ENG 352-Thermodynamics

Chapter – 3
3.1- First Law of Thermodynamics (Closed System)
▪ Internal energy
Internal energy is defined as: the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of
molecules. it refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale
contained in a thermodynamic system.

Internal energy = kinetic + potential energy of the molecules

▪ Law of conservation of energy (Energy cannot be created or destroyed)

The first law of thermodynamics is merely one statement of this general law/principle
with particular reference to heat energy and mechanical energy i.e., work
 First Law of Thermodynamics

For Closed System (Q) Heat in

Close System
(W ) Work out

Total energy entering the system – Total energy leaving the system
= The change in total energy of the system

E in – E out =  E system
Qnet − Wnet = Esystem
E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy
E = U + KE + PE
The system does not move and has no change in elevation.
-The system does not move ( = 0) [KE = 0]
-No change in elevation (potential energy can be neglected) [PE = 0]

v
↓ ↓
hert work
j7
D

Q = Net Heat Energy of the system (kJ)

W = Net Work Done by the system (kJ) -
Work

U = Change in internal energy (kJ) are state

The 1st law for a closed system can be written as:

Q – W = m (u2 – u1)

Where: Q and W in (kJ)

u1, u2: specific integral energy at the initial and final states ( kJ/kg)
Mass does not cross the system boundary (No flow of mass) in the closed system, m (kg)

Qout
i Done
>
-

-Value
Work

on the sys

Wont
Work Done
By the sys
Example:
In an air motor cylinder the compressed air has an internal energy of 450 kJ/kg at the beginning of
the expansion and an internal energy of 220 kJ/kg after expansion. If the work done by the air
during the expansion is 120 kJ/kg, calculate the heat flow to and from the cylinder.

u1 = 450 kJ/kg u2 = 220 kJ/kg W = 120 kJ/kg

Example:
A constant pressure piston/cylinder assembly with a volume of 0.1m3 contains 0.2 kg water as
saturated vapor at 400 kPa and 2740 kJ/kg internal energy. It is now cooled so the water occupies
half the original volume at 1670 kJ/kg internal energy. Find the heat transfer in the process.

W = P (V2 – V1 ) = 400 (0.05 – 0.1) = – 20 kJ

Q – W = m (u2 – u1)

Q + 20 = 0.2 (1670 − 2740)

Q = − 20 – 214 = − 234 kJ
Example:
Air enters a compressor at 105 Pa and 25°C having volume of 1.8 m3/kg and is compressed to 5×105
Pa isothermally. Determine : (i) Work done ; (ii) Change in internal energy ; and (iii) Heat transferred.

Q
Q – W = m (u2 – u1)

Quut

s %
Example:
A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following the pressure-volume relation
as P = 5/V + 1.5 where P is in bar and V is in m3. During the process the volume changes from
0.15 m3 to 0.05 m3 and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat. Determine the change in internal energy.
Example:
A cylinder initially contains 0.8 kg of nitrogen gas at 100 kPa and 27°C. The gas is compressed
polytropically (n =1.4) until the volume is reduced by 50%. Find the final temperature after
compression. If the change in internal energy is 10 kJ/kg, determine the work done and the heat
transfer. (Rnitrogen = 0.2968 kJ/kg K)
P1 V1 = m R T1 W = (P1 V1 – P2 V2)/ (n-1)
V1 = m R T1 / P1 =0.8 × 0.2968 × 300 / 100 = 0.7123 m3 = 100×0.7123 - 263.9×0.35616/(1.4 – 1)
V2 = 1/2 V1 = 0.35616 m3 W = ‒ 56.9 kJ
Du
P1v1n = P2v2n Q – W = m × ∆u
P2 = P1 (v1/ v2)n Q + 56.9 = 0.8 × 10 =

