freehand could come into service shortly. refresher courses seem to be haphazard and
irregular. However, DOSAAF assists in pre-
FIGHTER-INTERCEPTOR UNITS AND THE NAVAL
military training being given in schools, colleges
AIR FORCE. These are dealt with under Air
and workers' centres to those of 16 years and
Defence and Navy respectively (see above). over. Trained reservists are estimated at about
AIR TRANSPORT FORCE. About 1,700 short-, 2,100,000 men out of a total of some 6,000,000.

THE VALUATION OF THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)

AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE OF THE SOVIET UNION
I. Gross National Product
The figure for the GNP of the USSR in 1969 has been obtained by extrapolating a
1955 comparison, by Professor Abram Bergson of Soviet and United States GNP in
the light of the growth of Soviet and US output from 1955 to 1969. Such extrapolation
is not strictly a correct procedure in national income comparisons and can give only
a rough idea of the relative size of US and Soviet GNP in 1969. Further, it expresses
the average of two different comparisons. One is of the rouble purchasing power
parity in terms of dollars assessed in terms of the Soviet pattern of output. The
alternative comparison is of the two GNPs in roubles, using outputs assessed with
US output weights. In dollars, Soviet GNP is assessed at about 62 per cent of US
GNP; in roubles the order of magnitude is 37 per cent. 50 per cent is the average
 11
between the two. This method is necessarily crude but is the best that Milton Gilbert
at the OEEC in 1958 and the Statistical Division of the Commission of the EEC have
been able to achieve for comparisons between Western economies.

II. Military Expenditure

The exchange rate of 0-40-0-50 roubles = US $1 for Soviet defence spending is
given as a range to take account of the fact that comparisons can only be approximate.
There are two problems in evaluating the 'defence rouble': lack of information and an
ambiguity in methodology and concept.
Information: The Soviet budget speech every year includes a figure for 'defence
expenditure' in the forthcoming year. The defence vote for 1969 was 17-7 billion
roubles (in recent years the amount actually spent for this purpose, as distinct from the
voted estimate, has not been published). However, the defence vote excludes at least
two items of military expenditure. The first and most important of these is a significant
part of military Research and Development, a large proportion of which is thought
to be financed out of the vote for 'Science'. The total voted for scientific research of all
Downloaded by [George Mason University] at 10:07 08 January 2015

kinds in 1969 was 9 billion roubles including non-military research. We have no

precise figures on the basis of which to judge how much of the above is devoted
to military purposes. Very roughly, we believe that 4-5 billion roubles might well be.
The second and smaller item covers frontier guards and other security troops not
financed out of the .defence vote. Taking these two items together, we would be
justified in adding roughly 30 per cent of the overt defence vote, which would make the
1969 total 23 billion roubles.
The next problem is what a 'military rouble' is worth. No prices of military goods are
published. The approximate manpower of the armed forces is known, and so (to
within a reasonable degree of precision) is their pay and subsistence. But the value
of the material procurements must be computed indirectly. This can be attempted
'by analogy', i.e. by calculating rouble-dollar ratios for civilian equipment. However,
these ratios vary a great deal, and some armaments bear no resemblance to any
civilian machine, and in any case the arms industry is thought to be more efficient (and
therefore lower-cost) than civilian industry. One alternative approach is to estimate the
cost in dollars of producing military goods, i.e. the amount it would cost to make them
in America. Here we face several uncertainties: we can only roughly estimate the
composition of the arms delivered to the Soviet Ministry of Defence; Soviet weapons
are different from American weapons; and finally Soviet costs may not be similar to
American costs.
Methodology and concept: The issue here is related to the aim of the comparison
which is undertaken. If it is to compare the cost to the Soviet economy of its military
effort, Soviet prices are appropriate. If it is to compare the Soviet military establishment
with that of the United States, roubles must be converted as far as possible into dollars.
This is the comparison most relevant to The Military Balance. From this point of view
one can well regard a Soviet private soldier as equal to an American private soldier. One
therefore values each Soviet soldier at American rates of pay, which are many times
higher than the amount the Soviet soldier receives. Similarly Soviet guns, tanks and
missiles should be converted into dollars in terms of the equivalent American prices,
making them worth a good deal more than their rouble value at the official exchange
rate. It should be added that because the Soviet arms industry is relatively more
efficient than other sectors of the Soviet economy, the rouble-dollar ratio applicable
to it is higher than for the civilian sector, i.e. a rouble expended on weapons is worth
more than a rouble spent on textiles, butter or bicycles.
In view of all this, the 'defence rouble' quoted here must be regarded as very rough
and is used only because the official exchange rate is particularly misleading. The
 12
rouble-dollar ratios used are derived from 'unclassified' calculations made largely
by US official agencies, with the methodology counterchecked by reputable scholars.*
In the absence of information from Soviet sources, this is the best estimate available.

* Basic studies, carried out by Professor Morris Bornstein in 'A Comparison of Soviet and United
States National Product' in 1959 and used by Professor Benoit and Dr. Lubell in their Disarmament
and World Economic Interdependence (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967) came to broadly
similar conclusions (0.42 defence roubles = 1 dollar).
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Preface
Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) Preface, The Military Balance, 70:1, 2-2, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459793

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 PREFACE

The Military Balance is presented this year in a new format and considerably increased in
size. Latin American countries are included for the first time and the coverage of African
countries is now wider. There is a new section on regional military balances and informa-
tion on international defence production projects and on fissile material has been introduced.
The Institute assumes full responsibility for the facts and judgments which the document
contains. The co-operation of governments has been sought and in many cases received. Not
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all countries have been equally co-operative in producing information and some figures have
been estimated. The Institute owes a considerable debt to a number of its own members and
consultants who have assisted in compiling and checking material.
Manpower figures given are those of regular forces, although an indication of the size of
para-military forces, militia, or reserve forces has been given in the sections dealing with
individual countries. Except where otherwise stated, naval strengths are those of active fleets
and vessels of less than 100 tons standard displacement have usually been excluded. Figures
for defence budgets are the latest available and are generally exclusive of military aid.
A glossary of the abbreviations and certain terms that have been used will be found over-
leaf, together with notes explaining the bases for the conversion of national currency figures
into dollars. A special annex on the valuation of the Soviet gross national product and
military expenditure appears on pp. 10-12.
This study examines the facts of military power as they existed in July 1970. No projections
of force levels or weapons beyond 1970 have been included, except where explicitly stated.
The material should not be regarded as a comprehensive guide to the balance of strategic
power; in particular it does not reflect the facts of geography, vulnerability or efficiency,
except where these are touched upon in the section on regional balances.
The Military Balance is complemented by another annual _publication. Strategic Survey,
published each spring, which reviews the most significant issues of international security and
conflict in the previous calendar year and describes the major developments in weapons and
strategic policy throughout the world.
September 1970
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Approximate strengths of military formations

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) Approximate strengths of military formations, The Military Balance, 70:1, 3-3, DOI:
10.1080/04597227008459794

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views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be
independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses,
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 APPROXIMATE STRENGTHS OF MILITARY FORMATIONS

Division (in men) Squadron (in aircraft)

Infantry Bomber/
brigade fighter-
Country Infantry Armour Airborne (in men) bomber Fighter Transport
United Stales 16,000° 15,500 13,500 4-5,000 12-15 18-25 16
Soviet Union 10,000 8,250 7,000 2,000" 9-10 10-12 8-10
China 12-14,000 10,000 6,000 3,000» 9-10 10-12 8-10
Britain 12-15,000 12-15,000 — 4-6,000 8-10 12-14 9-12
France 14,000 16,000 14,000 3,500-4,000 4-12 12-15 16
Downloaded by [George Mason University] at 22:02 23 December 2014

Germany (West) 15,500 14,500 3-4,000 15-20 15-20 12-18

India 17,500 12,000 4,500 12 20 12
Israel — — — 3,500 10-12 20-24 12
UAR (Egypt) 11,800 11,200 3,500 10-12 20 8-10
Vietnam (South) .. 10,000 7,000 7,000 3,000 — 6 ' 2

NOTES. The above figures refer to the basic war NATO forces not included in the table have similar
establishments of the formation in question. They of Germany, Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand,
should be treated as very approximate since most Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have tended to
military organization is flexible and units may be follow American military organization, while Aus-
reinforced or run down for particular operations. tralia, New Ze and, Malaysia and Singapore generally
Divisional strengths refer to organic units only and do follow British practice.
not include support units or rear services outside the " Army divisions only; a Marine Corps division has
divisional structure. A dash indicates that the forma- over
6
20,000 men.
tion in question is not normally operated by that Strength of a regiment, which is the equivalent
country. formation in the Soviet and Chinese command
Warsaw Pact forces not included above have structure.
similar unit strengths to those of the Soviet Union.
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The European balance

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) The European balance, The Military Balance, 70:1, 13-37, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459796

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views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be
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 The European Balance

THE WARSAW PACT

The Warsaw Pact is a multilateral military alliance formed by a 'Treaty of Friendship,
Mutual Assistance and Co-operation', which was signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the
Governments of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland and Rumania. Albania denounced the Pact in September 1968, having
played no part since 1960.
In addition to the Warsaw Treaty, the Soviet Union is linked by bilateral mutual aid
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treaties with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania and East Germany.
Most present members of the Warsaw Pact also have bilateral treaties with each other and
these have been recently renewed. The Soviet Union concluded status-of-forces agreements
with Poland, East Germany, Rumania and Hungary between December 1956 and May 1957
and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all these remain in effect except the one with
Rumania which lapsed in June 1958 when Soviet troops left Rumania. The essence of East
European defence arrangements is not therefore dependent on the Warsaw Treaty as such.
The Warsaw Treaty Organization consists of two main bodies, the Political Consultative
Committee and the Joint High Command of the Warsaw Pact Forces, both of which have their
offices in Moscow. The Political Consultative Committee consists of the First Secretaries of
the Communist Party, Heads of Government and the Foreign and Defence Ministers of the
member-countries. It met four times in the year up to July 1970, at which point there had
been fifteen meetings in all. The Committee has established a Joint Secretariat, consisting of a
specially appointed official from each country, and a Permanent Commission, whose task is
to make recommendations on general questions of foreign policy for members of the Pact.
Both these bodies are located in Moscow, with a majority of Russian officials.
According to the Treaty, the Joint High Command is directed 'to strengthen the defensive
capability of the Warsaw Pact, to prepare military plans in case of war and to decide on the
deployment of troops'. The Command consists of a Commander-in-Chief, a Defence Committee
made up of the six Defence Ministers of the Pact, which acts as an advisory body, and a
Main Staff which is being enlarged by additional non-Soviet senior officers. The post of
Commander-in-Chief of the Joint High Command has always been held by Soviet officers;
the Chief of Staff is always a member of the Soviet General Staff.
The bulk of the ground forces of the Warsaw Pact is provided by the Soviet Union. They
are organized as the Northern Group of Forces, with headquarters at Legnica in Poland;
the Southern Group of Forces, with headquarters at Tokol, near Budapest; the Group
of Soviet Forces in Germany, with headquarters at Wunsdorf, near East Berlin, and the
Central Group of Forces, consisting of five divisions in Czechoslovakia, with headquarters
at Milovice. These forces total 31 divisions, of which about half are tank divisions. Most
East European countries have displayed short-range surface-to-surface missile launchers,
but there is no evidence that nuclear warheads for these missiles have been supplied to the
countries concerned.
Soviet tactical air forces in the Warsaw Pact area are stationed in Poland, East Germany,
Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The air forces of the other Pact members, which consist
 14
partly of fighter-interceptors and partly of ground-support aircraft but do not include any
medium- or long-range bombers, would be subordinate to High Command in the event of
war. There is an air defence system including fighter aircraft, surface-to-air missiles and
warning radars covering the whole Warsaw Pact area, whose command is centralized in
Moscow and which is directed by the C-in-C of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Soviet
MRBMs and other strategic weapons are based in the Soviet Union and remain under
Soviet control.

BULGARIA 6 ground-support squadrons with MiG-17s.

General 2 interceptor squadrons with MiG-21s.
Population: 8,500,000. 6 interceptor squadrons with MiG-19s.
Military service: Army, 2 years; Navy and Air 5 interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s.
Force, 3 years. 1 reconnaissance squadron with Il-28s.
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Total regular forces: 149,000. 2 reconnaissance squadrons with MiG-17Cs.

Estimated GNP 1969: $8.3 billion. (There are 12 aircraft in a Bulgarian combat
Estimated Defence expenditure 1970: 324 million squadron.)
leva ($279,000,000). 4 Li-2 Cab, 6 11-12 and 20 11-14 transports.
1.16 leva = $1. About 30 Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
1 parachute regiment.
Army
Total strength: 130,000. Para-military forces
5 tank divisions. • 17,000 including border troops.
8 motorized rifle divisions (of which 3 are in A volunteer People's Militia of 150,000.
cadre form).
Some JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks.
Over 2,000 medium tanks, mainly T-54s, with
some T-34s and T-55s. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
PT-76 light tanks: BTR-40P amphibious scout General
cars, BTR-50, BTR-60 and BTR-152 APCs. Population: 14,475,000.
Over 1,000 85mm, 122mm, 152mm and 203mm Military service: Army, 2 years; Air Force, 3
guns and howitzers. years.
SU-100 and JSU 122mm SP guns. Total regular forces: 168,000.
FROG surface-to-surface missiles. Estimated GNP 1969: $28.3 billion.
57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-tank guns. Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 13,900
2 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile battalions. million crowns ($1,635,000,000).
8.5 crowns = $1.
Navy
Total strength: 7,000. Army
2 submarines. Total strength: 150,000.
2 escorts. 5 tank divisions.
8 coastal escorts. 8 motorized rifle divisions.
2 minesweepers. 2 airborne brigades.
4 inshore minesweepers. (With the exception of some cadre divisions at
8 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). about 30 per cent strength, these units are at
10 landing craft. about 70 per cent of full strength.)
A small Danube flotilla. About 500 JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks.
About 2,900 medium tanks, mostly T-55s with
Air Force some T-62s. (T-54s and T-34s are being phased
Total strength: 12,000; 290 combat aircraft. out.)
 15
PT-76 light tanks. 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 130mm and 152mm
OT-65 and FUG-1966 scout cars. guns.
BTR-50P, BTR-152, OT-62 and OT-64 APCs. 57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-tank guns.
SU-IOO, JSU-122, JSU-152 SP guns. ZSU-57-2 SP anti-aircraft guns.
82mm and 100mm mortars. 57mm and 100mm anti-aircraft guns.
FROG and SCUD surface-to-surface missiles. FROG and SCUD surface-to-surface missiles.
57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-tank guns.
ZSU-57-2 SP anti-aircraft guns. Navy
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Total strength: 16,000.
3 destroyer escorts.
Air Force 24 coastal escorts.
Total strength: 18,000; 620 combat aircraft. 12 Ctaz-class missile patrol boats.
40 MiG-17, 60 11-28, 150 Su-7 and 80 MiG-15 70 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
ground support aircraft. 14 minesweepers.
40 MiG-17, 100 MiG-19 and 150 MiG-21 inter- 38 inshore minesweepers.
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ceptors. 18 landing craft.

About 65 Li-2 Cab, An-12, 11-14 and 11-18 A small number of Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
transport aircraft.
About 100 Mi-1, Mi-4, Mi-6 and Mi-8 heli- Air Force
copters. Total strength: 21,000; 275 combat aircraft.
Over 300 training aircraft, including 150 L-29s. 7 interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s and
MiG-19s.
Para-military forces 11 interceptor squadrons with MiG-21s.
35,000 including 15,000 border troops. (There are up to 16 aircraft in an East German
There is also a part-time People's Militia of combat squadron.)
about 90,000, which it is planned to increase to 20 transport aircraft, including An-2 and H-14.
at least 250,000. 30 Mi-1 Hare and Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
The Air Force includes an anti-aircraft division
of 9,000 consisting of 5 regiments, equipped with
approximately 150 anti-aircraft guns (57mm and
100mm) and over 200 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC air missiles.
General
Population: 17,150,000. Para-military forces
Military service: Army, 18 months; Navy and 52,500 border troops, including a Border
Air Force, 2 years. Command separate from the regular army.
Total regular forces: 129,000. 21,000 security troops.
Estimated GNP 1969: $32 billion. The Betriebskampfgruppen, an armed workers'
Defence budget 1970: 6,747 million ostmarks organization, number about 350,000.
($1,990,000,000).
3.39 ostmarks = $1.

Army
Total strength: 92,000. HUNGARY
2 tank divisions. General
4 motorized rifle divisions. Population: 10,325,000.
About 100 T-10 and JS-3 heavy tanks. Military service: 3 years maximum.
About 1,800 medium tanks, mostly T-54s and Total regular forces: 101,500.
T-55s, with some T-34s. Estimated GNP 1969: $13.5 billion.
PT-76 light tanks; SK-1 armoured cars; BTR- Defence appropriations 1970: 8,900 million
40P amphibious scout cars. forints ($511,000,000).
BTR-50P, BTR-60P and BTR-152 APCs. 17.4 forints = $1.
 16
Army 8 motorized rifle divisions.
Total strength: 90,000. 1 airborne division.
2 tank divisions. 1 amphibious assault division.
4 motorized rifle divisions. (All divisions are maintained at 70 per cent of full
T-10 heavy tanks. strength, except those in the Warsaw military
About 750 medium tanks, mainly T-55s, with district which are at 30 to 50 per cent strength).
some T-54s. 30 JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks. •
PT-76 light tanks. 2,800 medium tanks, mostly T-54s and T-55s
FUG-A armoured cars: OT-65 scout cars. with some T-34s.
OT-64, OT-66 and BTR-152 APCs. About 150 PT-76 light tanks.
76mm, 85mm and 122mm guns, and 122mm FUG-A armoured cars and BTR-40P amphibious
howitzers. scout cars.
57mm anti-tank guns. BTR-50P, BTR-152, OT-62 and OT-64 APCs.
FROG surface-to-surface missiles. FROG and SCUD surface-to-surface missiles.
57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-tank guns.
Navy
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ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP anti-aircraft guns.

Total strength: 1,500. 57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-aircraft guns.
There is a Danube flotilla of: 300 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air.missiles.
4 gunboats.
40 small minesweepers. Navy
30 small patrol craft. Total strength: 22,000.
5 submarines.
Air Force 3 destroyers.
Total strength: 10,000; 150 combat aircraft. 26 coastal escorts/submarine chasers.
1 light bomber squadron with Il-28s. 12 Osa-class missile patrol boats.
10 interceptor squadrons with MiG-19s and 20 torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
MiG-21s. 24 fleet minesweepers.
About 20 An-2,11-14 and Li-2 transport aircraft. 35 inshore minesweepers.
About 10 Mi-1 Hare and Mi-4 Hound helicopters. 24 landing ships.
5 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile battalions. 50 naval aircraft, mostly MiG-17s, with a few
11-28 light bombers, and some helicopters.
Para-military forces Samlet cruise missiles for coastal defence.
35,000 security troops and border guards.
A workers' militia of 125,000. Air Force
Total strength: 25,000; 750 combat aircraft.
6 light bomber squadrons with Il-28s.
12 ground support squadrons with MiG-17s and
POLAND Su-7s.
General 45 interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s, MiG-19s
Population: 32,800,000. and MiG-21s.
Military service: Army, 2 years; Air Force, 3 reconnaissance squadrons with MiG-15s and
Navy and special services, 3 years; Internal MiG-17s.
security forces, 27 months. (There are from 8-12 aircraft in a Polish
Total regular forces: 242,000. squadron.)
Estimated GNP 1969: $40.5 billion. About 40 An-2, An-12, 11-12, 11-14, 11-18 and
Defence appropriations 1970: 35,300 million Li-2 transport aircraft.
zloty ($2,220,000,000). 40 helicopters, including Mi-1 Hares and Mi-4
15.9 zloty = $1. Hounds.
About 300 training aircraft.
Army
Total strength: 195,000. Para-military forces
5 tank divisions. 45,000 security and border troops, including the
 17
armoured brigades of the Frontier Defence About 900 BTR-40, BTR-50P and BTR-152
Force, operating 20 small patrol boats. APCs.
76mm, 122mm and 152mm guns.
57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-tank guns.
37mm, 57mm and 100mm anti-aircraft guns.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles.
RUMANIA
General Navy
Population: 20,000,000. Total strength: 8,000.
Military service: Army, 16 months; Navy and 3 coastal escorts.
Air Force, 2 years. 4 minesweepers.
Total regular forces: 181,000. 22 inshore minesweepers.
Estimated GNP 1969: 520 billion. 5 Ow-class missile patrol boats.
Defence appropriations 1970: 7,000 million 12 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
lei ($745,000,000). 8 landing craft.
9.4 lei = $1. •
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Air Force
Army Total strength: 8,000; 250 combat aircraft.
Total strength: 165,000. 18 interceptor squadrons with MiG-19s and
2 tank divisions. MiG-21s.
6 motorized rifle divisions. 2 reconnaissance squadrons with Il-28s.
1 airborne regiment. 2 transport squadrons with Il-12s, Il-14s and
A mountain corps, equivalent in strength to a Li-2s.
division. 10 Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
(The Army is at about 90 per cent of full strength.)
A few JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks. Para-military forces
1,450 T-34, T-54 and T-55 medium tanks. 50,000, including border troops.
SU-100 SP guns. A militia of about 75,000.

THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

Treaties
In the decade following World War II, the Western powers entered into a number of security
treaties for the defence of Europe. France and Britain signed the Treaty of Dunkirk in 1947;
in 1948, a multilateral defence pact, the Brussels Treaty, was signed between Britain, France
and the Benelux countries. The extension of Soviet influence and control in Eastern Europe
led to the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty, in 1949, by Belgium, Britain, Canada,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the
United States; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 and West Germany in 1955. The Treaty
unites Western Europe and North America in a commitment to consult together if the
security of any one member is threatened, and to consider an armed attack against one as
an attack against all, to be met by such action as each of them deems necessary, 'including
the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area'.
The Paris Agreements of 1954, which relate to the accession to the North Atlantic Treaty
of West Germany, added a Protocol to the Treaty directed at strengthening the structure of
NATO, and revised the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which now includes, in addition to its
 18
original members, Italy and West Germany. The parties to the Brussels Treaty are committed
to give one another 'all the military and other aid and assistance in their power' if they are
the subject of 'armed aggression in Europe'.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Council, which has its Headquarters in Brussels, consists of the Ministers
of the fifteen member-countries who normally meet twice a year but, when in permanent
session, consists of ambassadors representing each government. The 14-nation Defence
Planning Committee, on which France does not sit, meets at the same levels and deals with
questions related to NATO's integrated military planning and other matters in which France
does not participate. The Secretary-General and an international staff advise on the politico-
military, financial, economic and scientific aspects of defence planning.
The Council's military advisers are the Military Committee, which gives policy direction
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to the NATO military commands. The Military Committee consists of the Chiefs of Staff
of all member countries, except France and Iceland (France maintains a liaison staff with
the Committee and Iceland is not represented); in permanent session the Chiefs of Staff are
represented by Military Representatives who are located in Brussels together with the Council.
The Military Committee has an independent Chairman and is served by an integrated,
international military staff. The major NATO commanders are responsible to the Military
Committee, although they also have direct access to the Council and heads of Governments.
The principal military commands of NATO are the European, with its headquarters in
Belgium, and the Atlantic, with its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia. There is also a third
major command, Allied Command Channel, with headquarters at Northwood, near London.
The headquarters of the European Command, known as SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters,
Allied Powers in Europe), are at Casteau, near Mons, in south-west Belgium. Its Commander,
SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander, Europe), has always been an American general.
The Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (SACLANT) has also always been American,
and the Commander-in-Chief, Channel (CINCCHAN) has always been British.
There is no allied command organization covering strategic nuclear forces as such, but the
NATO European and Atlantic Commands participate in the Joint Strategic Planning System
at Omaha, Nebraska, where the targeting of American bomber and missile forces is co-
ordinated with NATO nuclear planning. The United States has committed a small number of
Polaris submarines, and Britain her medium bomber force and Polaris submarines, to the
planning control of SACEUR, and the United States a larger number of Polaris submarines
to SACLANT.
Two permanent bodies for nuclear planning were established in 1966, the Nuclear Defence
Affairs Committee (NDAC) and, subordinate to it, the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG).
Membership in the NDAC is open to all NATO members, but France, Iceland and Luxem-
bourg do not take part. Its role is basically a meeting of Defence Ministers and it normally
meets at ministerial level once or twice a year. A part of its intention is to associate non-
nuclear members in the nuclear affairs of the alliance. The Secretary-General of NATO is
Chairman of the NDAC.
The Nuclear Planning Group has eight members, drawn from the NDAC, and is intended
to go further into the details of topics raised in the NDAC. The members in June 1970 were
Britain, Canada, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey and the United States.
The other countries which hadparticipated earlier are Belgium, Denmark and Greece. Subjects
 19
under consideration have included levels of strategic nuclear forces, and the tactical uses of
nuclear weapons, together with political guidelines for their initial defensive tactical use.
The current strategic doctrine for NATO was adopted by the Defence Planning Committee
(DPC) in December 1967. This envisaged that NATO would meet attacks on its territory
with whatever force was required to defeat them, if need be including the use of nuclear
weapons. There would be an emphasis, however, on having forces in being that would be able
to meet these attacks at levels appropriate to them. Earlier, in May 1967, the DPC had given
political and strategic guidance to NATO's military authorities; this included the concept of
political warning time in a crisis and the possibility of distinguishing between an enemy's
military capabilities and his political intentions.
A NATO-wide communications system to facilitate political consultation both in planning
and in crisis is being set up. A few of the ground terminals of the Skynet-typt satellite net-
work are due to come into operation during 1971. (The first satellite was launched in March
1970 and is now in position. New ways and means are being developed for collecting, evalu-
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ating and disseminating intelligence data.

1. Allied Command Europe (ACE)

Allied Command Europe is responsible for the defence of all NATO territory in Europe
(including Turkey) except Britain, France, Iceland and Portugal. It also has general responsi-
bility for the air defence of Britain. NATO responsibility for the defence of Iceland and
Portuguese coastal-waters is undertaken by the Atlantic Command.
The Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), is also Commander-in-Chief of
United States Forces in Europe, whose headquarters are in Stuttgart. Deputy SACEUR is
British; the posts of Deputy for Nuclear Affairs and Air Deputy are now defunct.
The European Command has some 7,000 tactical nuclear warheads in its area, and the
number of delivery vehicles (aircraft and missiles) is about 2,250, spread among a number
of countries. The nuclear explosives themselves, however, are maintained in American
custody. The average explosive yield of the bombs stockpiled in Europe for the use of NATO
tactical aircraft is about 100 kilotons, and of the missile warheads, 20 kilotons.
Forces trained and equipped for the defence of the NATO European area are available
to SACEUR; there are about 58 division equivalents available to the Command in peace-
time. Further reinforcement divisions could be brought forward if time allowed. The Com-
mand has some 3,100 tactical aircraft, based on about 150 standard NATO airfields and
backed up by a system of jointly financed storage depots, fuel pipelines and signal communi-
cations.
The 2nd French Corps of two divisions is stationed in Germany, and co-operation between
them and NATO forces and commands has been agreed between the commanders concerned.
Their presence in Germany is the subject of a status agreement reached between the French
and German Governments. France is participating in the improved air defence and radar
system being built by the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE) consortium.
All NATO military units and commands, including logistics units, have left French soil.
Permission to fly over France is at present given to air forces of the members on a yearly
basis.
A task force, the ACE Mobile Force (AMF), has been formed to act under certain circum-
stances as a mobile force for NATO as a whole, with particular reference to the northern or
south-eastern flanks of the NATO area. By the end of 1970 it will consist of 8 infantry
 20

battalion groups, an armoured reconnaissance squadron and ground-support fighter squad-

rons, and is found by eight countries.
The following Commands are subordinate to Allied Command Europe:

(a) Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) has command of both the land forces and the
air forces in the Central European Sector. Its headquarters are at Brunssum, in the Nether-
lands province of Limburg, and its Commander (CINCENT) is a German general.
The ground defences of the Central European Command include 21 divisions assigned
by six countries. All assigned forces with the exception of some Dutch, Belgian and British
units and some logistic units, are based in Germany.
The tactical air forces available consist of about 1,800 aircraft, of which about 375 are
USAFfighter-bombers.These include British Canberras, Canadian CF-104s and the F-104Gs
of the German and other air forces. American and German forces are equipped with Sergeant
and Pershing surface-to-surface missiles at corps and army level, and a number of countries
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have Honest John surface-to-surface missiles at divisional level. An integrated early-warning

and air-defence system has been developed for Britain, West Germany, the Low Countries
and north-eastern France. Hawk and Nike Hercules surface-to-air missile battalions have been
deployed in the Command.
The Command is subdivided into Northern Army Group (NORTHAG) and Central
Army Group (CENTAG). Northern Army Group is responsible for the defence of the sector
north of the Gottingen-Liege axis. It includes the British, Belgian and Dutch divisions, four
of the German divisions and the Canadian battle group. It is supported by Second Allied
Tactical Air Force, which is composed of British, Dutch, Belgian and German units. The
American forces and seven German divisions are under the Central Army Group, sup-
ported by the Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force which includes American, German and
Canadian units, and an American Army Air Defence Command.

(b) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) has its headquarters at Kolsaas in Norway
and is responsible for the defence of Norway, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic
Approaches. The Commander is a British general. Most of the Danish and Norwegian land,
sea and tactical air forces are earmarked for it, and most of their active reserves are assigned
to it. Germany has assigned one division (stationed in Schleswig), two combat air wings and
her Baltic fleet.

(c) Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) has its headquarters in Naples, and its
Commander (CINCSOUTH) is an American admiral. It is responsible for the defence of
Italy, Greece and Turkey, and for safeguarding communications in the Mediterranean and
the Turkish territorial waters of the Black Sea. The land forces assigned to it include 14
divisions from Turkey, 12 from Greece and 7 from Italy, as well as the tactical air forces of
these countries. Other formations from these three countries have been earmarked for
AFSOUTH, as have the United States Sixth Fleet, which would become Strike Force South
in the event of war, and certain naval and maritime forces of Greece, Italy, Turkey and
Britain. For geographical reasons the ground-defence system is based on two separate
commands: the Southern, comprising Italy and the approaches to it, and the South-Eastern,
comprising Greece and Turkey. There is, however, an overall air command and a single
 21
naval command (NAVSOUTH), responsible to AFSOUTH: its headquarters are in Malta
and its Commander is an Italian admiral.
A special air surveillance unit, Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (MARAIRMED), is
now operating Italian, British and American patrol aircraft from bases in Greece, Turkey,
Sicily, Malta and Italy. French aircraft are participating in these operations. It is designed
to intensify aerial observation of Soviet fleets in the Mediterranean and Near East. Its
Commander, an American rear-admiral, is immediately responsible to CINCSOUTH.
The Allied On-Call Naval Force for the Mediterranean (NAVOCFORMED), when called
together, has a force of at least three destroyers, contributed by Italy, Britain and the United
States, and three smaller ships provided by other countries present in the Mediterranean,
depending upon the area of operation.

2. Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT)

The Atlantic Allied Command has its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia. In the event of.
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war, the duties of Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), who is an American
admiral, with a British deputy, are (a) to participate in the strategic strike and (b) to protect
sea communications from attack by hostile forces. With the exception of Standing Naval
Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), SACLANT has no forces permanently assigned to
his command in peacetime; However, for training purposes and in the event of war, forces
are earmarked by Britain, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal and the United States
for assignment. Although these forces are predominantly naval, they also include ground
forces and land-based air forces. (France no longer provides any forces, but there are arrange-
ments for co-operation between French naval forces and those of SACLANT.) SACLANT
is responsible for the North Atlantic area from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer,
including Portuguese coastal waters. There are five subordinate commands: Western Atlantic
Command, Eastern Atlantic Command, Iberian Atlantic Command, Striking Fleet Atlantic
and Submarine Command. The nucleus of the Striking Fleet Atlantic has been provided by
the American Second Fleet with up to six attack carriers, but their nuclear role is partly
shared with the missile-firing submarines.
The multi-national naval squadron of escort ships known as STANAVFORLANT comes
under the authority of SACLANT. It normally consists, at any one tune, of four destroyer-
type ships; by the middle of 1970, seven countries (Britain, Canada, Germany, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal and the United States) had at various times taken part.
There are about 350 escort vessels serving in the navies that come under SACLANT, of
which a high proportion are wholly or partly designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW).
Most NATO navies are equipping and training their submarine forces primarily for ASW
and over 100 submarines are potentially available in the Atlantic for such duties. The NATO
powers also have about 300 long-range land-based maritime patrol planes in operation, a
large majority of which are stationed on or near American coasts. The American Navy
possesses about 800 carrier-borne specialist anti-submarinefixed-wingaircraft and helicopters.
The overall total that could be quickly operational from all carriers on Atlantic sea stations
is probably around 350. (These figures include units earmarked for Channel Command.)

x
3. Allied Command Channel (ACCHAN) -
The wartime role of Channel Command is to exercise control of the English Channel and
the southern North Sea. Many of the smaller warships of Belgium, the Netherlands and the
 22

United Kingdom are earmarked for this Command, as are some maritime aircraft. France
does not provide any forces, but there are arrangements for co-operation between French naval
forces and those of ACCHAN. The Commander (CINCCHAN) is a British admiral who
also acts as the major Subordinate Commander, Eastern Atlantic Area, under SACLANT and
has his headquarters at Northwood, Middlesex. The Channel Committee, consisting of the naval
Chiefs-of-Staff of the three countries concerned, acts as an advisory body to CINCCHAN.

BELdUM Reserves: 3,000 trained.

General
Population: 9,700,000. Air Force
Military service: 12-15 months. Total strength: 20,500; 208 combat aircraft.
Total armed forces: 94,900. 2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
Estimated GNP 1969: $22.0 billion.
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2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.

