EQUIPMENT

The equipment consists of.

1-General
An equipment list showing all items of equipment necessary to operate the facility
shall be included in the contract documents. This list will assist in the overall
coordination of the acquisition, installation, and relocation of equipment.

A- The drawings shall indicate provisions for the installation of equipment that
requires dedicated building services
B- Space for accessing and servicing fixed and building service equipment shall
be provided.
C- Some equipment may not be included in the construction contract but may
require coordination during construction. Such equipment shall be shown in
the construction documents as owner-provided or not-in-contract for
purposes of coordination.

2- Classification

Equipment will vary to suit individual construction projects and therefore will
require careful planning. Equipment to be used in projects shall be classified as
building service equipment, fixed equipment, or movable equipment.

A- Building Service Equipment: - Building service equipment shall include

such items as heating, air conditioning, ventilation, humidification, filtration,
chillers, electrical power distribution and emergency power generation.
B- Fixed Equipment (Medical and Nonmedical) that are
1- Fixed equipment includes items that are permanently affixed to the building.
2- Fixed medical equipment includes, sterilizers, communication systems,
imaging equipment, radiotherapy equipment, lithotripters, hydrotherapy
tanks, audiometry testing chambers, and lights.
3- Fixed non-medical equipment includes: refrigerators, kitchen cooking
equipment, serving lines, mainframe computers, laundry, and similar
equipment.
C- Movable Equipment (Medical and Nonmedical): That are

1- Movable equipment includes items that require floor space or electrical

and/or mechanical connections but are portable, such as wheeled items,
portable items, office-type furnishings, and diagnostic or monitoring
equipment. Movable equipment may require special structural design or
access, electromechanical connections, shielding, or other considerations.
2- Movable medical equipment includes, but is not limited to, portable X-ray,
electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (EKG), treadmill and
exercise equipment, and pulmonary function equipment.
3- Movable nonmedical equipment includes, but is not limited to, personal
computer stations, patient room furnishings, food service trucks, case carts
and distribution carts, and other portable equipment.
4- Facility planning and design shall consider the convenient and dedicated
placement of equipment requiring floor space and mechanical connections
and the voltage required for electrical connections where portable equipment
is expected to be used. An equipment utility location drawing shall be
produced to locate all services required by the equipment.

3- Major Technical Equipment: Major technical equipment is specialized

equipment (medical or nonmedical) that is customarily installed by the
manufacturer or vendor.

4- Equipment Shown on Drawings: Equipment that is not included in the

construction contract but requires mechanical or electrical service connections or
construction modifications shall, insofar as practical, be identified on the design
development documents to provide coordination with the architectural, mechanical,
and electrical phases of construction.

5- Electronic Equipment: Special consideration shall be given to protecting

computerized equipment such as multiphasic laboratory testing units, as well as
computers, from power surges and spikes that might damage the equipment or
programs. Consideration shall also be given to the addition of a constant power
source where loss of data input might compromise patient care.
Construction
1- Planning and design: Planning for health care facilities shall include, in addition
to space and operational needs, provisions for infection control and protection of
patients during any renovations or new construction. Continual health care facility
upgrade through renovation and new construction involving existing facilities can
create conditions that can be hazardous to patients.

During the programming phase of a construction project, the owner shall provide an
Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA). An ICRA is a determination of the
potential risk of transmission of various agents in the facility. The ICRA is initiated
in design and planning and continues through construction and renovation. After
considering the facility’s patient population and programs, the ICRA shall address
but not be limited to the following key elements:

a- The impact of disrupting essential services to patients and employee

b- Patient placement or relocation
c- Placement of effective barriers to protect susceptible patients from airborne
contaminants.
d- Air handling and ventilation needs in surgical services, airborne infection
isolation and protective environment rooms, laboratories, local exhaust
systems for hazardous agents, and other special areas
e- Determination of additional numbers of airborne infection isolation or
protective environment room requirements
f- Consideration of the domestic water system to limit waterborne
opportunistic pathogens

2- Projects involving renovation of existing buildings shall include phasing to

minimize disruption of existing patient services. This phasing is essential to ensure
a safe environment in patient care areas.
GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hospitals are the most complex of building types. Each hospital is comprised
of a wide range of services and functional units. These include diagnostic and
treatment functions, such as clinical laboratories, imaging, emergency room,
surgery, else.

