Cell

Introduction of Cell (i) All plants and animals are composed of

Cytology: The cell and its structures are cells.
studied under a branch of biology called (ii) Cell is the functional unit of life.
cytology. Father of cytology – C.P. (iii) All cells arise from pre- existing cell.
Swanson (Rudolf Virchow- omnis cellula -e- cellulae)
Cell:- The structural & functional unit of a (A) Size of cell – Normal size in human 20
living being is called cell. An unit of  m to 30  m in diameter..
biological act ivit y, delimited by a
(i) Largest cell – In animal - Ostrich egg (15
differentially permeable membrane and
cm in diameter)
capable of self reproduction in a medium
In plants - Acetabularia (6-10 cm)
free of other living system.
(ii) Longest cell - In animal - Nerve cell (up to
Cell is called structural & functional
1mt)
unit of life because -
In plants - Hemp fibre.
(i) All the living organisms are composed of
(iii) Smallest cell - PPLO - Pleuro pneumonia
one or more cells.
like organism
(ii) All the cells have similar basic structure.
(Mycoplasma - 0.1  m to 0.5  m)
(iii) Similar cell organelles of different cell
perform similar functions. (B) Shape of cell – Shape of cell mainly
Discovery of cell depends upon the specific function it
performs.
1. Robert Hooke (1665):- He observed a thin
section of bark of a tree under self designed (i) Elongated - Nerve cell
microscope. He coined the term cell. (ii) Discoidal/ saucer- RBC
He wrote a book- Micrographia. (iii) Spindal - Muscle cell
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) was (iv) Spherical - Eggs.
first to observe living cells. (v) Branched - Pigment cell of the skin
3. N. Grew (1682): Proposed cell concept (vi) Slipper shaped - Paramecium
which states that cell is unit of structure of (vii) Cuboidal - Germ cell of gonads
organisms. (viii) Polygonal - Liver cells.
4. Knoll & Ruska (1932): Designed the (C) Number of cells - On the basis of number
electron microscope which was employed of cells the organisms can be categorised
to study the ultra structure of cell and
as -
various cell organelles.
(i) Unicellular - Single celled - eg- Amoeba,
Cell theory : Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium -
Proposed by M.J. Schleiden & Theodore Malarial parasite, Chlamydomonas.
Schwann {two german biologists}.It was (ii) Multicellular - Numerous cells eg- higher
later expanded by Rudolf Virchow plants & Animals.

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 Cell

Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Difference between plant cell & animal cell :
Cells: Characters Plant cells Animal
Characters Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells
Cells Cells 1. Cell wall Present Absent
1. Nuclear Incipient True nucleus, outside the
body nucleus, No Nuclear plasma
nuclear membrane membrane
membrane, present, 2. Plastids Present Absent
Nucleolus Nucleous 3. Vacuole Single, Many
absent, Single present, large large and
closed loop, Multiple central small
(histones chromosomes, vacuole vacuoles
absent) (histones 4. Centriole Absent Present
present in 5. Nucleus Generally Generally
chromosomes) eccentric centric
2. Mitosis No mitosis Mitosis found 6. Less in More in
3. DNA Single closed Multiple Mitochondria number number
arrangement loop, chromosomes, 7. Cannot take Can take
(histones (histones Phagocytosis part part
absent) present in 8. Present Absent
chromosomes) Glyoxysomes
4. Respiratory In plasma In 9. Reserve Starch and Glycogen
system membrane, mitochondria food fat and fat
(mitochondria
10. Cell plate Cleavage
absent)
Cytokinesis method method
5. In internal In
Photosynthetic membranes, chloroplasts
apparatus (chloroplasts
absent)
6. Golgi Absent Present
bodies,
Chloroplast,
Endoplasmic
reticulum.
Mitochondria,
Lysosomes
7. Ribosomes 70 S types 80 S types
8. Cell wall Generally Present in
present, some types,
complex simple
chemical chemical
composition composition