Defence budget 1970: 33,861 million francs 2 AWX squadrons with F-104G.
($677,000,000). I reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F.
50 francs = $1. (The F-84 and RF-84F are to be replaced by
Mirage 5B - deliveries of which are scheduled to
Army begin in September 1970.)
Total strength: 70,000. (There are 18-25 aircraft in a Belgian combat
2 mechanized divisions of two brigades each. squadron).
1 paracommando regiment. 33 C-l 19 and 23 C-47, C-54, Pembroke and DC-6
330 Leopard and 175 M-47 medium tanks. transport aircraft.
135 M-41 light tanks. II HSS-1 helicopters.
M-75 and AMX-VTT armoured personnel 8 Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missile squadrons.
carriers. All aircraft and missile squadrons, are assigned
M-108 105mm, M-44 and M-109 155mm and to NATO, except for one transport squadron
M-55 203mm SP howitzers. which is under national command.
203mm howitzers. Reserves: 13,300 trained.
2 battalions and 4 batteries of Honest John
surface-to-surface missiles. Para-military forces
2 battalions of Hawk surface-to-air missiles. A Gendarmerie of 13,500.
4 squadrons of helicopters and Dornier light
aircraft.
The mechanized divisions are assigned to NATO.
One parachute battalion of the paracommando BRITAIN
regiment is earmarked for assignment to NATO. General
Reserves: One mechanized reserve brigade, ear- Population: 55,775,000.
marked for assignment to NATO, and one Voluntary military service.
motorized reserve brigade. Total armed forces: 390,000 (including forces
enlisted outside Britain).
Navy Estimated GNP 1969: $109 billion.
Total strength: 4,400. Defence budget 1970-71: £2,380 million.
5 fleet minesweepers/minehunters. ($5,712,000,000).*
2 fleet minesweepers. £1 = $2.40.
8 coastal minesweepers.
2 coastal minehunters. Army
12 inshore minesweepers. Total strength: 190,000 (including 17,000 enlisted
2 support ships. * Includes an estimated £100 million as the extra cost of
2 S-58 helicopters. the new military salaries.
 23
outside Britain). Major units: 19 armoured, 16 A-3 missiles (a third is due to become
armoured car and armoured reconnaissance operational during 1970).
regiments, 52 infantry battalions, 3 parachute 2 nuclear-powered fleet submarines (a third is
regiments and 6 Gurkha battalions, 28 artillery due to become operational during 1970).
battalions and 13 engineer regiments. Of these 21 diesel-powered submarines.
units, 59 are organized in two armoured, twelve 2 aircraft carriers.
infantry, one parachute and one Gurkha 2 commando ships.
brigade. 2 assault ships.
Deployment: The British Army of the Rhine 1 cruiser.
(BAOR), based in Germany, has a current 3 guided-missile destroyers equipped with Seacat
strength of about 53,500. It includes two and Seaslug surface-to-air missiles (2 more are
armoured and four infantry brigades, organized due to join the fleet during 1970).
in three divisions, and two artillery brigades. 2 other destroyers.
Except for its armoured regiment one of the 27 general purpose frigates.
infantry brigades is stationed in the United 21 anti-submarine frigates.
Kingdom but remains part of BAOR.* In West 3 anti-aircraft frigates.
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Berlin there is one brigade with a strength of 4 aircraft direction frigates.

3,000. In the United Kingdom there are-in 44 mine counter-measures vessels.
addition to the BAOR part-brigade - the army
element of the United Kingdom Mobile Force Ships in reserve or undergoing refit or conversion
(UKMF) whose primary role is the support of include:
NATO, and which consists of an air-portable
division - three infantry brigades, a parachute 1 aircraft carrier, 1 Polaris submarine, 1 nuclear-
brigade and supporting units. In Hong Kong powered fleet submarine, 6 other submarines,
there is one British and one Gurkha brigade; in 2 cruisers, 3 guided missile destroyers, 5 other
Malaysia two Gurkha battalions; in Brunei one destroyers, 2 general purpose frigates, 6 anti-
Gurkha battalion; in the Persian Gulf two submarine frigates, 1 anti-aircraft frigate, 10
battalions; in Cyprus two battalions (one with mine counter-measures vessels.
the United Nations force); in Malta two bat-
talions; in Gibraltar one battalion. There are THE FLEET AIR ARM has a nuclear and conven-
also small garrisons in the Caribbean. tional strike capability with Buccaneer Mark 2
Equipment: The Chieftain medium tank with a strike aircraft. Air defence is provided by
120mm gun has now replaced the Centurion in Phantom Mark 1 and Sea Vixen Mark 2 all-
eight armoured regiments in Germany. Tactical weather fighters. The commando ships have
nuclear artillery in BAOR includes three regi- Wessex and Wasp helicopters for troop carrying.
ments with Honest John surface-to-surface Wessex and Wasp helicopters are also used for
missiles and 203mm howitzers. Conventional anti-submarine warfare, in which role they are
artillery includes the 105mm SP Abbot, and the being joined by Sea King helicopters.
American M-109 155mm SP howitzer and M-107
175mm SP gun. The Swingfire SP anti-tank THE ROYAL MARINES total about 8,000 men, and
guided missile is coming into service. include 4 Commandos of 800 men each, one of
Reserves: The Territorial and Army Volunteer which is stationed in Singapore.
Reserve numbers approximately 48,000 and the
Regular Army Reserves 60,000. Reserves: There are about 8,300 men and women
in the volunteer naval and marine reserves and
.Navy some 3,500 regular reserves.
Total strength: 87,000 (including marines).
Strength of the operationalfleetduring 1970: Air Force
2 nuclear-powered Polaris submarines each with Total strength: 113,000; about 720 combat
aircraft.
The Royal Air Force consists of four Home
* This brigade is to return to Germany. commands: Strike Command, Air Support
 24
Command, Training Command, and Mainten- about 20 Vulcan bombers (with nuclear capacity
ance Command and four smaller overseas and declared to CENTO) and one squadron of
commands: Near East Command, Far East Lightning interceptors. One squadron of Shackle-
Command, RAF Germany and RAF Gulf. The ton and two of Canberra reconnaissance aircraft
majority of aircraft in Britain, and those in are based in Malta. RAF Gulf in Bahrein has
RAF Germany, are committed to NATO. Hunter ground-attack and some Shackleton
reconnaissance aircraft.
STRIKE COMMAND consists of: Vulcan bombers
in a tactical role, with a nuclear capability; FAR EAST AIR FORCE, based on Singapore,
Victor aircraft, mainly used in an air refuelling includes one squadron of Lightning interceptors;
capacity; and a fighter-interceptor force of Shackleton reconnaissance aircraft; Hercules and
Lightnings, responsible chiefly for the defence Andover transports; and Whirlwind helicopters,
of British airspace. Other aircraft include of which a squadron is stationed in Hong Kong.
Canberras for photo-reconnaissance, Phantom
FG-ls for air defence and Buccaneer 2 strike There are 11 squadrons of the Royal Air
aircraft in a primary maritime role. Approximate Force Regiment, whose chief role is the defence
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numbers of operational aircraft are: of airfields. The Tigercat surface-io-air missile is

50 Vulcan (with bombs or Blue Steel air-to- in service with these units.
surface nuclear missiles). The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
35 Buccaneer strike aircraft. (BMEWS) station at Fylingdales . provides
160 F-4 Phantom in interceptor and strike roles early warning of missile threats to the United
(total figure for all commands). Kingdom and other NATO countries.
100 Lightning interceptors. Reserves: The volunteer reserves number about
12 Victor 2 reconnaissance aircraft. 500 and the regular reserves about 10,000.
30 Canberra PR-7 photo-reconnaissance aircraft.
24 Victor 1 tankers.
45 Shackleton and 6 Nimrod maritime patrol CANADA
aircraft. General
Population: 21,400,000.
AIR SUPPORT COMMAND has 10 Belfast, 22 Voluntary military service.
Britannia, 5 Comet and 14 VC-10 aircraft for Total armed forces: 93,325.
long-range airlift. Medium-range transports Estimated GNP 1969: $US 67.4 billion.
include 15 Argosies, and about 50 C-130E Defence budget 1970-71: $Can. 1,814,100,000
Hercules. Ten short-range Andovers are in service ($US 1,740,600,000).
with the command. Helicopter transport is $Can. 1.08 = $US1 (up to 31 May 1970).
provided by Whirlwinds and Wessex Mark 2s. $Can. 1.035 = $US1 (since 1 June 1970).
Hunter Mark 9s in the ground-attack role have
been replaced by V/STOL Harriers and Phantom Army (Land)*
FGR-2 aircraft. Total strength: 35,350.
IN EUROPE : One mechanized battle group of about
RAF GERMANY, whose present strength is about
3,100 men, with 32 Centurion tanks, 375 M-113
6,500 men, is equipped with 64 Canberra armoured personnel carriers and 18 M-109
strike and reconnaissance aircraft (the strike 155mm SP howitzers. It is assigned to the
squadrons have both nuclear and conventional Commander of Canadian Forces Europe, for
roles), 18 Hunter reconnaissance aircraft, and operational deployment by SACEUR.
30 Lightning interceptors. 2 squadrons of
IN CANADA: The Mobile Command land units
Phantom FGR-2s and Harriers are now opera-
tional, and together with Buccaneers, will have been reorganized into 3 combat groups
eventually replace the remaining Hunters and and one airborne regiment. Each group will
Canberras. Bloodhound surface-to-air missiles
are being deployed. * The Canadian Armed Services have been unified since
February 1968 but, for purpose of comparison with other
NEAR EAST AIR FORCE in Cyprus includes countries, are presented here in traditional form.
 25
comprise 3 full infantry battalions, a recon- 1 squadron with CC-106 Yukon.
naissance regiment, one reduced light artillery 1 squadron with CC-109 Cosmopolitan and
regiment (of 2 batteries) and support units. Falcon.
One group will be earmarked for assignment to Other transport aircraft include C-47 and
SACEUR, while part of it, one air trans- DHC-4 Caribou.
portable battalion group, is assigned to Allied (Canadian squadrons consist of from 6 to 18
Command Europe (ACE) Mobile Force. The aircraft.)
other groups at present contribute to North Reserves: Air Force reserves: 800 personnel, and
American ground defence, and UN commit- six squadrons with DHC-3 Otters (30 aircraft).
ments. All Canadian operational land forces and
tactical aviation units are assigned to the Mobile
Command.
In UNFICYP (Cyprus): 460 men. DENMARK
Reserves: Army reserves total 19,200. General
Population: 4,950,000.
Military Service: 12 months.
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Navy (Maritime)*
Total strength: 16,975. Total armed forces: 44,500.
4 submarines. Estimated GNP 1969: $13.5 billion.
9 helicopter destroyer escorts. Defence estimates 1970-71: 2,738,800,000 kroner
11 destroyer escorts (ASW). ($365,200,000).
6 coastal minesweepers. 7.5 kroner = SI.
1 anti-submarine hydrofoil.
3 operational support ships. Army
The Maritime Air Element consists of: Total strength: 27,000.
4 long-range maritime patrol squadrons of 4 armoured infantry brigades.
CL-28 Argus. 1 battalion group.
1 squadron of CS2F-3 Tracker aircraft. 3 artillery battalions.
Centurion medium tanks.
1 squadron of CHSS-3 Sea King ASW helicopters
(in service on the destroyer escorts). M-41 Walker Bulldog light tanks.
M-113 APCs.
Reserves: Naval ready reserves: about 2,900 men
M-109 SP155mm howitzers.
and women.
203mm howitzers.
Honest John surface-to-surface missiles
Air Force (Air)* Reserves: 2 armoured infantry brigades and
Total strength: 41,000: 280 combat aircraft. support units to be formed from reservists within
IN EUROPE: two strike-attack and one recon- 72 hours.
naissance/attack squadrons, equipped with CF- Local defence reservist units form 15 infantry
104 Starfighters. battalion groups and 15 artillery batteries.
IN CANADA: A volunteer Army Home Guard of 54,000.
Air Defence Command:
3 CF-101 Voodoo interceptor squadrons. Navy
2 Bomarc B surface-to-air missile squadrons. Total strength: 7,000.
27 surveillance and control radar squadrons. 6 submarines.
(The above are assigned to NORAD.) 2 fast frigates.
1 CF-100 electronic warfare training squadron. 4 helicopter frigates (for fishery protection).
Mobile Command: 4 coastal escorts.
2 CF-5 tactical fighter squadrons. 16 fast torpedo boats.
2 helicopter squadrons. 8 patrol boats (5 less than 100 tons).
Air Transport Command: 4 fleet minelayers.
4 Boeing 707-320C transport tanker aircraft. 4 coastal minelayers.
1 DHC-5 Buffalo squadron. 8 coastal minesweepers.
2 squadrons with C-130 Hercules. 4 inshore minesweepers.
 26
9 seaward defence craft. makes up the permanent element of a strategic
8 Alouette III helicopters. reserve.
Reserves: The Volunteer Naval Home Guard of The AMX-30 medium tank-some 435 are
4,000 operates some small patrol boats. now in service - has replaced the M-47 Patton in
seven armoured regiments. Other armour in-
Air Force cludes the AMX-13 light tank and the EBR heavy
Total strength: 10,500; 112 combat aircraft. and AML light armoured cars with 90mm guns.
3 fighter-bomber squadrons (2 with F-100D/F; Artillery includes SP AMX 105mm guns and
the third is converting to F-35 Draken, of which 155mm howitzers, and 30mm twin-barrelled anti-
23 are on order.) aircraft guns. There are four Honest John surface-
2 interceptor squadrons with F-104G. to-surface missile battalions in Germany and one
1 interceptor squadron with Hunters. in France (the nuclear warheads formerly held
1 reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F. under double-key arrangements with the USA
1 transport squadron with C-47, C-54 and were withdrawn in 1966); and three Hawk
Catalinas. surface-to-air missile regiments. (The surface-to-
1 search and rescue squadron with S-61 heli- surface tactical nuclear missile Pluton is being
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copters. tested.)
(The RF-84F are to be replaced by RF-35 Combat troops stationed overseas include
Draken, of which 23 are on order.) three battalions in the Indian Ocean and Pacific
(There are 16 aircraft in a Danish combat territories, one battalion in the Caribbean and a
squadron). number of units in Algeria and elsewhere in
4 Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missile squadrons Africa.* The remaining troops are stationed in
located around Copenhagen. France for local defence (DOT). Their peacetime
4 semi-mobile Hawk surface-to-air missile strength is about 56,000 men, including 25
squadrons. infantry battalions.
Reserves: A volunteer Air Force Home Guard Reserves: Mobilization would bring the DOT up
of 11,500. to a total of 80 infantry battalions and 5 arm-
oured car regiments, organized into 21 brigades.
Navy
Total strength: 72,000 (including the Naval Air
FRANCE Force).
General 2 aircraft carriers.
Population: 50,725,000. 1 helicopter/aircraft carrier.
Military service: 12-15 months (selective). 1 helicopter carrier.
Total armed forces: 506,000. 2 assault landing ships.
Estimated GNP 1969: $140 billion.* 20 attack submarines.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 32,600 2 anti-aircraft cruisers.
million francs ($5,874,000,000). 17 destroyers (four with Tartar surface-to-air
5.55 francs = $1. missiles).
2 guided-missile frigates (with Masurca surface-
Army to-air missiles and Mala/on ASW missiles).
Total strength: 328,000. 27 frigates.
There are two mechanized divisions in Germany, 14 coastal escorts.
2,000 men in West Berlin, and three mechanized 14 fleet minesweepers.
divisions, one air-portable division, and an 70 coastal minesweepers.
Alpine division in France. The air-portable 10 inshore minesweepers.
division contains two parachute brigades, one 7 landing ships.
motorized brigade and supporting arms, and 14 tank landing craft.
3 nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)
•Before 10 August 1969 the exchange rate used was are scheduled to become operational between
4.9 francs = $1. * Details of French forces in Africa are given on p. 54.
 27
1971 and 1976. The first SSBN is now being One squadron of A-ID Sky raider fighter-
tested, and is scheduled to enter service in 1971. bombers is stationed in Madagascar; one
squadron of A-ID and one mixed transport
The Naval Air Force, consisting of 12,000 squadron are stationed in the French Territory
men and about 240 combat aircraft, includes: of the Afars and Issas.
35 Etendard IV-M fighter-bombers, 30 Etendard
IV-P reconnaissance aircraft, 38 F-8E Crusader Para-military forces
interceptors, 60 Alize patrollers and 12 Super- The Gendarmerie, has a strength of 60,000 (with
Frelon ASW heavy helicopters, all of which can about 60,000 reserves). The CRS (Compagnies
be flown from aircraft carriers. There are also Republicaines de Securite), which are subordinate
40 Br-1150 Atlantic and 25 P-2 Neptune maritime to the Ministry of the Interior, number about
reconnaissance aircraft which are flown from 15,000.
shore bases, and about 30 Alouette II and / / /
and 35 H-34 helicopters.

Air Force FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

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Total strength: 106,000; 500 combat aircraft. General

The Strategic Air Command (CFAS) has a Population: 59,000,000 (excluding West Berlin).
first-line strength of 45 aircraft, organized in Military service: 18 months.
three bomber wings, each of three Mirage IVA Total armed forces: 466,000.
bomber squadrons and one KC-135F tanker Estimated GNP 1969: $150 billion.
squadron. The force is adapted to low-level Defence budget 1970: DM 20,350 million
penetration with 60-kiloton atomic bombs. A ($5,560,100,000).
group of 18 IRBMs, organized in two squadrons • DM3.66 = $1.* -
of 9 missiles each, is. being formed. The first
squadron is due to become operational in Army
Haute-Provence, in 1971. Total strength: 326,000 (including the Territorial
The Air Defence Command (CAFDA) has Force of 35,000).
3 squadrons with Mirage IIIC interceptors, 2 12 armoured brigades.
squadrons with Vautour UN all-weather inter- 1 armoured regiment.
ceptors and 3 squadrons with Super-Mystere B2 16 armoured infantry brigades.
interceptors and 2 squadrons with Mystere IVA 2 mountain brigades.
fighters. The various components of this com- 3 airborne brigades.
mand are co-ordinated by the automatic STRIDA 1,460 M-48A2 Pat ton and 1,840 Leopard (with
II air defence system. 105mm guns) medium tanks.
The Tactical Air Force (FATAC) has two 1,770 HS-30 and 3,140 M-113 armoured person-
subordinate Tactical Air Commands; 1st nel carriers.
CATAC and 2nd CATAC, which would take 270 105mm, 350 155mm, 150 175mm and 75
command of the air component of the Strategic 203mm SP artillery pieces.
Reserve. FATAC controls 9 squadrons with 500 SP 40mm AA guns.
Mirage HIE fighter-bombers, 3 squadrons 1,100 tank destroyers with 90mm guns or anti-
with F-100D fighter-bombers, 2 squadrons with tank missiles.
Mystere IVA fighter-bombers and 3 squadrons 11 battalions with Honest John and 4 battalions
with Mirage IIIR and HIRD tactical reconnais- with Sergeant surface-to-surface missiles.
sance aircraft. About 460 Bell-47, UH-1D Iroquois, Alouette II
The Air Transport Command (COTAM) and CH-53 helicopters, and 80 Do-27 light
has three squadrons with C-160F Transall and aircraft. With the exception of the Territorial
four squadrons with N-2501 Noratlas tactical Force, which is held for rear-area duties, the
transports, one squadron with DC-6 and Br-765 Army is assigned to NATO.
Sahara heavy transports, 2 mixed squadrons
and 4 squadrons with H-34 and Alouette II •Before 26 October 1969 the exchange rate used was
helicopters. DM4 = $1.
 28
Reserves: 540,000 for direct mobilization. GREECE
General
Navy Population: 8,975,000.
Total strength: 36,000. Military service: Army and Navy, 30 months;
11 coastal submarines. Air Force, 23 months.
3 guided missile destroyers (with Tartar surface- Total armed forces: 159,000.
to-air missiles). Estimated GNP 1969: $8.37 billion.
8 destroyers. Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 12,611
6 frigates. million drachmas (5420,370,000).
24 coastal minesweepers. 30 drachmas = $1.
30 fast minesweepers.
18 inshore minesweepers. Army
40 fast patrol boats. Total strength: 118,000.
40 support and transport ships. 11 infantry divisions in three corps (three
24 landing craft. divisions are kept close to full strength).
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The Naval Air Force has 6,000 men and about 1 armoured division.
100 combat aircraft, consisting of 4 fighter- 1 commando brigade.
bomber and reconnaissance squadrons with 200 M-47 and 700 M-48 Patton medium tanks.
F-104G, and 2 maritime patrol squadrons with M-24 Chaffee, M-26 Pershing and M-41 Walker
Br-1150 Atlantics, 23 S-58 search and rescue Bulldog tanks.
helicopters and 6 other aircraft. M-8 and M-20 armoured cars.
The Navy is almost totally assigned to NATO. M-3 scout cars.
Reserves: 36,000 for direct mobilization. M-2, M-59 and M-113 APCs.
105mm and 155mm SP guns.
Air Force 105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers.
Total strength: 104,000: 980 combat aircraft. 40mm, 75mm and 90mm anti-aircraft guns.
4 interceptor squadrons with F-104G. 2 battalions of Honest John surface-to-surface
18 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G and missiles.
G-91. 1 battalion of Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
4 heavy reconnaissance squadrons with RF- All the Greek Army is assigned to or earmarked
104G. for NATO.
(Deliveries of RF4-E Phantom IJ are due to start
during 1970.) Navy
4 reconnaissance squadrons with G-91. Total strength: 18,000.
6 transport squadrons with Noratlas and C-160 2 submarines (4 more are on order from West
Transall. Germany).
4 squadrons of UH-1D transport helicopters. 8 destroyers.
(There are up to 15-20 aircraft in German 4 destroyer escorts.
fighter, fighter-bomber and light-strike squad- 7 coastal patrol vessels (4 more, to be equipped
rons, and up to 18 aircraft in reconnaissance with Exocet surface-to-surface missiles, are on
and transport squadrons.) order from France).
24 batteries with Nike-Hercules surface-to-air 7 fast patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
missiles. 2 minelayers.
36 batteries with Hawk surface-to-air missiles. 12 coastal minesweepers.
3 battalions Pershing surface-to-surface.missiles. 8 tank landing ships.
The Air Force is assigned to NATO. 6 medium landing ships;
Reserves: 87,000 for direct mobilization. 1 dock landing ship.
8 landing craft (over 100 tons).
Para-military forces
About 18,500 Border Police, equipped with Air Force
Saladin scout cars and coastal patrol boats. Total strength: 23,000; 200 combat aircraft.
 29
4 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F. Navy
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G. Total strength: 45,000.
4 interceptor squadrons with F-5A. 10 submarines.
1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F. 4 guided-missile cruisers with Terrier surface-to-
Some HU-16 Albatross maritime patrol aircraft. air missiles and ASW helicopters. (One is also
About 30 C-47 and C-119G transport aircraft. equipped with Asroc ASW missiles.)
1 squadron with 12 H-19 and 6 AB-205 heli- 2 guided missile destroyers with Tartar surface-
copters. to-air missiles.
1 squadron with 10 Bell 47G helicopters. 6 ASW destroyers.
(There are up to 18 aircraft in Greek fighter and 12 destroyer escorts.
fighter-bomber squadrons.) 23 coastal escorts.
1 battalion of Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules 7 fast patrol boats.
surface-to-air missiles. 4 ocean minesweepers.
(Seven tactical squadrons and one transport 37 coastal minesweepers.
squadron are assigned to the Sixth Allied 20 inshore minesweepers.
Tactical Air Force.) 6 motor gunboats.
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1 command ship.
Para-military forces and reserves 7 landing ships.
Gendarmerie: 23,000. 1 marine infantry battalion.
Trained reservists: 200,000. The naval air force includes air-sea rescue, units
with about 50 Bell-47, SH-34, AB-204 and
SH-3D helicopters and three ASW squadrons
with S-2 Trackers.

ITALY
General Air Force
Population: 54,300,000. Total strength: 73,000; 425 combat aircraft.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 15 2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.
months; Navy, 24 months. 1 fighter-bomber squadron with G-91Y.
Total armed forces: 413,000 (excluding Cara- 2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
binieri). 4 light-strike squadrons with G-91.
Estimated GNP 1969: $82.3 billion. 2 AWX squadrons with F-86K.
Defence budget 1970: 1,510 billion lire 3 AWX squadrons with F-104G.
($2,416,000,000). 1 AWX squadron with F-104S.
625 lire = $1. 2 reconnaissance squadrons with RF-84F.
3 transport squadrons with C-119.
Army 3 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules surface-to-air
Total strength: 295,000. missile groups.
2 armoured divisions with M-47 and M-60 tanks. (The above units are assigned to the Fifth Allied
1 independent cavalry brigade with M-47 tanks. Tactical Air Force.)
5 infantry divisions. 2 light-strike squadrons with G-91.
4 independent infantry brigades. 1 transport squadron with C-47, Convair 440
5 Alpine brigades. and DC-6.
1 parachute brigade. (There are 12-25 aircraft in an Italian combat
1 rocket brigade (including 2 battalions with squadron ['gruppo']. The transport squadrons
Honest John surface-to-surface missiles). • have 16 aircraft each.)
4 battalions with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
800 M-47 Patton medium tanks.
M-24 Chaffee tanks and M-113 APCs. Para-military forces and reserves
The seven divisions, the five Alpine brigades, the The Carabinieri Corps (mainly security, Frontier
cavalry brigade, the rocket brigade and the Hawk Guard and military police duties): 76,000.
battalions are assigned to NATO. Trained reservists total about 630,000.
 30
LUXEMBOURG to NATO. A number of infantry brigades
General could be mobilized, if needed, for territorial
Population: 340,000. defence.
Voluntary military service.
Total armed forces: 550. Navy
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.86 billion. Total strength: 20,000 including 3,000 marines
Defence budget 1970: 402,800,000 francs and 2,000 Naval Air Force.
($8,056,000). 5 submarines (2 from new construction are due
50francs = $l. to be delivered in 1970).
2 cruisers (one fitted with Terrier surface-to-air
Army missiles).
Total strength: 550. 6 guided-missile frigates (with Seacat surface-to-
A light infantry battalion (4 companies). air missiles).
Some anti-tank guns and mortars. 12 destroyers.
2 companies are earmarked for the ACE Mobile 6 corvettes.
Land Force (AMLF). 6 support escorts.
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5 patrol vessels.
Para-military forces 30 coastal minesweepers and minehunters (plus
A Gendarmerie of 350 men. 11 in reserve).
16 inshore minesweepers.
1 fast combat support ship.
5 armed supply and survey ships.
The Naval Air Force is an ASW and reconnais-
NETHERLANDS sance force with:
General 3 squadrons each of 12 S-2 Trackers.
Population: 13.000J000. 1 squadron of 15 P-2 Neptunes (9 Br-1150
Military service: Army, 16-18 months; Navy, Atlantics are being delivered as replacements).
21-24 months; Air Force, 18-21 months. Helicopters include 12 Wasps (operated from
Total armed forces: 121,250. the frigates), 8 SH-34J and some AB-204Bs.
Estimated GNP 1969: $27.5 billion.
Defence estimates 1970: 3,893 million guilders Air Force
($1,075,000,000). Total strength: 21,250; 135 combat aircraft.
3.62 guilders = $1. 2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F (1
Army squadron has 25 aircraft).
Total strength: 80,000. (These are due for replacement by NF-5As; of
4 armoured infantry brigades, 2 armoured 105 NF-5A/B on order about 30 have been
brigades and some corps troops (assigned to received.)
NATO). 2 interceptor squadrons with F-104G.
600 Centurion medium tanks (including those 1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with RF-104G
with reserve units) (415 Leopards, to partly re- (with 20 aircraft).
place them, are being delivered). (With the exceptions stated above, there are
AMX-13 light tanks. 18 aircraft in a Netherlands combat squadron.)
DAF-104 and Ferret scout cars. I transport squadron with F-27 Friendships
AMX-VTT, M-113, and DAF-YP 408 armoured (NATO-earmarked).
personnel carriers. 3 observation and communication squadrons
105mm, 155mm, 175mm and 203mm SP artillery. (under Army command) with Alouette III
Honest John surface-to-surface missiles. helicopters, and Super-Cub and DHC-2 Beaver
Reserves: One infantry division, and the re- light aircraft.
maining corps troops, including an independent 8 squadrons with Nike-Hercules surface-to-air
infantry brigade to be completed by call-up missiles (1 squadron is NATO-earmarked).
of reservists, are earmarked for assignment II squadrons with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
 31
The whole Air Force is assigned to NATO less Air Force
the exceptions stated above. Total strength: 9,000; 114 combat aircraft.
4 fighter-bomber squadrons each with 16 F-5A.
Para-military forces 1 all-weather fighter squadron with 20 F-104G.
A Gendarmerie (The Royal Marechaussee) of 1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with 16 RF-
about 3,000 men. 5A. •
8 HU-16 Albatross and 6 P-3B Orion maritime
patrol aircraft.
Transports include 10 C-47, 6 C-130 and 4 Twin
Otters.
NORWAY 32 UH-1B Iroquois helicopters and 2 Bell-47s.
General (There are 15—20 aircraft in a Norwegian combat
Population: 3,885,000. squadron.)
Military service: 12-15 months. 4 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules sites are located
Total armed forces: 41,100. around Oslo.
Estimated GNP 1969: $9.7 billion.
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Defence budget 1970: 2,641 million kroner

The Norwegian forces are earmarked for
($370,000,000).
assignment to NATO.
7.14 kroner = $1.
Reserves
Army Trained reservists number about 110,000, and
Total strength: 23,500. there is a Home Guard with local defence
The army is organized into five regional com- responsibilities, totalling about 70,000.
mands, comprising all ground forces. The
regional commands are again divided into a
number of ground defence districts.
Major units are mainly organized in Regimental
Combat Teams (RCT). The peacetime establish- PORTUGAL
ment includes a brigade group with M-48 tanks General
stationed in Arctic Norway, a number of Population: 9,635,000.
independent battalions and supporting elements Military service: Army, 18-48 months; Air
as well as training units. Mobilization would Force, 18-48 months; and Navy, 48 months.
produce 11 RCTs plus supporting units. This Total armed forces: 185,500 (of which about
force would total 130,000. 57,000, including those locally enlisted, are in
78 Leopard medium tanks are being delivered. Angola, 43,000 in Mozambique, and 25,000 in
Some M-24 Chaffee light tanks, and M-8 Portuguese Guinea).
armoured cars. Estimated GNP 1969: $5.46 billion.
Some M-113 and BV-202 APCs. Defence budget 1970: 10,242 million escudos
($356,200,000).
Navy 28.75 escudos = §1.
Total strength: 8,600 (including 800 Coastal
Artillery). Army
15 coastal submarines. Total strength: 150,000.
5 frigates. Elements of two infantry divisions are stationed
2 coastal escorts. in Portugal. One of these divisions, which has
10 coastal minesweepers. some M-41 and M-47 tanks and is earmarked
5 coastal minelayers. for assignment to NATO, may be at only 50 per
21 gunboats. cent of strength. The other division, reserved
About 25 torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). for joint Iberian defence, is even lower in
3 armed depot and training ships. strength. These units have some 105mm and
A number of coastal artillery batteries. 155mm howitzers.
 32
The remaining troops (including about 25 TURKEY
infantry regiments) are stationed in the Portu- General
guese provinces in Africa. Population: 35,200,000.
Other Army equipment includes: Military service: 20 months.
M-4 Sherman medium tanks. Total armed forces: 477,500.
Humber Mark IV and EBR-75 armoured Estimated GNP 1969: $14.0 billion.
cars. Defence estimates 1970-71: 4,700 million liras
AML-60 scout cars. ($401,000,000).
FV-1609 and M-16 half-track APCs. 9.0 liras = $1 (since 9 August 1970 15 = $1).
Navy Army
Total strength: 18,000, including 500 marines. Total strength: 390,000.
5 submarines. 1 armoured division with M-48 tanks.
1 destroyer escort. 4 armoured brigades with M-48 tanks.
8 fast frigates. 1 armoured cavalry brigade.
5 frigates. 13 infantry divisions, one of which is mechanized.
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3 corvettes. 3 mechanized infantry brigades.

12 submarine chasers. 2 parachute battalions.
18 coastal patrol vessels. M-24 and M-41 light tanks.
4 ocean minesweepers. M-36 tank destroyers.
12 coastal minesweepers. M-8 armoured cars.
30 patrol launches (less than 100 tons). M-59 and M-113 armoured personnel carriers.
14 armed support and auxiliary ships. 105mm and 155mm SP guns.
5 landing craft (LCT-type). 105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers.
55 small landing craft (less than 100 tons). 40mm, 75mm and 90mm anti-aircraft guns.
Honest John surface-to-surface missiles.
Air Force Apart from some fortress regiments and terri-
Total strength: 17,500; 150 combat aircraft. torial defence units, all Turkish Army forma-
2 light bomber squadrons with B-26 Invaders tions are assigned to NATO.
and PV-2 Harpoons. Navy
1 fighter-bomber squadron with F-84G. Total strength: 37,500.
1 light-strike squadron with G-91. 10 submarines.
1 interceptor squadron with F-86F. 10 destroyers.
1 maritime patrol squadron with P-2E 9 coastal escorts.
Neptune. 6 submarine chasers.
(There are 15-25 aircraft in a combat squadron.) 8 motor torpedo boats (2 less than 100 tons).
12 Noratlas, 40 C-47, 5 C-54, some DC-6 and 13 coastal minesweepers.
15 C-45 transports. 3 inshore minesweepers.
Other aircraft include 50 T-6, 25 Do-27, 15 1 fleet minelayer.
T-33 and 30 T-37C reconnaissance/trainers. 6 coastal minelayers.
Helicopters include 20 Alouette II and 30 25 armed support ships and auxiliaries.
Alouette III.
Only the Neptune squadron is NATO assigned. Air Force
There is a paratroop regiment of 4,000, Total strength: 50,000; 310 combat aircraft.
which comes under Air Force command; one 2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
battalion is serving in each of the three African 3 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-5A.
provinces. 1 fighter-bomber squadron with F-100C.
3 interceptor squadrons with F-5A.
Para-military forces and reserves 5 interceptor squadrons with F-86D/E/K.
National Republican Guard: 15,000. 1 AWX squadron with F-102A.
Reservists with military training total about 3 reconnaissance squadrons with RF-84F and
500,000. F-84Q.
 33
4 transport squadrons, which include 6 C-45, The Turkish Air Force, including the Nike
10 C-47, 3 C-54 and 10 C-130. battalions, is NATO-assigned.
(There are 14-20 aircraft in a Turkish combat
squadron.) Para-military forces
2 battalions (6 batteries) Nike-Hercules surface- Gendarmerie: 20,000 (including three formations
to-air missiles. organized into infantry brigades).
National Guard: 20,000.

OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

ALBANIA (There are 10-12 aircraft in an Albanian squad-
General ron.)
Population: 2,130,000. About 8 Mi-1 Hare and Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
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Military service: Army, 2 years; Air Force,

Navy and special units, 3 years. Para-military forces
Total regular forces: 41,500. Total strength: 37,500, consisting of:
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.83 billion. An internal security force of 12,500.
Defence expenditure 1969: 420 million leks A frontier force of 25,000.
($84,000,000).
5 leks = $ 1 .

Army AUSTRIA
Total strength: 35,000. General
1 tank brigade. Population: 7,410,000.
5 infantry brigades. Military service: Army, 9 months; Air Force,
110 T-34 and 15 T-54 medium tanks. 15-24 months.
BA-64, BTR-40 and BTR-152 APCs. Total armed forces: 49,000.
122mm and 152mm guns and howitzers. Estimated GNP 1969: $12.42 billion.
SU-76 SP guns. Defence budget 1970: 4,134,849,000 schillings
45mm, 57mm, 76mm and 85mm anti-tank guns. ($159,000,000).
A few SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. 26 schillings = $1.
. 37mm, 57mm and 85mm anti-aircraft guns.
Some light shore batteries. Army
Total strength: 45,000.
Navy 3 tank battalions.
Total strength: 4,000. 3 mechanized brigades, each with an armoured
4 submarines. battalion, at reduced strength.
4 ASW patrol vessels. 4 reduced strength infantry brigades.
36 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). 3 artillery battalions.
2 fleet minesweepers. 3 independent air defence battalions.
6 inshore minesweepers. 150 M-47 and 120 M-60 medium tanks.
Some surface-to-surface missiles deployed around 40 M-41 and 70 AMX-13 light tanks.
the ports of Durazzo and Valona. 105mm and 155mm howitzers, and 155mm guns.
84mm Carl Gustav anti-tank missiles.
Air Force 20mm and 35mm Oerlikon and 40mm Bofors
Total strength: 2,500; 70 combat aircraft. air-defence guns.
6 fighter-bomber squadrons with MiG-15s, Some 130mm rocket launchers.
MiG-17s and MiG-19s. (There are 4 reserve infantry brigades in cadre
1 transport squadron with An-2s and Il-14s. form.)
3
 34

Air Force* 3 frigates (one used as training ship).