1- BUILDING
 Maintenance free
 Environment friendly
 Minimum energy expenditure for ambient light & climate control
 Functional segregation
 Emergency exits, ramps, fire alarms

2- CORRIDORS

 Main corridor should allow for passage of two beds with persons on sides
 It requires ~2.5 meter width
 Less than 100 bedded hospitals can have one bed passage
 It requires ~2.0 meter width

3- LIFTS
 Depends upon number of beds above ground floor
 Up to 60 – one
 Up to 200 – two
 Up to 350 – three
4- Wards

 75 sq ft area for each bed

 Center to center distance between beds 8 ft
 Edge to edge distance between beds 4 ft
 Service corridor between bed rows 8 ft
 Broom closet 40 sq ft

5-WINDOWS IN WARDS

 Window area 20% of floor area if only on one wall

 Window area 15% of floor area if on opposite walls at same sill level

6- BED DISTRIBUTION

 Medical 30%-40%
 Surgical 25%-30%
 (includes Orthopedics – 5%)
 Gynaecology15%-18%
 Pediatrics 10%-12%
 Eye etc 10%-15%
Critical Care Units

Critical care units require special space and equipment considerations for safe and
effective patient care, staff functions. The following shall apply to all types of
critical care units unless otherwise noted. Each unit shall comply with the following
provisions.

 The location shall offer convenient access from the emergency,

respiratory therapy, laboratory, radiology, surgery, and other essential
departments.
 In new construction, where elevator transport is required for critically ill
patients, the size of the cab and mechanisms and controls shall meet the
specialized needs.
 When private rooms or cubicles are provided, view panels to the corridor
shall be required with a means to provide visual privacy.
 Each patient bed area shall have space at each bedside for visitors.
 Each patient bed shall have visual access.
 Systems for rapid and easy information exchange with a hospital are
important.
 Handwashing stations shall be convenient to nurse stations and patient bed
areas
 Each unit shall contain equipment for continuous monitoring, with visual
displays for each patient at the bedside
 Emergency equipment storage. Space that is easily accessible to the staff
shall be provided for emergency equipment.
 Medication station. Provision shall be made for storage and distribution of
emergency drugs and routine medications.
 The electrical, medical gas, heating, and air conditioning shall support the
needs of the patients and critical care team members under normal and
emergency situations.
 At least one airborne infection isolation room shall be provided.
Newborn Intensive Care Units

Each newborn intensive care unit (NICU) shall include or comply with the
following:

 The NICU shall have a clearly identified entrance and reception area for
families
 In a multiple-bed room, every bed position shall be within 20 feet (6
meters) of a hands-free handwashing station.
 At least one door to each room in the unit must be large enough to
accommodate portable X-ray equipment. A door 44 inches (1117.6
millimeters) wide should accommodate most X-ray equipment.
 There should be efficient and controlled access to the unit from the labor
and delivery area, the emergency department, or other referral entry
points.
 When viewing windows are provided, provision shall be made to control
casual viewing of infants.
 In the interest of noise control, sound attenuation shall be a design factor.
 Provisions shall be made for indirect lighting and high-intensity lighting
in all nurseries.
 Each patient care space shall contain a minimum of 120 square feet (11.2
square meters) per bassinet excluding sinks and aisles.
 Ceilings shall be easily cleanable and non-friable and shall have a noise
reduction coefficient (NRC) of at least 0.90.
 The NICU shall be designed as part of an overall safety program to
protect the physical security of infants, parents, and staff and to minimize
the risk of infant abduction.
 An airborne infection isolation room is required in at least one level of
nursery care.
 Support space shall be accessible for respiratory therapy, blood gas lab,
developmental therapy, social work, laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, and
other ancillary services.
Nurseries

Infants shall be housed in nurseries that comply with the standards below. All
nurseries other than pediatric nurseries shall be convenient to the postpartum
nursing unit and obstetrical facilities.