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 Cell
5. The membrane has carrier proteins for
active transport.
CELL WALL :
Discovered by Robert Hooke
The outermost covering of the plant cell is
called cell wall.It is absent in animal cell.It
is rigid, thick, porous and non- living
structure.Middle lamella is consist of Ca &
Mg pectates (Plant cement). Amount of
Calcium is more.
Function:-
(i) It provides a definite shape to cell.
(ii) It is a protective and supportive coat.
Cell Structure :- (iii) It is permeable and allows entry of molecule
Cell membrane or plasma membrane of different size.
or plasmalemma : (iv) It counteracts the osmotic pressure.
The outermost living cover or envelope of (v) It provides rigidity to the cell.
every cell is called membrane. The limiting
boundary of each cell which separates the
cytoplasm from its surroundings is called
cell membrane.Term plasma membrane was
given by Nageli.
The most accepted structural model of
plasma membrane is Fluid mosaic model.
It was proposed by S.J. Singer &
Nicolson. It states that plasma membrane
is a lipoproteinous and trilaminar membrane
in which outer and inner layers are
formed of globular protein molecules.
Function:- (i) Protoplasm (Essence of life):-
1. Plasma membrane is also called selectively The entire matter found inner to the cell
permeable membrane because it allows the membrane is called as protoplasm. All the
entry and exit of selected materials in and living components of a cell lie in the
out of the cell while it also prevents the protoplasm and perform their functions.
movement of some other materials. 1. Protoplasm - termed by Purkinje
2. Plasma membrane bounds the semi-fluid 2. Physical basis of life - Huxley
content of the cells. It can be divided into 2 parts:-
3. Plasma membrane protects the cell from (A) Nucleus (B) Cytoplasm
injury and provides an outer boundary to (A) Nucleus:- Headquarter of the cell.
the cell. Discovered by - Robert Brown (1831)
4. The membrane allows the flow of materials “Nucleus is double membrane bound dense
and information bet ween different protoplasmic body, which controls all
organelles within the cell as well as between cellular metabolism and encloses the genetic
one cell and another. information of cell”.

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 Cell
Structure:- It is made up of following four apart from one another and become smaller
contents: and thicker, are called chromosomes.
(a) Nuclear membrane / Nuclear envelope / Functions of Nucleus:-
Karyotheca (i) It controls all the metabolic activities of
(b) Nuclear sap / Nucleoplasm / Karyolymph. the cell and regulates the cell cycles.
(c) Nucleolus. (ii) It helps in transmission of hereditary
characters from parents to offsprings.
(d) Chromatin threads.
(iii) Nucleus plays a central role in the cellular
(a) Nuclear envelope:- Nucleus is surrounded reproduction (division of single cell to form
by two membranes, that separat es two cells).
nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. The outer
(iv) Along with environment, nucleus also
membrane is continuous with endoplasmic directs the chemical activities of the cell.
reticulum. The nuclear membrane has minute This determines the development and future
pores. These are called nucleo-pores. form of the cell.
(B) Cytoplasm:- The substance present
between cell membrane and nucleus is
called cytoplasm.It contain jelly like fluid
with various structure floating on it known
as cell organelles.
Functions:-
(i) It helps in intracellular distribution of
molecules, enzymes and nutrients within the
cell.
(ii) It helps in exchange of materials between
different cell organelles.
(iii) Biosynthesis of nucleotides, proteins and
fatty acids takes place in the cytoplasm.
(b) Nucleoplasm:- The part of protopalsm (iv) Breaking down of glucose takes place in
the cytoplasm.
which is enclosed by nuclear membrane. It
contains chromatin threads and nucleolus. Cell organelles / Cytoplasmic organs:-
Cell organelles are the living part of cell
(c) Nucleolus:-Discovered by Fontana.Usually having definite shape, structure and
one nucleolus is present in each nucleus function. They are playing an important role
but sometimes more than one nucleoli are in cell activities and embedded into cytosol.
present. It is a store house of RNA & site Cell organelles are often called as “small
of r-RNA transcription and processing of organs” and also bounded by a plasma
ribosome assembly. membrane like fluid-mosaic membrane.
(d) Chromatin Threads:- A darkly stained
(i) Mitochondria:- It is a rod shaped
network of long and fine threads called
structure found in cytoplasm of all
chromatin threads.
eukaryotic cells except mammalian RBC’s.
Chromatin threads are intermingled with It is absent in prokarytes.It is power house
one another forming a network called of cell or ATP- mill in cell and cell within
chromatin reticulum. At the time of cell
cell / second largest organelle of cell.
division the chromatin threads separate
Mitochondria term given by Benda(1897).