P2 = 100 (0.7123/0.35616)1.4 = 263.9 kPa Q = ‒ 56.9 + 8 = ‒ 48.9 kJ

P2 V2 = m R T2
T2 = P2 V2/m R = 263.9 × 0.35616/ (0.8×0.2968) = 395.85 K
= 123 °C
Example:
90 kJ of heat are supplied to a system at a constant volume. The system rejects 95 kJ of heat at
constant pressure and 18 kJ of work is done on it. The system is brought to original state by
adiabatic process. Determine :
S
the
Sys wo
it As a

workOn
(i) The adiabatic work ; Thenwet

(ii) The values of internal energy at all end states if initial value is 105 kJ

internal eneces used for states

V = for one posses to

↓, Q , bothe
▪ Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property and can be defined as the sum of internal energy and
pressure-volume product (which is called flow energy in open systems)

H = U + P.V

H = Enthalpy (J) U = Internal Energy (J)

P = Pressure (N/m2) V = Volume (m3)
OR
h=u+Pυ (kJ/kg)
h = Specific Enthalpy
▪ Specific Heat
Specific heat is a thermodynamic property and can be defined as: the amount of energy
needed to rise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance one degree.
The specific heats are defined as:
CV = (∂u/ ∂T)v
CP = (∂h/ ∂T)p
Where:
CV = specific heat at constant volume kJ/kg. °C
CP = specific heat at constant pressure kJ/kg. °C
u = internal energy per unit mass kJ/kg
h = enthalpy per unit mass kJ/kg
T = temperature °C

du = CV dT
dh = CP dT

3-
We treat solids and liquids as incompressible substances. That is the density of the substance is
constant during the process. Then the specific heats of incompressible substances are identical.
Cp = Cv = C
When the temperature of matter is increased from T1 to T2, the sensible heat can be
calculated as:
Qs = m Cp (T2 – T1)

Cp for air = 1.005 kJ/kg. °C

Cp for water = 4.18 kJ/kg. °C

Qs = m (Cp T2 – Cp T1)
Qs = m (h2 – h1)
Where: h = Cp T
▪ Relationship between specific heats

Specific Heat Ratio, γ = Cp / Cv

3-
Example:
One kg of gaseous CO2 contained in a closed system undergoes a reversible process at constant
pressure. During this process 42 kJ of internal energy is decreased. Determine the work done
during the process. Take Cp = 840 J/kg°C and Cv = 600 J/kg°C.
Example:
0.2 m3 of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible adiabatic expansion takes
place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy
increases by 72.5 kJ. Calculate :
(i) The work done ;
(ii) The index of expansion, if the above processes are replaced by a single reversible polytropic
process giving the same work between the same initial and final states.
Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.

imme
·
 &
-

S
We
V = 0 2 .
m
7

PF4x10S Pa iRT

S
PV =

4 x 102 /0 2) 1 02x102(0 73)

403
.

130 +273
.

& S 454
.
-

=
T
R
=
= (v
.

Cp = + n -
1
&

-
Adiabatic *

,
PV-PVz
we , Pv-pur
8 - 1

is oals
on polticas
>
-

1 02 XIPa

=
P2
P
= .

- 4 /

4x10210 2/ .
"
= 1 .

02x102(V2)4
~ =
4x10(0 2) .
- 1 .
02x102(0 .
53) Vz =
0 53 m
64 85
.
=
.

1 H .
-
1

=
T
constant Pressure =>
403X)102272k
W

h
=

Tz(Ve-V h =

m
= 72 .

5k PV =
T

S
h mcXT
02x182(0 73
=
1
W =
.

↑V mRT
. -
0 .

Sa)
Tz)
=
2- 3

h =
mcp(Tz -

= 20 .

604k5
(p = Cu + R

R 286
6) (Ty-272 7) (p (v 0
= =

72 5 64 %3
.

0 604585 454K5
-

. = . .
W = + 70 .

=C
. .

=
m
= 0 .
694k
0 286 (403)
.

Tz = 347 .
2k >
-

3 272 7 .
V Vs =
. Th
0
Example:
0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bar. It is then cooled at
constant volume and further expanded isothermally so as to reach the condition from where it
started. Calculate : (i) Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling. (ii) Change in internal
energy during constant volume process. (iii) Net work done and heat transferred during the cycle.
Assume Cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K and Cv = 10.2 kJ/kg K.