 At least one lavatory, equipped with a hands-free handwashing station, for

each eight infant stations.
 Glazed observation windows to permit the viewing of infants from public
areas.
 Convenient, accessible storage for linens and infant supplies at each
nursery room,
 Breast feeding or pump room shall be provided convenient to the nursery.
 Enough space shall be provided for parents to stay 24 hours.
 An airborne infection isolation room is required.
 Workroom(s). Each nursery room shall be served by a connecting
workroom. The workroom shall contain scrubbing and gowning facilities
at the entrance for staff and housekeeping personnel, work counter,
refrigerator, storage for supplies, and a hands-free handwashing fixture.
 Neonate examination and treatment areas.
Surgical Suites

Note: The number of operating rooms and recovery beds and the sizes of the service
areas shall be based on the expected surgical workload. In the program, the size,
location, and configuration of the surgical suite and support service departments
shall reflect the projected volume of outpatients. This may be achieved by designing
either an outpatient surgery facility or a combined inpatient-outpatient surgical
suite. The surgical suite shall be located and arranged to prevent nonrelated traffic
through the suite. The following shall be provided:

 General operating room(s). In new construction, each room shall have a

minimum clear area of 400 square feet (37.16 square meters).
 A room for orthopedic surgery.When included, this room shall, in addition
to the above, have enclosed storage space for splints and traction
equipment.
 Room(s) for surgical cystoscopic and other endo-urologic procedures.
This room shall have a minimum clear area of 350 square feet (32.52
square meters).
 The functional program may require additional clear space, plumbing, and
mechanical facilities to accommodate special functions in one or more of
these rooms.
 Medication station. Provision shall be made for storage and distribution of
drugs and routine medications.
Obstetrical Facilities

General. The obstetrical unit shall be located and designed to prohibit non-related
traffic through the unit.When delivery and operating rooms are in the same suite,
access and service arrangements shall be such that neither staff nor patients need to
travel through one area to reach the other. Except as permitted otherwise herein,
existing facilities being renovated shall, as far as practicable, provide all the
required support services. And should consist of

 Postpartum unit
 postpartum bedroom shall have a minimum of 100 square feet (9.29
square meters) of clear floor area per bed in multi-bedded rooms .
 In multi-bedded rooms there shall be a minimum clear distance of 4 feet
(1.22 meters) between the foot of the bed and the opposite wall, 3 feet
(0.91 meter) between the side of the bed and the nearest wall, and 4 feet
(1.22 meters) between beds.
 Each patient bedroom shall have a window or windows.
 Handwashing stations shall be provided in each patient bedroom.
 Medication station. Provision shall be made for storage and distribution of
drugs and routine medications.
Imaging Suite

Equipment and space shall be as necessary to accommodate the functional program.

The imaging department provides diagnostic procedures. It includes fluoroscopy,
radiography, mammography, tomography, computerized tomography scanning,
ultrasound, magnetic resonance, angiography and other similar techniques.

 Most imaging requires radiation protection.

 Beds and stretchers shall have ready access to and from other departments
of the institution.
 Flooring shall be adequate to meet load requirements for equipment,
patients, and personnel.

1-Angiography

 Space shall be provided as necessary to accommodate the functional

program.
 A control room shall be provided as necessary to meet the needs of the
functional program. A view window shall be provided to permit full view
of the patient.
 A viewing area shall be provided.
 Patient holding area.
 Storage for portable equipment and catheters shall be provided

2- Diagnostic X-ray

 Radiography rooms shall be of a size to accommodate the functional

program.
 Tomography, radiography/fluoroscopy rooms.
 Mammography.
 Each X-ray room shall include a shielded control alcove
3- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

 Space shall be provided as necessary to accommodate the functional

program. The MRI room shall be permitted to range from 325 square feet
(30.19 square meters) to 620 square feet (57.6 square meters) strength.
 A control room shall be provided with full view of the MRI.
 A computer room shall be provided.
 Cryogen storage.
 Darkroom.
 When spectroscopy is provided, caution shall be exercised in locating it in
relation to the magnetic fringe fields
 Power conditioning.
 Magnetic shielding.
 Patient hold area.
 Cryogen venting is required.

4- Ultrasound
 Space shall be provided as necessary to accommodate the functional
program.
 A patient toilet, accessible from the procedure room, shall be provided.
 Laboratory Suite

Laboratory facilities shall be provided for the performance of tests in

hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, microbiology, anatomic pathology,
cytology, and blood banking to meet the workload described in the functional
program. The following physical facilities shall be provided within the hospital:

 Laboratory work counter(s) with space for microscopes, appropriate

chemical analyzer(s), incubator(s), centrifuge(s), etc.
 Refrigerated blood storage facilities for transfusions shall be provided.
 Lavatory(ies) or counter sink(s) equipped for handwashing shall be
provided.
 Storage facilities, including refrigeration, for reagents, standards, supplies,
and stained specimen microscope slides, etc.
 Specimen (blood, urine, and feces) collection facility shall be provided.
 Chemical safety provisions including emergency shower, eyeflushing
devices, and appropriate storage for flammable liquids, etc., shall be
made.
 Facilities and equipment for terminal sterilization of contaminated
specimens before transport (autoclave or electric oven) shall be provided.
 Pharmacy