Total strength: 4,000; 13 combat aircraft. 2 corvettes.
3 Saab-105 fighter-bombers. 15 fast patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
10 J-29F Tunnan fighter-bombers. 2 coastal minelayers.
24 Cessna L-19 light reconnaissance aircraft. 5 inshore minesweepers.
11 Magister and 5 Vampire trainers. 11 small patrol boats.
1 transport squadron with 3 DHC-2 Beavers 5 armed auxiliary vessels.
and 2 Skyvans.
22 AB-204, 23 Alouette and 12 AB-206 heli- Air Force
copters for transport and liaison duties. Total strength: 3,000; 45 combat aircraft.
3 squadrons with 20 MiG-21 fighter/fighter-
Para-military forces bombers and 9 Gnat Mark 1 fighter/reconnais-
A Gendarmerie of 12,000. sance aircraft.
16 Magister armed trainers.
About 10 C-47 and Beaver transport aircraft.
About 100 other training aircraft, including 55
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FINLAND Magisters, 30 Safirs and a few MiG-15/MiG-21

General UTI.
Population: 4,720,000. Hound, Alouette II and AB-204B helicopters.
Military service: 8-11 months.
Total armed forces: 39,000. Para-military forces
Estimated GNP 1969: $8.8 billion. About 3,250 frontier defence troops.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970:589,030,000
markkas ($140,200,000).
4.2markkas = .$l. •
SPAIN
Army General
Total strength: 34,000. Population: 33,275,000.
1 armoured brigade (at about half strength). Military service: 24 months.
6 infantry brigades (at about 35 per cent of full Total armed forces: 281,950.
strength). Estimated GNP 1969: $27.1 billion..
8 reduced-strength independent infantry bat- Defence budget 1970: 40,597 million pesetas
talions. ($580,000,000).
1 field artillery regiment. 70 pesetas = $1.
2 coastal artillery regiments.
3 coastal artillery battalions. Army
4 anti-aircraft battalions. Total strength: 210,000.
T-54, T-55 and Charioteer medium tanks. 1 armoured division (in cadre form).
PT-76 light tanks. 1 armoured cavalry brigade.
105mm, 122mm and 130mm guns; 122mm and 1 mechanized infantry division.")
152mm howitzers. 1 motorized infantry division. >(incadre form).
81mm and 120mm mortars. 2 mountain divisions. J
Vigilant and SS-11 anti-tank missiles. 16 independent infantry brigades.
ZSU-57, 35mm Oerlikon, 40mm Bofors, 30mm 1 high mountain brigade.
HS and 23mm anti-aircraft guns. 2 mountain brigades.
1 airportable brigade
Navy 1 parachute brigade.
Total strength: 2,000. 2 artillery brigades.
1 battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
* Austrian air units are an integral part of the Army M-47 and M-48 medium tanks.
but for purposes of comparison have been listed separ- M-24 Chaffee and M-41 Walker Bulldog light
ately. tanks.
 35
M-8 Greyhound armoured cars, and M-3 White Total armed forces: 627,500 (total mobilizable
scout cars. strength).
M-113APCs. Estimated GNP 1969: $27.1 billion.
105mm and 155mm SP guns. Defence budget 1970-71: 5,836 million Swedish
105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers. kronor (51,129,000,000).
90mm SP anti-tank guns. 5.17kronor = $1.
About 27,000 soldiers, including elements of
three divisions, are serving in Spanish Africa, Army
8,000 in the Canary Islands, and a further 6,000 Total strength: 18,000 regular ofiicers and NCOs,
in the Balearics. 36,500 conscript trainees, and 100,000 reservists
called up for 18-40 days' training per year. On
Navy mobilization the total number would become
Total strength: 39,350 including marines. about 600,000. The peacetime army includes
1 helicopter carrier. 7 armoured regiments, 3 cavalry regiments, 14
4 submarines. infantry regiments, 7 artillery regiments and 1
1 cruiser. parachute regiment (all in cadre form). On
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12 ASW destroyers. mobilization these would form 100 battalions

10 destroyers. and a number of independent units.
4 frigates. About 300 Centurion tanks mounting a 105mm
4 frigate-minelayers. ^ gun are in service, and the Swedish strv-S
6 corvettes. (turretless) tank has started to enter service with
3 ASW patrol vessels. armoured units.
3 torpedo boats. Artillery includes 105mm and 155mm field guns,
25 minesweepers. 105mm and 155mm howitzers.
8 landing ships. Anti-tank weapons include the SS-11, Bantam,
2 assault transport ships. Carl Gustav and Miniman.
3 landing craft. One battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
3 squadrons of ASW helicopters.
I squadron of light helicopters. Navy
A Marine Corps of 6,500 men. Total strength: 4,700 regular; 7,400 conscripts.
Air Force 20 submarines.
Total strength: 32,600; 202 combat aircraft. 1 cruiser.
10 Mirage HIE fighter-bombers. 2 destroyers with Rb-08 ship-to-surface missiles.
20 F-5 fighter-bombers. 6 other destroyers (4 with Seacat ship-to-air
50 HA Saeta fighter-bombers. missiles).
21 F-104G interceptors. 7 fast anti-submarine frigates.
65 F-86F interceptors. 17 heavy torpedo boats.
II Hu-16B Albatross ASW aircraft. 16 other motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
25 armed T-6 trainers. 2 minelayers.
Over 175 transport and communications aircraft, About 40 minesweepers.
including C-47s, C-54s, 12 Caribous, and Spanish- 5 regiments of coastal artillery using 75mm and
built Azors. 120mm guns, and Rb-08 surface-to-ship missiles.
Naval helicopters include 12 Vertols, 3 AB-206As.
Para-military forces
The Guardia Civil number about 65,000. Air Force
Total strength: 5,700 regular; 9,700 conscripts;
650 combat aircraft.
SWEDEN 10 attack squadrons with A-32A Lansen (with
General air-to-ship missiles).
Population: 8,020,000. 21 AWX squadrons with J-35 Draken.
Military service: Army and Navy, 9-15 months; 2 reconnaissance/day-fighter squadrons with
Air Force, 9-14 months. S-32.
 36
3 reconnaissance/day-fighter squadrons with guns and howitzers, 155mm SP guns, 81mm and
S-35E. 120mm mortars.
6 squadrons with Bloodhound 2 surface-to-air
missiles. Air Force (including Air Defence troops)*
1 transport squadron with 2 C-130E and 7 C-47. Total strength: 2,000 regular, 6,000 conscript
1 heavy helicopter squadron with Vertol-107. trainees, and 45,000 reservists capable of rapid
A fully computerized and semi-automatic con- mobilization. Maintenance is carried out by
trol and air surveillance system, with which all civilian employees. About 315 combat aircraft.
components of the Swedish air defence are 13 squadrons of Venom FB 50 ground-support
co-ordinated, is operational. This is known as aircraft.
Stril 60 and is similar to the American SAGE. 2 squadrons of Mirage HIS interceptors.
5 squadrons of Hunter F-58 interceptors with
Para-military forces Sidewinder air-to-air missiles.
The voluntary defence organizations have about 1 squadron of Mirage IIIR reconnaissance
300,000 members in peacetime, of whom about aircraft.
90,000 are women. About 20 liaison and transport aircraft including
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3 Ju-52/3s and 6 Do-27s.

About 80 helicopters, indudmg60AlouetteII/IIIs.
About 40 anti-aircraft batteries with Oerlikon
twin 35mm cannon.
SWITZERLAND Two battalions with about 70 Bloodhound 2
General surface-to-air missiles.
Population: 6,300,000.
Military service: 4 months initial basic training,
followed by regular reservists training of about
three weeks a year for 8 years, two weeks for
3 years, and one week for 2 years. YUGOSLAVIA
Total armed forces: 656,000 total mobilizable General
strength; reservists can be fully mobilized within Population: 20,550,000.
48 hours. Military service: Army, 18 months; Navy and
Estimated GNP 1969: $18.8 billion. Air Force, 24 months.
Defence budget 1970: 1,815 million Swiss francs Total armed forces: 238,000.
($422,000,000). Estimated GNP 1969: $11.0 billion.
4.3 francs = 5 1 . Defence estimates 1970: 8,340 million dinars
($667,000,000).
Army 12.5 dinars = $1.
Total strength: 2,500 regular training cadre,
17,000 conscript trainees, and about 583,500 Army
reservists capable of rapid mobilization. Total strength: 200,000.
The militia-style Army is organized into four 1 armoured division with M-47, T-54 and T-55
corps. One corps, for the defence of the Alps, tanks.
consists of 3 mountain divisions; the other three 9 infantry divisions with some T-34 tanks.
corps, for the defence of the plain, consist of an 33 independent infantry brigades.
armoured division and two infantry divisions 12 independent tank brigades.
each. There are also seventeen frontier, fortress 1 airborne brigade.
and 'redoubt' brigades. 1 marine infantry brigade.
The mechanized formations are equipped with 650 M-4 Sherman medium tanks.
300 Centurion and 200 AMX-13 tanks, and PT-76 and about 35 AMX-13 light tanks.
1,000 M-113 armoured personnel carriers. 150
Swiss-built PZ-61 medium tanks serve with the * Swiss Air Force and Air Defence Troops are an integral
mechanized divisions. There are 48 artillery part of the Army, but are listed here separately, for
battalions whose equipment includes 105mm purposes of comparison.
 37

M-3 and BTR-50 and BTR-60P APCs. Air Force

Artillery includes SU-100 self-propelled guns and Total strength: 20,000; 340 combat aircraft.
105mm and 155mm howitzers. 90 F-84G ground-attack aircraft.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. 30 Jastreb light ground-attack fighters.
SU-57 SP anti-aircraft guns. 30 Kraguj close-support aircraft.
60 MiG-21 Fishbed C/D fighter-interceptors.
Navy 100 F-86D and CF-86D/E fighter-interceptors.
Total strength: 18,000. 30 RT-33A and RF-86F reconnaissance aircraft.
5 submarines. 25 medium transport aircraft including C-47s
3 destroyers. and Il-14s.
2 frigates. About 40 helicopters including 20 Whirlwinds
19 submarine chasers. (made in Yugoslavia) and 15 Mi-4 Hounds.
10 Osa-class missile patrol -boats with Styx 8 surface-to-air missile batteries with SA-2
guided missiles. Guideline.
About 80 motor torpedo boats (less than 100
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tons).
4 medium minesweepers. Para-military forces
14 inshore minesweepers (some less than 100 19,000 Frontier Guards.
tons). The territorial defence force being formed, is
10 landing craft. planned to reach a strength of up to 3 million
20-30 batteries of coastal artillery. men and women.
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Publisher: Routledge
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The Military Balance

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The Middle East and the Mediterranean

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) The Middle East and the Mediterranean, The Military Balance, 70:1, 38-46, DOI:
10.1080/04597227008459797

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 The Middle East and the Mediterranean

TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

CENTO
Downloaded by ["Queen's University Libraries, Kingston"] at 09:51 31 December 2014

The members of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), are Britain, Iran, Pakistan and
Turkey. The United States is associated with CENTO and represented on the Military,
Economic and Counter-Subversion Committees and on the Permanent Military Deputies
Group. The Treaty is designed to provide mutual co-operation for security and defence.
CENTO does not have an international command structure, nor are forces allocated to it. Air
striking power could be made available by Britain from bases in Cyprus and by the United
States from the aircraft carriers of the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean.
For the local powers, the CENTO arrangements may be less important than the Regional
Co-operation for Development (RCD), which is parallel to but outside CENTO, and under
which several schemes are in operation in the economic, cultural and technical fields.

Other agreements
Turkey, besides being a member of NATO, also has a bilateral defence agreement with the
United States, as do Iran and Pakistan.
The Soviet Union has no bilateral treaties with countries in the area, though she supplies
arms to a number of them.
Britain has commitments to assist in the defence of Malta, to consult and co-operate in
the defence of Cyprus, to aid Libya* if she is engaged in conflict and is responsible for
the defence of Bahrein, Qatar, and the Trucial States.
A defence agreement was concluded between Syria and the United Arab Republic (UAR)
on 4 November 1966, providing that an attack on either country would be considered an
attack on both. The agreement included establishment of a Defence Council and a Joint
Command. The Egyptian Chief-of-Staff was designated as joint commander in the event of
war. A similar agreement was entered into by Jordan and the UAR on 30 May 1967, and they
were joined by Iraq on 4 June. These agreements do not appear to be active. Iraq and Syria
concluded defence pacts in May 1968 and July 1969.
Libya, Sudan and the United Arab Republic agreed at the end of December 1969, to hold
regular meetings to co-ordinate military action against Israel.
Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia
and the UAR are members of the League of Arab States, as are Kuwait, South Yemen and
Yemen. Among its subsidiary bodies are the Arab Defence Council set up in 1950 and the
Unified Arab Command set up in 1964, which has not functioned since the war in June 1967.

* This treaty had not been formally terminated at the beginning of July 1970. but the Libyan Government has stated
that the reasons for its continuation have disappeared.
 39
ALGERIA IRAN
General General
Population: 13,750,000. Population: 28,400,000.
Military service: limited conscription. Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 57,000. Total armed forces: 161,000.
Estimated GNP 1969: $3 billion. Estimated GNP 1969: $8.9 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 870 million Defence budget 1970-71: 59,000 million rials
dinars ($174,000,000). ($779,000,000).
5 dinars — %\. 75.75rials=$l.

Army
Army Total strength: 135,000.
Total strength: 53,000.
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2 armoured divisions.
3 motorized infantry brigades (with some 1 independent armoured brigade.
armour). 5 infantry divisions.
3 independent tank battalions. 1 independent infantry brigade.
About 45 independent infantry battalions. M-24, M-47 and M-60A1 tanks.
5 independent artillery battalions. M-8 and M-20 armoured cars.
12 companies of desert troops. M-113 and BTR-152 APCs.
1 paratroop brigade. Soviet 57mm and 85mm anti-aircraft guns.
300 T-34 and T-54 medium tanks. 1 battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
350 BTR-152 APCs. An aviation battalion with 17 Huskie helicopters.
140mm and 240mm rocket-launchers. (Further helicopters are being delivered.)
85mm guns, 122mm and 152mm howitzers.
SU-100 SP assault guns. . Navy
Total strength: 9,000.
Navy 1 destroyer.
Total strength: 2,000. 5 frigates (4 with Seacat surface-to-air missiles).
2 coastal escorts. 5 corvettes.
1 coastal minesweeper. 4 patrol boats.
9 Komar- and O^a-class missile patrol boats 4 coastal minesweepers.
(with Styx short-range surface-to-surface 2 inshore minesweepers.
missiles). 8 SRN-6 Hovercraft.
10 motor torpedo boats (Soviet P-6 class). 4 landing craft.
12 patrol vessels (less than 100 tons).
Air Force Air Force
Total strength: 2,000; 170 combat aircraft. Total strength: 17,000; 175 combat aircraft.
140 MiG-15, MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighters. 2 squadrons (32 aircraft) of F-4D all-weather
30 11-28 light bombers. fighter-bombers, with Sidewinder and Sparrow
8 An-12 and 411-18 transports. air-to-air missiles.
50 helicopters, mainly Mi-4 Hound; (SA-330 5 squadrons of F-5 tactical fighter-bombers.
Pumas are being delivered by France). 20 F-86 all-weather interceptors.
About 30 training aircraft. 16 RT-33 tactical reconnaissance aircraft (being
1 battalion of SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air replaced by 2 squadrons of RF-5).
missiles. Transport aircraft include 8 C-45s, 10 C-47s,
(28 Magister ground-attack/trainer aircraft are 10 C-130Es and 5 Beavers.
on order.) Helicopters include Huskies, Whirlwinds, and
40 AB-205s.
Para-military forces (100 AB-206 A, 16 Super-Frelon, and 40 UH-1D
A Gendarmerie of about 8,000, equipped with Iroquois are being delivered.)
about 50 AML armoured cars. Tigercat surface-to-air missiles.
 40

Para-military forces A national guard of about 10,000.

A Gendarmerie of about 40,000. 1 mechanized brigade of security troops (about
3,000 men).

IRAQ
General
Population: 9,000,000. ISRAEL
Military service: 2 years. General
Total armed forces: 94,500. Population: 2,900,000.*
Estimated GNP 1969: $2.8 billion. Military service (Jewish population only): men,
Defence estimates 1970: 151,700,000 dinars 36 months; women, 20 months.
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($424,760,000). Total armed forces: 75,000 regular cadre and

1 dinar = $2.8. conscripts (can be raised to about 300,000 by
mobilization of reservists, which is completed
Army within 48-72 hours).
Total strength: 85,000 (including about 15,000 in Estimated GNP 1969: $4.5 billion.
Jordan and 6,000 in Syria). Defence budget 1970-71: 3,762.5 million Israeli
2 armoured divisions. pounds ($1,075,000,000).
5 infantry divisions. 3.5 Israeli pounds = $1.
450 T-54/55, 140 T-34 and 55 Centurion Mark 5
medium tanks.
40 M-24 Chaffee light tanks. Army
55 AML-60 armoured cars and 20 Ferret scout Total strength: 11,500 regular, 50,000 conscripts
cars. (275,000 when fully mobilized).
BTR-152APCs. Active: Two infantry, two armoured, one
Artillery includes Soviet 120mm and 130mm mechanized and one paratroop brigade (some
guns. only in cadre form).
Reserve: about 26 brigades, for one-third of
Navy which armour is available on mobilization.
Total strength: 2,000. 300 M-48 Pat ton (with 105mm guns), 450
3 submarine chasers. Centurion, 100 T-54/55s, 200 Super Sherman
12 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). (with 105mm guns) medium tanks.
10 patrol boats (less than 100 tons). 15 AML-90 and some AML-60 and Staghound
armoured cars.
Air Force Up to 1500 M-2 and M-3 half-tracks.
Total strength: 7,500; 229 combat aircraft. About 300 self-propelled artillery pieces, in-
8 Tu-16 medium bombers. cluding mortars and 155mm howitzers on
10 11-28 light bombers. Sherman chassis and 105mm howitzers on AMX
50 Su-7 all-weather fighter-bombers. chassis.f
36 Hunter Mark 9 ground-attack aircraft. Anti-tank weapons include:
20 T-52 Jet Provost light-strike aircraft. . 106mm recoilless rifles mounted on jeeps.
60 MiG-21 interceptors. 90mm SP guns.
45 MiG-17 and MiG-19 fighters. SS-10/11 missiles mounted on weapons carriers.
4 Mi-1, 20 Mi-4 and 11 Wessex helicopters. Cobra missiles.
Transport aircraft include 12 An-2, 6 An-12, 20mm, 30mm and 40mm anti-aircraft guns.
10 An-24, 13 11-14, 2 Herons and 3 Bristol
Freighters.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles.
* Excluding occupied territories.
Para-military forces t Further SP artillery is being delivered by the United
Total strength: 20,000 including: States.
 41
(There are reports that the MD-660 surface-to- JORDAN
surface missile is due to become operational General
during 1970 or 1971.) Population: 2,225,000.
There are separate regional defence units which Military service: 2 years.
provide a permanent guard in the border regions. Total armed forces: 60,250.
Most of these units are on a militia basis. Estimated GNP 1969: $0.7 billion.
Defence budget 1970:42 million dinars
(SI 17,600,000).
Navy 1 dinar = $2.8.
Total strength: 3,500 regular, and 1,000 con-
scripts (8,000 when fully mobilized). Army
4 submarines. Total strength: 58,000.
2 armoured brigades.
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1 destroyer.
1 anti-aircraft frigate. 1 Royal Guards battalion (armoured).
1 coastal escort. 9 infantry brigades.
12 Saar-type fast missile patrol boats (with 1 anti-aircraft regiment, for which Tigercat
Gabriel surface-to-surface missiles). surface-to-air missiles are on order.
9 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). 160 M-47 and M-48 Patton, and 150 Centurion
4 seaward defence vessels (less than 100 tons). medium tanks.
7 landing craft (1 less than 100 tons). 130 Saladin armoured cars and about 140 Ferret
500 naval commandos. scout cars.
250 M-113 and 100 Saracen APCs.
30 105mm and 155mm howitzers, a few 155mm
and 203mm guns, and 3 regiments of 25-pounders.
Air Force
Total strength: 8,000 regular, 1,000 conscripts Navy
(17,000 when fully mobilized); 330 combat Total strength: 250.
aircraft. 8 small patrol craft operating from Aqaba.
12 Vautour light bombers.
36 F-4E Phantom fighter-bomber/interceptors. Air Force
67 A-4E Skyhawk fighter-bombers. Total strength: 2,000; 38 combat aircraft.
60 Mirage IIIC fighter-bomber/interceptors 1 squadron of 18 F-104A interceptors. (A
(some with R-530 missiles). second squadron is due to form in 1970.)
30 Mystere IVA fighter-bombers. 2 squadrons (about 20 aircraft) of Hunter
30 Ouragan fighter-bombers. FGA6 and 9.
10 Super Mystere interceptors. 4 C-47, 2 Dove and 2 Devon transport aircraft.
85 Magister jet trainers (can be used in ground- Helicopters include 6 Alouette III and 3 Whirl-
attack role). winds.
2 squadrons with 15 Noratlas, 6 Stratocruiser and
10 C-47 medium transports. Para-military forces
Helicopters include 25 AB-205s, 5 Alouettes, Total strength: 37,500 consisting of:
12 Super Frelons, 8 CH-53s and 15 H-34s. 7,500 Gendarmerie.
2 battalions of Hawk surface-to-air missiles. 30,000 National Guard.
(Israel has ordered and paid for fifty Mirage 5s,
but their export from France has been blocked.)
(Delivery of further American aircraft has been
under discussion.) LEBANON
General
Population: 2,700,000.
Para-military forces Voluntary military service.
The militia element of the border region defence Total armed forces: 16,250.
units is building up to a strength of 10,000. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.6 billion.
 42
Defence estimates 1970: £L100 million Army
($30,300,000). Total strength: 14,000.
Lebanese £3.3 = $1. 2 armoured battalions.
5 infantry battalions.
Army 2 artillery battalions.
Total strength: 15,000. 1 anti-aircraft artillery battalion.
2 tank battalions. 6 Centurion medium tanks.
1 motorized battalion. Saladin armoured cars, Ferret scout cars and
9 infantry battalions. Saracen APCs.
40 Charioteer medium tanks. Artillery includes 105mm howitzers.
40 AMX-13 and 20 M-41 Walker Bulldog light (An order for 188 Chieftain heavy tanks is under
tanks. discussion with Britain. There were reports in
M-706 and M-6 Staghound and AEC Mark-3 July of deliveries of armour by the Soviet
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armoured cars. Union.)

M-113andM-59APCs.
Artillery includes 155mm howitzers. Navy
Total strength: 600.
Navy 1 corvette.
Total strength: 250. 3 fast patrol boats, equipped with Nord SS-12(M)
1 patrol vessel. surface-to-surface missiles.
1 landing craft. 3 minesweepers.
3 small patrol boats (less than 100 tons). 1 logistic support ship.
12 small patrol craft.
(1 fast frigate is on order.)
Air Force
Total strength: 1,000; 24 combat aircraft. Air Force
1 squadron of Hunter fighter/ground-attack Total strength: 400; 7 combat aircraft.
aircraft. 1 interceptor squadron with 7 F-5s.
1 squadron of Mirage HI C interceptors with 9 C-47 medium transports.
R.530 air-to-air missiles. 3 T-33 jet trainers.
About 6 transport aircraft. Some helicopters, including 3 Alouette Us.
1 helicopter squadron with 3 Alouette Ih and (50 Mirage 5 and 60 Mirage III are on order.)
6 Alouette Ills.
(A Crotale air-defence missile system is on
order.)
MOROCCO
Para-military forces General
There is a Gendarmerie of 2,500. Population: 15,525,000.
It is planned to form a National Guard with a Military service: 18 months.
strength of up to 5,000. Total armed forces: 50,000.
Estimated GNP 1969: $3.4 billion.
Defence budget 1969-70: 405 million dirhams
($80,040,000).
LIBYA 5.06 dirhams = $1.
General
Population: 1,935,000. Army
Military service: 18 months. Total strength: 45,000.
Total armed forces: 15,000. 1 armoured brigade.
Estimated GNP 1969: $2.4 billion. 2 motorized infantry brigades.
Defence budget 1969-70: £L16,400,000 1 light security brigade.
($45,920,000). 1 paratroop brigade.
£L1 = $2.8. 12 independent infantry battalions.
 43
2 camel corps battalions. 4 infantry brigades.
3 desert cavalry groups. 55 M-47 Patton medium tanks.
4 artillery groups. 35 M-41 Walker Bulldog and 30 AMX-13 light
120 T-54 medium and 120 AMX-13 light tanks. tanks.
Some EBR-75, and 50 AML-245 and M-8 About 200 AML-90 and some M-6 Staghound
Greyhound armoured cars. and M-8 Greyhound armoured cars; some Ferret
40 M-3 half-track and 90 Czech APCs. scout cars.
25 SU-100 and AMX-105, and 50 M-56 SP guns. Vigilant anti-tank missiles.
75mm and 105mm howitzers. 10 batteries of Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
6 Alouette 11(111 helicopters.
Navy
Navy Total strength: 1,000.
Total strength: 1,000. 1 patrol vessel.
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1 frigate. 6 fast patrol boats.

1 corvette. (About 20 smaller patrol boats are on order.)
1 coastal escort.
1 landing ship. Air Force
2 patrol boats (less than 100 tons). Total strength: 5,000; 75 combat aircraft.
16 F-86 fighter-bombers.
Air Force 24 BAC-167 Strikemaster ground-attack aircraft.
Total strength: 4,000; 26 combat aircraft. 35 Lightning interceptors.
10 F-5A interceptors. 8 C-47,2 C-118, 6 C-123 and 9 C-130E transport
12 MiG-17 fighter-bombers (in storage). aircraft.
4 AT-6 Texan armed trainers. 2 Alouette III, 2 AB-204, 24 AB-205 and
About 45 T-6 Texan, . 25 T-28 Trojan and 10 AB-206 helicopters.
8 Magister trainers.'. About 30 Hunter, Lightning, and T-41A trainers.
10 C-47 and 11 C-119 transports. 37 Thunderbird surface-to-air missiles, some of
About 20 AB-205, H-34, OH-13 Sioux and which are installed around airfields.
HH-43 Huskie helicopters.
(24 Magister are due to be delivered in 1970.) Para-military forces
Lightly armed tribal levies (the 'White Army')
Para-military forces number about 24,000. They are used chiefly for
Total strength: 3,000, plus about 20,000 auxil- internal security purposes.
iaries.
Their organization includes 2 mobile security
battalions. There are also several companies of
Royal Guards. SUDAN
General
Population: 15,600,000.
Voluntary military service.
SAUDI ARABIA Total armed forces: 27,450.
General Estimated GNP 1969: $2.1 billion.
Population: 7,300,000 Defence budget 1969-70: £S3O,3OO,OOO
Voluntary military service. ($87,570,000).
Total armed forces: 36,000. £Sudan 1 = $2.87.
Estimated GNP 1969: $3.9 billion.
Defence budget 1969-70: 1,742 million riyals Army
($387,000,000). Total strength: 26,500.
4.5 riyals = $1. 4 infantry brigades (each of four battalions).
3 independent infantry battalions.
Army 1 armoured regiment.
Total strength: 30,000. 1 parachute regiment.
 44
3 artillery regiments. 100 SU-100 tank destroyers and 600 BTR-152
About 50 T-55 tanks. APCs.
50 Saladin and 45 M-706 Commando armoured Soviet-made artillery includes 122mm, 130mm
cars. and 152mm guns.
60 Ferret scout cars. 40 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles.
Artillery includes about 50 25-pounders, 40
105mm guns and howitzers, 20 120mm Navy
mortars, 80 Bofors 40mm and some Soviet Total strength: 1,750.
85mm anti-aircraft guns. 2 minesweepers.
3 coastal patrol vessels.
Navy 10 Komar-class missile patrol boats, with Styx
Total strength: 500. short-range surface-to-surface missiles.
6 coastal patrol boats. 15 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
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Air Force Air Force

Total strength: 450; 32 combat aircraft. Total strength: 10,000 men; 210 combat aircraft.
16 MiG-21 interceptor/fighter-bombers. 80 MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighter-bombers.
5 BAC-145 T. Mk 5. 40 Su-7 fighter-bombers.
8 Jet Provost Mk 52. 90 MiG-21 interceptors.
3 Piston Provost Mk 51. 8 11-14, 6 C-47, 4 D-18 and 3 Li-2 transport
3 Pembroke, 3 F-27 Troopships and 5 An-24 aircraft.
transports. 4 Mi-1, 8 Mi-4 and some Mi-8 helicopters.
Para-military forces Para-military forces
Gendarmerie: 1,000. Gendarmerie: 5,000.
Frontier Police: 2,000. Internal Security Camel Corps: 1,500.
The People's Militia is stated to be building up to
250,000.

SYRIA
General
Population: 6,025,000. TUNISIA
Military service: 30 months. (Jewish population General
exempted.) Population: 4,850,000.
Total armed forces: 86,750. Military service: 1 year (selective).
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.35 billion. Total armed forces: 21,050.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970:. £840 Estimated GNP 1969: $1.2 billion.
million Syrian ($221,000,000). Defence budget 1969-70: 8,700,000 dinars
£3.8 Syrian = $1. ($16,704,000).
1 dinar =$1.92.
Army
Total strength: 75,000 (including 1,200 in Army
Jordan and 2,000 in Iraq). Total strength: 20,000.
4 armoured brigades. 1 armoured battalion.
4 mechanized brigades. 5 infantry battalions.
6 infantry brigades. 1 artillery group.
1 parachute battalion. 1 Sahara patrol group.
3 commando battalions. About 15 AMX-13 and M-41 light tanks.
7 artillery regiments (including 1 in Jordan). M-8 Greyhound and about 20 Saladin armoured
About 30 JS-3 heavy tanks. cars.
150 T-34 and 700 T-54/55s medium tanks. Artillery includes 105mm SP and 155mm guns.
 45
1,500 122mm, 130mm and 152mm guns and
Navy about 40 lorry-mounted rocket-launchers.
Total strength: 450. About 24 FROG-3 and 25 Samlet short-range
1 corvette. surface-to-surface missiles.
10 patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
(2 French fast patrol boats, to be equipped with Navy
SS-12 (M) surface-to-surface missiles, are due Total strength: 14,000, including coastguards.
to be delivered in 1970.) 12 submarines (6 ex-Soviet W-class and 6 ex-
Soviet R-class).
Air Force 5 destroyers (4 ex-Soviet ^orj-class and 1 ex-
Total strength: 600; 12 combat aircraft. British Z-type).
12 F-86 fighters. 2 escort vessels.
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8 MB-326 jet trainers. 12 coastal escorts.

12 T-6 Texan basic trainers. 6 fleet minesweepers.
14 Saab 91-D Safir primary trainers. 2 inshore minesweepers.
8 Alouette II helicopters. 12 <9ivz-class missile patrol boats and 7 Komar-
3 Flamant light transports. class, both with Styx short-range surface-to-
surface missiles.
27 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
Para-military forces 18 small landing craft.
Gendarmerie of 5,000, organized in 6 battalions.
Air Force
Total strength: 20,000; 415 combat aircraft.
15 Tu-16 medium bombers.
28 11-28 light bombers.
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (UAR) 150 MiG-21 interceptors.
General 105 Su-7 fighter-bombers.
Population: 33,300,000. 165 MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighter-bombers.
Military service: 3 years. About 4011-14 and 20 An-12 medium transports.
Total armed forces: 288,000. 70 Mi-1, Mi-4, Mi-6 and Mi-8 helicopters.
Estimated GNP 1969: $6.3 billion. 150 MiG, Yak and Delfin trainers, some of which
Defence Budget 1970-71: £E553 million can be armed.
($1,272 million). Air defence is provided by 37mm, 57mm,
£E1 =? $2.3. 85mm and 100mm anti-aircraft guns, and by
250 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles de-
Army ployed in 25 batteries of 6 launchers each,
Total strength: 250,000. co-ordinated with a radar network and six
3 armoured divisions. squadrons of MiG-21 C interceptors.
4 mechanized infantry divisions. There are some 100 Soviet-operated MiG-21J
4 infantry divisions. interceptors. It is believed that 22 SA-3 sites have
18 commando battalions. been completed, and that construction of another
2 parachute brigades. 23 is in progress. These missiles are manned by
15 artillery brigades. Soviet personnel.
About 30 JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks.
Some 950 T-54/T-55, 250 T-34, 10 Centurion Missile Command
Mark 3 and 15 Sherman medium tanks. 150 This is separate from the Army and the Air
PT-76 amphibious and 20 AMX-13 light tanks. Force, and consists of about 4,000 men, including
900 BTR-40, BTR-50, OT-64 and BTR-152 civilian technicians. The 100 missiles that have
armoured personnel carriers. been built include the Al Zafir, stated to be able
About 150 SU-100 and JSU-152 SP assault and to carry a 900-lb warhead some 200 miles, the
ZSU-57 SP anti-aircraft guns. Al Kahir, stated to be able to carry a rather
 46
larger warhead up to 350 miles, and the Al Read, achieved any operational capability. It is
stated to be able to carry a one-ton scientific believed that the programme has been aban-
probe some 440 miles. (All these figures are doned and that the command may be disbanded.
thought to be over-optimistic.) The first two were
designed to be launched from mobile platforms, Para-military forces
but none of the missiles is thought to have A National Guard of about 90,000.
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On: 01 February 2015, At: 19:43
Publisher: Routledge
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The Military Balance

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Sub‐Saharan Africa
Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) Sub‐Saharan Africa , The Military Balance, 70:1, 47-55, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459798

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 Sub-Saharan Africa"

The Organization of African Unity (OAU)

All internationally recognized independent African states, except the Republic of South
Africa, are members of the OAU, which was constituted in May 1963 and which has a
Defence Commission. Among its stated purposes are co-operation for defence and security;
and defence of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the members.