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 Cell

Structure:- Structure:-
 It is double membrane bound cell It is double membrane bound cell organnelle
and is the largest organelle of cell.
organelle.
Plastids have following 2 parts:-
 The outer membrane is smooth and
straight. The inner membrane is infolded
into the cavity. These fingre-like
infoldings are called as cristae.
 Mitochondrial matrix have enzyme for
kreb’s cycle. Beside these enzymes matrix
have a complete protein synthesis
apparatus (Ribosome- 70-s, DNA &
RNA, enzymes ) so mitochondria called
as semi autonomous cell organelle.

(a) Grana:- It constitues of the lamellar system.

 These are found in layer on top of each
other, these stacks are called as grana.
 Each lamella is made up of unit membrane.
 Each granum of chloroplast is formed by
superimposed, closed compartments called
thylakoid.
 Different grana are connected with the help
of tubular connection, called stroma
lamellae or fretchannels or intergranum.
Function:- Function:- Site of light reaction.
 Its main function is to produce and store (b) Stroma:- It is a granular transparent
substance filled in cavity of chloroplast. It
the energy in the form of ATP, that’s why
is also called as matrix. Grana are
is also known as powerhouse of the cell. embedded in it.
 (i) Mitochondrial matrix- Site of Krebs  It contains enzymes of calvin cycle or dark
reaction. Rubisco is the most abundant
cycle. enzyme on the earth. It made 16% protein
(ii) Peri- mitochondrial space- Site of link of the chloroplast.
reaction. Function:- Site of dark reaction.
(iii) oxysomes - Site of ETS. Functions:
(ii) Plastids:- 1. Chloroplasts, the green plastids, help in
photosynthesis and thus, help in the
Plastid term used by Haeckel, Chloroplast
synthesis of food.
term given by Schimper.
These are called kitchen rooms of the cell.

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 Cell

2. Chromoplasts are coloured plastids which  It is the site for formation of glycolipids
provide colour to the flowers and the fruits. and glycoproteins.
3. Leucoplasts help in the storage of food.  Synthesis of cell wall material
(iii) GOLGI COMPLEX (Polysaccharide synthesis).
Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898) in  Cell plate formation (phragmoplast) during
nerve cells of owl. cell formation.
Other names:-  Vitelline membrane of egg is secreted by
(i) Lipochondrion Golgi body.
(ii) Idiosome, (iv) Endoplasmic Reticulum
(iii) Baker’s body. First observed by Garnier (1897)- Termed
(iv) Dalton complex as Ergastoplasm.
(v) Dictyosomes- In plants E.R. name proposed by K.R. Porter.
(Credit for discovery of ER goes to Porter
Position:- It is located near the nucleus.
claude and fullam)
Golgi bodies are pleomorphic structure,
because component of Golgi body differ in Components of Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
structure & shape in different cells.Golgi (i) Cisternae:- Flat & unbranched
apparatus has a convex forming face and a (ii) Vesicles:- Ovate structure
concave maturing face. The forming face (iii) Tubules:- net like structure
receive vesicles from endoplasmic
It is also known as “System of
reticulum. The maturing face produces
Membranes”.
secretory vesicles and lysosomes.
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Structure:- It is formed of four types of
contents. (a) Rough E.R. /Granular E.R.
(i) Cisternae (ii) Tubules  Ribosomes present
(iii) Vacuoles (iv) Vesicles  Concerned with protein synthesis
Golgibody is single membrane bound cell
organelle. (b) Smooth E.R./ Agranular E.R.
 Ribosomes absent
 Concerned with glycogen and lipid
metabolism

Function:-
 It is involved in cell- secretion and acts as u

storage, modification and condensation or

packaging membrane. Function:-
 It foms the acrosome of sperm  Mechanical support. (make skeleton of cell)
 It forms the lysosomes and secretory vesicles.  Rough E.R. - synthesis of protein