The size and type of services to be provided in the pharmacy will depend
upon the type of drug distribution system used, number of patients to be served, and
extent of shared or purchased services. This shall be described in the functional
program. The pharmacy room or suite shall be located for convenient access, staff
control, and security. Facilities and equipment shall be as necessary to
accommodate the functions of the program. (Satellite facilities, if provided, shall
include those items required by the program.) As a minimum, the following
elements shall be include

 Dispensing
 pickup and receiving area
 An area for reviewing and recording.
 An extemporaneous compounding area that includes a sink and sufficient
counter space for drug preparation.
 Work counters and space for automated and manual dispensing activities.
 An area for temporary storage.
 Security provisions for drugs and personnel in the dispensing counter
area.
Engineering Service and Equipment Areas

Sufficient space shall be included in all mechanical and electrical equipment rooms
for proper maintenance of equipment. Provisions shall also be made for removal
and replacement of equipment.

Room(s) or separate building(s) for boilers, mechanical, and electrical equipment,

except:

 Roof-top air conditioning and ventilation equipment installed in

weatherproof housings.
 Standby generators where the engine and appropriate accessories (i.e.,
batteries) are properly heated and enclosed in a weatherproof housing.
 Cooling towers and heat rejection equipment.
 Electrical transformers and switchgear where required to serve the facility
and where installed in a weatherproof housing.
 Medical gas parks and equipment
 Air-cooled chillers where installed in a weatherproof housing.
 Trash compactors and incinerators. Site lighting, post indicator valves,
and other equipment normally installed on the exterior of the building.
 Engineer’s office with file space and provisions for protected storage of
facility drawings, records, manuals, etc.
 General maintenance shop(s) for repair and maintenance.
 Storage room for building maintenance supplies. Storage for solvents and
flammable liquids.
 Separate area or room specifically for storage, repair, and testing of
electronic and other medical equipment.
 Mechanical Standards

The mechanical system should be designed for overall efficiency and

appropriate life cycle cost. Details for cost-effective implementation of design
features are interrelated and too numerous (as well as too basic) to list individually.
Recognized engineering procedures shall be followed for the most economical and
effective results.

Mechanical, electrical, and HVAC equipment may be located either

internally, externally, or in separate buildings.

 Facility design consideration shall include site, building mass, orientation,

configuration, fenestration, and other features relative to passive and
active energy systems.
 Insofar as practical, the facility should include provisions for recovery of
waste cooling and heating energy (ventilation, exhaust, water and steam
discharge, cooling towers, incinerators, etc.).
 Facility design consideration shall include recognized energy-saving
mechanisms such as variable- air-volume systems, load shedding,
programmed controls for unoccupied periods (nights and weekends, etc.)
 Air-handling systems shall be designed with an economizer cycle where
appropriate to use outside air. (Use of mechanically circulated outside air
does not reduce need for filtration.)
 Mechanical equipment, ductwork, and piping shall be mounted on
vibration isolators as required to prevent unacceptable structure-borne
vibration.
 Supply and return mains and risers for cooling, heating, and steam
systems shall be equipped with valves to isolate the various sections of
each system.
Thermal and Acoustical Insulation

 Insulation within the building shall be provided to conserve energy,

protect personnel, prevent vapor condensation, and reduce noise.
 Insulation on cold surfaces shall include an exterior vapor barrier.
(Material that will not absorb or transmit moisture will not require a
separate vapor barrier.)
 If duct lining is used, it shall be coated and sealed.
 Duct linings exposed to air movement shall not be used in ducts serving
operating rooms, delivery rooms, nurseries, protective environment
rooms, and critical care units.
 Existing accessible insulation within areas of facilities to be modernized
shall be inspected, repaired, and/or replaced, as appropriate.
 Duct lining shall not be installed within 15 feet (4.57 meters) downstream
of humidifiers.