Other agreements
Many countries have defence arrangements with external powers. There are bilateral military
assistance agreements between the United States and Congo (Kinshasa), Dahomey, Ethiopia,
Downloaded by [Florida State University] at 19:43 01 February 2015

Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal and South Africa, and between Britain and Kenya and
Uganda. There is also an agreement between Britain and South Africa made in June 1955
and revised in January 1967, covering the use of the Simonstown naval base.
France has bilateral defence agreements with Cameroun, the Central African Republic,
Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory Coast, the Malagasy Republic,
Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
The Soviet Union has no defence agreements with countries in the area, though she
supplies arms to a number of them.
Portugal directly .assures the defence of Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea,
and Spain of Spanish Sahara, Ceuta and Melilla. All of these are overseas provinces except
Ceuta and Melilla which are integral parts of Spain.

CONGO (Kinshasa) Army

(Democratic Republic of the Congo) Total strength: 37,500.
General 14 infantry battalions.
Population: 20,850,000. 4 parachute battalions.
Voluntary military service. 2 commando battalions.
Total armed forces: 38,250. 7 battalions of gendarmerie.
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.5 billion. 5 National Guard battalions.
Defence budget 1970: 30 million zaires The above, together with support units, form
($60,000,000). eight provincial 'groupements*.
1 zaire = $2. 40 AML-60 and 15 AML-90 armoured cars.
Ferret scout cars.
* With a few important exceptions, only countries with
armed forces over 5,000 strong are included. Though in Navy
some African States they have a considerable internal Total strength: 100.
security role, civil police forces have not been included.
Details of civil police forces of African States and of the About 10 patrol craft (less than 100 tons).
armed forces of countries not included here may be found
in Adelphi Paper No. 67 The Armed Forces of African Air Force
States, 1970. The amount of military equipment shown Total strength: 650; 21 combat aircraft.
may not necessarily be that which can be used. In some 10 T-6 Texan and 8 T-28 Trojan armed trainers.
of the developing nations maintenance facilities and skills
may pose problems, and spare parts may not be readily 2 DC-4 and 10 DC-3 transports.
available. 6 Alouette helicopters.
 48

(17 MB-326GB ground-attack/trainer aircraft GHANA

are on order, of which about 5 have been General
received.) Population: 8,750,000.
Voluntary military service.
Total armed forces: 15,900.
Estimated GNP 1969: $2.06 billion.
ETHIOPIA Defence budget 1969-70: 49,100,000 cedi
General ($48,140,000).
Population: 25,200,000. 1.02 cedi = $ 1 .
Voluntary military service.
Total armed forces: 45,400. Army
Estimated GNP 1969: US$ 1.6 billion Total strength: 14,000.
Defence budget 1969-70: E$89,870,0O0. 2 brigades, each consisting of 3 battalions and
(US $35,948,000). support units.
E$ 2.5 = US$1. 1 paratroop battalion.
2 reconnaissance squadrons with Saladin arm-
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Army oured cars and Ferret scout cars.

Total strength: 41,000.
4 8,000-man infantry divisions (including the Navy
Imperial Guard). Total strength: 800.
1 tank battalion. 2 corvettes.
About 50 M-41 Walker Bulldog and M-24 Chaffee 1 coastal minesweeper.
light tanks. 2 inshore minesweepers.
About 40 APCs. 2 seaward defence vessels.
1 armoured car squadron. 4 patrol boats (ex-Soviet P-class-less than
4 artillery battalions. 100 tons).
3 anti-aircraft batteries.
1 engineer and 8 training battalions. Air Force
Total strength: 1,100; no combat aircraft.
Navy 1 transport squadron of 11 DHC-3 Otters.
Total strength: 1,400. 1 transport squadron of 8 DHC-4 Caribous and
1 training ship (ex-seaplane tender). 3 Herons.
5 patrol boats. 1 communications and liaison squadron with
2 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons). 12 DHC-2 Beavers.
4 landing craft. 1 helicopter squadron with 6 Whirlwinds,
3 Wessex, 1 Mi-4 Hound and 4 Hughes 269.
Air Force Training aircraft include 5 Aermacchi MB-326s,
Total strength: 3,000; 43 combat aircraft. 10 Chipmunks, 2 Beavers and 4 HT-2s.
1 bomber squadron with 6 Canberra B2.
1 fighter-bomber squadron with 12 F-86F. Para-military forces
1 ground-attack squadron with 8 Saab-17. A workers' brigade of about 3,000 men, with
1 fighter squadron with 8 F-5A. some basic military training.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 6 T-28 and
3 T-33.
1 transport squadron with 6 C-47,2 C-54,3 Doves
and 1 U-14.
Other aircraft include 15 Saab-91 Safirs and GUINEA
8 T-28 trainers, and 3 Alouette helicopters. General
Population: 3,975,000.
Para-military forces Military service: 2 years.
Total strength: 4,500, consisting of a mobile Total armed forces: 5,400.
force of 3,000 and 1,500 frontier guards. Estimated GNP 1969: $0.7 billion.
 49
Defence budget 1966-67: 2,338 million Guinea 1 engineer company.
francs ($9,470,000). About 10 AMX-13 light tanks.
247 Guinea francs = $1 (until August 1969). Other equipment includes French scout cars and
278 Guinea francs = $1 (since August 1969). mortars.

Army Navy
Total strength: 5,000. Total strength: 200.
5 infantry battalions. 3 patrol vessels (1 less than 100 tons).
1 artillery battalion. 2 landing craft (less than 100 tons).
3 engineer companies.
About 12 T-34 tanks, and some BTR-152 Air Force
APCs. Total strength: 300; no combat aircraft.
Artillery includes 105-mm and 122-mm guns. 3 C-47 medium and 5 MH-1521 Broussard light
transports.
Navy 1 Mystere 20 transport.
Total strength: 200. 4 Alouette helicopters.
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7 patrol boats (ex-Soviet P-6 class - less than 4 light aircraft.

100 tons).
Gendarmerie
Air Force Total strength: 1,750.
Total strength: 200; 8 combat aircraft.
8 MiG-17 fighters.
2 U-18 and 4 11-14 transports.
KENYA
Para-military forces • General
Total strength: 7,500, consisting of: Population: 11,200,000.
A Gendarmerie of 900. Voluntary military service.
A Republican Guard of 1,600. Total armed forces: 5,400.
A Militia of 5,000. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.4 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1968: 128 million
shillings ($17,900,000).
7.14shillings = $l.

IVORY COAST Army

General Total strength: 4,700.
Population: 4,275,000. 1 brigade consisting of:
Military service: 2 years. 4 infantry battalions.
Total armed forces: 4,500. 1 support battalion which includes a paratroop
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.3 billion. company.
Defence budget 1969: 4,100 million CFA francs Equipment includes Ferret scout cars and
($15,570,000). 120-mm mortars.
247 CFA francs = $1 (until August 1969).
278 CFA francs = $1 (since August 1969). Navy
Total strength: 250.
Army 1 seaward defence boat.
Total strength: 4,000. 3 patrol boats.
3 infantry battalions.
1 armoured squadron. Air Force
1 reconnaissance squadron. Total strength: 450; no combat aircraft.
1 paratroop company. 1 squadron with 4 DHC-4 Caribou utility trans-
2 artillery batteries with 105mm guns and 40mm ports.
AA guns. 1 squadron with 7 DHC-2 Beaver light transports.
 50
1 squadron with 3 Beaver and 6 Chipmunk Voluntary military service.
trainers. Total armed forces: 185,000.
(5 Bulldog trainers are on order.) Estimated GNP 1969: $5.25 billion.
Defence budget 1968-69: £35,509,660
Para-military forces ($99,430,000).
The civil police includes some para-military £1 = $2.80.
General Service Units.
Army
Total strength: 180,000.
3 army divisions.
MALAGASY REPUBLIC 1 marine commando division.
General
2 reconnaissance squadrons.
Population: 7,025,000. Armoured vehicles include Saladin, AML-60
Military service: compulsory military or civic and AML-90 armoured cars, Ferret scout cars,
service of 2 years.
and Saracen APCs.
Total armed forces: 4,500. Artillery includes British 25-pounders, and
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Estimated GNP 1969: $0.78 billion. Soviet 76-mm and 122-mm guns.
Defence budget 1969: 3,450 million MG francs
($13,450,000).
247 MG francs = $1 (until August 1969). Navy
278 MG francs = U (since August 1969). Total strength: 2,000.
1 frigate.
Army 1 submarine chaser.
Total strength: 4,000.
3 fast patrol boats (ex-Soviet - less than 100 tons).
2 mixed regiments, each consisting of:
7 seaward defence boats.
4 infantry companies. 1 landing craft.
1 paratroop company.
1 reconnaissance squadron.
1 engineer regiment. Air Force
1 artillery battery.
Total strength: 3,000; 33 combat aircraft.
Navy 3 11-28 medium bombers.
12 MiG-15/17 ground-attack aircraft.
Total strength: 300.
2 patrol vessels. 8 L-29 Delfin and 10 P-149D armed trainers.
1 training ship. Other aircraft include:
1 tender. 3 C-47 transports.
1 company of marines. Some Do-27/28 communications and liaison
aircraft.
Air Force About 10 helicopters, including Whirlwinds and
Total strength: 200; no combat aircraft. Alouette Us.
3 C-47 medium transports.
6 MH-1521 Broussard light transports.
2 MD-315 Flamant light aircraft. RHODESIA
1 helicopter.
General
Para-military forces Population:5,2505000(250,000whitepopulation).
Military service: 12 months (white population).
A Gendarmerie of 4,000 Total armed forces: 4,600.
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.2 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969-70:
NIGERIA £R8,440,000 ($23,630,000).
General £R1 = $2.8.
Population: 66,000,000. (Since February 1970 R $1 = US $1.4).
 51
Army SENEGAL
Total strength: 3,400. General
1 Special Air Service squadron. Population: 3,900,000.
2 infantry battalions (one has a few Ferret scout Military service: 2 years.
cars). Total armed forces: 5,850.
1 artillery battery. Estimated GNP 1969: $0.83 billion.
There is an establishment for three brigades, Defence budget 1969-70: 4,461 million CFA
two being based on regular infantry battalions. francs ($18,060,000).
These brigades would be brought up to strength 247 CFA francs = 51 (until August 1969).
by calling out the Territorial battalions referred 278 CFA francs = $1 (since August 1969).
to below.
Army
Total strength: 5,500.
Air Force 2 infantry battalions (5 companies each).
Total strength: 1,200; 48 combat aircraft. 2 parachute companies.
1 light bomber squadron with 11 Canberras.
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2 commando companies.
1 day-fighter/ground-attack squadron with 12 1 reconnaissance squadron.
Hunters. 1 engineer battalion.
1 day-fighter/ground-attack squadron with 12 Support units include a transport and a signals
Vampires. company.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 13 T-52
Provosts. Navy
1 transport squadron including C-47s. Total strength: 150.
1 helicopter squadron with 8 Alouette Ills. 5 patrol boats (4 less than 100 tons).

Reserves Air Force

Total strength: 4,000. Total strength: 200; no combat aircraft.
All the white population who have completed 4 C-47 medium transports.
their 12 months' military training are assigned 4 MH-1521 Broussard light transports.
to Territorial battalions for three years of part- 2 helicopters.
time training. These reserve units are divided
between active Territorial battalions, based on Gendarmerie
the cities, and reserve Territorial battalions, Total strength: 1,600.
based on country districts. The establishment of
the reserves is for 8 battalions and one field
artillery battery. It is also likely that the majority
of the ground personnel servicing the regular
Air Force units are Air Force reservists or non- SOMALI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
white civilians employed by the Air Force. General
Population: 2,925,000.
Voluntary military service.
Para-military forces Total armed forces: 12,000.
Total strength: 6,400 active; 28,500 reservist. Estimated GNP 1969: $0.2 billion.
The British South African Police (BSAP) are Defence budget 1969: 64,320,000 shillings
in many ways a para-military force, in that they ($9,008,000).
have military equipment such as small arms and 7.14 shillings = $1.
would be responsible for much of the internal
security of Rhodesia in the event of civil dis- Army
turbances or a military threat from outside. Total strength: 10,000.
The white population forms only about a third 7 mechanized battalions.
of the active strength, but nearly three-quarters 3 infantry battalions.
of the Police reserves. 1 battalion of mobile scouts.
 52
About 150 T-34 medium tanks.* 6 ASW frigates.
Some Ferret scout cars. 1 ocean-going minesweeper.
About 60 Soviet APCs, including BTR-152s. 10 coastal minesweepers.
Artillery includes Soviet 100-mm field guns. 5 seaward defence boats.
1 fleet replenishment tanker.
Navy (3 Daphne-type submarines are on order from
Total strength: 250. France. Delivery of the first has been taken; the
6 patrol boats (less than 100 tons). remainder are due for delivery in 1971.)
Air Force Air Force
Total strength: 1,750; 18 combat aircraft. Total strength: 8,000 (5,000 regular and 3,000
18 MiG-15/17 fighters. Citizen Force under training at any one time);
20 Yak-11 and 6 MiG-15/17 UTI trainers. 240 combat aircraft (including Citizen Air
Transports include C-45, C-47 and 1 An-24. Force).
9 Canberra B12 bombers.
Para-military forces 15 Buccaneer Mark 50 light bombers.
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Total strength: 500 border guards. 20 Mirage III-EZ fighter-bombers equipped

with AS-20 and AS-30 air-to-surface missiles.
16 Mirage III-CZ interceptors equipped with
R-530 air-to-air missiles.
SOUTH AFRICA Other combat aircraft include 4 Mirage III-RZ,
General 30 F-86 Mark 6 and about 40 Vampire FB-5.
Population: 20,025,000 (3,800,000 white popula- 7 Shackleton maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
tion). 9 Transall, 44 C-47, 7 C-130B, 1 Viscount and
Military service: 9-42 months in Citizen Force. 4 Skymaster medium transports.
Total armed forces: 43,800 (full time, excluding 9 P-166 light transports.
the Kommandos). 6 Alouette II, 50 Alouette III, 8 Wasp and 16
Estimated GNP 1969: $15.89 billion. Super Frelon helicopters.
Defence budget 1970-71: 257,100,000 rand Training aircraft include 85 MB-326; at least
($359,940,000). 225 of this type are being produced in South
l r a n d = SI .4. Africa under the designation Impala.
Approximately 150 Harvards are used for train-
Army ing or are in storage.
Total strength: 32,300 (10,000 regular and 22,300 (Crotale surface-to-air missiles are on order
Citizen Force under training at any one time. from France.)
The Kommandos are organized and trained on The Citizen Air Force operates eight squadrons
the same lines as the Citizen Force and number with C-47 transports, Impala and about 100
approximately 58,000). Harvard trainers (able to carry eight 19-lb.
100 Centurion Mark 5 and about 100 Sherman fragmentation bombs).
and Comet tanks.
About 500 AML-60 and AML-90 armoured Para-military forces
cars, and Ferret scout cars. About 3,000 of the police have received anti-
Saracen APCs. terrorist training. Equipment includes 80 Saracen
Most light arms and ammunition are manu- APCs, on loan from the army, and 430 patrol
factured in South Africa. trucks.
Navy
Total strength: 3,500 (2,250 regular and 1,250
Citizen Force under training at any one time). TANZANIA
2 destroyers carrying Wasp ASW helicopters. General
Population: 13,250,000.
* Only about half are likely to be serviceable. Military service: 2 years.
 53
Total armed forces: 10,350. 12 Magister armed trainers.
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.0 billion. 1 squadron of 7 MiG-15s and Mig-17s.
Estimated defence expenditure 1968: 78 million 1 transport squadron which includes 6 C-47s.
shillings ($10,900,000). 4 Piaggio P-149 and 5 L-29 Delfin trainers.
7.14 shillings = $ 1 . 6 Piper light aircraft.

Army Para-military forces

Total strength: 10,000. The police force includes about 800 men in para-
4 infantry battalions. military general service units.
12 Chinese light tanks.
Some BTR-40 and 15 BTR-152 APCs.
Some Chinese-made mortars and Soviet artillery.

Navy ZAMBIA
Total strength: 100. General
4 patrol boats (less than 100 tons). Population: 4,350,000.
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Voluntary military service.

Air Force Total regular armed forces: 4,400.
Total strength 250; no combat aircraft. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.4 billion.
The Soviet Union is expected shortly to supply Estimated defence expenditure 1968: 14,325,000
some MiG-17 interceptors. kwacha ($20,050,000).
1 An-2, 5 DHC-3 Otter and 4 DHC-4 Caribou 1 kwacha = $1.4.
, transports.
7 P-149 trainers.
Army
Total strength: 4,000.
1 brigade group consisting of:
UGANDA 3 infantry battalions.
General 1 reconnaissance squadron with Ferret scout
Population: 9,725,000. cars.
Voluntary military service. 1 battery of 105mm gun-howitzers.
Total armed forces: 6,700. 1 engineer company.
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.84 billion. A signals platoon and supporting services.
Estimated defence expenditure 1968: 143 million
shillings ($20,030,000).
Air Force
7.14shillings = $l.
Total strength: 400; no combat aircraft.
1 transport squadron with 2 C-47s and 4 DHC-
Army
Caribous.
Total strength: 6,250.
1 communications and liaison squadron with
2 brigade groups each consisting of:
6 DHC-2 Beaver aircraft and 5 AB-205 heli-
2 infantry battalions with supporting services.
copters.
1 independent infantry battalion.
6 Chipmunk trainers.
Some Ferret scout cars, BTR-40 and BTR-152
(8 Bulldog trainers are on order.)
APCs.

Air Force Para-military forces

Total strength: 450; 19 combat aircraft. The police force includes 2 mobile battalions.
 54

EXTERNAL POWERS IN AFRICA

FRANCE MALAGASY REPUBLIC

The total number of French troops stationed in Total armed forces: 2,000.
Africa on 1 July 1970 was about 12,500, deployed
as follows: Army
Total strength: 1,250.
1 parachute regiment (2 companies only).
IVORY COAST 1 infantry regiment (2 companies only).
Total strength: 600 (all army).
1 mixed regiment - including an armoured car Navy
squadron on detachment in NIGER. Total strength: 450.
1 frigate.
2 minesweepers.
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SENEGAL 1 landing craft.

Total armed forces: 2,200.
Air Force
Army Total strength: 300; 12 combat aircraft.
Total strength: 1,450 1 squadron with A-1D Skyraider ground-support
Including 1 mixed regiment. aircraft.
Navy 6 N-2501 Noratlas medium transports.
Total strength: 550.
2 coastal escorts. France also maintains the following garrison in
1 tank landing craft. her overseas territory:
Air Force FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE AFARS AND ISSAS
Total strength: 200. (formerly French Somaliland)
6 N-2501 Noratlas transports. Total strength: (excluding Gendarmerie): 4,400.
1 light aircraft flight.
Army
CHAD
Total strength: 3,600.
1 mixed regiment.
Total armed forces: 2,500. 1 infantry regiment (Legionnaires).
Army 1 artillery regiment.
Total strength: 1,700 including: Equipment includes AMX-13 light tanks and
1 mixed regiment. Ferret scout cars.
1 parachute regiment (Legionnaires).
Navy
Air Force Total strength: 300.
Total strength: 800; 5 combat aircraft. 2 minesweepers.
5 A-1D Skyraider ground support aircraft. Some landing craft.
10 N-2501 Noratlas transports.
About 20 H-34 and Ahuette II helicopters. Air Force
A few light aircraft. Total strength: 500; 12 combat aircraft.
1 squadron with A-1D Skyraider ground-support
aircraft.
GABON 1 transport squadron with N-2501 Noratlas,
Total armed forces: 400. and H-34 and Alouette //helicopters.
Army Gendarmerie
Total strength: 400 including a paratroop com- Total strength: 500', including 400 locally
pany. recruited auxiliaries.
 55
Under the provision of the Evian agreements of PORTUGUESE GUINEA
1962, France still maintains the following Total armed forces strength: 25,000.
forces in:
ALGERIA
Total strength: 400. SPAIN
1 infantry company {Legionnaires).
An air force detachment. Total strength: 27,000.

SPANISH SAHARA
Total strength: 10,000.
These include mechanized and commando
PORTUGAL formations of the Spanish Foreign Legion, as
well as various support units.
A total of about 125,000 Portuguese troops
(including those locally enlisted), of all three CEUTA
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services, are serving in the African provinces: Total strength: 8,000.

ANGOLA MELILLA
Total armed forces strength: 57,000. Total strength: 9,000.
MOZAMBIQUE There are also about 8,000 troops in the Canary
Total armed forces strength: 43,000. Islands.
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Asia and Australia

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 Asia and Australia

CHINA
China's military potential still lies basically in her large reserves of manpower. Although no
official Chinese population figures have been issued for some years, it is likely that there are
about 150 million Chinese males of military age available for drafting. The Chinese arms
industry could not supply more than a small part of this manpower with modern weapons,
even small arms, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which encompasses all three
services, totals less than 3 million. Although this is a large absolute figure in relation to other
standing armies, it is relatively thinly deployed over most parts of China, though there are
concentrations in certain strategic areas.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:17 12 February 2015

As regards China's established conventional forces, the bulk of the military manpower
lies in the army, which is basically an infantry force of 118 line divisions. The PLA has been,
since the Cultural Revolution, much involved in administrative and industrial matters, and
its overall efficiency as a military force must have suffered. Nevertheless, despite limitations
in equipment, the Chinese army remains a formidable force in difficult terrain and in
defensive warfare.
The military situation along the Sino-Soviet border appears to have stabilized somewhat
since the Peking talks got under way. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance and Friendship,
signed in 1950 for a period of thirty years, has in effect become moribund and neither side
now makes reference to it. China has no other formal military alliances.

The Nuclear Programme

The Chinese carried out their first nuclear test in 1964 and may now have accumulated
fissionable material for about 120 atomic bombs of nominal yield (20 KT); or some atomic
and some hydrogen (i.e. thermonuclear) weapons, though in this case the total number
would be smaller. Some of the thermonuclear devices could be several megatons in yield.
China's first underground nuclear test was announced in September 1969; the programme of
nuclear tests indicates continuing research on compact weapons suitable for missile or
aircraft delivery.

The Missile Programme

The launching into earth orbit of a 173 kg (381 lb) artificial satellite in April 1970 indicated
that China had perfected a booster vehicle of somewhat similar power to the early American
Thor IRBM, which had a range of about 1,500 miles. It has not been revealed whether the
vehicle employed was a large single-stage rocket or an improved two-stage version of the
one used in the 1966 test. It is more likely to have been the latter since this would give the
Chinese experience of the missile staging employed on ICBMs. The new vehicle is likely to
have inertial guidance, as do American and Soviet long-range missiles; it is probably still
an experimental version, not yet fully developed.
Although deployment of MRBMs has been forecast by American sources since 1967,
 57

there is still no report of this actually taking place, although it is possible that some Sandal-
type missiles are available. It may be that the Chinese are giving priority to the development
of an ICBM. Flight tests over the south-western Pacific or the Indian Ocean would herald the
preliminary stages of such a programme.

GENERAL be producing armour of their own design,

Population: 750,000,000* including light tanks and APCs. Self-propelled
Selective military service: Army, 4-5 years; Air artillery includes SU-76, SU-100, JSU-122 and
Force, 5 years; Navy, 5-6 years. JSU-152. There is a shortage of heavy field-
Total regular forces: 2,780,000 (including rail- engineering equipment and heavy self-propelled
way engineer troops). artillery, as well as motor transport, while radar
As the Chinese Government has not made public and electronic communications equipment is
any budget figures since 1960, China's defence generally less sophisticated than modern Western
expenditure can only be estimated. If one or Soviet types.
accepts the American view that China is The ground forces are adequately equipped
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spending 9-10 per cent of her GNP on defence with a range of infantry weapons, light and
(including defence R & D), and assuming that medium mortars, rocket-launchers, recoilless
in 1970 the economy has at last moved above rifles and light and medium artillery, all produced
the 1966 level, then Professor T. C. Liu's in China.
calculation of the GNP for late 1966 at DEPLOYMENT. China is divided into 12 Military
11.8 billion yuan indicates a defence expendi- Regions (MRs),f of which two on the northern
ture figure of approximately 12.0 billion yuan and western borders - Sinkiang and Tibet -
today ($4,880,000,000). Calculation of the normally report directly to the Central Govern-
GNP in dollar purchasing power (about $80 ment in Peking rather than to the central
billion) would indicate a rather higher defence military authorities. The military commander of
expenditure. each Region also commands the regular air and
2.46 yuan = $1. naval forces assigned to it, together with the
civilian militia. The Military Regions are in turn
divided into Military Districts, with usually two
Army or three Districts to a Region.
Total strength: 2,450,000 (including railway It is believed that basically one Army is
engineer troops). assigned to each Military District giving a total
The ground forces of the PLA consist of about of about 30 Armies. An Army generally consists
118 front-line divisions of which 108 are infantry, of three infantry divisions, three artillery regi-
five armoured, three cavalry and two airborne; ments and, in some cases, three armoured
in addition there are about 20 artillery divisions. regiments. Of the five armoured divisions in the
There are also supporting signals, engineer, PLA, two or three are probably kept in the
railway engineer and motor transport units. Peking and Shenyang Regions.
Heavy equipment consists of items supplied On the basis of the above organization, and
earlier by the Soviet Union, such as artillery up allowing for the fact that divisions may be trans-
to 152mm and 203mm, and the JS-2 heavy tank. ferred at one time or another to areas of particu-
Medium armour consists of the T-34 and the lar tension, the geographical distribution of the
T-54 tank, which is produced in China under the divisions is believed to be as follows:
designation T-59. The Chinese are also thought to Tibet: 3 divisions.}
Sinkiang: 4 divisions.:}:
• No official population figures have been published since
1 January 1958, when the total was 646,530,000. The figure t The Inner Mongolia MR has been divided between the
quoted here is based on the latest estimate published by Shenyang and the Peking MRs.
. the United Nations. Other estimates range from 720 t There are, in addition, two or three divisions of border
million to 850 million. troops in each of these Military Regions.
 58
Manchuria and Peking (Shenyang* and in surface ships and is organized into one escort
Peking* MRs): 32 divisions. squadron, one submarine squadron and squad-
Along the coastal belt from Shantung to rons of submarine chasers, landing craft,
Hong Kong (Tsinan, Nanking and Foochow torpedo boats, gunboats, and minesweepers.
MRs): 28 divisions. Bases are at Shanghai and Chou Shan. It is
Along the axis of the Canton-Wuhan railway deployed along the coast from Lien Yun Kang
(Canton and Wuhan MRs): 25 divisions. in the north to Chao An Wan in the south.
On Hainan Island (under Canton MR): 3
divisions. SOUTH SEA FLEET. 300 vessels. It is organized
Western China (Lanchow MR): 11 divisions. into an escort squadron, and squadrons of
Szechwan and Yunnan (Chengtu and Kun- submarine chasers, landing craft, torpedo boats,
ming MRs): 12 divisions. gunboat types and minesweepers. Bases are at
Working in North Vietnam and Laos are a Whampoa and Tsamkong. It is deployed from
railway engineer division and some construction Chao An Wan in the north to the North Vietnam
engineer troops, amounting to about 10,000 men. frontier in the south.
There are about 500 shore-based naval air-
craft, including up to 10011-28 torpedo-carrying
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Navy
Total strength: 150,000 (including 16,000 Naval light bombers and substantial numbers of
Air Force and 28,000 Marines). MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighters. These fighters,
1 G-class submarine (with ballistic missile tubes). though under Navy Command, are fully inte-
29 fleet submarines. • , grated into the air defence system of China.
3 coastal submarines.
4 destroyers. Air Force
9 destroyer escorts. Total strength: 180,000, including 85,000 in air
15 patrol escorts. • defence ground units; 2,800 combat aircraft.
24 submarine chasers. There are some Tu-16 and a few Tu-4 (a copy
10 missile patrol boats. of the B-29) medium bombers and 150 11-28
50 minesweepers. light bombers. The remaining aircraft are chiefly
45 auxiliary minesweepers. early model MiG-15s and MiG-17s, a growing
200 motor torpedo boats and hydrofoils (less number of MiG-19s and a small number of
than 100 tons). MiG-21s (the latter probably Russian-supplied
300 motor gunboats. iMany less than in the early 1960s).
275 landing ships/landing craft. ] 100 tons. There is a small air transport fleet, which
The Chinese Navy is divided into three fleets, includes some An-2s, Il-14s, Il-18s and Mi-4
the North Sea Fleet, the East Sea Fleet and the helicopters. This fleet could be supplemented by
South Sea Fleet. Deployment of ships among aircraft of the Civil Air Bureau, numbering about
these is thought to be as below: 350. The serviceability of some aircraft types may
be affected by shortage of spare parts.
NORTH SEA FLEET. 230 vessels. It is organized There is an air-defence system, initially
into a destroyer squadron, and squadrons of developed to defend the eastern seaboard of
submarines, submarine chasers, landing craft, China and now greatly expanded. It is based on
torpedo boats, gunboats and minesweepers. The radar and interceptor aircraft, including some
main bases are at Tsingtao and Lushun. Units MiG-21s, and some SA-2 Guideline surface-to-
are deployed along the coast from the mouth of air missiles.
the Yalu river in the north to Lien Yun Kang
in the south.
Para-military Forces
Security and border troops number about
EAST SEA FLEET. 435 vessels. This constitutes the
300,000. The border troops include 19 infantry-
major numerical strength of the Chinese Navy type divisions and 30 independent regiments
* There are in addition two or three divisions of border permanently stationed in the frontier areas, in
troops in each of these Military Regions. addition to the regular divisions.
 59
There is also a public security (formerly 200 million strong, though its effective element is
People's Armed Police) force, and a civilian probably not more than 7 million,
militia claimed by the Chinese authorities to be

OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES AND AUSTRALASIA

The Soviet Union has Treaties of Friendship, Co-operation and Military Assistance with
Mongolia and with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. She does not have defence
agreements with either India or Pakistan, but has supplied military equipment to both
countries.
The United States has mutual defence treaties with the Philippines, the Republic of Korea,
the Republic of China, Australia and New Zealand and an agreement to support the
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independence and integrity of Thailand. The United States has had a security treaty with
Japan since 1951, which was extended in June 1970.*
In 1954 the United States, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philip-
pines and Thailand signed the South-East Asia Collective Defence Treaty, which came into
force in 1955 and brought into being SEATO. Member-countries were originally committed
to build up collective economic and military strength, and to consult with a view to joint
defensive action in the event of direct or indirect aggression against a member country or
against the so-called 'protocol states' of Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam. However,
since 1955 and 1956 respectively, Cambodia and Laos have chosen not to accept the protec-
tion of SEATO.
The Treaty area is the general area of South-East Asia and the South-West Pacific, below
latitude 21°30' North. SEATO has no central command structure and forces remain under
national control. American support for the treaty powers is exercised from a number of bases
in the area, for example, by the Seventh Fleet based on Taiwan and the Philippines, and
American air and ground forces in Guam, Thailand and Vietnam.
On 31 March 1969 Britain, while remaining a member of SEATO, ceased to declare
ground forces to the contingency plans of the Organization. France now has no forces
declared to SEATO. Pakistan is a member of SEATO but has announced her progressive
disengagement from the Alliance, though she continues to receive American military
assistance.
The United States, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Thailand have sent troops
to South Vietnam.f This was not done by a decision of the SEATO Council, but these
countries have, for the most part, justified their decision to intervene in terms of their
SEATO obligations.
The security of Australia and New Zealand is primarily assured by the tripartite treaty
known as ANZUS, between these two countries and the United States, which was signed in
1951 and is of indefinite duration. Under this treaty each agrees to 'act to meet the common
danger' in the event of armed attack on either metropolitan or island territory of any one of
them or on armed forces, public vessels, or aircraft, in the Pacific.
Britain maintains forces in Malaysia and Singapore under the Anglo-Malaysian Defence
Agreement (AMDA). Australia and New Zealand maintain forces in Malaysia and Singapore
* Ether party may now terminate the treaty by giving one year's notice to the other.
† As has the Republic of Korea.
 60
and are to continue to do so after 1971, with the land components based in Singapore and
Australia's air contribution based mainly at Butterworth in the Malayan Peninsula. Their
military contributions to SEATO are drawn partly from these forces.
British, Australian and New Zealand defence policies in the Malaysian area are co-ordinated
through the arrangement known as ANZAM. Future arrangements for the defence of
Singapore and Malaysia are under discussion between Britain, Australia, New Zealand,
Singapore and Malaysia.

AUSTRALIA 3 guided-missile destroyers (with Tartar surface-

General to-air missiles).
Population: 12,600,000. 9 destroyers.
Two years' selective military service. 1 destroyer escort.
Total armed forces: 85,050 (including 8,000 in 4 coastal minesweepers.
South Vietnam). 2 minehunters.
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Estimated GNP 1.969: $US 31.75 billion. 20 patrol boats.

Defence estimates 1969-70: $A 1,104 million 1 destroyer tender.
($1,225,000,000). 1 fast troop transport.
$A1 = $US1.12. Carrier-borne aircraft include one squadron of
A-4G Skyhawk fighters, 1 squadron of Tracker
Army ASW aircraft, and one squadron with Wessex
Total strength: 45,000. anti-submarine helicopters.
9 infantry battalions, including one battalion The Navy Citizen Military Force (reservists)
group based in Singapore and a task force (three numbers 4,170.
infantry battalions with supporting services) in
South Vietnam. Air Force
2 battalions of the Pacific Islands Regiment. Total strength: 22,650; 211 combat aircraft.
1 tank regiment with Centurions. 1 squadron of Canberra B-20 light bombers.
1 Special Air Service (SAS) regiment. 3 squadrons of Mirage III-O interceptor/strike
1 logistic support force. aircraft with Matra air-to-air missiles.
2 field artillery regiments. 1 squadron of P-3B Orion and 1 squadron of
1 light anti-aircraft regiment. P-2H Neptune maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
1 aviation regiment. (24 F-4E Phantoms will be leased from the US
Saladin armoured cars; Ferret scout cars. Government: delivery is due to begin in 1970.)
150 M-113, and some Saracen APCs. 87 Aermacchi MB 326 light-strike/trainers.
Artillery includes 105mm howitzers. 24 C-130 Hercules and 22 CV-2B Caribou
About 50 Sioux and Alouette III and 12 CH-47 medium transports.
helicopters. 2 helicopter squadrons with UH-1 Iroquois.
The Citizen Military Force of 33,000 (not There is a Citizen Air Force (reservists) of 900
included in the above total) is found from men.
reservists, and is intended to form 25 infantry
battalions with supporting arms and services,
which will include one battalion each in Papua
and New Guinea.
BURMA
General
Navy Population: 27,575,000.
Total strength: 17,400. Military service: 2 years.
4 submarines. Total armed forces: 143,250.
1 aircraft carrier. Estimated GNP 1969: $2.3 billion.
 61
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 531 million 55 infantry and commando battalions.
kyat ($108,000,000). 1 tank regiment with M-24 Chaffee and AMX-13
4.8kyat=$l. light tanks.
1 armoured car battalion with M-8 Greyhounds.
Army 3 parachute battalions.
Total strength: 130,500. Artillery includes ex-French 105mm howitzers
5 regional commands. and Soviet 122mm guns.
2 infantry divisions. Chinese 37mm, ex-French 40mm and Soviet
Some Comet medium tanks, Humber armoured 57mm, 85mm and 100mm anti-aircraft guns.
cars, and Ferret scout cars.
Largely an infantry force, but with some artil- Navy
lery, engineer and signals regiments. It is Total strength: 1,500 (including 150 marines).
organized chiefly for counter-insurgency and 2 patrol vessels.
internal security duties, and has mainly Ameri- 1 gunboat.
can, British, and Yugoslav light arms. 2 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
6 patrol boats (less than 100 ions).
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Navy 3 landing craft.