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 Smooth E.R.- Glycogen and lipid metabolism  Digestion of old or dead cell organelles.
 Detoxification Autophagy also takes place during
starvation of cell.
 Circulation
 Sometimes all lysosomes of a cell burst to
 Formation of lysosomes, Golgi-body & dissolve the cell completely.
Micro-bodies - All the organelles are
formed by E.R. which have membrane That’s why lysosomes are also known as
except chloroplast and mitochondria. suicidal bags.
(vi) Ribosome (Engine of cell)
 E.R. provides the precursor of secretory
material to Golgi body. Claude (1941) first observed them and
called microsome.
(v) Lysosome
Plade (1955) coined the term Ribosome.
First observed and the term coined by
Christian De Duve (1955). Lysosomes are  Except mammalian RBC all living cells
spherical bag like structures (0.1– 0.8  m) have Ribosomes. (Both prokaryotes&
which is covered by single unit membrane. Eukaryotes)
Lysosomes are filled about 50 different  These are the smallest and membraneless
types of digestive enzymes termed as acid cell organelles.
hydrolases. Lysosomes are highly
polymorphic cell organelles. Because,
during functioning, lysosomes have different
morphological and physiological states.
Mostly found in animal cells and in some
plant cells e.g. neurospora, cauliflower and
bean.
Types of Lysosomes
 Primary lysosomes or storage granules
 Digestive vacuoles or Heterophagosomes
 Residual bodies Function:-
Site of protein synthesis, so these are also
 Autophagic lysosomes or cytolysosomes or
called protein factories.
autophagosomes
At the time of protein synthesis, several
ribosomes become attached to m-RNA
with the help of smalller subunits. This
structure is called polyribosome or
polysome or ergosome.
(vii) Peroxisomes / Uricosomes.
 Discovered by Rhodin & Tolbert.
 Peroxisome term was first used by De
Duve.
Function:- In plants peroxisomes occur in cells of
 It involves in digestion of foreign materials green tissues and concerned wit h
received in cell by phagocytosis and photorespiration. (Glycolate pathway). It
pinocytosis. contains per-oxide forming enzymes.

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 Cell

Function:- (ii) The location of centrioles during cell

division decides the plane of division.
(i)  -oxidation of fatty acids.
(iii) It form the basal granule of cilia and flagella
(ii) Concerned with photorespiraton.
in micro-organisms, zoo-spores& motile
(iii) In animal cells peroxisomes concerned gametes.
with peroxide (H2O2) metabolism.
(iv) Form tail of sperm.
(viii) Vacuoles:-
Vacuoles of animal cells arise from Golgi- TISSUE
complex. It is surrounded by tonoplast. In Introduction:
animals the vacuoles are smaller in size
and larger in number while in plants it is  A group of similar cells which perform a
larger in size and fewer in number. particular function is called a tissue.
Vacuoles are storage sacs for liquid or solid  Term tissue was coined by Bichat.
contents.
 Branch of biology deals with the study of
Function:- tissue is called Histology.
(i) These serve for storage. Tissues can be divided into two types -
(ii) Transport of dissolved, secretory or plant tissues and animal tissues.
excretory substances.
Plant Tissues
(iii) Vacuoles help the plant cells to remain
Mainly they are of two types:
turgid.
(iv) They play an important role in growth by 1. Meristematic
helping in the elongation of cells. 2. Permanent
(v) They provide an aqueous environment for
the accumulation and storage of water-
soluble compounds (sugars, minerals,
pigments, etc.).
(vi) In prot ozoans like Amoeba and
Paramecium, vacuoles help in digestion and
excretion.
(ix) Centrosome :- Discovered by Benden.
Boveri named as centrosome.
Centrosome is generally found in animal
cells. Only few types of plant cells show
its presence.
It is situated near the nucleus of the cell
and shaped like star. Each centrosome has
two centrioles. The two centrioles are
placed perpendicular to each other.
Centriole consist of 9 triple fibres of tubulin.
(9 + 0 arragnement).
Function:- (a) Meristematic Tissue: These are simple
(i) In animal cells centrioles play important role living tissues having thin walled compactly
in initiation of cell division by arranging arranged immature cells which are capable
spindle fibres between two poles of cell. of division and formation of new cells.