Steam and Hot Water Systems

 Boilers shall have the capacity, based upon the net ratings published by
the Hydronics Institute or another acceptable national standard, to supply
the normal heating, hot water, and steam requirements of all systems and
equipment.
 Boiler accessories including feed pumps, heat-circulating pumps,
condensate return pumps, fuel oil pumps, and waste heat boilers shall be
connected and installed to provide both normal and standby service.
Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilation Systems

 All rooms and areas in the facility used for patient care shall have
provisions for ventilation.
 Exhaust systems may be combined to enhance the efficiency of recovery
devices required for energy conservation.
 Fresh air intakes shall be located at least 25 feet (7.62 meters) from
exhaust outlets of ventilating systems, combustion equipment stacks,
medical-surgical vacuum systems.
 In new construction and major renovation work, air supply for operating
and delivery rooms shall be from ceiling outlets near the center of the
work area.
 Air supply for rooms used for invasive procedures shall be at or near the
ceiling.
 Each space routinely used for administering inhalation anesthesia and
inhalation analgesia shall be served by a scavenging system to vent waste
gases.
 The bottoms of ventilation (supply/return) openings shall be at least 3
inches (76.2 millimeters) above the floor.
 Air-handling duct systems shall be designed with accessibility for duct
cleaning, and
 shall meet the requirements of NFPA 90A
 Ducts that penetrate construction intended to protect against X-ray,
magnetic, RFI, or other radiation shall not impair the effectiveness of the
protection.
 Hoods and safety cabinets may be used for normal exhaust of a space
providing minimum air change rates are maintained.
Plumbing and Other Piping Systems

The following standards shall apply to plumbing fixtures:

 The material used for plumbing fixtures shall be non-absorptive and acid-
resistant
 Water spouts used in lavatories and sinks shall have clearances adequate
to avoid contaminating utensils and the contents of carafes, etc.
 General handwashing stations used by medical and nursing staff and all
lavatories used by patients and food handlers shall be trimmed with valves
that can be operated without hands.
 Clinical sinks shall have an integral trap wherein the upper portion of the
water trap provides a visible seal.
 Showers and tubs shall have nonslip walking surfaces.
 Systems shall be designed to supply water at sufficient pressure to operate
all fixtures and equipment during maximum demand.
 Each water service main, branch main, riser, and branch to a group of
fixtures shall have valves. Stop valves shall be provided for each fixture.
 Vacuum breakers shall be installed on hose bibbs and supply nozzles used
for connection of hoses or tubing in laboratories,
 Potable water storage vessels (hot and cold) not intended for constant use
shall not be installed.
 Bedpan-flushing devices (may be cold water) shall be provided in each
inpatient toilet room
Electrical Standards

All electrical material and equipment, including conductors, controls, and

shall be listed as complying with available standards of listing agencies, or other
similar established standards where such standards are required.

The electrical installations, including alarm, nurses call, and communication

systems, shall be tested to demonstrate that equipment installation and operation is
appropriate and functional. A written record of performance tests on special
electrical systems and equipment shall show compliance with applicable codes and
standards.

Shielded isolation transformers, voltage regulators, filters, surge suppressors,

and other safeguards shall be provided as required where power line disturbances
are likely to affect data processing and/or automated laboratory or diagnostic
equipment.

1- Switchboards

Main switchboards shall be located in an area separate from plumbing and

mechanical equipment and shall be accessible to authorized persons only.
Switchboards shall be convenient for use, readily accessible for maintenance, away
from traffic lanes, and located in a dry, ventilated space free of corrosive or
explosive fumes, gases, or any flammable material. Overload protective devices
shall operate properly in ambient room temperatures.

2- Panelboards

Panelboards serving normal lighting and appliance circuits shall be located on the
same floor as the circuits they serve. Panelboards serving critical branch emergency
circuits shall be located on each floor that has major users (operating rooms,
delivery suites, intensive care, etc.). Panelboards serving Life Safety emergency
circuits may also serve floors above and/or below.
3- Lighting
 The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) has
developed recommended lighting levels for health care facilities.
 Approaches to buildings and parking lots, and all occupied spaces within
buildings shall have fixtures that can be illuminated as necessary.
 Patient rooms shall have general lighting and night lighting.
 Operating and delivery rooms shall have general lighting in addition to
special lighting units provided at surgical and obstetrical tables.
 Nursing unit corridors shall have general illumination with provisions for
reducing light levels at night.
 Light intensity for staff and patient needs should generally comply with
health care guidelines set forth in the IES publication.
 Consideration should be given to the special needs of the elderly.
Excessive contrast in lighting levels that makes effective sight adaptation
difficult should be minimized.
 A portable or fixed examination light shall be provided for examination,
treatment, and trauma rooms.
Nurses Calling System