Total strength: 6,250.
1 frigate.
Air Force
1 escort minesweeper.
Total strength: 2,300; 64 combat aircraft.
2 coastal escorts.
2 squadrons (24 aircraft) with MiG-15 and
5 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
MiG-17 fighters.
4 support gunboats.
20 A-l Sky raider ground attack aircraft.
34 river gunboats (27 less than 100 tons).
20 T-28 Trojan ground-attack aircraft.
10 support ships.
About 25 transport aircraft including 12 C-47s,
An-2s, Beavers, MD-315 Flamants and Il-14s.
Air Force
4 Magister, 20 Horizon, 6 T-6 and 6 T-37 trainers.
Total strength: 6,500; 28 combat aircraft.
10 Alouette II, 3 H-34 and 1 Mi-4 helicopters.
12 F-86F Sabre fighter-bombers.
10 T-33 and 6 Vampire armed trainers.
4 C-45, 6 C-47, 6 Otter and 2 Bristol-170 trans- Para-military forces
port aircraft. Armed police and Home Guard type forces
6 Sioux, 10 Huskie, 8 Alouette III and 3 Mi-4 number about 100,000-150,000 men.
helicopters.

CAMBODIA*
General REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN)
Population: 6,850,000. General
Voluntary military service. Population: 14,400,000.
Total armed forces: 123,800. Military service: 2 years for Army; 3 years for
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.98 billion. Navy and Air Force.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 2,370 Total armed forces: 522,500,
million riels ($58,330,000). Estimated GNP 1969: $4.76 billion.
35 riels=$l (up to August 1969). Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 19,300
55.5 riels = $ 1 (since August 1969). million NT dollars ($482,500,000).
40 new Taiwan (NT) dollars = $1.
Army
Total strength: 120,000. Army
Total strength: 387,500 (including 60,000 on
* The size, organization and equipment of the armed forces Quemoy and 15,000 on Matsu).
given here must be regarded as provisional. 2 armoured divisions.
 62
2 armoured cavalry regiments. INDIA
14 infantry divisions.
6 light divisions. General
4 Special Forces Groups. Population: 550,000,000.
1 parachute brigade. Voluntary military service.
M-47 and M-48 Patton medium tanks. Total armed forces: 930,000 (regular armed
M-24 Chaffee, M-41 Walker Bulldog and Stuart forces excluding police, border guards and other
light tanks. para-military units).
M-18 tank destroyers. Estimated GNP 1969: $42 billion.
One battalion with Honest John surface-to- Defence budget 1970-71: 11,001 million rupees
surface missiles. ($1,466,800,000).
One battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles. 7.5 rupees = $1.,
One battalion and one battery with Nike-Hercules
surface-to-air missiles. Army
Total strength: 800,000.
Navy 1 armoured division.
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Total strength: 34,000. 1 independent armoured brigade.

3 submarines. 13 infantry divisions.
8 destroyers. 10 mountain divisions.
7 frigates. 6 independent infantry brigades.
16 other fleet escorts. 2 parachute brigades.
24 coastal escorts. 200 Centurion Mark 5/7, 250 M4A3 Sherman,
50 patrol vessels (less than 100 tons). 450 T-54 and T-55 and 250 Vijayanta (with
4 fleet minesweepers. 105mm guns) medium tanks.
7 coastal minesweepers. 350 Daimler and Humber armoured cars.
21 tank landing ships. About 3,000 artillery pieces, mostly British
15 medium landing ships. 25-pounders, but including some 350 100mm
38 landing craft. and 140 130mm guns from the USSR.
10 logistics support ships. About 20 anti-aircraft artillery units.
Reserves
Trained reservists number about 100,000, in-
Marine Corps cluding a Territorial Army of 44,000.
Total strength: 36,000.
2 divisions.
Navy
Total strength: 40,000.
Air Force 1 16,000-ton aircraft carrier.
Total strength: 65,000 men; 413 combat aircraft. 4 submarines (ex-Soviet F-class).
90 F-100A fighter-bombers. 2 cruisers.
45 F-104G interceptors. 11 destroyer/destroyer escorts (including 5 ex-
18 F-104A interceptors. Soviet Petya-cl&ss).
150 F-86F interceptors. 5 anti-submarine frigates.
70 F-5A tactical fighters. 3 anti-aircraft frigates.
40 RF-104G, RF-101 and RF-84 reconnaissance 10 patrol boats (4 less than 100 tons).
aircraft. 4 coastal minesweepers.
30 C-46, 50 C-47, 40 C-119 and 10 C-123 2 inshore minesweepers.
transport aircraft. 1 landing ship.
3 landing craft.
9 seaward defence boats (6 less than 100 tons).
Para-military forces The naval air force includes 35 Seahawk
There is a militia with a strength of about attack aircraft, 12 Alize maritime patrollers, and
175,000. about 10 Alouette ///helicopters. 16 Seahawks,
 63
4 Alizes and 2 Alouettes can be carried on the 15 infantry brigades, formed from about 100
aircraft carrier at any one time. infantry battalions.
Specialist units including the Paracommando
Air Force Regiment (RPKAD).
Total strength: 90,000; 625 combat aircraft. The KOSTRAD (Strategic Reserve Command)
3 squadrons with Canberra B-l light bombers. consists of approximately six brigades and
4 squadrons with Su-7 fighter-bombers. includes paratroops and armour, artillery and
2 squadrons with HF-24 Marut 1A fighter- engineers.
bombers. About one-third of the army is engaged in civil
6 squadrons with Hunter F 56 fighter-bombers. and administrative duties.
6 squadrons with MiG-21 interceptors. Stuart, AMX-13 and PT-76 amphibious tanks.
8 squadrons with Gnat Mark I interceptors. Saladin armoured cars, and Ferret scout cars.
1 squadron with Canberra PR-57 reconnaissance Saracen and BTR-152 APCs.
aircraft. Various types of Soviet-bloc artillery, including
2 squadrons with Vampire tactical reconnaissance 57mm Soviet anti-aircraft guns and associated
aircraft. radar.
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1 squadron with L-1049 Super Constellation Small arms are of both Western and Soviet-bloc
maritime reconnaissance aircraft. origin.
(There are from 8 to 25 aircraft in a combat
squadron.)
60 C-47, 60 C-119, 24 11-14, 30 An-12, 30 Otter,
25 HS-748 and 15 Caribou transport aircraft. Navy\
Helicopters include about 100 Mi-4 and 120 Total strength: 40,000 (includes the naval air
Alouette III and 12 Bell 47. forces and the 14,000-strong Marine Corps).
About 50 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile 6 diesel-powered submarines (ex-Soviet W-
launchers. class)4
There is an Auxiliary Air Force of 7 squadrons, I heavy cruiser (ex-Soviet Sverdlov-chss.)
flying chiefly Harvard and Vampire trainers. 7 destroyers (ex-Soviet Skory-cl&ss).
I1 frigates (of which 7 are ex-Soviet Riga-class).
Para-military forces 12 coastal escorts (8 ex-Soviet, 4 ex-USA).
A Border Security Force of about 100,000. 12 JsTomar-class missile patrol boats with (Styx
surface-to-surface missiles).
8 patrol boats.
30 motor torpedo boats.
INDONESIA 15 coastal minesweepers.
General 18 motor gunboats.
Population: 118,250,000. 25 seaward defence boats (less than 100 tons).
Selective military service. 3 submarine support ships.
Total armed forces: 365,000. 6 landing ships.
Estimated GNP 1969: $9.8 billion 7 landing craft.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: approxi- The land-based naval air arm includes:
mately 105 billion rupiahs ($278,000,000). 20 MiG-19 and MiG-21 interceptors.
378 rupiahs = $ 1 * . 5 HU-16 Albatross and PBY-5A Catalina ASW
aircraft.
Army About 12 S-55, S-58 and Mi-4 helicopters.
The marines form two brigades.
Total strength: 275,000.
The regular element includes:
8 armoured battalions.
t The operational strength of the Navy and Air Force is
well below the number quoted. It is thought that only
* Rupiahs have been converted into dollars at an average the active fleet submarines, and the light-strike and
rate of 210 = $1 for 1967, 320 = $1 for 1968 and 350 transport aircraft are fully operational.
for 1969. t Six other W-cIass vessels are normally kept in reserve.
 64

Air Force Navy

Total strength: 50,000 (including air defence Total strength: 38,000.
units and 2,000 paratroops); 180 combat aircraft. 10 submarines.
25 Tu-16 medium bombers, some with Kennel 1 guided-missile destroyer (with Tartar surface-
air-to-surface missiles. to-air missiles).
30 n-28 light bombers. 26 destroyers.
15 B-25 Mitchell light bombers. 1 frigate.
15 F-51D Mustang light-strike aircraft. 10 coastal escorts.
About 20 MiG-15, 40 MiG-17, 35 MiG-19, and 8 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
15 MiG-21 interceptors. 2 minelayers.
About 60 transport aircraft, including 11-14, 39 coastal minesweepers.
C-130B, C-47 An-12 and Otter. 3 tank landing ships.
About 30 helicopters, including Mi-4, Mi-6, 1 medium landing ship.
Alouette II and Bell 47. 6 landing craft.
There are at least three surface-to-air missile 42 small landing craft (less than 100 tons).
sites, which are claimed to be equipped with The naval air component has about 200 aircraft
SA-2 Guideline missiles, and equipment for including 50 S2F-1 Trackers, 60 P2V-7
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further sites. Neptunes and 60 helicopters.

The Coast Guard (not included in the Navy
Para-military forces figure) includes 85 patrol vessels over 100 tons,
The police force numbers about 110,000 and and about 120 smaller patrol craft.
includes a para-military force (Mobile Brigade)
of about 20,000. Air Force
There is also a militia of about 100,000. Total strength: 42,000; 450 combat aircraft.
8 squadrons with F-86F fighter-bombers.
7 squadrons with F-104J Eiko interceptors.
1 squadron with RF-86F reconnaissance aircraft.
(There are 25 aircraft in a combat squadron.)
JAPAN 50 transport aircraft, including about 40 C-46.
General 35 H-19, S-62 and V-107 helicopters.
Population: 103,650,000. 350 training aircraft, including T-l, T-33A, T-34
Voluntary military service. andF-104DJ.
Total armed forces: 259,000. 3 Nike-Ajax surface-to-air missile battalions (72
Estimated GNP 1969: $167 billion. launchers).
Defence estimates 1970-71: 569,354 million yen A Base Air Defence Ground Environment with
($1,582 million). 24 radar stations.
360 yen = $1.

Army
Total strength: 179,000. KOREA—DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S
1 mechanized division. REPUBLIC (NORTH)
12 infantry divisions (7,000-9,000 men each). General
1 airborne brigade. Population: 13,600,000.
Artillery, engineer, aviation and signal brigades. Military service: 3-4 years.
Type 61 and 400 M-4 medium tanks. Total armed forces: 413,000.
M-24 and M-41 light tanks. Estimated GNP 1969: $3.0 billion.
Type 60, SU and SX APCs. Defence budget 1970: 1,918 million won
105mm and 155mm SP guns, and 203mm ($746,000,000).
howitzers. 2.57 won = $ 1 .
SS-4 twin 106mm SP anti-tank guns.
3 Hawk surface-to-air missile battalions. Army
140 aircraft and 210 helicopters. Total strength: 370,000.
 65
2 armoured divisions. Army
20 infantry divisions. Total strength: 570,000 (including 50,000 in
5 independent infantry brigades. South Vietnam).
15,000 men in 'special commando teams'. 19 front-line infantry divisions.
750 T-34, T-54, T-55 and T-59 medium tanks. .10 reserve infantry divisions (cadres only).
150 PT-76 amphibious light tanks. 2 armoured brigades with M-48 Pattons.
BA-64, BTR-40 and BTR-152 APCs. 80 artillery battalions with guns of up to 155mm
200 SU-76 and SU-100 SP assault guns and calibre.
ZSU-57 SP anti-aircraft guns. M-4 Sherman medium and Stuart and M-24
2,000 anti-aircraft guns. Chaffee light tanks.
6,000 other guns and mortars of up to 152mm M-8 armoured cars and M-113 APCs.
calibre. One battalion with Honest John surface-to-
60 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile sites with surface missiles.
about 300 missiles. 2 squadrons with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
One battalion with Nike-Hercules surface-to-air
Navy missiles.
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Total strength: 13,000. Two infantry divisions and some engineer units
4 submarines (ex-Soviet W-cl&ss). are in South Vietnam.
4 missile patrol boats (Komar-dass).
50 high speed torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
10 fleet minesweepers. Navy
20 patrol vessels (4 less than 100 tons). Total strength: 19,000.
3 destroyers.
Air Force 3 destroyer escorts.
Total strength: 30,000; 580 combat aircraft. 4 frigates.
70 11-28 light bombers. 6 escort transports.
60 MiG-15 and 340 MiG-17 fighter-bombers. 17 coastal escorts and patrol boats.
90 MiG-21 interceptors. 10 coastal minesweepers.
20 MiG-19 interceptors. 20 landing ships.
About 30 An-2, Li-2,11-12 and 11-14 transports.
20 Mi-4 helicopters.
Marine Corps
70 Yak-9, Yak-11, Yak-18, MiG-15 and 11-28
Total strength: 33,000.
trainers.
5 brigades, including one serving in South
Para-military forces Vietnam.
25,000 security forces and border guards.
There is also a civilian militia with a claimed Air Force
strength of-1,250,000. Total strength: 23,000; 200 combat aircraft.
15 F-4 Phantom fighter-bombers.
100 F-86F fighter-bombers.
KOREA—REPUBLIC OF KOREA 55 F-5 tactical fighters.
(SOUTH) 20 F-86D all weather interceptors (with Side-
General winder missiles).
Population: 31,800,000. 10 RF-86F reconnaissance aircraft.
Military service: Army/Marines, 2\ years; Navy/ 30 transport aircraft including C-46s and Aero
Air Force, 3 years. Commanders.
Total armed forces: 645,000. About 6 H-19 Chickasaw helicopters.
Estimated GNP 1969: $7.5 billion.
Defence budget 1970: 101,600 million won
($333,000,000). Para-military forces
(1969) 280 won = | 1 . A militia with a proposed strength of 2,500,000 is
(1970) 305 won = $ 1 . being formed for local defence purposes.
4
 66
LAOS Laos, including the Plain of Jars and the frontier
General with Vietnam.
Population: 2,960,000.
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.2 billion. MALAYSIA
500kip = $l. General
Population: 10,850,000.
1. ROYAL LAO FORCES Voluntary military service.
Military service: conscription. Total armed forces: 47,750.
Total strength: 67,250. Estimated GNP 1969: $3.68 billion.
Defence budget 1969/70: 10,800 million kip Defence budget 1970: Mai. $803 million
($21,600,000). ($US 260,000,000).
3.1 Malaysian dollars = $US1.
Army
Total strength: 65,000. Army
24 mobile infantry battalions. Total strength: 40,000.
About 40 static infantry battalions. 6 infantry brigades.
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6 paratroop battalions. 3 reconnaissance regiments with Ferret scout

M-24 and amphibious PT-76 light tanks. cars.
M-8 armoured cars. 2 artillery regiments with 105mm howitzers.
12 artillery batteries (gun or heavy mortar.) A low level air defence battery.
Signals, engineer and administrative units.
Navy
Total strength: about 400 men. Navy
4 river squadrons consisting of: Total strength: 3,250.
25 gunboats \(all are under 100 tons, and 2 ASW frigates.
6 landing craft J some are not operational). 4 fast patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
24 other patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
Air Force 6 coastal minesweepers.
Total strength: 1,850 men; 65 combat aircraft. 2 inshore minesweepers.
About 60 T-28D and 5 T-6 light-strike aircraft. 1 seaward defence boat (less than 100 tons).
About 20 transports including 10 C-47s and 3 20 small landing craft.
Beavers.
About 15 Alouette//and///, UH-19 and UH-34 Air Force ,
helicopters. Total strength: 4,500; 30 combat aircraft.
10 CA-27 Sabre fighter-bombers.
Para-military forces 20 CL-41G Tebuan light training and strike
Total strength: 40,000. aircraft.
70 other aircraft including:
2 . PATHET-LAO FORCES 10 Herald and 12 Caribou transports.
Total strength: about 25,000 men (including 20 Alouette III and 10 S-61A helicopters.
dissident neutralists). 5 Dove and 2 Heron liaison aircraft.
Some PT-76 amphibious light tanks and BTR-40
armoured cars. Para-military forces
Some 105mm howitzers. The police field force has a total strength of
They are believed to be integrated with about about 10,000, organized into 14 battalions.
67,000 regular North Vietnamese troops operat-
ing in the northern provinces and in the eastern
area of the southern provinces. They have MONGOLIA
received a large supply of arms and ammunition General
of Soviet and Chinese origin, but no combat Population: 1,285,000.
troops from these countries. The Pathet-Lao and Military service: 2 years.
North Vietnamese control all the eastern half of Total armed forces: 25,700.
 67
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.6 billion. Force. These units would be completed by the
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 90 million mobilization of territorials.
tugrik ($22,500,000). Centurion medium and M-41 Walker Bulldog
4tugrik=$l, light tanks.
Ferret scout cars.
Army Navy
Total strength: 25,000. Total strength: 2,920.
2 infantry divisions. 1 general purpose frigate (with Seacat surface-to-
About 50 T-34 and some T-54 medium tanks. air missiles).
Some BTR-60 armoured personnel carriers. 2 escort minesweepers.
The equivalent of three divisions of Soviet troops 12 patrol craft (less than 100 tons).
is believed to be stationed in Mongolia. 3,000 naval reservists.
2 Wasp helicopters (one operates from the general
purpose frigate).
Air Force
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Total strength: 700 men; 10 combat aircraft. Air Force

Operates primarily in support of the Army, and Total strength: 4,475; 33 combat aircraft.
employs a large number of Soviet technical 1 squadron of 8 Canberra B (1) 12 light bombers.
advisers. 1 squadron of 10 Vampire FB 9 fighter-bombers.
10 MiG-15 fighter-bombers. 10 A-4K Skyhawk fighter-bombers.
30 An-2, 11-12, 11-14 and An-24 transports. 5 P-3B Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
Yak-11, Yak-18 and UT-2 trainers. 5 C-l 30 Hercules, 15 Devon and 9 Bristol Mark
3 helicopters. 31 medium transports.
1 transport squadron is deployed in Singapore.
Para-military forces 14 Iroquois and 13 Sioux helicopters.
Security police: about 17,500.

PAKISTAN
NEW ZEALAND General
General Population: 128,400,000.
Population: 2,800,000. Voluntary military service.
Voluntary military service (supplemented by Total armed forces: 324,500.
selective national service for the Army). Estimated GNP 1969: $15.55 billion.
Total armed forces: 13,135. Defence estimates 1970-71: 3,000 million rupees
Estimated GNP 1969: $US 5.2 billion. ($625,000,000).
Defence estimates 1969-70: $NZ 88,800,000 4.8 rupees = $1.
($US 99,450,000).
$NZ 1 = $US 1.12 Army
Total strength: 300,000 (including 25,000 Azad
Kashmir troops).
Army 2 armoured divisions.
Total strength: 5,740. I independent brigade.
1 infantry battalion (less two companies) in I1 infantry divisions.
Malaysia. 50 M-4 Sherman, 100 M-47 Patton, 100 M-48
Two infantry companies and an artillery battery Patton, 50 T-54/55 and at least 100 Chinese
in Vietnam. T-59 medium tanks.
Regular troops form the nucleus of a Combat M-24 Chaffee and M-41 Walker Bulldog light
Brigade Group, a Logistic Support Force, tanks.
Reserve Brigade Group and a Static Support M-113 APCs.
 68
About 900 25-pounder guns, 105mm and 155mm Total armed forces: 33,000 (excluding Constabu-
SP guns. lary).
200 130mm guns. . Estimated GNP 1969: $8.2 billion.
Cobra anti-tank missiles. Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 480
An air defence brigade whose equipment in- million pesos (§123,000,000).
cludes 20mm anti-aircraft guns. 3.9 pesos = $1.
20 H-13 helicopters.
Army
Navy Total strength: 18,000.
Total strength: 9,500. 1 combat infantry division.
1 submarine (3 Daphne-class submarines are on 4 training divisions (cadres only).
order from France). M-4 Sherman medium tanks.
2 destroyers. M-24 and M-41 light tanks.
3 destroyer escorts. M-3 half-tracks.
2 fast frigates. 10 engineer-construction battalions.
4 patrol boats. 1 Hawk surface-to-air missile battalion.
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8 coastal minesweepers.
2 small patrol boats (less than 100 tons). Navy
Naval aircraft include a few UH-19 air-sea Total strength: 6,000 (excluding naval engineers).
rescue helicopters. 1 destroyer escort.
3 command ships.
Air Force 7 coastal escorts.
Total strength: 15,000; 270 combat aircraft. 6 patrol vessels.
1 squadron with 11-28 light bombers. 28 patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
2 squadrons with B-57B Canberra light bombers. 6 landing ships.
7 squadrons with F-86 fighter-bomber/inter- 4 armed auxiliaries.
ceptors. 1 marine battalion.
5 squadrons with MiG-19 fighter-bomber/inter- 5 naval engineer-construction battalions.
ceptors.
1 squadron with Mirage HIE fighter-bomber/ Air Force
reconnaissance aircraft. Total strength: 9,000; 45 combat aircraft.
1 squadron with F-104A interceptors (10 aircraft). 25 F-86F day-fighters.
5 RT-33A reconnaissance aircraft. 20 F-5A fighter/ground-support aircraft.
(With the exception stated, combat squadrons Transports include 30 C-47s and 1 F-27 Friend-
consist of 16 aircraft). ship.
Transport aircraft include 8 C-47s and 8 About 20 helicopters, including UH-21Hs and
C-130s. H-34s.
About 80 T-6, T-33, T-37B and Mirage HID
trainers. Para-military forces
25 Bell 47, Kaman HH-43B Huskie and Abuette The Philippine Constabulary of 22,000.
III helicopters.
Para-military forces
Total strength: 225,000. SINGAPORE
This total includes the frontier corps, lightly- General
armed tribal levies and local defence units. Population: 2,050,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 14,800.
PHILIPPINES Estimated GNP 1969: $US 1.43 billion.
General Defence estimates 1970-71: S$ 330 million
Population: 38,500,000. ($106,450,000).
Selective military service. 3.1 Singapore dollars = $1.
 69
Army M-24 Chaffee and M-41 Walker Bulldog light
Total strength: 14,000. tanks.
2 brigades consisting of: M-2 and M-16 armoured half-tracks, M3A1 and
1 armoured regiment with 80 AMX-13 light M-8 scout cars.
tanks (to be operational by 1971). M-113APCs.
6 infantry battalions. 105mm and 155mm howitzers.
1 artillery battalion. 40 Hawk surface-to-air missile launchers.
1 engineer battalion. 11,000 men are serving in South Vietnam and
1 signals battalion. 5,000 in Laos.
3 further infantry battalions are being formed to
make a total of three infantry brigades. Navy
Artillery includes 120mm mortars and 106mm Total strength: 21,500 (including 5,000 marines).
recoilless rifles. 1 destroyer escort.
Army reserves number 6,000, and form six 2 frigates.
further infantry battalions and an engineer 7 submarine chasers.
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battalion. 1 escort minesweeper.

2 armoured gunboats.
Navy 2 minelayers.
Total strength: 500. 4 coastal minesweepers.
2 seaward defence boats. 11 patrol vessels.
6 fast patrol boats are on order. 2 gunboats (1 less than 100 tons).
2 patrol boats.
Air Force 6 landing ships.
Total strength 300; 10 combat aircraft. 8 landing craft.
10 BAC-167 Strikem'aster ground support air- 1 squadron of HU-16 Albatross and S-2 Tracker
craft (a further 6 are due to be delivered during maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
1970).
8 Cessna-172 light aircraft. Air Force
8 Alouette III helicopters. Total strength: 23,000; 101 combat aircraft.
(Delivery of 20 Hunter interceptors and trainers 17 F-5A and F-5B fighter-bombers.
is due to start before the end of 1970.) 14 F-86F fighter-bombers.
5 RT-33A reconnaissance aircraft.
Para-military forces 45 T-28D and 20 T-6 counter-insurgency aircraft.
A special constabulary is being formed. About 33 transports, including 5 C-45, 20 C-47,
2 C-54 and 6 C-123B.
About 70 helicopters, including 40 troop-
carrying CH-34s, 20 H-19 Chickasaws and a few
S-51s and S-55s.
THAILAND 4 battalions of airfield defence troops.
General
Population: 36,000,000. Para-military forces
Military service: 2 years. Volunteer Defence Corps: 10,000.
Total armed forces: 154,500. Border Police: 7,000.
Estimated GNP 1969: $5.8 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 4,890
million baht ($235,000,000).
20.8baht=$l. VIETNAM DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
(NORTH)
Army General
Total strength: 110,000. Population: 21,900,000.
3 infantry divisions (including 3 tank battalions). Military service: 3 years (minimum.)
1 regimental combat team. Total armed forces: 432,750.
 70
Estimated GNP 1969: $2.35 billion. 8 An-2, 3 An-24, 40 11-14, 3 Li-2 and 6 11-12
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: equivalent transport aircraft.
to $500 million. 12 Mi-6 Hook, and 30 Mi-1 Hare and Mi-4
Hound helicopters.
Army
Total strength: 425,000 (including at least 85,000 Para-military forces
in South Vietnam, 67,000 in Laos and 40,000 in The Frontier and Coastal Security troops and
Cambodia). the People's Armed Security Force total 20,000.
About 40 infantry regiments (in 13 division There is a regionally organized armed militia of
equivalents).* about 425,000.
About 20 independent infantry regiments.
6 artillery regiments.
Infantry regiments have Chinese or Soviet-bloc
light arms. VIETNAM—REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
About 400 armoured vehicles, including: (SOUTH)
T-34 and T-54 medium tanks. General
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PT-76 amphibious light tanks. Population: 18,000,000.

M-2 and K-61 APCs. Military service: 3 years minimum.
Artillery includes SU-76 and JSU-122 SP guns, Total armed forces: 481,000 (regular); 705,000
75mm recoilless guns and 81mm mortars. (para-military).
About 6,000 anti-aircraft guns, including 37mm, Estimated GNP 1969: $3.3 billion.
57mm, 85mm and 100mm. About half of these Defence budget 1970: 132,000 million piastres
are radar-controlled. In addition, there are some ($1,123,000,000).
thousands of air defence machine guns. 117.5 piastres = $1.
Some 50 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile
sites; there are usually 4-6 launchers to each site. Army
Total strength: 420,000 (regular forces).
Navy 10 infantry divisions.
Total strength: 3,250. 1 airborne division (9 battalions).
3 coastal escorts (ex-Soviet). 3 independent infantry regiments.
4 inshore minesweepers. 20 ranger battalions.
4 ex-Chinese fast patrol boats. 1 Special Forces Group.
24 ex-Chinese motor gunboats (less than 100 (There are normally three regiments to a Viet-
tons). namese division, and four battalions to a regi-
12 ex-Soviet motor torpedo boats (less than 100 ment. There are thus about 160 battalions in the
tons). Vietnamese regular army, but some units are
3 ex-Chinese motor torpedo boats (less than 100 below establishment; the average actual strength
tons). of a battalion is 450, and of a regiment 2,000
against authorized strengths of 640 and 3,000
Air Force respectively.)
Total strength: 4,500; 133 combat aircraft. 11 tank squadrons with M-24, M-41 and AMX-
10 11-28 light bombers. 13 light tanks.
30 MiG-21 interceptors with Atoll air-to-air 24 squadrons with M-59 and M-113 APCs.
missiles. 26 artillery battalions with 105mm and 155mm
60 MiG-17 interceptors with Atoll air-to-air guns.
missiles. Most light arms and equipment are American.
40 MiG-15 interceptors.
Navy
Total strength: 38,000 (including marines and
* North Vietnamese infantry divisions normally com- junk-force personnel).
prise 3 infantry regiments and one support regiment each
of some 2,700 men; divisional strength varies between 2 destroyer escorts.
10,000 and 12,000 men. 6 patrol escorts.
 71
1 submarine chaser. Some RC-47 reconnaissance aircraft.
3 coastal minesweepers. About 120 transport aircraft including 45 C-47,
20 motor gunboats. 55 C-119s, Caribous and Skywagons.
21 landing ships. 20 CH-34 Choctaw and 100 Iroquois helicopters.
About 200 landing craft. "\ (mostly less than
About 250 river patrol craft. / 100 tons). Para-military forces
There is a force of about 400 motorized junks Regional Forces: 275,000.
for coastal defence. Organized into rifle companies and at the
There is a Marine Brigade of 6 infantry bat- disposal of the provincial governors.
talions and one support battalion. Popular Forces: 230,000.
Organized into platoons, with light arms,
Air Force acting as a militia.
Total strength: 23,000; 200 combat aircraft. Other Para-Military Groups: 180,000.
3 squadrons of A-1E Skyraider light bombers. Police Field Force 20,000.
3 squadrons of A-37 fighter-bombers. These have light arms, and there are some
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1 squadron of F-5 tactical fighters. special units with armoured vehicles and
(Combat squadrons have from 15-20 aircraft.) helicopters for internal security duties.
80 0-1 armed light aircraft.
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Latin America
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To cite this article: (1970) Latin America, The Military Balance, 70:1, 72-81, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459800

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 Latin America

Continental Treaties and Agreements

In March and April 1945, the Act of Chapultepec was signed by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti,
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the United States, Uruguay and
Venezuela. This Act declared that any attack upon a member-party would be considered
an attack upon all, and provided for the collective use of armed force to prevent or repel
such aggression.
In September 1947, all of the parties to the Chapultepec Act - with the exception of
Ecuador and Nicaragua - signed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance,
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otherwise known as the Treaty of Rio. (Cuba subsequently withdrew from the Treaty in
March 1960). This Treaty bound signatories to be constrained to peaceful means of settlement
in the event of disputes between themselves, and provided for collective self-defence should
any member-party be subject to external attack.
The Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS), drawn up in the same year
as the Organization's formation (1948), embraced declarations based upon the Treaty of
Rio. The member-parties* - the signatories to the Act of Chapultepec plus Barbados, El
Salvador, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago - are bound to peaceful settlement of internal
disputes, and to collective action in the event of external attack upon one or more signatory
states.

Other Agreements
In July 1965, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua agreed to form a military
bloc for the co-ordination of all resistance against possible communist aggression.
The United States has bilateral military assistance agreements with: Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guate-
mala, Haiti, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. She also has bilateral
agreements - with Cuba, for jurisdiction and control over Guantanamo Bay;f and with
Trinidad and Tobago, for the establishment and retention of US military bases in the area.
The United States is also a party to the following multilateral defence treaties: the
Act of Havana, 1940, signed by representatives of all the then 21 American Republics,
which provides for the collective trusteeship, by American nations, of European colonies
and possessions in the Americas, should any attempt be made to transfer the sovereignty
of these colonies from one non-American power to another; and the Havana Convention,
which corresponds with the Act of Havana, signed in 1940 by the same states, with the
exception of Bolivia, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay.
The Soviet Union has no defence agreements with any of the states in this area, although
in recent years it has supplied military equipment to Cuba.

* Legally, Cuba is a member of the OAS, but has been excluded - by a decision by OAS Foreign Ministers - since
January 1962. Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, signed the Charter in 1967.
t This agreement was confirmed in 1934. In 1960 the United States stated that it could be modified or abrogated only
by agreement between the parties, and that it had no intention of agreeing to modification or abrogation.
 73

British Honduras is a British Colony with internal self-government.

French Guiana is a French Overseas Department.
Surinam (Dutch Guiana) is constitutionally part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

ARGENTINA 10 F-9B Panther fighters.

General 40 Fennec light strike/training aircraft.
Population: 24,350,000. 6 MB-326K armed trainers (18 more on order).
Military service: Army and Air Force, 1 year; 6 S-2A Tracker, 6 P-2V5 Neptune and 3 PBY-5A
Navy, 2 years. Catalina maritime patrol aircraft.
Total armed forces: 137,000 (excluding Gen- 15 C-47 and C-54 transports.
darmerie). About 20 trainers, including TF-95 Cougar and
Estimated GNP 1969: $16.5 billion. Beech C-45.
Defence budget 1970: 1,800 million pesos 15 helicopters, including Bell 47D/G/J, UH-19,
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($480 million). and SH-34G.

3.5 pesos = $1 (up to June 1970). Seacat and Tigercat surface-to-air missiles.
4.0 pesos = $1 (since June 1970).
Marines
There is a marine force, the Naval Infantry
Army
Corps, with 6,500 men. It includes one field
Total strength: 85,000.
artillery and one AA battalion, with artillery
2 mechanized brigades.
up to 105mm howitzers.
6 infantry brigades.
2 mountain brigades.
1 airborne brigade. Air Force
10 artillery regiments. Total strength: 17,000; 70 combat aircraft.
M-4 Sherman medium tanks. 25 A-4B Skyhawk fighter-bombers (with 16
A-4F on order).
60 AMX-13 light tanks (not all operational).
25 F-86F Sabrejet fighters.
M-113 armoured personnel carriers.
20 Meteor fighters.
Artillery includes rocket launchers, 105mm and
3 C-130E, 5 DHC-6 Twin Otter, 8 F-27, 30 C-47,
155mm guns, and 155mm SP howitzers.
6 C-45 and 4 DC-6 transports.
Anti-tank weapons include recoilless rifles (with
Other transports include 20 Dove, 15 Dinfia
Cobra anti-tank missiles on order).
Guarani II and 35 Dinfia Huanquero.
Reserves: Trained army reserves number about
45 light transport and liaison aircraft.
250,000, of which about 200,000 are National
Trainers include 32 MS-760, 80 T-34 and 30
Guard and 50,000 Territorial Guard.
T-28A.
Helicopters include 4 UH-1H Iroquois, 4 Bell
Navy 47G, 6 S-55 and 14 Hughes 269-HM. (12
Total strength: 28,500 (including the Naval Air Canberra bombers and 80-100 AX-2 counter-
Force). insurgency (COIN) turbo-prop aircraft are on
1 aircraft carrier. order.)
2 submarines (2 more on order).
3 cruisers. Para-military forces
11 destroyers. Total strength: 25,000.
3 frigates (2 more on order). There is a Gendarmerie of 17,000 men, which
3 corvettes. comes under Army command and is used mainly
10 coastal minesweepers. for frontier duties. Air Force T-28s are also used
10 landing ships and craft. for police work. The National Maritime Pre-
There is a Naval Air Force of about 3,000 men fecture, numbering 8,000, performs coast guard
and 70 combat aircraft: duties and is subordinate to the Navy.
 74
BOLIVIA 7 infantry divisions.
General 1 airborne division.
Population: 4,925,000. 100 M-41 Walker Bulldog light tanks.
Selective military service: 12 months. Anti-tank weapons and artillery rockets.
Total armed forces: 21,800. A helicopter COIN squadron, operating 7 Bell
Estimated GNP 1969: $0,834 billion. 206A Jet Rangers and 8 Bell UH-1D Iroquois,
Estimated defence expenditure 1969:226,380,000 provides army support.
pesos ($19,055,500).
11.88 pesos — $1. Navy
Total strength: 44,350, including 1,000 marines.
Army 1 aircraft carrier.
Total strength: 20,000. 4 submarines (2 more on order).
2 infantry brigades. 2 cruisers.
1 motorized regiment. 12 destroyers (1 with Seacat surface-to-air
2 ranger battalions specially trained in counter- missiles).
insurgency. 6 frigates.
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1 paratroop regiment. 10 corvettes.