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 Cell

(i) Main features of meristematic tissues  The permanent tissues are classified into
are: two types:
 Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic). (i) Simple permanent tissues: These tissues
 Intercellular spaces are absent (Compact are made up of same type of cells which
are similar structurally and functionally.
tissue).
They include two types of tissues:
 Generally vacuoles are absent, dense
(A) Protective Tissues: These tissues are
cytoplasm & prominent nuclei are present. primarily protective in function. They
 Large number of cell organelles are present. consist of :
 Active metabolic state, stored food is absent. 1. Epidermis: Epidermis forms unicellular
 Actively dividing cells are present in growing thick outermost layer of various body
organs of plants such as leaves, flowers,
regions of plants, e.g. root & shoot tips.
stems and roots. Epidermis is covered
(ii) Classification on the basis of origin: outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof
layer of waxy substance called as cutin.
(A) Primary (Promeristem):
Culticle is very thick in xerophytes.
Derived directly from the meristems of
Cells of epidermis of leaves are not
embryo.
continuous at some places due to the
(B) Secondary: presence of small pores called as stomata.
Formed by primary permanent tissues. Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean
(iii) Classification on the basis of location: shaped cells called as guard cells.
Function:
(A) Apical meristem:- It is present at the  The main function of epidermis is to protect
growing tips of stems and roots. Cell the plant from desiccation and infection.
division in this tissue leads to the elongation
 Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of
of stem & root thus it is involved in primary transpiration and evaporation of water and
growth of the plant. prevents wilting.
(B) Intercalary meristem:- It is the part of  Stomata in epidermis allow gaseous
apical meristem which is left behind during exchange to occur during photosynthesis
growth period. These are present at the and respiration.
base of leaf & internode region. These lead  Stomata also helps in transpiration. Cork
to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary is made up of dead cells with thick walls
growth) e.g. in grass stem, bamboo stem, and do not have any intercellular spaces.
mint stem etc. The cell walls in cork deposit waxy
substance called as suberin.
(C) Lateral meristem:- It is also called as (B) Supporting tissue: These are supportive
secondary meristem. in function and are of three types:
(b) Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma: It is the fundamental tissue,
 The permanent tissues are composed of parenchymatous cells have thin cell wall.
those cells which have lost their capability  Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose &
to divide. pectin.
 Large central vacuole for food & water
 The division & differentiation of the cells of
storage.
meristematic tissues give rise to permanent
tissues.
 Primary function is food storage.

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 Cell

 Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissues (A) Xylem:- Also known as wood and is a
are chlorenchyma which perform vascular and mechanical tissue. Thick
photosynthesis. e.g. mesophyll of leaves. walled cells are found in the form of tubular
 In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (A type passages.
of parenchyma containing air spaces) Xylem consists of four types of cells
provides buoyancy. called as elements:
Collenchyma: It is the living mechanical Tracheids: They are elongated angular
tissue. dead cells (primary elements) mainly
 Elongated cells with thick corners. involved in conduction of water & minerals
in gymnosperms.
 Localized cellulose & pectin thickening.
Vessels: They are advance elements
 Provides flexibility to plant parts & easy
(generally found in angiosperms). Vessels
bending of various parts of plant.
are cylindrical tube like structures placed
 It gives mechanical strength & elasticity to one above the other end to end which form
the growing stems. a continuous channel for efficient
Sclerenchyma: (Scleras-hard) conduction of water.
 Strengthening tissue. Xylem parenchyma: They are small &
 Composed of extremely thick walled cells thick walled parenchymatous cells
little or no protoplasm. subjected for storage of starch (food).
 Cells are dead & posses very thick lignified Xylem sclerenchyma: They are non living
walls. fibres with thick walls & narrow cavities.
 Lignin is water proof material. Provide mechanical support.
 Inter cellular spaces are absent. Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem
Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types: elements are dead.
1. Sclereids:- Small stone cell or grit cell, The annual rings present in the trunk of a
having small lumen and thick cell wall. tree are xylem rings.By counting the number
of annual rings we can determine the age
2. Fibres:- They are very long, narrow, thick, of a tree is known as dendrochronology.
lignified cells.
Sclerenchyma fibres are used in the (B) Phloem: They also consist of both
manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile parenchymatous & sclerenchymatous cells.
fibres. Phloem consists of four types of
Jute & coir are obtained from the thick elements:
bundles of fibres.  Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are slender tube
(ii) Complex permanent tissue: It consists like structures made up of elongated, thin
of more than one type of cells which work walled cells placed end to end. Nucleus of
together as a unit. sieve cell is absent at maturity.
It helps in transportation of organic  Companion cells: Companion cells have
materials, water & minerals. dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
It is also known as conducting or vascular  Phloem fibre: They give mechanical
tissue. support to sieve tubes.
Xylem & phloem together form vascular  Phloem parenchyma: They store food &
bundles. help in radial conduction of food.