 In patient areas, each patient room shall be served by at least one calling
station for two-way voice communication.
 A nurses emergency call system shall be provided at each inpatient toilet,
bath, sitz bath, and shower room.
 In areas such as critical care, recovery and pre-op, where patients are
under constant visual surveillance, the nurses call may be limited to a
bedside button or station that activates a signal readily seen at the control
station.
 A staff emergency assistance system for staff to summon additional
assistance shall be provided in each operating, delivery, recovery,
emergency examination and/or treatment area.
 In critical care units, recovery the call system shall include provisions for
an emergency code resuscitation alarm to summon assistance from outside
the unit.
 A nurse call is not required in psychiatric nursing units, but if it is
included, provisions shall be made for easy removal, or for covering call
button outlets.
 Patient toilet rooms within Imaging Suite shall be equipped with a nurses
emergency call.
 Alternate technologies can be considered for emergency or nurse call
systems.
 Emergency Electric Service

Emergency power shall be provided for in accordance with NFPA 99, Where
stored fuel is required, storage capacity shall permit continuous operation for at
least 24 hour.

Fire Alarm

All health care occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in
accordance with NFPA 101 and NFPA 72.
 Ventilation Requirements for Areas Affecting Patient Care in Hospitals
for SURGERY AND CRITICAL CARE
Area designation Air Minimum air Minimum total air Relative Design
movement change changes Humidity Temperatur
of outdoor per hour4, 5 (100 %) e
air per hour3 ( C0 )
Operating/surgical Out 3 15 30-60 20–23
cystoscopic rooms
Delivery room Out 3 15 30-60 20–23
Recovery room 2 6 30-60 21-24
Critical and intensive 2 6 30-60 21-24
care
Newborn intensive care 2 6 30-60 22-26
Treatment room 6 24
Trauma room Out 3 15 30-60 21–24
Anesthesia gas storage In 8
Endoscopy In 2 6 30-60 20–23
Bronchoscopy In 2 12 30-60 20–23
waiting rooms In 2 12 21-24
Triage In 2 12 21-24
Radiology waiting In 2 12 21-24
rooms
Procedure room Out 3 15 30-60 21-24
 Ventilation Requirements for Areas Affecting Patient Care in Hospitals

For NURSING
Area designation Air Minimum air Minimum total Relative Design
movemen change air changes Humidity Temperature
t of outdoor per hour4, 5 (100 %) ( C0)
air per hour3
Patient room 2 6 21–24

Toilet room In 10

Newborn nursery suite 2 6 30-60 22-26

Protective environment Out 2 12 24

room
Airborne infection In 2 12 24
isolation room
Isolation alcove or In/Out 10
anteroom
Labor/delivery/ 2 6 21–24
recovery
Labor/delivery/ 2 6 21–24
recovery/postpartum
Patient corridor 2
 Ventilation Requirements for Areas Affecting Patient Care in Hospitals for
DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT

Area designation Air Minimum air Minimum Relative Design

movement change total air Humidity Temperature
of outdoor changes (100 %) ( C0)
air per hour3 per hour4, 5
Examination room 6 24

Medication room Out 4

Treatment room 6 24

Physical therapy In 6 24
and hydrotherapy
Soiled workroom or In 10
soiled holding
Clean workroom or Out 4
clean holding

Ventilation Requirements for Areas Affecting Patient Care in Hospitals for

ANCILLARY
Area designation Air Minimum air Minimum Relative Design
movement change total air Humidity Temperature
of outdoor changes (100 %) ( C0)
air per hour3 per hour4, 5
Radiology X-ray Out 3 15 30-60 21–24
(surgical/critical care
and catheterization)
X-ray (diagnostic & 6 24
treatment)
Darkroom In 10
 Ventilation Requirements for Areas Affecting Patient Care in Hospitals for
Laboratories
Area Air movement Minimum air Minimum Relative Design
designation change total air Humidity Temperature
of outdoor changes (100 %) ( C0)
air per hour3 per hour4, 5
General 6 24
Biochemistry Out 6 24
Cytology In 6 24
Glass washing In 10
Histology In 6 24
Microbiology In 6 24
Nuclear In 6 24
medicine
Pathology In 6 24
Serology Out 6 24
Sterilizing In 10
Autopsy room In 12
Non- In 10 21
refrigerated
body-holding
room
Pharmacy Out 4