5 artillery regiments. 4 coastal minesweepers.
M-113 armoured personnel carriers. (4 fast minesweepers are on order.)
Light mortars and artillery. The Brazilian Navy operates a helicopter force
of 15 Whirlwinds, 5 Wasps and Widgeons, 2 Bell-
Air Force 47, 3 Hughes 269A, 9 Hughes 200, 6 Hughes 500,
Total strength: 1,800; 15 combat aircraft. and 4 SH-3D.
12 F-51D turboprop Mustang fighters.
3 AT-6 light fighters. •
20 T-6 and 4 T-28 trainers. Air Force
7 Cessna 185 liaison aircraft. Total strength: 30,000; 110 combat aircraft.
20 transports, including C-47 and C-54. 18 B-26K light bombers.
About 15 helicopters, including Hughes 500M 54 TF-33 armed trainers.
and OH-23C/D. About 180 transports, including C-45, C-47,
DC-6B, DHC-5 Buffalo, HS-125, C-130 Hercules
Para-military forces and C-U9G Packet.
About 5,000 armed police and frontier guards. About 250 trainers, including 7 Magister, 70
Uirapuru, 40 T-37C, 160 Fokker S-ll/12, T-6G
Texan, T-28C and Super H-18.
3 squadrons with 0-1 Bird Dog, T-6 Texan, L-6
BRAZIL Paulhtinha, L-42 Regente and T-37C operate in
General conjunction with the Army.
Population: 92,550,000. A group provides naval support; the aircraft in-
Military service: 1 year. clude: 13 Tracker, 14 Neptune, and 12 Albatross
Total armed forces: 194,350. maritime patrol aircraft.
Estimated GNP 1969: $22.9 billion. 3 C-130 Hercules medium transports.
Defence budget 1970: 2,558 million cruzeiros 5 Pilatus Porters and a few B-25 Mitchells, T-6
($599,700,000). Texans an&T-ll Kansans. •
3.63 cruzeiros = $1 (up to May 1969). Helicopters include LOH-6A, Alouette II and
4.025 cruzeiros = $1 (June-December 1969). FH-1100LOH.
4.265 cruzeiros = $1 (since January 1970). (16 Mirage ///fighters, 15 A-4F Skyhawk fighter-
bombers, 112 MB-326 trainers, and 150 T-25
Army Universal trainers are on order.)
Total strength: 120,000.
1 armoured division. Para-military forces
4 mechanized divisions. Various public security forces total about 120,000.
 75
There are also State militias, which require Para-military forces
calL-out to reach full strength. Public security forces number 22,500.

CHILE COLOMBIA
General General
Population: 9,775,000. Population: 21,025,000.
Military service: 1 year. Military service: 1 year.
Total armed forces: 61,000. Total armed forces: 64,000.
Estimated GNP 1969: $6.8 billion. Estimated GNP 1969: 15.64 billion.
Defence budget 1970: 1,654 million escudos Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 1,870
($167,000,000). million pesos ($114,200,000).
7.58 escudos = 51 (up to May 1969). 16.3 pesos = 51 (up to November 1969).
8.97 escudos = $1 (June-November 1969). 17.6 pesos = $1 (since December 1969).
9.88 escudos = 51 (since December 1969).
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Army
Army Total strength: 50,000 (can be raised to 300,000
Total strength: 38,000. on full mobilization).
6 infantry brigades. 8 infantry brigades.
6 cavalry regiments (2 motorized, 4 horse). Light armour, motorized infantry, artillery and
8 artillery regiments. engineer detachments.
Some anti-aircraft and support detachments.
Navy
Navy
Total strength: 8,000.
Total strength: 15,000.
8 destroyers.
2 submarines (with 2 Oberon-class on order).
1 destroyer escort.
2 cruisers.
1 frigate.
4 destroyers.
8 coastal patrol vessels.
1 frigate.
5 river gunboats.
2 corvettes.
14 patrol motor launches (less than 100 tons).
4 motor torpedo boats.
(2 Leander-clsiss frigates are on order, to be fitted
with Seacat missiles.) Air Force
Total strength: 6,000; 22 combat aircraft.
Air Force About 8 B-26 light bombers.
Total strength: 8,000; 29 combat aircraft. 6 CL-13B and F-86F Sabrejet fighters.
15 B-26 light bombers. 8 Catalina maritime patrol aircraft.
25 Hunter fighters are being delivered. 2 C-130 Hercules transports.
14 Grumman THU-16B Albatross maritime patrol About 50 other transport aircraft, including
aircraft. C-54.C-47, DHC-3 Otter, Aero Commander and
Trainers include 45 T-34,10 T-37B, 8 T-33A and DHC-2 Beaver.
5 Vampires. 30 T-41D and 10 T-37C trainers.
About 90 transports, including 20 C-45,25 C-47, Other trainers include T-33A, T-34A and T-6.
20 DHC-2 Beaver, 12 DHC-3 Otter, 8 DHC-6 About 50 helicopters, including 12 OH-6A,
Twin Otter, and 4 DC-6. 6 TH-55, 20 Bell 47, 6 Kaman HH-43B, UH-23
5 Twin Bonanza, 10 Cessna 180,4 Cessna 0-1 and and UH-1B.
20 T-6 liaison aircraft.
30 helicopters, including 11 Bell 47, 9 Sikorsky Para-military forces
UH-19, 10 Hiller UH-12E and 2 Bell UH-1D. A National Police Force of about 35,000 men,
(Some ASW helicopters are on order.) adaptable to a para-military role.
 76
CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
General General
Population: 8,350,000. Population: 4,310,000.
Military service: 3 years. Selective military service.
Total armed forces: 109,500. Total armed forces: 19,300.
Estimated GNP 1969: $4.5 billion. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.25 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 290 million Defence estimates 1966: 36,100,000 pesos
pesos ($290,000,000). ($36,100,000).
lpeso = $1. 1 peso = $1.
Army Army
Total strength: 90,000. Total strength: 12,000.
2 armoured brigades. 4 infantry brigades.
9 infantry brigades. 1 artillery regiment.
1 artillery brigade. 1 anti-aircraft regiment.
About 60 JS-2 heavy tanks. Reconnaissance, engineer and signals units.
350 T-34, and 150 T-54/55 medium tanks. AMX-13 light tanks, some armoured cars and
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PT-76 light tanks. scout cars.

100 SU-100 assault guns.
About 200 BTR-40, BTR-60 and BTR-152 APCs. Navy
Artillery includes 122mm and 152mm guns, and Total strength: 3,800.
82mm mortars. 2 destroyers.
30 FROG and Salish surface-to-surface missiles. 3 destroyer escorts.
57mm, 76mm and 85mm anti-tank guns. 5 coastal escorts.
Snapper anti-tank missiles. 5 patrol vessels.
6 patrol craft.
Navy 1 landing ship.
Total strength: 7,500. 2 landing craft.
2 frigates.
2 escort patrol vessels. Air Force
18 submarine chasers. Total strength: 3,500; 49 combat aircraft.
18 .Kbmar-class missile patrol boats. 7 B-26 Invader light bombers.
24 motor torpedo boats. 20 Vampire Mark I fighter-bombers.
Samlet coastal defence missiles. 20 F-51D Mustang piston-engined fighter-
bombers.
Air Force 2 PBY-5A Catalina maritime patrol aircraft.
Total strength: 12,000 (including the Air 20 transport aircraft, including 6 C-45, 6 C-46,
Defence Forces); 185 combat aircraft. 3 DHC-2 Beaver and 3 Cessna 170.
20 MiG-15 fighter-bombers. 30 training aircraft, including T-6 Texan, T-ll
50 MiG-21 interceptors. Kansan, BT-13 Valiant and PT-17 Kaydet.
40 MiG-19 interceptors. 2 Bell 47 and 2 Sikorsky H-19 helicopters.
75 MiG-17 interceptors. (7 OH-6A helicopters are on order.)
About 50 transport aircraft, mostly 11-14, An-24,
and An-2. Para-military forces
Trainers include 30 MiG-15 UTI and Zlin-326. The Gendarmerie has about 10,000 men.
About 25 Mi-4 and 30 Mi-1 helicopters.
24 sites with 144 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air
missile launchers.
ECUADOR
Para-military forces General
10,000 State Security troops. Population: 6,090,000.
3,000 border guards. Selective military service for 2 years.
 77

Total armed forces: 20,000. The wartime establishment allows for the creation
Estimated GNP 1969: $1.5 billion. of 12 further infantry brigades; these would
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 447 million be formed from the Territorial Service, which
sucres ($24,830,000). has about 30,000 men.
18sucres = $1.
Navy .
Army Total strength: 130.
Total strength: 12,800. 2 coastal patrol craft.
3 mechanized squadrons. 3 other small craft (less than 100 tons).
12 infantry battalions.
3 artillery groups. Air Force
2 engineer battalions. Total strength: 1,000; 12 combat aircraft.
2 anti-aircraft battalions. 6 F-4U Corsair fighter-bombers.
50 light tanks. 6 F-51D Mustang fighter-bombers.
4 C-47 transport aircraft.
Navy About 30 training aircraft, including 10 T-6
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Total strength: 3,700. Texan and T-ll Kansan.

3 destroyer escorts.
2 coastal escorts.
6 patrol craft. Para-military forces
2 motor gunboats. National Guard, National Police and Treasury
2 landing ships. Police. Total strength: 2,500.

Air Force
Total strength: 3,500;.25 combat aircraft. GUATEMALA
5 Canberra B-6 light bombers. General
10 F-80C Shooting Star fighter-bombers. Population: 5,170,000.
8 Meteor FR-9 interceptors. Selective military service for 2 years.
2 Catalina maritime patrol aircraft. Total armed forces: 9,000.
1 transport squadron with C-45s and C-47s. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.6 billion.
About 25 training aircraft including T-6 and T-33. Defence estimates 1966: 15 million quetzals
3 Bell helicopters. ($15,000,000).
1 quetzal = $1.
Para-military forces
Total strength: 5,800. Army
Total strength: 7,800.
Some motorized units.
EL SALVADOR 6 infantry battalions.
General Some parachute trained infantry.
Population: 3,515,000. An anti-aircraft company.
Selective military service for 12 months. Support detachments.
Total armed forces: 5,630. A few M-4 Sherman medium tanks.
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.94 billion.
Defence estimates 1966: 26 million colones Navy
($10,400,000). Total strength: 200.
2.5 colones = $1. 1 gunboat.
4 small patrol craft.
Army
Total strength: 4,500. Air Force*
3 infantry battalions (nominal brigades). Total strength: 1,000; 16 combat aircraft.
1 cavalry regiment.
1 artillery regiment. * The Air Force comes under Army Administration.
 78
5 B-26 Invader light bombers. Voluntary military service.
11 ¥-5YD Mustang fighter-bombers. Total armed forces: 4,725.
6 C-47 transport aircraft. Estimated GNP 1969: $0.66 billion.
About 10 training aircraft, including T-6 Texan Defence budget 1970: 12,600,000 lempiras
and some T-33s. ($6,300,000.)
UH-12B helicopters. 2 lempiras = $1.

Para-military forces Army

The Policia Nacional has a strength of 3,000. Total strength: 3,500.
1 motorized detachment.
2 infantry battalions.
About 20 infantry companies.
HAITI 1 artillery battery.
General Some light tanks.
Population: 4,765,000.
Voluntary military service. Navy
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Total armed forces: 5,500. Total strength: 25.

Estimated GNP 1969: $0.35 billion. 3 coastal patrol craft.
Defence estimates 1966: 40 million gourdes
($8,000,000). Air Force
5 gourdes = $1. Total strength: 1,200; 12 combat aircraft.
12 F-4U Corsair fighter-bombers.
Army 7 transport aircraft, including 3 C-47s.
Total strength: 5,000. About 25 training aircraft, mostly T-6 Texan,
The army is organized in small combat teams for NA-16 Valiant and PT-17 Kaydet.
internal security duties. 3 H-19 helicopters.
9 light tanks.
Some 37mm and 75mm artillery. Para-military forces
A Civil Guard of 2,500.
Navy
Total strength: 250.
6 patrol vessels.
1 tank landing craft. MEXICO
General
Air Force Population: 50,700,000.
Total strength: 250; 6 combat aircraft. Military service: 12 months, part-time.*
6 F-51 Mustang piston-engined fighter-bombers. Total armed forces: 68,500.
2 C-45 and 3 C-47 transports. Estimated GNP 1969: $29.7 billion.
About 15 training aircraft, including T-6 Texan, Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 2,530
T-19 Cornell and 2 T-28A Trojan. million pesos ($202,400,000).
12.5pesos = $l.
Para-military forces
Presidential Guard Regiment of 265 men. Army
Armed civilian militia of about 8,000, also under Total strength: 54,000.
direct command of the President. 1 mechanized brigade.
The secret police (Tontons-Macoutes) number 2 infantry brigades.
5,000. 18 independent cavalry squadrons.
30 independent infantry battalions.

HONDURAS * This takes the form of Sunday drills only; the strengths
General shown for the armed forces are effectively formed of
Population: 2,575,000. volunteers.
 79
3 artillery regiments. The National Guard is engaged mostly on inter-
Anti-aircraft, engineer and support units. nal security and border patrol duties.
M-4 Sherman medium tanks.
Humber Mark IV armoured cars. Navy (Coastguard)
75mm and 105mm howitzers. Total strength: 200.
6 coastal patrol vessels.
Navy Small patrol boats.
Total strength: 7,600, including Naval Air Force.
5 frigates. Air Force
3 gunboats. Total strength: 1,500; 12 combat aircraft.
4 escorts/minesweepers. 6 B-26 light bombers.
5 river patrol craft. 6 T-33A armed trainers.
1 troop transport. About 20 training aircraft, including T-6
About 14 naval aircraft, including 5 Catalinas Texan, BT-13A Valiant and AT-11 Kansan,
for maritime patrol. and T-28.
4 C-45, 3 C-47 and 10 Cessna 180 transport
Marines aircraft.
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About 900 men, organized in 7 companies. H-300A and 0H-6A helicopters.

Air Force Para-military forces

Total stiength: 6,000; 120 combat aircraft. A Gendarmerie of 4,000 men.
15 Vampire fighter-bombers.
15 T-33A fighter-bomber/trainers.
110 training aircraft, including 45 T-6 Texans,
15 T-ll Kansans, 30 T-28 Trojans and 10 T-34
Mentors. The T-6 and T-28 aircraft can be used PARAGUAY
in a ground-support role, and the T-lls are also General
used for reconnaissance. Population: 2,378,000.
20 transport aircraft, including 6 C-47, 5 C-54, Military service: 2 years.
and2C-U8. Total armed forces: 20,200.
30 helicopters, including 8 Alouette II, 18 Bell Estimated GNP 1969: $0.54 billion.
47 and ,1 UH-12E. Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 2,714 mil-
A paratroop battalion group of 1,800 men. lion guaranis ($21,540,000).
126guaranis= %\.

Army
Total strength: 17,500.
NICARAGUA 1 cavalry brigade.
General 3 infantry brigades.
Population: 1,985,000. 3 artillery batteries.
Selective military service. 1 motorized engineer battalion.
Total armed forces: 7,100.
Estimated GNP 1969: $0.73 billion. Navy
Defence estimates 1966: 63 million cordobas Total strength: 1,900, including Marines.
($9,000,000). 3 river patrol boats.
7 cordobas = $1. 2 patrol launches.
3 river gunboats.
Army (National Guard)
Total strength: 5,400. Air Force
Several infantry companies, with a motorized Total strength: 800; 6 combat aircraft.
detachment, motorized engineers and an anti- About 20 training aircraft, including T-6 Texan,
aircraft battery. PT-17 Kaydet and MS-760.
 80

(About 6 of the T-6s have been fitted with bomb 20 F-86F fighters.
racks.) 10 F-80C Shooting Star interceptors.
10 C-47 and 3 Hiller EC-2 transport aircraft. 16 Hunter F-52 interceptors.
8 helicopters, including 4 Bell 47C and 3 UH- 8 T-33A armed trainers.
12E. The above aircraft form three combat groups of
two or three squadrons each.
Para-military forces There are also:
Security forces total 8,500. 1 maritime reconnaissance squadron with 6
PV-2 Harpoons.
1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with 10 C-60.
5 HU-16A Albatross maritime patrol aircraft.
PERU Transport and communications aircraft, in-
General clude: 9 DHC-2 Beavers, 19 C-47, 3 DHC-6
Population: 13,585,000. Twin Otters, 18 Beech Queen Airs and 16
Military service: 2 years. DHC-5 Buffalo.
Total armed forces: 54,650. 55 training aircraft, including 2 Hunter T-62,
Estimated GNP 1969: $5.2 billion. 15 T-6 Texan, 6 T-34 Mentors, 26 T-37B inter-
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Estimated defence expenditure 1969: mediate trainers, and 25 Cessna T-41A.

6,021,657,000 soles ($155,600,000). Helicopters include 4 Bell 47G, 6 Alouette
38.7 soles = $1. II/III and 9 UH-1D Iroquois.
(6 C-130 Hercules and 16 DHC-5 Buffalo
Army transports are on order.)
Total strength: 35,500.
1 armoured brigade. Para-Military forces
4 infantry brigades. Policia Nacional of 18,000.
1 commando brigade.
Mountain, paratroop, artillery, and engineer
battalions.
60 M-4 Sherman medium tanks.
100 AMX-13 light tanks. URUGUAY
50 armoured cars. General
Some 105mm and 155mm artillery. Population: 2,886,000.
Voluntary military service.
Navy Total armed forces: 15,400.
Total strength: 10,150. Estimated GNP 1969: $1.58 billion.
4 submarines. Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 990 million
2 cruisers. pesos ($3,960,000).
2 destroyers. 250 pesos = $1.
3 destroyer escorts.
2 submarine chasers. Army
2 coastal minesweepers. Total strength: 12,000.
6 coastal patrol boats. 5 infantry battalions (nominal brigades).
7 river gunboats. 1 armoured regiment.
4 landing ships. 9 cavalry squadrons.
8 Bell 47G helicopters. 5 artillery batteries.
6 engineer battalions.
Air Force M-24 light tanks.
Total strength: 9,000; 129 combat aircraft. M-3A1 scout cars.
22 Canberra light bombers. The infantry battalions, armoured regiment and
8 B-26C Invader light bombers. artillery batteries can be made up into brigades
10 F-47D Thunderbolt fighter-bombers. by calling out the reserves, who number a
14 Mirage 5 fighters. further 100,000 men.
 81
Navy Army
Total strength: 1,800. Total strength: 15,000.
2 destroyer escorts. 1 cavalry regiment.
1 escort vessel. 12 infantry battalions.
3 patrol vessels. 2 tank squadrons.
1 corvette. Engineering and anti-aircraft battalions.
The Naval Air Force includes 2 PBM-5 Mariner AMX-13 light tanks and M-18 tank destroyers.
patrol aircraft and 5 F6F-5 Hellcat fighters
operating from shore bases, as well as about Navy
25 training and light transport aircraft in- Total strength: 6,500, including 2,500 marines.
cluding 4 UH-12 helicopters. 2 submarines.
3 destroyers.
6 destroyer escorts.
Air Force 12 coastal escorts.
Total strength: 1,600; 10 combat aircraft. 4 landing ships.
10 F-80C Shooting Star fighters.
5 C-46, 14 C-47 and 1 Beaver transport aircraft. Air Force
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About 30 training aircraft, including 10 T-6 Total strength: 9,000; 75 combat aircraft.
Texan and 6 T-33A trainers. 15 Canberra B-2 bombers.
40 Venom FB-4 and Vampire FB-5 fighter-
bombers.
20 F-86F fighters.
45 transport aircraft including C-47, C-54 and
18 C-123B Providers.
VENEZUELA About 90 training aircraft, including T-6 Texan,
General T-24 Mentor, T-52 Jet Provost and T-55 Vampire.
Population: 10,490,000. About 35 helicopters, including 15 Alouette II
Military service: 2 years. and ///, 6 Bell 47 and 4 Sikorsky UH-19.
Total armed forces: 30,500.
Estimated GNP 1969: $9.8 billion. Para-military forces
Defence expenditure 1970: 1,236 million boli- The National Guard is a volunteer force with
vares ($277,750,000). a total strength of 10,000 and is employed chiefly
4.45 bolivares = $1. on internal security duties.
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NATO and the Warsaw Pact

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To cite this article: (1970) NATO and the Warsaw Pact, The Military Balance, 70:1, 85-101, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459801

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REGIONAL BALANCES
 NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT
(A) STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES*
No useful comparison can be made between the strategic forces of the super-powers
and their allies on the basis of one criterion alone. At the very least, a comparison
between offensive nuclear forces must take the following factors into account:
(i) Targeting: the number and distribution of targets which nuclear weapons
must reach.f
(ii) Basing and Compatibility: the locations from which weapons will be launched
and the range and other technical characteristics affecting their ability to
attack relevant targets from these locations,
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(iii) Numbers of weapons, taking account of the weighting of forces as between

different categories.
(iv) Reliability/Survivability: allowance must be made for technical failures, for
the impact of defensive efforts and, in the case of second-strike weapons, for the
damage from a surprise attack designed to destroy them before launch.
A complete comparison between East and West, in terms of such criteria, would be
beyond the scope of this Appendix. It does, however, seek to analyse the factors in a
manner which, as far as possible, permits the result to be seen either as a 'balance'
between super-powers or between alliances.!

Targeting
The targeting of a first strike, intended to destroy the strategic retaliatory forces of
another country, depends upon the location of those forces at the moment of attack
The location of fixed land-based missiles in the United States and the Soviet Union
is known by each of these countries from the evidence of satellite and other surveillance.
The location of long-range bomber bases is known by the same means, although
the ability of either country to disperse bombers to secondary bases or to main-
tain them on 'airborne alert' in periods of extreme tension may reduce the practical
utility of this information for first-strike purposes. There is no evidence that the
location, at any particular time, of the bulk of submarine-based missile forces is
known to either side. It follows that, although targeting land-based ICBM forces
for a first strike presents little problem (assuming that those forces are not launched
on warning of an attack), targeting long-range bomber forces is more difficult and
targeting missile submarines is, for the purposes of a disarming first strike, impossible.
* The 'strategic' use of nuclear weapons means their use against targets which are neither within the
battlefield area nor directly connected with the manoeuvre of combatant forces, as against the 'tactical'
use of (possibly the same) weapons against targets within the battlefield area or directly connected
with the manoeuvre of combatant forces.
t The choice of targets implies a view of the net impact on the adversary of their destruction. A com-
parison of these net impacts must take account of such factors as relative casualties, relative loss of
industrial capacity, relative social and administrative dislocation and relative ability, after a nuclear
exchange, to meet minimum imperatives (e.g. survival as a national entity or as a political system).
The final estimate of 'net comparative effectiveness' of strategic forces must be based on value
judgments (e.g. What probability of sustaining what level of damage will constitute deterrence?)
and cannot be measured in objective terms.
t French forces have been included within NATO capabilities.
 86
The targeting of a second strike, intended to exact a penalty in terms of civilian
population and industry for a precedent first strike, is a much simpler matter. Cities
and factories cannot move, and their locations are well known. However, the
United States and the Soviet Union provide dissimilar targets for a second strike
against civilian targets, simply because, in the former, a higher proportion of popula-
tion and industry is concentrated in fewer cities. From the table below, which shows
the cumulative percentage of population and industrial capacity concentrated in the
largest American and Soviet cities, it is clear that a given number of Soviet second-
strike weapons of a particular power can be expected to exact a heavier retaliatory
penalty, in purely quantitative terms, than the same number of similar American
weapons. This imbalance is likely to be increased by the greater relative proximity of
American cities to each other, especially near the East Coast. To an unmeasurable
extent, however, that advantage may be off-set by the greater administrative and
ideological centralization of the Soviet system, and its consequently greater vulnera-
bility to the destruction of a few centres of control.
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United States Soviet Union

. No. of Industrial Industrial
Cities Population Capacity Population Capacity
/o V /o °/
/o /o
10 25.1 33.1 8.3 25.0
50 42.0 55.0 20.0 40.0
100 48.0 65.0 25.0 50.0
200 55.0 75.0 34.0 62.0
400 60.0 82.0 40.0 72.0
1000 63.0 86.0 47.0 82.0

Basing and compatibility

American and Soviet ICBMs and long-range bombers have, in general, sufficient
range to strike at every significant target in the territory of the other super-power
or of its allies. In all other cases, the relevance of particular nuclear weapon systems
to the 'strategic balance' is heavily affected by:
(a) the relative proximity to the territories of one super-power or its allies of
countries which are associated with the other super-power and which can thus
provide 'forward bases';
(b) the relative availability of mobile launcher systems (aircraft or naval vessels)
which can extend the inherent range of the weapons which they carry.
(a) Bases. The United States has bases in Western Europe and, to a lesser extent,
Western Asia (e.g. Turkey) and the Western Pacific, which in practice extend the
potential location of its forward, weapon systems to the periphery of the Eurasian
landmass, cutting down the effective distance from major Soviet centres. The Soviet
Union has no such bases, though it has naval facilities on the southern shores of the
Mediterranean. This tends to impose relatively greater limits on its capacity to attain
the territory of the continental United States. Its weapon systems can however reach
all critical areas of the Eurasian land mass including Western Europe, China and
Japan. West European systems (e.g. British submarines and medium-range bombers
 87
and some strike aircraft and short-range nuclear weapons) can to a greater or lesser
degree attain the territory of the Soviet Union and a fortiori that of other Warsaw
Pact countries.
Some indication of the effects of bases on the strategic balance can be gauged if
the following Table of distances between indicative cities is compared with the
Table on weapon ranges on pp. 107-9.
1

Noril'sk
Moscow

Warsaw
Irkutsk

Prague

Peking
Omsk
Baku

Sofia
Kiev

New York 4,600 4,600 5,700 5,450 4,700 5,900 4,200 4,700 4,050 New York 6,750

Chicago 4,900 5,000 6,050 5,550 4,700 5,800 4,600 5,150 4,500 Chicago 6,500
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Houston 5,800 5,900 7,000 6,450 5,500 6,550 5,550 6,050 5,400 Houston 7,150

Seattle 5,100 5,400 6,250 5,200 4,150 4,900 5,150 5,800 5,150 Seattle 5,300

Denver 5,400 5,550 6,550 5,800 4,800 5,750 5,250 5,800 5,150 Denver 6,300

L. Angeles 6,000 6,200 7,100 6,100 5,100 5,850 5,950 6,550 5,900 L. Angeles 6,150

Bonn 1,300 1,000 2,100 2,650 2,800 3,800 600 950 300 Bonn 4,850

Rome 1,450 1,000 1,900 2,800 3,200 4,000 800 500 550 Rome 5,000

Ankara 1,100 750 850 2,100 2,800 3,350 1,000 550 1,150 Ankara 4,200
Moscow

Noril'sk

Warsaw
Irkutsk

Distances in
Prague
Omsk

o> 3 statute miles

3 ffl w
Peking 3,550 4,000 3,400 2,200 2,250 1,000 4,300 4,550 4,600

(b) Mobile launchers

Submarines
AH United States and British, and 70 per cent of Soviet, SLBMs are in nuclear-
powered submarines, which have great endurance and range and are able to reach
firing positions anywhere in the oceans. However, the 30 per cent of Soviet submarines
which are diesel-powered lack the endurance and radius of action to be maintained
'on station' in areas which permit them to deploy for attack on United States territory.
Further, the ranges of the missiles on Soviet submarines are on average much shorter
than those on American submarines (350-1,750 statute miles as against 1,750-2,900
statute miles). Finally, the long voyages necessary to and from Soviet ports for major
maintenance and re-supply are only partially off-set by the use of surface tenders for
afloat support. The net effect of all these factors is that, while some 60 per cent of
American missile submarines can be kept 'on station' at any time, the Soviet maximum
is likely to be closer to 40 per cent.
 Surface Vessels
The 16 attack carriers in the US Navy provide bases for 900 strike aircraft capable
of nuclear attacks on targets up to 750 miles away (this puts, for example, all smaller
Warsaw Pact countries and the Ukraine within range of carrier aircraft based in the
Mediterranean). There is no Soviet parallel, but the Soviet Union, unlike the United
States, possesses 19 surface vessels equipped to fire long-range cruise missiles with
nuclear warheads against surface targets at ranges of from 100 to 300 miles. These
weapons seem primarily intended for use against ships but could, in theory, be used
against targets in the coastal areas of the United States and its allies, where much of
the population is concentrated.

Aircraft
Medium-range bombers:* United States (or British) bombers based in Europe or
refuelled from European or Pacific bases, can hit targets anywhere in the Warsaw
Pact area. (The United States has only 35 such bombers, but Britain 110.) Similar
Soviet bombers can strike at United States allies anywhere on the Eurasian land mass
and also at Canada, but not at the United States itself.
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Shorter-range strike aircraft, whether American or allied to the United States, can
strike at Warsaw Pact countries and marginally at the Soviet Union. Their Soviet
equivalents cannot reach the United States and even their ability to strike Western
Europe is limited since, for instance, the Su-7, carrying a 3000-lb payload and flying
a typical operational profile, has a radius of action of only 150-200 miles. Both
on the NATO and Warsaw Pact sides, most aircraft of these types are home-based
and not normally to be reckoned as 'strategic'.

Missiles
Intermediate- and medium-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs and MRBMs)."f Only
the Soviet Union possesses any, all home based. These are not mobile systems at the
moment but a new mobile IRBM (SS-XZ Scrooge), and a new mobile solid-propellant
missile (SS-14 Scapegoat), apparently with MRBM range, have been displayed and
tested. Neither is known to be deployed operationally. The existing IRBMs could
just reach the United States if suitably sited. IRBMs and MRBMs can reach all
targets in Western Europe and Japan and most in China.
Short-range guided missiles. Although presumably designed for battlefield or tactical
use, Soviet short-range missiles could reach civilian targets in Western Europe. The
equivalents in the West could similarly reach East European targets and American
and German Pershing missiles, from bases in Germany, could reach a short way into
the Soviet Union. Only a proportion - probably small - of SRBMs will be deployed
at any time in positions from which they could be used for 'strategic' purposes.
Numbers!
The numbers of potential NDVs available within the NATO and Warsaw Pact areas
in July 1970 are given in Table 1 on pp. 105-6.
• Medium-range bombers are defined as having a maximum theoretical range, without refuelling, of
3,500-6,000 statute miles.
t IRBMs are defined as having a maximum range of 1,500-4,000 miles and MRBMs of 500-1,500
miles.
% Because most estimates of NDVs come from official American sources, which stress those able to
reach the United States, much more information is available about the numbers of ICBMs, SLBMs
and long-range bombers than about SRBMs and cruise missiles and strike aircraft, for which, as the
Table on pp. 105-6 shows, it is often only possible to give tentative figures. This does not necessarily
reflect the relevance of the types of NDV to the 'strategic balance' as seen by powers other than the
United States.
 89
Numbers of NDVs do not indicate accurately the number of individual nuclear
weapons which can be delivered. Many aircraft carry more than one weapon each.
At present, for example, American long-range bombers of the B-52 type commonly
carry 4-5 nuclear weapons, while Soviet long-range bombers are believed to carry
about three nuclear weapons each. Many medium-range bombers also carry more
than one weapon, as may some types of strike aircraft. Finally missiles may be
provided with more than one nuclear warhead. The American Minuteman 3 ICBM
and Poseidon SLBM have respectively been designed to carry three and ten multiple
independently-targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which can be used
to attack a separate target. The first flight of Minuteman 3 missiles came into service
in June 1970. Poseidon will not be deployed operationally until 1971. Multiple re-
entry vehicles which are not independently targeted are already carried, however, by
the modified version of the Polaris A3 missile with which about half of the missile sub-
marines in the US Navy are believed to be equipped. A similar version of Polaris,
with multiple re-entry vehicles, is fitted in British missile submarines. No such multiple
warhead missiles are known to exist in operational Soviet forces; a three-warhead
re-entry system for the SS-9 Scarp ICBM has been tested repeatedly but, although it is
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technically conceivable that some examples of this re-entry system could already
have been deployed, there is no evidence to that effect.
When these multiplying factors are taken into account, the approximate totals of
individual warheads deliverable by American and Soviet NDVs in July 1970 were
estimated to be:

' Category United States Soviet Union

Delivery system Warheads Warheads

ICBM 1074 1300

IRBM/MRBM 700
Other land-based missiles (750) (400)
SLBM 1328 280
Other naval missiles 362
Long-range bombers 2250 420
Other aircraft .. (2100) (2200)

Approximate Total: 7502 5,662

Of these, over 6,000 of the American warheads listed are fitted to NDVs capable,
at least in theory, of reaching Soviet territory, while only some 2,000 of the Soviet
warheads are associated with NDVs having the range to strike at the continental
' United States.

Reliability/Survivability
In operational conditions, no weapon system performs perfectly; NDVs are no
exception. It is impossible to give exact figures for the number of NDVs which will
fail, for technical reasons, to deliver their weapons as planned. In the case of long-
range guided missiles, however, a failure rate of 20-30 per cent is to be anticipated.
The failure rate for aircraft-delivered missiles (ASMs) is likely to be similar, whereas
 90
that for free-fall bombs may be lower than 10 per cent (excluding failure of the
aircraft themselves).
Those NDVs which survive technical mishaps must also overcome defensive efforts
to destroy them or to reduce their effects. These efforts may take the form of active
defence (anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defences, anti-aircraft missiles and artillery,
interceptor aircraft, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft and surface vessels,
hunter-killer submarines) or passive defence (blast and fall-out shelters, population
dispersal, physical protection for missiles and aircraft on the ground).
The Soviet Union has deployed 67 ABM launchers, for the Galosh missile, around
Moscow. In addition, for protection against aircraft, there are at least 8,000 Soviet
anti-aircraft surface-to air missiles (SAMs), some 3,300 Soviet interceptor aircraft
and an unknown number of anti-aircraft artillery pieces. The United States (which
has not yet deployed any ABM launchers) has some 1,000 anti-aircraft SAMs and
650 interceptor aircraft for the defence of its continental territory.
At sea, the Soviet Union has about 125 cruisers and large escorts, 290 submarines
(of which 22 are nuclear-propelled hunter-killers) and 160 aircraft and helicopters
capable, to a varying extent, of ASW operations. Other Warsaw Pact countries have
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about 30 smaller vessels suitable for ASW use. The United States has 200 larger
vessels and 103 submarines (44 nuclear-propelled) which are specifically equipped
for ASW work, together with another 40 surface vessels capable of operating in this
role. Over 600 American aircraft and helicopters are exclusively designed for ASW.
Other NATO countries, including France, have about 230 larger vessels and 550
aircraft suitable for ASW work.
Relatively little is. known about passive defence programmes in the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Government has emphasized civil defence education and is reported to
have provided fall-out shelters in at least some cities. Soviet spokesmen have claimed
that, by evacuating civilians, they can reduce the density of urban population on
warning of an attack by a factor of ten. Such plans seem, however, to assume both
impeccable administration and improbably long warning of an attack.
The United States Government has identified and marked fall-out shelters for
about 50 per cent (108.9 million) of the country's population. Plans for the evacuation
of civilians from American cities are embryonic. The provision of blast (as opposed
to fall-out) shelters is limited in the United States - as in the Soviet Union - to selected
groups of essential military and administrative personnel.
Passive defence extends to the land-based missiles required for deterrent retaliation,
in order that as many as possible should be able to survive a first-strike attack.
American ICBMs are emplaced in underground silos capable of withstanding a blast
of about 300 pounds per square inch (psi). About 1,140 Soviet ICBMs are also
emplaced in hardened underground silos, as are about 50 per cent of Soviet IRBMs
and MRBMs.

(B) THEATRE AND NAVAL FORCES

Any assessment of the military balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact involves
comparison of the strengths of both men and equipment, consideration of qualitative
characteristics such as geographical advantages, deployment, training and logistic
support, and differences in doctrine and philosophy. Inevitably there are difficulties
in giving values to qualitative factors and in deciding on their relevance. Furthermore
the situation is not a static one; any single presentation will have inadequacies. The
comparisons which follow are primarily a quantitative guide and are not an opera-
 91
tional assessment. They draw attention to certain qualitative asymmetries which exist
but necessarily oversimplify what is by its nature a complex problem.

Land and air forces

The three NATO major subordinate commands, Northern, Central and Southern
Europe, at first seem to offer a convenient basis for making a direct comparison with
the opposing forces of the Warsaw Pact but there are problems. The Northern Euro-
pean Command covers not only Norway but also the Baltic area including Denmark,
Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic Approaches. It is not possible to make precise
calculations as to the Soviet formations that would be committed to the Baltic area
rather than towards the NATO Central European Command. In both land and air
forces there is a considerable degree of flexibility to do either: for the Warsaw Pact
this sector is a coherent front. For this reason Northern and Central Europe are
grouped together in the tables which follow and Southern Europe is shown separately.
Such a grouping conceals, however, a marked imbalance in North Norway.
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Ground formations

Northern and Central

Europe" Southern Europe6
(of (of
Warsaw which Warsaw which
Category NATO Pact USSR) NATO Pact USSR)
Ground forces available
to commanders in
peacetime (in division
equivalents)
—armoured .. 8 31 19 6 12 3
—infantry, mechanized
and airborne 16 38 21 28 22 3

If French formations (not part of NATO's integrated commands) are included they
would add two mechanized divisions to the NATO totals.6 All the forces of Warsaw
Pact countries are included, though the military value of some of them may be suspect
for political reasons.

• Includes, on the NATO side, the commands for which AFCENT and AFNORTH commanders
have responsibility (see introduction to NATO section). France is not included. On the Warsaw
Pact side it includes the command for which the Pact High Commander has responsibility, but
excludes the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. Soviet units normally stationed in
Western USSR and such troops as might be committed to the Baltic Theatre of operations have,
however, been included on the Warsaw Pact side.
6
Includes, on the NATO side, the Italian, Greek, and Turkish land forces and such American and
British units as would be committed to the Mediterranean theatre of operations, and on the Warsaw
Pact side, the land forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania, and such Soviet units normally stationed
in Hungary and southern USSR as might be committed to the Mediterranean theatre.
' These are the two divisions stationed in Germany. There are three more in France.
 92
In Norway there are only Norwegian forces in peacetime, a brigade group with
M-48 tanks being located in the north. The Soviet forces facing them or which
could be brought against them from North-Western Russia, probably amount to at
least four divisions. This wide disparity highlights the problem of the defence of
north Norway against surprise attack. To meet this difficulty a system of self defence,
based on a powerful Home Guard and rapid mobilization, has been designed, to
take maximum advantage of the ruggedness of the country and the poor road and
rail communications, but it is clear that defence against attack of any size depends
on timely external assistance.
Two further imbalances are worth noting. The first, a legacy from the postwar
occupation zones, is a certain maldeployment in the NATO Central European
Command, where the well-equipped and strong American formations are stationed
in the southern part of the front, an area which geographically lends itself to defence,
while in the north German plain, across which the routes to allied capitals run, where
there is little depth and few major obstacles, certain of the forces are less powerful.
The second is that the whole of the Italian land forces, which are included in the
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table under Southern Europe, are stationed in Italy and thus are at some distance
from the areas of actual confrontation.

Manpower
A comparison of formations is not by itself sufficient however, since NATO forma-
tions are much larger than those of the Warsaw Pact.d It is necessary to take account
of this difference in size and also of the combat troops in formations higher than
divisions and those men who directly support them. Figures calculated on this basis -
and the calculation can only be an approximate and arbitrary one - give the following
comparison for forces in peacetime (figures are in thousands):

Northern and
Central Europe" Southern Europe6

(of (of
Warsaw which Warsaw which
Category NATO Pact USSR) NATO Pact USSR)

Combat and direct

support troops
available 580 900 585 525 370 75

If French forces are included the NATO figure for Northern and Central Europe
would be increased by perhaps 40,000."

Reinforcements
The mobilization of first line reserves and the movement of reinforcements to the
theatre would materially alter the above figures. The immediate mobilization capacity
of the Warsaw Pact is greater than that of the West: it has been estimated that the
force of 31 Soviet Divisions in Central Europe might be increased to 70 in well under
a
Formation strengths are given on page following Preface.
' Some of these may be. stationed in France.
 93
a month, if mobilization were unimpeded. The Soviet Union, a European power,
and operating on interior lines, can bring up reinforcements overland, with heavy
equipment, far faster than can the United States across the Atlantic. American ability
to bring back quickly by air the dual-based brigades whose equipment is in Germany
has been demonstrated and the C-5 aircraft coming into service will greatly increase
the airlift. But this lift depends on a secure air environment, safe airfields to fly into,
and the willingness to reinforce in a crisis situation at the risk of heightening tension
by doing so. And reinforcing divisions would need sealift to move their heavy equip-
ment.
Implicit in Western defence plans is the concept of political warning time, that
there will be sufficient warning of a possible attack to enable NATO forces to be
brought to a higher state of readiness and for reinforcement and mobilization to take
place. Advantage here will always lie with an attacker, who can start mobilization
first, hope to conceal his intentions and achieve some degree of tactical surprise.
The point of attack can be chosen and a significant local superiority built up. The
defender is likely to start more slowly and will have to remain on guard at all points.
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A fair summary of the reinforcement position might be that the Warsaw Pact is
intrinsically capable of a faster build up in the early stages, particularly if local or
general surprise is achieved; that NATO can only match such an initial build up if
it has, and takes advantage of, sufficient warning time; that the subsequent rate of
build up favours the Warsaw Pact unless the crisis develops slowly enough to permit
full reinforcement; in this last case the West would be in a position much more
resembling equality. Alliance countries maintain more men under arms than the
Warsaw Pact. For Army/Marines the figures (in thousands) are: NATO 3,374,
(including France 3,702); Warsaw Pact 2,837. Of course large numbers of these men
are outside Europe, as for example American forces in Asia and Soviet forces on
their Far Eastern frontier.
Equipment
In a comparison of equipment one point stands out: the Warsaw Pact is armed
almost completely with Soviet or Soviet designed material and enjoys the flexibility,
simplicity of training and economy that standardization brings. NATO forces have
a wide variety of everything from weapon systems to vehicles, with consequent dupli-
cation of supply systems and some difficulties of interoperability.
As to numbers of weapons, there are some notable differences, of which tanks are
perhaps the most significant. The relative tank strengths are as follows:

Northern and
Central Europe0 Southern Europe6

(of (of
Warsaw which Warsaw which
Category NATO Pact USSR) NATO Pact USSR)
Main battle tanks •
available to
Commanders
—in "peacetime 5,500 14,000 8,000 2,100 5,000 1,400

It will be seen that NATO has rather less than half as many tanks as the Warsaw
Pact in-Northern and Central Europe, though NATO tanks are generally more
 94
modern (except for the T-62, now increasingly coming into service in the Pact forces).
This relative weakness in tanks reflects NATO's essentially defensive role and is
offset to some extent by a superiority in ground anti-tank weapons. NATO probably
also has more effective airborne anti-tank weapons, such as the missiles carried by
fighter aircraft and helicopters. In conventional artillery both sides are about equal
in strength: NATO is, though, likely to have superior fire-power because of the
greater lethality of its ammunition and the logistic capability to sustain higher rates
of fire. This capability stems from a significantly higher transport lift, about half as
high again in a NATO division as compared with a Warsaw Pact one. NATO has,
however, an inflexible logistic system, based almost entirely on national supply lines
with little central co-ordination. It cannot now use French territory and has many
lines of communication running north to south, near the area of forward deployment.
Aircraft
If NATO ground formations are to be able to exploit, by day as well as by night, the
mobility they possess, they must have a greater degree of air cover over the battlefield
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than they now have. Such cover is provided by a combination of rapid warning and
communications systems, surface-to-air weapons and fighter aircraft. In much of
this ground-air environment NATO is well prepared, but in numbers of aircraft it
is markedly inferior:

Northern and
Central Europe" Southern Europe6

(of (of
Warsaw which Warsaw which
Categories NATO Pact USSR) NATO Pact USSR)
Tactical aircraft in
operational service
—light bombers 16 240 200 30 30
—fighter/ground
attack 1,400 1,300 1,000 600 200 50
—interceptors 350 2,000 900 250 850 450
—reconnaissance . . 400 400 300 100 100 40

The division into the categories shown is only approximate since some aircraft can
be adapted to more than one kind of mission. In general NATO has a higher propor-
tion of multi-purpose aircraft and the best of the NATO aircraft are superior, over
their full mission profiles, to those of the Warsaw Pact, especially in range and pay-
load. But the two air forces have different roles: long range and payload may have
lower priority for the Warsaw Pact. NATO, for example, has maintained a long-range
deep-strike tactical aircraft capability; the Soviet Union has chosen to build a MRBM
force which could, under certain circumstances, perform analogous missions.
The Warsaw Pact also enjoys the advantage of interior lines of communication
which make for ease of command and control and logistics. They have a relatively
high capability to operate from dispersed natural airfields serviced by mobile systems,
have far more airfields and the great advantage of standard ground support equipment
which stems from having only Soviet designed aircraft. These factors make for much
greater flexibility than NATO, with its many national sources of aircraft and wide
 95
variety of support equipment. NATO probably has some superiority in sophistication
of equipment, the capability of its aircrews, which have in general higher training
standards and fly more hours, and the versatility of its aircraft. The NATO countries
also have a world-wide inventory of aircraft far greater than that of the Warsaw Pact
and in a situation where total reinforcement can be taken into account would have
the greater capability. With all these different factors the relative capabilities are not
measurable in precise terms but the Warsaw Pact advantage in numbers remains a
very real one.

Theatre nuclear weapons

NATO has some 7,000 nuclear warheads, deliverable by a variety of vehicles, some
2,250 in all, aircraft, short-range missiles and artillery/ There are also nuclear mines.
Yields are in the kiloton and sub-kiloton range. The ground based missile launchers
and guns are organic to formations down to divisions and are operated both by
American and allied troops, but in the latter case under double key. The figure for
Soviet warheads is probably about 3,500, delivered by roughly comparable aircraft
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and missile systems. Some of the delivery vehicles, but not the warheads, are in the
hands of non-Soviet Warsaw Pact forces.
This comparison of nuclear warheads must not be looked at in quite the same light
as the conventional comparisons preceding it, since on the NATO side the strategic
doctrine is not and cannot be based on a use of such weapons on this sort of scale.
These numbers were accumulated to implement an earlier, predominantly nuclear,
strategy and an inventory of this size now has the chief merit of affording a wide
range of choice of weapons, yield and delivery system if controlled escalation has to
be contemplated. A point that does emerge from the comparison however is that the
Soviet Union has the ability to launch a battlefield nuclear offensive on a massive
scale if she should choose, or to match any NATO escalation with broadly similar
options.

Naval forces
To compare the maritime strengths of the two sides, particularly on a regional basis,
offers many difficulties. Naval power is highly flexible; ships move between fleets,
fleets move over great distances. It is far from easy and often inappropriate to set
ships off against each other numerically: in anti-submarine warfare, for example,
surface vessels, submarines and maritime aircraft must all be seen together as combined
teams; or again, many naval units can be given a primary role of supporting the land
battle. It is, furthermore, not possible to make anything like the same degree of
separation between strategic and tactical functions where naval forces are concerned;
their roles are often speedily interchangeable.
With these and many other reservations, some touched on below, the relative
strengths of the more significant ships are listed here, by the main fleet areas." No
attempt has been made to divide the North Atlantic area further since reinforcement
between task forces is normal. The figures must not be regarded as indicating any

' In footnote * on page 85 the distinction between the 'tactical' and 'strategic' use of nuclear weapons
is described. The figure of 7,000 warheads given here includes a substantial number carried by, for
example, aircraft such as the F-4 or F-104, which can be put to 'strategic' use, and are discussed in
the section on the strategic balance on p. 88. There is inevitably overlap when dealing with delivery
vehicles, aircraft and missiles, capable of delivering conventional or nuclear weapons for either
'tactical' or 'strategic' purposes.
» The North Atlantic area is here taken as North of the Tropic of Cancer, i.e. the NATO area.
 96
fixed or optimum fleet size or composition, but simply typical strengths. The category
of 'surface attack - cruisers/destroyers' indicates that these ships have significant
anti-ship weapons, in the Soviet case long-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSM).
The missiles carried by ships in the 'Anti-submarine - destroyers/frigates/escorts'
category are primarily or exclusively for air defence (SAM).
None of the above figures include the French navy, which, as will be seen on p. 26
is itself quantitatively stronger than the Soviet Mediterranean Squadron normally is.
The comparisons show marked and well known asymmetries. The United States
Navy has powerful carrier-strike forces, with aircraft and missiles for air defence
and anti-submarine warfare and with long-range aircraft for the strike role against
surface vessels and land targets, nuclear armed if appropriate. The Soviet Navy, by
contrast, has no attack carriers and relies on land based aircraft for both air cover and
strike, supplemented by ship-borne air defence missiles and, of course, by the powerful

North Atlantic
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Warsaw
Category NATO Pact Remarks
Attack carriers 8 Attack carriers have an
embarked air wing of
between 70-100 aircraft
ASW carriers 2 _
Surface attack -
cruisers/destroyers 2 5
Anti-submarine -
destroyers/frigates/escorts 188 54
Attack submarines:
—nuclear 27 12
—diesel, long/medium range .. 63 100

Baltic

Warsaw
Category NATO Pact Remarks
Surface attack -
cruisers/destroyers 4 6
Anti-submarine -
destroyers/frigates/escorts 16 44
Motor torpedo/gun boats 56 96 Warsaw Pact boats
are generally SSM
armed.
Attack submarines:
—nuclear — —
—diesel, long/medium range . . — 51
short range 15 15
 97
Mediterranean/Black Sea

Warsaw Pact

Typical strength
Black of the
Sea Mediterranean
Category NATO Fleet* Squadron Remarks

Attack carriers 2
ASW carriers 2 2 1-2
Surface attack -
cruisers/destroyers 5 2-3
Anti-submarine -
destroyers/frigates/escorts . . 66 57 5-9
Motor torpedo/gun boats 7 31 —
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Attack submarines:
—nuclear 1 3 1-2
—diesel, long/medium range 35 34 6-10
1
short range " "• 10

long-range surface-to-surface missiles which a large number of Soviet vessels carry

and for which there is no Western equivalent. This lack of carrier-borne aircraft
would in war or in time of tension effectively limit the radius of action of Soviet
surface fleets, despite the fact that they are in other ways becoming increasingly
self-sufficient.
The submarine strengths show some clear differences. The Soviet Union has had
to develop a counter to the strategic threat posed by the strike carriers and missile
submarines in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and has built large numbers of sub-
marines for this purpose. A major construction of nuclear-powered vessels, to replace
those that are diesel-powered, has been embarked upon. Because of this the West
has paid great attention to anti-submarine warfare and is probably ahead in this
field, but this does not offset the sheer numbers that the Soviet Union deploys; to
find and engage nuclear submarines is particularly difficult. This imbalance is the
more important because the West depends on major naval surface vessels and on the
carriage by sea of basic commodities: it is more vulnerable to submarine attack
than is the Soviet Union.
Soviet new construction has not, of course, been confined to submarines: a large
proportion of the Soviet fleet has been built in the last 20 years. Though the numbers
of ships in all navies is reducing, under pressure of rising building costs, the Soviet
Navy has fallen proportionately less than those of the West and it contains a relatively
larger number of newer ships.
As briefly mentioned above, Soviet cruisers, destroyers and patrol boats carry
surface-to-surface cruise missiles, the largest of which, the Shaddock, has a range of
290 statute miles. Similar cruise missiles are also to be found in Soviet submarines,
aircraft and in shore batteries.' The efficiency of the short-range missiles carried by
patrol boats is well known; the longer range ones are no doubt very effective weapons.
* Including the Mediterranean squadron.
* There are, of course, other, longer range missiles carried by submarines, listed on pp. 105-6.
 98
These systems pose an obvious threat to land and sea targets, but particularly to
naval forces without carriers, dependent for their own long-range strike on land-based
aircraft.
Any assessment of an overall balance is obviously difficult to make. The differing
roles in wartime must be taken into account: the Soviet fleets would be largely
strategically-defensive, meeting the threat posed by Western carrier strike forces and
missile submarines (though there would be large numbers of Soviet submarines left
available for offensive purposes). The nature of the main deployment areas must also
be considered. In the Mediterranean, for example, Soviet re-supply and reinforcement
to and from the naval squadron could be much inhibited. The Baltic would have
some similarities. Of great importance would be the degree of availability to the
Soviet Union of airfields in the Mediterranean countries. In the North Atlantic the
United States can readily draw on reinforcement from the home base; the Soviet
Union, by contrast, is much more limited in its strategic movement.
The biggest imponderable is that of the nature and duration of any future conflict.
If extended, then Soviet submarine strength would be a menace to "Western shipping,
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world-wide, whereas the Soviet Union is much more self-sufficient. If short, then naval
action is unlikely to be dominant; the outcome would be decided on land. There are
too many variables to allow of comprehensive judgments but it seems fair to say
that while the sea is still an area in which the West has superiority, the Soviet fleets
are now able to offer a challenge at every level of military or politico-military action.
This is a change which has taken place in recent years, which has lifted the Soviet
Navy into a category comparable with, though still weaker than, the West.
 THE SOVIET UNION AND CHINA

A balance of a sort may exist between countries where a comparison of such things as
numbers of divisions, equipment or training is a very one-sided one; other factors,
notably political, geographic and demographic, will assert themselves strongly. This
is the case with the Soviet Union and China. If only unrestricted war were being
considered, involving nuclear weapons, there is no balance; Soviet superiority is
complete. Large-scale war with conventional weapons is, however, by no means so
simple to assess, despite a huge Soviet advantage in tanks, guns and aircraft and the
industries to produce them.
Nuclear
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The strategic nuclear strength of the Soviet Union is given in detail in the section
on Strategic Nuclear Forces on p. 85 ff. China has been working on the develop-
ment of a missile to carry nuclear warheads and may have perfected a booster vehicle
in the IRBM class. There is no evidence so far of any operational deployment of a
missile and China's ability to deliver nuclear weapons may still be limited therefore
to some Tu-16s, a few Tu-4 medium-range bombers of pre-1946 design and 11-28
short-range bombers.
Land forces
Manpower
The Sinc-Soviet-Mongolian frontier is some 7,000 miles long. The strengths
deployed in the frontier areas, in the Soviet Military Districts (MDs) and the Chinese
Military Regions (MRs) (manpower figures in thousands), are as follows:

Western Sector CentrallNE Sector

Soviet
Far
Soviet Chinese Eastern Chinese
Central, Sinkiang MD& Peking
Southern and Soviet and
and Central Lanchou Forces in Shenyang
Asian MDs MRs Mongolia MRs

36 15 Regular Divisions 30 32

180 180 Regular Manpower 283 384

50 125 Border Troops and 50 125

Militia Manpower
392 305 Total Manpower 333 509

The Soviet MDs cover, however, areas from the Caucasus to the Bering Straits,
which are far removed from the Chinese border; no more than 30 Soviet divisions
 100
are likely to be deployed close to the frontier. The Soviet Union has substantial
transport airlift capacity, both long- and short-range and the railway across Siberia
offers considerable flexibility for reinforcement, though long stretches of it run close
to the border." Reinforcement over and above the figures in the table is another
matter. The Soviet Union shows no sign of reducing its large military establishment
in Europe. China has neither the airlift, nor the vehicle mobility within its forces
that the Soviet Union has, but its reinforcements are nearer to hand: by drawing
on forces from the Chengtu, Wuhan, Tsinan and Nanking MRs China could quickly
deploy over one million men without denuding its southern borders.
Equipment
In equipment, other than light weapons, there is no department in which the
Soviets do not have a huge superiority, in numbers, quality and the ability to design,
develop and produce. China's arms industries are thought to be producing armour
of their own design, but the main tank, the T-59, is merely a Chinese-built version of
the Soviet T-54, now largely replaced in Soviet divisions by the more modern T-62.
A large part of the heavy equipment consists of material supplied by the Soviet Union
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not later than the early 1960s and there is a general shortage of heavy field-engineering
equipment and motor transport. Radar and electronic communications equipment
is scarce and unsophisticated but there are adequate Chinese-produced infantry
weapons, light rocket-launchers and towed artillery in the ground forces.
Tank strength*

Western Sector Central/NE Sector

Soviet: Chinese: Soviet: Chinese:
Central, Sinkiang Far Peking
Southern and Eastern and
and Central Lanchou MD & Shenyang
Asian MDs MRs Soviet MRs
forces in
Mongolia

7,000 500 Medium and heavy tanks 6,750 2,000

These figures are calculated at full establishment, which may well be too high, but
they are sufficient to show that, whatever the establishment deficiencies are, there must
be an enormous gap between the two sides. The Chinese Army remains largely an
infantry force with serviceable but often outdated equipment.
Air forces
Soviet aircraft are modern and the production base huge. Chinese aircraft are largely
early model Soviet types and, while China has built and been able to export the
MiG-19, it has demonstrated no ability to develop newer types. The few MiG-21s it
has were probably Soviet supplied in the early 1960s.
Air power is flexible and can be moved quickly from central airfields to any front.
The following figures are therefore national totals but exclude the whole of the Soviet
Air Defence Command (PVO-Strany) and the naval air forces of both sides.
° Reportedly building of new road and rail facilities in Western Siberia is now going on.
» These figures are based on there being three Chinese armoured divisions in the Northern MRs,
supplemented by armoured regiments. Chinese tank divisional establishment is taken as being the
same as that of a Soviet division but it may be lower.
 101

Category- Soviet Union China

Long-range bombers 140

Medium-range bombers 550 15
Tactical aircraft 4,175 2,800

There are a number of riders to this table apart from the qualitative one of the
superior range, payload and performance of the Soviet aircraft. Soviet aircraft have
other roles (e.g. long-range bombers in relation to the United States and medium
bombers and tactical aircraft to Europe), but this would not prevent numbers of them
operating with relative ease in support of small-scale hostilities with China. The
Soviet Union also has a large air defence missile capability, much of it mobile, and
long-range surface-to-surface missiles (whose primary role is nuclear), as well as
shorter-range missiles with ground forces. Large numbers of Chinese aircraft are
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based in Tibet and many are deployed in the coastal area. Chinese air defence capacity,
with few missiles and only moderate interceptors, is modest compared with that of
the Soviet Union.
Naval forces
If naval forces were committed to a conflict, the Soviet Pacific Fleet, which admittedly
has other tasks, is, in significant vessels, superior in numbers and quality to the Chinese
Navy. It has, furthermore, both cruise and ballistic missile submarines, diesel and
nuclear. The Chinese naval air force is rather larger than the Soviet air component
of the Pacific Fleet, but much inferior in quality and has in any case a territorial air
defence role as well.
Other factors
The above comparisons leave an impression of an immense advantage to the Soviet
Union in all save manpower. In an unrestricted nuclear conflict, the Soviets could
virtually destroy the Chinese air and naval forces and wreak widespread devastation
in cities, destroying China's industry and leadership. Soviet destruction of Chinese
nuclear capacity would also not be too difficult militarily, though if attempted with
conventional weapons it would present problems, probably involving continuous
attacks and no certainty of complete success, in particular because major installations
are believed to exist well within China proper at Haiyen, Lanchou and Paotou. c
The Soviet Union might find itself involved in a protracted land war it could neither
limit nor win. Such a war would split the world Communist movement along racial
lines and do incalculable damage to Soviet prospects of retaining influence in the
Third World.
Would a large-scale land war favour China ? China certainly possesses enormous
defensive strength against deep invasion and protracted hostilities, arising from its
geography and its immensely numerous, resilient, hardy masses. This suggests a
degree of strategic stalemate, with the Soviet Union unwilling to use its nuclear
firepower yet unable to win all-out war against an unremitting adversary by conven-
tional means, and China with little nuclear strength or ability to carry war deep
into a Soviet Union itself defensively almost impregnable. The border area is another
matter. Here either side is capable of mustering local superiority and winning small-
scale engagements, but the Soviet Union has advantages that will enable it to dominate
larger-scale hostilities and deliver punishing blows.
c
Maps showing the border area, the Chinese MRs and nuclear and missile facilities are to be found
in Strategic Survey 1969, pp. 68-69.
3

TABLES
 1. ESTIMATES OF COMPARATIVE STRATEGIC STRENGTHS

(A) Nuclear Strike Forces

UNITED STATES AND SOVIET UNION

United States Soviet Union

Category Type Number Type Number

ICBM LGM-25C Titan 2 54 SS-7 Saddler\

220
LGM-30B Minuteman 1\ SS-8 Sasin J
990
LGM-30F Minuteman 2J SS-9 Scarp 240
LGM-30G Minuteman 3 10 SS-11 800
Land-based missiles

SS-13 Savage 40

IRBM SS-5 Skean 100

MRBM SS-4 Sandal 600

SRBM MGU-31A Pershing (250) SS-lb-d Scud A-C\

SS-12 ScaleboardJ (300)
MGM-29A Sergeant (500)

Cruise missiles SSC4 Shaddock (100)

SLBM UGM-27B Polaris A2 208 — Serb 45

(nuclear subs) UGM-27C Polaris A3 448 SS-N-6 160
Sea-based missiles

SLBM — Sark 75
(diesel subs)

Cruise missiles — Shaddock 310

(subs)

Cruise missiles — Shaddock 52

(surface vessels)

Long-range B-52 C-F 250 Mya-4 Bison 40

bombers B-52 G/H 255 Tu-20 Bear 100

Medium-range FB-111 35 Tu-16 Badger 5005

bombers

Strike aircraft F-105D ~] Tu-22 Blinder ~)

(land-based) F-4 1 Yak-28 Brewer 1
Aircraft

(1200) (1000)
F-lllA/D f, Su-7 Filter [
A-7D J MiG-23 Foxbaf J

Strike aircraft A-4 ^

(carrier-based) A-6A 1 (900)
A-7A f
RA-5C J
106
Footnotes to (A)
° China is not included in this table. Her ability to deliver nuclear weapons appears to be limited to some
Tu-16 and Tu-4 medium-range bombers and 11-28 short-range bombers.
6
In addition, there are about 300 Tu-16 Badgers in the Naval Air Force, configured for attacks on shipping,
which could deliver nuclear weapons.
c
There is no evidence that the MiG-23 has been deployed in a strike role, but it would be well suited to
adaptation for such use.

OTHER NATO AND WARSAW PACT COUNTRIES

NATO Countries Warsaw Pact Countries

Category Type Number Type Number

SRBM MGM-31A Pershing (75) SS-lb-d Scud

(Germany) (Fed. Rep.) A-C (Germany)
MGM-29A Sergeant (100) (Dem. Rep.)
(Germany) (Fed. Rep.) (Poland)

SLBM . • Polaris (Britain) 48

Medium-range bombers Vulcan (Britain) 70

Canberra B8 (Britain) 40

Strike aircraft (incl. Mirage IVA (France) 36 11-28 Beagle (150)

short-range bombers) Buccaneer S2 (Britain) 80 Su-7 Fitter (200)
F-4 (150)
F-104 (400)

(B) Growth oflCBMjSLBM Strength, 1960-1970 (midyears)

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

USA ICBM 18 63 294 424 834 854 904 1054 1054 1054 1054

SLBM 32 96 144 224 416 496 592 656 656 656 656

USSR ICBM 35 50 75 100 200 270 300 460 800 1050 1300

SLBM — some some 100 120 120 125 130 130 160 280
 107
2. MAJOR NUCLEAR DELIVERY VEHICLES 1970
(a) MISSILES (USA)

Max. range" Estimated

(Statute warhead In
Category" Type Propellant6 miles) yield* service

ICBM LGM-25C Titan 2 SL 7,250 5-10 MT 1962

LGM-30B Minuteman 1 S 7,500 1MT 1962
LGM-30F Minuteman 2 S 8,000 1-2 MT 1966
LGM-30G Minuteman 3 S 8,000 3x200 KT 1970

SRBM MGM-31A Pershing S 460 KT range 1962

MGM-29A Sergeant S 85 KT range 1962

SLBM UGM-27B Polaris• A2 S 1,750 800 KT 1962

UGM-27C Polaris A3 S 2,880 / 1MT l ' 1964
13X200KTJ

(b) MISSILES (USSR)

Max. rangec Estimated

(Statute warhead In
Category" Type/ Propellant& miles) yield* service

ICBM SS-7 Saddler SL 6,900 5MT 71961

SS-8 Sasin SL 6,900 5MT 1963
SS-9 Scarp SL 7,500 20-25 MT" 1965
SS-Il SL 6,500 1-2 MT 1966
SS-13 Savage S 5,000 1MT 1968

IRBMft SS-5 Skean SL 2,300 1MT 1961

MRBM' SS-4 Sandal L 1,200 1MT 1959

SRBM SS-lb-d Scud A-C SL 50-500 KT range 1957

SS-12 Scaleboard SL 500 MT range 1969/

Cruise
missile SSC-1 Shaddock J 290 KT range 1962

SLBM Sark" SL 350 MT range 1961

Serb SL 750 MT range 1964
SS-N-6 ?SL 1,750 MT range 1969
108
(c) AIRCRAFT (USA)

Max. range"1 Max. speed Max.

(Statute (Mach. weapons ASMs 0 In
1
Category Type miles) no.)" load (lb.) carried service

Long-range B-52 C-F 11,500 0-95 60,000 Hound Dog 1955

bomber B-52 G/H 12,500 0-95 75,000 2x Hound Dog

Medium-
range
bomber FB-111 3,800 2-2 37,500 — 1970

Strike A-4 2,300 0-9 10,000 IxBullpup 1956

aircraft A-6A 3,200 0-9 18,000 2xBullpup 1963
A-7A/D 3,400 0-9 15,000 4xBullpup 1966
RA-5C 3,000 2-0 13,500 ixBullpup 1964
F-104C/G* 2,100 2-2 4,000 IxBullpup 1959
F-105D 2,100 2-25 16,500 AxBullpup 1960
F-111A/D 3,800 2-2/2-5 25,000 AxBullpup 1968
F-4 2,300 2-3 16,000 AxBullpup 1962

( d ) AIRCRAFT (USSR)

Max. range"1 Max. speed Max.

(Statute (Mach. weapons ASMs 0 In
1
Category Type? miles) no.)71 load (lb.) carried service

Long-range Tu-20
bomber Bear 7,800 0-78 40,000 IX Kangaroo 1956
Mya-4
Bison 6,050 0-87 20,000 1956

Medium- Tu-16
range Badger 4,000 0-8 20,000 2xKeltr 1955
bomber

Strike Tu-22
aircraft Blinder 3,000 1-5 12,000 IX Kitchen 1962
(incl. 11-28
short- Beagle 2,500 0-81 6,000 — 1950
range Yak-28
bomber) Brewer 1,750 1-1 ? — 1962
Su-7 Fitter 1,250 1-7 4,500 1961
MiG-23
Foxbat ? 3-0 ? 1969
 109
(e) AIRCRAFT (OTHER COUNTRIES)

Max. range™ Max. speed Max.

(Statute (Mach. weapons ASMs 0 In
Country Type miles) no.)" load (lb.) carried service

BRITAIN Vulcan B2 4,000 0-95 21,000 IX Blue Steel 1957

Canberra B8 3,800 0-83 8,000 1955
Buccaneer S2 2,900 0-95 16,000 1965

FRANCE Mirage IVA 2,000 2-2 8,000 — 1964

* A new mobile IRBM (SS-XZ Scrooge) has been

NOTES
displayed and tested but is not known to be deployed
operationally.
° ICBM = inter-continental ballistic missile (range ' A new mobile solid-propellant missile (SS-14
4,000+ miles); IRBM = intermediate-range ballistic Scapegoat), apparently with MRBM range, has been
missile (range 1,500-4,000 miles); MRBM = medium- displayed and tested but is not known to be deployed
range ballistic missile (range 500-1,500 miles); operationally.
SRBM = short-range ballistic missile (range under i The SS-12 may not yet be deployed operationally.
500 miles); SLBM =• submarine-launched ballistic * Launched only from the surface in some older
missile. submarines.
6 1
L = liquid propellant; SL = storable liquid Long-range bomber = maximum range over
propellant; S = solid propellant; J = ram- or turbo- 6,000 miles; medium-range bomber = maximum
jet. range 3,500-6,000 miles, primarily designed for
"Operational range depends upon the payload bombing missions.
m
carried; use of maximum payload may reduce range Theoretical maximum range, with internal fuel
by up to 25 per cent below maximum. only, at optimum altitude and speed. Ranges for
" MT = megaton = million tons of TNT equiva- strike aircraft assume no weapon load. Especially in
lent (MT range = 1MT or over); KT = kiloton = the case of strike aircraft, therefore, range falls
thousand tons of TNT equivalent (KT range = less sharply for flights at lower altitude, at higher speed
than 1MT). or with full weapons load (e.g. combat radius of A-7,
' The majority of Polaris A3 missiles have been at operational height and speed, with typical
modified to carry three warheads of about 200 KT weapons load, is approximately 620 miles).
each. » Mach 1 (M = 1 -0) = speed of sound.
0
'Numerical designations for Soviet missiles (e.g. ASM = air-to-surface missile.
p
SS-9) are of US origin; names (e.g. Scarp) are of F-104s are no longer in active service as strike
NATO origin. aircraft with the US Air Force but remain in service
» SS-9 missiles have also been tested (i) with three with other NATO air forces.
warheads of 4-5 MT each, (ii) with a modified * Names of Soviet aircraft (e.g. Bear) are of NATO
payload for use as a depressed trajectory ICBM origin.
r
(DICBM) or fractional orbit bombardment system Naval Air Force versions of the Tu-16 carry
(FOBS). 2 x Kelt or 2 x Kennel ASMs for anti-shipping use.
110
3. DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND NATIONAL ECONOMIES

Defence Defence
Expenditure* Expenditure
1969-70 per capita Defence Expenditure as a
(US$ million) $ percentage of GNP**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Country 1969 1970 1969 1966 1967 1968 1969

United States 79,774 74,400 393 8-5 9-5 9-3 8-6

USSR*** 39,333 39,778 164 8-9 9-0 8-6 8-5

WARSAW PACT
Bulgaria 234 279 28 3-1 3-0 2-9 2-8
Czechoslovakia 1,576 1,635 109 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-6
East Germany.. 1,873 1,990 116 3-3 3-7 5-7 5-9
Hungary 457 511 44 2-8 2-6 2-9 3-4
Poland 2,009 2,220 62 5-3 5-4 4-8 5-0
Rumania .. .. ... 574 745 29 3-3 3-1 3-0 2-9

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

Belgium 651 677 67 2-9 2-9 2-9 3-0
5 554 5,712 100 5-6 5-7 5-4 5-1
Canada.. 1,794 1,741 85 2-9 3-0 2-7 2-5
Denmark 354 365 72 2-7 2-7 2-9 2-6
France 6184 5,874 123 5-0 5-0 4-8 4-4
Germanyf 5 246 6,111 90 4-2 4-4 3-6 3-5
Greece 420 n.a. 47 3-7 4-4 4-9 5-1
Italy 2,384 2,416 44 3-4 3-1 3-0 2-9
Luxembourg 8 8 23 1-4 1-2 1-0 0-9
Netherlands 1,027 1,075 80 3-7 3-9 3-6 3-7
Norway 366 370 95 3-6 3-5 3-6 3-8
Portugal 336 356 35 6-3 7-2 7-2 6-1
Turkey.. . . . . 637 401 19 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6

OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Austria 143 159 19 1-2 1-3 1-2 1-2
Finland 137 140 29 1-5 1-6 1-6 1-6
Spain 587 580 18 2-2 2-3 2-2 2-1
Sweden.. 1,099 1,129 138 4-2 3-9 3-9 4-0
Switzerland 411 422 66 2-6 2-4 2-4 2-2
Yugoslavia 585 667 29 4-5 4-7 5-7 5-3

THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE

MEDITERRANEAN
Algeria 174 • n.a. 13 3-9 4-9 6-4 5-8
Iran 594 779 21 3-6 5-5 6-2 6-6
Iraq .. .. 280 425 32 10-5 10-3 9-8 10-0
Israel 1,130 1,075 400 12-2 13-8 15-7 25-1
Jordan 126 118 59 12-2 12-8 13-5 18-0

t Excluding financial assistance to West Berlin which included would make the entry read:
6,027 6,990 103 4.7 4.9 4.2 4.0
 3. DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AINU INAIIUINAL. —conunuea

Defence
Expenditure Defence
1969-70 Expenditure Defence Expenditure as a
US?]million per capita percentage of GNP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Country 1969 1970 1969 1966 1967 1968 1969

THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN—continued
Libya 46 n.a. 25 1-4 1-5 2-1 1-9
Morocco 80 n.a. 5 4-0 4-1 4-9 2-4
Saudi Arabia 387 n.a. 54 6-8 11-9 8-9 8-8
Sudan 88 n.a. 6 3-1 3-4 3-5 5-0
Syria 195 221 33 11-1 11-9 15-6 14-4
Tunisia 17 n.a. 4 1-8 1-6 1-6 1-4
UAR (Egypt) 805 1,272 25 11-1 12-7 12-5 13-3
ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA
Australia 1,270 n.a. 103 4-7 4-9 4-6 4-0
Burma 108 n.a. 4 6-4 6-4 6-0 4-7
Cambodia 58 n.a. 9 6-3 6-6 5-9 5-9
China (Taiwan) 439 482 31 8-3 7-9 7-2 9-2
India 1 403 1,467 3 3-6 3-3 3-6 3-5
Indonesia 229 278 2 4-8 2-3 1-8 2-3
Japan . 1344 1,582 13 0-9 0-9 0-8 0-8
Korea, North 700 746 53 15-4 17-0 22-5 24-9
Korea, South 298 333 10 4-4 3-9 4-2 4-0
Laos 22 n.a. 8 8-9 90 9-5 11-0
Malaysia 132 260 12 4-1 4-1 3-9 3-6
New Zealand 99 n.a. 36 2-3 1-7 2-0 1-9
Pakistan 545 625 4 4-5 3-6 3-4 3-4
Philippines 123 152 3 1-3 1-7 1-6 1-5
Singapore 87 106 43 n.a. 2-2 2-1 4-9
Thailand 203 235 6 2-6 2-5 2-8 3-5
Vietnam, North 500 n.a. n.a. n.a. 22-5 22-7 21-3
Vietnam, South 783 1,123 25 7-7 8-8 12-5 13-6
AFRICA
Ethiopia 36 n.a. 15 2-8 n.a. 2-2 2-2
Nigeria .. .. 308 n.a. 5 1-5 n.a. 5-9 5-9
Rhodesia 24 n.a. 5 1-6 1-8 1-9 2-0
South Africa 380 360 19 2-9 2-7 2-5 2-4

LATIN AMERICA
Argentina 435 480 18 1-5 1-9 2-1 2-6
Brazil 586 600 6 2-2 1-9 0-0 2-6
Chile 116 167 n.a. 1-9 1-9 1-8 1-7
Colombia 114 n.a. 6 2-0 2-0 n.a. 2-0
Cuba .. .. ;. 275 290 33 7-2 7-6 6-7 6-1
Mexico n.a. 202 n.a. 0-7 0-7 0-7 n.a.
Peru 156 n.a. 12 2-6 2-9 3-2 3-2
Venezuela n.a. 278 n.a. 2-2 2-3 2-1 n.a.

* Column 1 represents the estimated out-turn of market prices the percentages may differ from those
defence expenditure in 1969. Column 2 represents published by national governments and international
planned defence expenditure for the current year, organizations.
in most cases according to the statements of national *** The GNP figure used for the Soviet Union is
governments. explained in the Annex on pp. 10-1
** Since the GNP figures are estimated at current n.a. = not available.
112

4. COMPARISONS OF MILITARY MANPOWER, 1970

Estimated total, Percentage of

Total regular men of military regular armed
(i.e. full-time) Para-military Trained age forces to men
Country armed forces forces Reservists (i.e. aged 18-45) of military age

Europe
Britain 390,000 — 270,000 10,200,000 3.8
Czechoslovakia 168,000 35,000 500,000 2,800,000 6.0
East Germany . . 129,000 73,500 200,000 2,960,000 4.1
France 506,000 75,000 430,000 9,800,000 5.2
Germany 466,000 18,500 663,000 11,500,000 4.1
Greece 159,000 23,000 200,000 1,775,000 9.0
Italy 413,000 76,000 630,000 10,775,000 3.8
Netherlands 121,250 3,000 190,000 2,520,000 5.0
Poland 242,000 45,000 450,000 6,400,000 3.6
Portugal 185,500 15,000 500,000 1,770,000 10.5
Rumania 181,000 50,000 250,000 4,140,000 4.4
Sweden 82,000 — 545,500 1,510,000 5.4
USSR 3,305,000 230,000 2,100,000 47,600,000 6.9
Middle East
Iran 161,000 40,000 146,000 5,070,000 3.2
Israel 75,000 10,000 225,000 525,000 14.3
Turkey .. 477,500 40,000 570,000 6,500,000 7.3
UAR (Egypt) .. 288,000 90,000 105,000 5,930,000 3.9
Asia and Australasia
Australia 85,050 — 38,070 2,460,000 3.5
China 2,780,000 300,000 1,600,000 150,000,000 1.8
India 930,000 100,000 110,000 110,000,000 0.9
Indonesia 365,000 20,000 65,000 22,600,000 1.6
Japan 259,000 — 36,300 23,600,000 1.0
Pakistan 324,500 225,000 28,000 24,100,000 1.3

Africa
South Africa .. 43,800 61,000 56,000 3,900,000 1.1
North America
Canada 93,325 — 22,900 4,040,000 2.3
USA 3,161,000 -— 1,023,500 37,100,000 8.5
 5. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL DEFENCE PRODUCTION PROJECTS

Participating Main Joint Project

Project Years Countries Contractors . Type Remarks
(A) AIRCRAFT
Panavia 200 variable geometry 1969- Britain, Germany, Panavia consortium: Project defini- Reported total
Multi-Role Combat Aircraft Italy (British Aircraft Corpora- tion, develop- requirement -
(MRCA) tion; Messerschmitt- ment and produc- 900
Bolkow-Blohm; Fiat) tion
SEPECATJagwar strike/trainer 1965- Britain, France Societe Europeenne de Design, develop- Initial produc-
Production de l'Avion ment and tion - 400
ficole de Combat et Appui production
Tactique(SEPECAT):
(British Aircraft Corpora-
tion; Breguet)
Transall C-160 transport 1959- France, Germany Transporter Allianz Development Initial produc-
(Transall): (Nord and production tion 169, some
Aviation; Messerschmitt- of which have
Bolkow-Blohm;VFW- been built.
rOKKer)
•Helicopter Package' - Sud SA-330 1967- Britain, France Westland Aircraft; Development Planned and/or
Puma tactical helicopter; Sud Aviation and production actual produc-
Sud SA-341 Gazelle light tion: SA-330,275;
observation helicopter; SA-341, 450;
Westland WG-13 utility helicopter WG-13, 335-375.
Breguet Atlantic maritime 1959- Belgium, France, Fairey, SABCA, Fabrique Development
patrol aircraft Germany, Holland, Nationale, Breguet, Sud and production
United States Aviation, Dornier,
(financing only) FokkerVFW
 Current International Defence Production Projects (contd.)

Participating Main Joint Project

Project Years Countries Contractors Type Remarks
(B) AERO-ENGINES
M-45 advanced turbofan series 1964- Britain, France Rolls Royce (Bristol Design, develop-
for civil and military use Engine Division); Soci6t6 ment and
Nationale d'Etude et de production
Construction de Moteurs
d'Aviation (SNECMA)
TF-41 turbofan to power the 1966- Britain, United Rolls Royce; Allison Development
LTV A-7Dfighter-bomber(also States Division, General and production
designated RB.168-62/66 and Motors Corporation
912-B3/14)

XJ99-RA-1 advanced V/STOL 1965- Britain, United Rolls Royce; Allison Development
lift engine States

RB.153 and RB.193 lift-cruise 1963/1965 Rolls Royce; MAN- Design, develop-
turbofan engines respec- Britain, Germany Turbo ment and pro-
tively duction
RB-172-T-260 (Adour) turbofan 1965- Rolls Royce; Turbomeca Development
for/agwarSSI.ST Britain, France and production

RB-199 turbofan for MRCA 1969- Britain, Germany, Rotar Union (Rolls Development
Italy Royce, Motoren und and production
Turbinen Union, Fiat)
T-112 shaft-turbine for auxiliary 1966- Britain, Germany Rolls Royce (Small Development
power unit role in VFW prototype Engines Division); and production
VAK 191B V/STOL fighter Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz
(C) MISSILES
Martel tele-guided/anti-radar 1964 Britain, France Engins Matra; Hawker Development
air-to-surface missile Siddeley Dynamics; and production
Marconi; Electronique
Marcel Dassault
Milan wire-guided anti-tank 1965 France, Germany Nord; Messerschmitt- Development
missile Bolkow-Blohm and production
JTOTwire-guided anti-tank 1965 France, Germany Nord; Messerschmitt- Development
missile Bolkow-Blohm
Roland surface-to-air missile 1966 France, Germany Nord; Messerschmitt- Development
Bolkow-Blohm and production
(D) ELECTRONICS
NATO Air Defence Ground 1967- Britain, France, NADGECO consortium Development This integrated
Environment (NADGE) infra- Germany, Italy, (Marconi, Thomson-CSF, and production air defence
structure the Netherlands, Telefunken, Selenia, system is due for
the United States* Hollandse Signaal- completion in
apparaten, Hughes 1971
Aircraft)

(E) GUNS
1967 Britain, Germany Vickers, Rheinmetall, Development
r 155mm towed Faunwerke and production
1970 Britain, Germany Vickers, Rheinmetall, Development
^Self-propelled version Porsche and production

GENERAL NOTE. In this table, unless otherwise may be found in Table 13 of C. J. E. Harlow's paper
footnoted, the term 'current international defence The European Armaments Base: A Survey, Part I:
production' comprehends those projects in which all Economic Aspects of Defence Procurement, 'Defence,
participating countries are making a positive tech- Technology and the Western Alliance', No. 2
nological contribution to production, and are likely (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, 1967).
to procure the end-product for national use.
Figures appearing in the column headed 'Years' * Of the 6 nations making major technological
indicate the date from which practical collabor- contributions to the programme, 2 - Britain and the
ative work on projects commenced, and do not take United States - will not derive any direct improve-
account of the timing of political initiatives or agree- ments in their national systems, though the British
ments, which may have been prior or subsequent air-defence network will interface with NADGE.
to the period stated above, or of previous work by Sub-contractors in - other NATO nations are
individual companies. numerous.
Details of similar projects which have now finished
 o\

6. MAJOR IDENTIFIED ARMS AGREEMENTS, JULY 1969-JUNE 1970

( a ) WESTERN EUROPE

Approximate Approxi- Approximate Expected

Primary Date of Name of mate Primary Cost to Date of
Recipient Supplier Agreement System Numbers Role Recipient ($m) Delivery

Austria Sweden July 1969 Saab 1050E 20 light attack/trainer 15.5 1970-72
Denmark Sweden July 1969 torpedoes — — 16* n.a.
Finland Sweden 1970 Saab J-35XS 12 jet fighter 46 1974
Greece West Germany 1969/1970 Noratlas 40 transport n.a. n.a.
Italy United States 1970 C-130 Hercules 14 transport 60 1971
United States 1969 and 1970 destroyers 3 0.45 1969-70
Norway Sweden July 1969 torpedoes 16* n.a.
Portugal France January 1970 SA-330 Puma 4 helicopter n.a. n.a.
Spain France February 1970 Mirage IIIE/B 30 interceptor/trainer 90 1972-74
Turkey United States October and destroyers 3 0.45 1969-70
November 1969
United States 1970 destroyers 2 loan n.a.
United States 1970 submarines 2 loan n.a.

•Joint Danish/Norwegian purchase; figure includes payment by both countries.

( b ) MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Approximate Approxi- Approximate Expected

Primary Date of Name of mate Primary Cost to Date of
Recipient Supplier Agreement System Numbers Role Recipient (fm) Delivery

Abu Dhabi Britain August 1969 Hunter 76/76A 12 fighter-bomber/ n.a. 1970-
reconnaissance/
trainer
Algeria France July 1969 Fouga Magister 28 armed jet trainer 9.6 n.a.
France August 1969 SA-330 Puma 15 helicopter n.a. n.a.
Iran Italy 1970 CH-47C Chinook 22 helicopter n.a. n.a.
Britain May 1970 Rapier and ancil- surface-to-air missile 112.8 n.a.
lary systems
Israel United States 1969 SP howitzers — n.a. 1970
Jordan Britain March 1970 Hunter FGA-73 4 fighter-bomber n.a. n.a.
Lebanon France October 1969 Crotale — surface-to-air missile n.a. 1971-
Libya United States August 1969 C-130 Hercules 6 transport n.a. 1970-71
France January 1970 Mirage HIDIE/R; 5 110 trainer/interceptor 400+ 1971-75
Soviet Union 1969/70 armour and artillery n.a. n.a. n.a.
Muscat and Britain April 1970 Skyvan 3-M 1 tactical transport n.a. 1970
Oman
Qatar Britain January 1970 Tigercat surface-to-air missile n.a. n.a.
Britain October 1969 Hunter 6 fighter-bomber n.a. n.a.
Saudi Arabia Britain 1969 air-cushion vehicles n.a. coast-guard duties 12 n.a.
UAR Soviet Union 1969-70 SA-3 Goa 80 launchers surface-to-air missile n.a. 1970
Soviet Union 1969-70 MiG-21 150 fighter-bomber n.a. 1970
Soviet Union 1969-70 Su-7 16 + fighter-bomber n.a. 1970
 Major Identified Arms Agreements (contd.)
(c) SOUTH ASIA

Approximate Approxi- Approximate Expected

Primary Date of Name of mate Primary Cost to Date of
Recipient Supplier Agreement System Numbers Role Recipient ($tn) Delivery
India Britain 1970 Westland Sea King . 4 ASW helicopter 4.8 n.a.
Britain 1970 Canberra B. 12 bomber n.a. n.a.
Mk. 15/16
Pakistan China 1970 W-class submarine 2/3 grant aid n.a.

( d ) SOUTH-EAST ASIA

Australia United States June 1970 F-4E Phantom 24 fighter-bomber (2-year n.a.
loan)
36
Taiwan United States 1970 Nike-Hercules 1 battery surface-to-air missile grant aid n.a.
United States 1970 F-100 Super Sabre 34 fighter grant aid 1970
United States 1969 F-104 Starfighter 18 fighter grant aid 1970
United States 1970 C-119 30 transport grant aid 1970
United States 1970 medium tanks 50 grant aid 1970
United States 1970 howitzers 120 grant aid 1970
United States 1970 submarines 3 5-year loan n.a.
United States 1969 destroyers 4 lm 1969-70
Thailand United States November 1969 OV-10A Bronco 16 COIN n.a. 1970-
Britain October 1969 frigate 1 16.8 n.a.
( e ) LATIN AMERICA

Approximate Approxi- Approximate Expected

Primary Date of Name of mate Primary Cost to Date of
Recipient Supplier Agreement System Numbers Role Recipient ($m) Delivery
Argentina Britain February 1970 Type 42 guided- 2 V
missile destroyer
(with Sea Dart \ 72 1973-75
SAM)
Westland WG-13 2 helicopter Jf
Britain 1970 Canberra B.2/T.4 12 bomber 21.5 n.a.
West Germany January 1970 Cobra 2000 n.a. anti-tank missile n.a. n.a.
United States May 1970 A-4F Skyhawk 16 attack aircraft 5 n.a.
Brazil France May 1970 Mirage 1IIE\B 16 interceptor, trainer 1972
Britain August 1969 submarine 2 n.a. n.a.
Chile Britain 1969-70 Leander-class frigate 2 T
Oberon-class sub- 2
marine 74 1973
\
Seacat anti-aircraft missile 1
Britain 1970
helicopters
Hunter FGA.71 4
ASW
fighter
J n.a. n.a.
United States April 1970 Beechcraft 99A 9 light transport 7.1 mid-1970
Dominican United States 1970 Hughes 0H-6A 7 helicopter grant aid n.a.
Republic
Ecuador Britain 1970 HS.478.2A 2 transport n.a. late 1970
Mexico United States 1969 Beechcraft 20 trainer 0.5 1969-70
Musketeer Sports
Nicaragua United States 1970 Hughes OH-6A 4 helicopter grant aid n.a.
Peru United States March 1970 C-130 Hercules 6 transport n.a. n.a.
Canada March 1970 DHC-5 Buffalo 16 utility transport 60 1971-72
 Major Identified Arms Agreements (contd.)
( f ) AFRICA - SOUTH OF THE SAHARA

Approximate Approxi- Approximate Expected

Primary Date of Name of mate Primary Cost to Date of
Recipient Supplier Agreement System Numbers Role Recipient ($m) Delivery
Congo(K) France December 1969 AML 30 scout car n.a. n.a.
Italy 1969 SF-260 12 trainer n.a. n.a.
Ivory Coast France 1969 SA-330 Puma 1 helicopter n.a. n.a.
Kenya Britain October 1969 Beagle Bulldog 5 primary trainers n.a. n.a.
Britain 1970 BAC-167 6 light-strike n.a. n.a.
Nigeria Soviet Union 1969 MiG-15s n.a. fighter n.a. 1969
South Africa France 1970 SA-330 Puma n.a. helicopter n.a. 1970-

( g ) NORTH AMERICA

Canada United States September 1969 CUH-1N 50 utility transport 50 1971-72

United States April 1970 Bell OH-58A 74 light observation 23.7 1971-73
helicopter
United States April 1970 Boeing 707-320C VIP transport 55 1970
tanker, freighter
United States Britain December 1969 Hawker Harrier 12 V/STOL fighter 50.4 1971-

n.a. = no figures available

NOTES may include sub-contractors in the purchasing country, as
This table lists major agreements both on a finn-to- well as prime contractors in the supplying country. No
government and on a government-to-government basis, licensing agreements are included.
and covers both credit and cash sales. Costs to recipients American, Soviet or Chinese military aid to Vietnam,
may include spares, support, etc., and reflect the value of Cambodia, Laos and Korea, and Soviet deliveries to
goods taken in part-exchange where applicable. Payees members of the Warsaw Pact are excluded.
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Appendix: Fissile material

Published online: 22 Jan 2009.

To cite this article: (1970) Appendix: Fissile material, The Military Balance, 70:1, 121-126, DOI: 10.1080/04597227008459803

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04597227008459803

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 APPENDIX: FISSILE MATERIAL

BACKGROUND
Fissile material, the primary raw material of nuclear energy, has many civil uses.
In some of its forms, it is also the basis for military programmes. Without it, the
production of nuclear weapons is at present impossible, as is the sustenance of
propulsion reactors for submarines or naval surface vessels.
A fusion weapon ('H-bomb') requires a fission weapon ('A-bomb') to trigger its
explosive energy. Fission weapons or fission triggers for fusion weapons require a
sufficient quantity of either fissile uranium or fissile plutonium. Of the two main
uranium isotopes which can be used to initiate fission (U-233, U-235), U-233, which
does not exist in nature, has so far attracted little interest for weapon purposes. Of
the two main plutonium isotopes (Pu-239, Pu-240), neither of which exists in nature,
Pu-240 is unsuitable for the initiation of a fission explosion. Primary attention, for
military purposes, therefore focuses upon U-235 and Pu-239. In present circumstances,
no country can begin or sustain a nuclear weapons programme without access to one
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 04:36 03 May 2015

of these isotopes.

U-235
Only about seven atoms of every 1,000 in the uranium found in nature consist of
U-235.1 Before uranium can be used in a weapon, this proportion must be increased
very considerably, normally to over 90 per cent of U-235, in a specialized enrichment
plant.
Almost all uranium enrichment has so far been carried out by a process known as
gaseous diffusion. In this method, refined natural uranium is converted into uranium
hexafluoride gas (UF6) and is then diffused through a series of membranes which
transmit the lighter molecules, rich in U-235, more readily than the heavier molecules,
rich in U-238. Because of the number of membrane stages they must contain in order
to achieve significant enrichment, and because of the quantity of ancillary equipment
which they require, gaseous diffusion plants are very big. They also consume extremely
large amounts of electric power. Moreover, their construction and operation become
painfully uneconomical below a very high level of capacity. For all these reasons,
they are the prerogative of wealthy countries with a requirement for a large enrich-
ment capacity. Nevertheless, the only full-scale production plants in the world for
the enrichment of uranium are those of the gaseous diffusion type which exist in the
United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China, all of which are nuclear
weapon states.2 Available details of those in the United States, Britain and France
are given in the Table on p. 122. No details are available of the plants in the Soviet
Union and China.
The Table on p. 122 also gives figures, in megawatts (MW), for the power levels
at which gaseous diffusion plants operate. In terms of electricity consumption, these

1
The exact proportions are: U-238: 99·283%.
U-235: 0·711%.
U-234: 0·006%.
2
Alternative methods, which have not yet emerged from research and development, include the use
of gas centrifuges and of separation 'nozzles'. There have been rumours that China has used a variety
of enrichment methods, including gas centrifugation, but these cannot be substantiated. South Africa
claimed in July 1970 to have developed a 'unique' enrichment process, but no details of it have been
revealed.
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 04:36 03 May 2015

1. ENRICHMENT PLANTS IN THE NON-COMMUNIST WORLD

Max Specific Operating Max. output

Date of Capital capacity Max. power power cost (full cap- of 90%
Country Location completion cost ($m.) (kgSW/yr)« level (MW) (kWh/kgSW) acityX$m./yr)* U-235(kg/yr)'

Britain Capenhurst 1953 n.a. 400,000 (est.) n.a. n.a. n.a. e

France Pierrelatte 1967 950 450,000 (est.) n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,950 (est.)
United States Oak Ridge 1945/54 815 5,000,000* f 21,900
Paducah 1953/54 755 7,000,000<* !• 6,000* 3,100 369-4 < 30,700
Portsmouth 1955/56 756 5,100,000* I 22,400

Notes:
° kgSW/yr = kilograms of separative, work per year (see explanation on p. 123).
* Based on (a) electric power costs, (b) capital charges (including amortisation), (c) labour costs and (d) running costs and contingencies.
c
Theoretical figures, based upon constant application of maximum capacity to production at this enrichment.
<* At present, US plants are operating at a total power level of only about 2,000 MW and with an output of only about 4,450,000 kgSW/yr (equivalent
to a theoretical maximum of about 19,500 kg/yr of 90% U-235).
• The high enrichment stages of the Capenhurst plant were shut down in 1962. If they were reactivated, or if the plant were otherwise adapted to
the production of 90% U-235, its maximum output would be likely to be 1,500-2,000 kg/yr.
 123
figures are enormous. The three plants in the United States, for example, would con-
sume about 52,500 million kilowatt hours (kWh) a year when operating at full load,
which is approximately equal to the total electricity consumption of Australia.
Any enrichment plant is capable, in theory, of enriching natural uranium to the
extent required for weapon purposes. The degree of enrichment needed in the fuel
for most current power reactors (1-5 per cent of U-235) is, however, a great deal
less than this, and enrichment plants intended only to provide the material for such
fuel are likely to require adaptation before they can produce weapons-grade uranium.
Because the extent to which any particular batch of uranium is enriched is a direct
function of the number of plant stages through which the UF 6 gas has been passed,
the total capacity of an enrichment plant cannot be expressed in quantities produced;
a great deal more low-enriched uranium than high-enriched uranium can be produced
in a given period. The capacity of enrichment plants is therefore stated in terms of
'kilograms of separative work', which is not a measure of quantity but a measure of
the effort expended in the plant in order to achieve a particular level of enrichment
in a particular amount of uranium. A plant can produce in weapons-grade material
only between one-fiftieth and one-hundredth of the quantity which it can produce
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of material suitable for a typical power reactor.. In order to give some indication of
the military utility of existing gaseous diffusion plants, the figures for their capacity
in kilograms of separative work have therefore been accompanied by figures which
show the theoretical maximum quantity of 90 per cent enriched uranium which each
could produce in a year.

Pu-239
Plutonium is an element which does not exist in nature. It comes into being when the
most common isotope of uranium, U-238, captures neutrons released during the
fission process which takes place in a reactor. Before it can be used for any purpose,
plutonium has to be extracted, in a specialised fuel reprocessing plant, from the fuel
elements which have been irradiated in a reactor. If it is to be used in weapons, it
must thereafter be converted, through a number of stages, into plutonium metal.
These processes require elaborate and expensive equipment.
Details of the principal fuel reprocessing plants in the non-Communist world are
given in the Table on p. 124. (Again, no details are available of the plants in Warsaw
Pact countries or in China.) All these plants have the ability to separate plutonium
from the other materials in irradiated fuel elements. The capacity of each plant is
given in terms of the quantity of irradiated fuel material which it can handle in a
year, expressed in metric tons (MT).3 The amount of plutonium which this represents
will vary widely with the nature of the fuel which is being reprocessed. In the first
place, since plutonium is derived from U-238 but not from the fissile U-235, the
maximum amount of plutonium in a given quantity of high-enriched uranium fuel
will be less than the maximum amount in the same quantity of low-enriched fuel,
and still less than that in natural uranium fuel. In the second place, the proportion of
the U-238 converted to plutonium is a function of the period and intensity of the fuel's
use ('burn-up') in the reactor. The higher the 'burn-up', the greater will be the propor-
tion of plutonium. As a rough guide, the fuel withdrawn from current power reactors
operating at full power will yield between five and nine kilograms of plutonium for
every metric ton of irradiated uranium reprocessed. For reasons explained below,
fuel elements from special plutonium production reactors will yield much lower
proportions, probably of the order of 1—1-J- kilograms per metric ton. Lower yields

3
1 metric ton (MT) = 1,000 kilograms.
 124
2. FUEL REPROCESSING PLANTS IN THE NON-COMMUNIST WORLD"

Capital Plutonium
Date of cost Capacity production
Country Location completion ($m.) (MT U/yr)6 (kg/yr)« Remarks

Argentina Buenos Aires 1967 n.a. 0-2 <0-5

Belgium3 Mol 1966 23 75-100 600-800 Owned by
ENEA
Britain Windscale 1964 45 2,000-2,500 16,000-20,000
Dounreay 1958 5 5-10 e
France Marcoule 1958 n.a. 500-600 500-900
La Hague 1966 40 900 7,200
Germany Leopoldshafen 1970 15 40-50 320-400 Privately
(Fed. Rep.) owned
India Trombay . 1965 7-7 75-100 600-800
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Italy Saluggia 1969 10 10-25 80-200

Spain Moncloa 1967 0-5 <0-l <0-25
United States Savannah 1954 n.a. 300-2,700 300-4,000
River (est)
Hanford 1956 n.a. 3,000 (est) 3,000-4,500
West Valley 1966 33 300 2,400 Privately
owned

Notes
° Only operational plants with a capacity for plutonium extraction have been included.
" MT U/yr = metric tons of contained uranium, in irradiated fuel elements, per year. Actual throughput
varies widely with different fuel types.
c
Except in the case of pilot plants (Buenos Aires, Moncloa) and purely military plants (Savannah River,
Hanford, Marcoule) figures are based on 8 kg. of plutonium per metric ton of uranium processed.
d
The Mol plant (Eurochemic) is owned jointly by 13 member countries of the European Nuclear Energy
Agency (ENEA).
' The Dounreay plant reprocesses fuel from fast breeder reactors; its plutonium production will depend
upon the nature of the fuel involved.

will also be obtained from fuel used in running a commercial reactor up to full power,
because such fuel is normally withdrawn more quickly than in the case of subsequent
loadings.
The plutonium isotope which produces explosive power in a fission weapon is
Pu-239. Irradiated reactor fuels also, however, contain other isotopes of plutonium,
and especially the Pu-240 isotope. The proportions in which these different isotopes
are present will vary, primarily as a function of the degree of 'burn-up' to which
the fuel has been subjected. In general, fuel from current power reactors running
economically and at full power will yield plutonium which contains up to 20 per cent
of Pu-240, almost all the remainder being Pu-239. Fuel elements withdrawn more
quickly, after a lesser degree of 'burn-up', will contain a smaller proportion of Pu-240
(but will also contain smaller total amounts of plutonium).
Pu-240, in addition to being intensely toxic, has other undesirable properties. In
particular, it is subject to a degree of spontaneous fission. For that reason, the most
efficient plutonium for weapon purposes is that which contains the minimum propor-
tion of Pu-240 possible. The natural uranium fuel elements used in special plutonium-
 125
production reactors within existing nuclear weapon programmes are therefore with-
drawn after a very low 'burn-up', at which stage the inevitably small quantity of
plutonium they contain is almost pure Pu-239.
Although Pu-240 is an undesirable constituent of plutonium for weapon purposes,
the common belief that any significant proportion of Pu-240 makes the material
unusable in weapons is mistaken. From the point of view of efficiency, explosive
yield and ease and safety of handling, pure Pu-239 is the ideal, and the existing nuclear
weapon states, with special production reactors, will always aim for this objective.
Provided some compromise on these characteristics is acceptable, however, there is no
reason why weapons should not be made from plutonium containing proportions of
plutonium as high as the 20 per cent yielded by some current power reactors or the
30 per cent which may be yielded by future reactors. For this reason, the Table on
p. 124 shows estimated quantities of plutonium of all grades which might be produced
from the reprocessing plants listed. The actual quantity produced will depend, in
large part, upon the output of irradiated fuel from reactors. It has been estimated
that reactors in the non-Communist world will generate over 5,500 kilograms of
plutonium during 1970.
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NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Although estimates exist in published literature, there is no simple figure for the
minimum quantity of U-235 or Pu-239 which could initiate a fission explosion. A
great deal depends upon the quality of the engineering available. The quantity of
U-235 necessary is likely to be about 16 kilograms, whereas, using efficient com-
pression and neutron reflection, about 3 kilograms of Pu-239 might be enough. In
general, however, lesser skill and experience will make larger quantities necessary.
Because, with present technology, a U-235 or Pu-239 fission device is needed to
trigger a fusion weapon ('H-bomb'), the attention has here been focused on these
materials.4 It must be remembered, however, that fusion itself requires deuterium
and either tritium or lithium. Deuterium and lithium are readily available and rela-
tively cheap, but tritium has to be produced, by special techniques, in a reactor or
atomic pile.

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE IN FISSILE MATERIAL

No country can make nuclear weapons without access to the product of either a
uranium enrichment plant or a fuel reprocessing plant suitable for the extraction of
plutonium. Without such access, a country's natural uranium reserves and the size,
number and output of its power reactors are all irrelevant to military purposes.
Many countries which do not have enrichment plants require enriched uranium for
their power or research reactors. In almost all cases, however, the proportion of U-235
present in their fuel is between 1 and 5 percent.5 The material is thus useless for weapons
purposes.

4
For technical reasons, U-23S has normally been used for the fission trigger of fusion weapons.
5
Three power reactors in the United States use uranium enriched to over 90 per cent in U-235.
Elsewhere, the only power reactor using uranium enriched to such a high level is a pilot reactor at
Jülich in the Federal German Republic, the fuel for which is obtained, under safeguards, from the
United States. A number of reactors for research or the testing of materials also use highly enriched
uranium fuels, although the quantities involved are small.
 126
Any country which operates a reactor must have its irradiated fuel reprocessed and,
if this has to be done outside its own jurisdiction, will normally expect the products
of reprocessing, including plutonium, to be returned to it. It must therefore be assumed
that any country operating a reactor will have access to some quantity offissilematerial,
in the form of plutonium, within six months of withdrawing irradiated fuel from it.
In these circumstances, the primary guarantee against illicit diversion of such
material to weapons purposes lies in the safeguards which operators of enrichment
and reprocessing plants have applied to their exports. For practical reasons, safeguards
may have to be imposed at a number of stages in the handling of fissile material.
The critical stages will always, however, be the enrichment and reprocessing plants
themselves, from which the primary materials for a weapons programme must
originate.
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