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 Cell
In phloem except phloem sclerenchyma all network of yellow fibres in it’s matrix called
elements are living. as ligament which attaches bone to bone.
Animal Tissue:- Muscular tissue: Movements are brought
Outline classification of Animal tissue about in our body with the help of muscular
Animal Tissue tissues.
Types :- It is of three types:
(i) Striated muscles: They are also called as
(1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Muscular (4) Nervous
Tissue Tissue Tissue
voluntary muscles because these are under
Tissue
(i) Squamous the control of one’s will.
Epithelium
(ii) Columnar (ii) Non- striated muscles:- They are
Epithelium
(iii) Cuboidal
involuntary muscles also called as smooth
Epithelium (A) Striated (B) Non (C) Cardiac muscles. These muscles fibres are
(iv) Ciliated Muscles Striated Muscles
Epithelium Muscles uninucleated & spindle shaped.
(iii) Cardiac muscle fibres:- They are
(A) Connective (B) Skeletal (C) Vascular involuntary muscles. Only found in the walls
Tissue Tissue Tissue of heart. Their structure is in between the
Proper (1) Cartilage (1) Blood
(1) Areolar tissue (2) Bone (2) Lymph striated & non-striated muscles. They are
(2) White fibrous uninucleated & branched. Branches are
(3) Yellow fibrous
(4) Adipose Tissue united by intercalated disc. In these muscles
Epithelial Tissue:- rhythmic contraction & relaxation occurs
Word epithelium is composed of two throughout the life.
words Epi-upon, Thelio-groups. Nervous Tissue:-
Means- A tissue which grows upon another They are highly specialized tissue due to
tissue is called epithelium. which the animals are able to perceive and
Nature:- respond to the stimuli.
It is the simplest tissue. Their functional unit is called as nerve cell
It is the protective tissue of the animal body or Neuron.
(as epidermis of plants) Cell body is cyton covered by plasma
It always rest upon underlying connective membrane.
tissue. Epithelium cells are closely packed Short, hair like extensions arising from cyton
with each other so there is very little inter- are dendron which are further subdivided
cellular space. into dendrites.
Epithelial tissue may be simple (composed
Axon is long, tail like cylindrical process
of a single layer of cell) or startified (made
with fine branches at the end. Axon is
up of several layers of cells).
covered by a sheath.
White fibrous connective tissue: They Function:
have very little matrix containing abundant (i) They control all the body activities
white fibres forming layers. Bundles of this
tissue are called as tendons, which attaches (ii) They co-ordinate between various body
muscles to the bones. parts during any body function.
Yellow fibrous connective tissue: They Spinal cord & brain are made up of
are very elastic due to the presence of a nervous tissue.

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 Cell

EXERCISE
1. A tissue is 9. Specialised parenchyma occuring in aquatic
(A) a group of separate organs that plants is -
coordinates in their activities (A) Prosenchyma (B) Chlorenchyma
(B) a group of cells which are similar in (C) Aerenchyma (D) None
function and structure 10. Root hair are -
(C) layer of cells that surrounding an organ (A) unicellular (B) multicellular
(D) sheet of cells that is one layer thick (C) acellular (D) mixed type
2. The wall of cork cells are heavily thickned 11. Sieve tubes are found in -
by the deposition of (A)xylem (B) phloem
(A) cutin (B) suberin (C) cortex (D) pith
(C) lignin (D) pectin 12. Apical meristem, intercalary meristem and
3. Which muscle cell is spindle shaped? lateral meristem are differentiated on the
basis of -
(A) Smooth muscle cell
(B) Striated muscle cell (A) development (B) position
(C) function (D) origin
(C) Cardiac muscle cell
(D) None of these are correct 13. Phloem in the plants does the function of -
4. Blood is formed of - (A) photosynthesis
(B) providing support
(A) Plasma and bone marrow cells
(C) conduction of food
(B) Plasma, white & red blood cells and
(D) conduction of water
blood platelets.
14. Which of the following tissue is composed
(C) Plasma & WBC (D) Plasma & RBC of mainly dead cells?
5. Myelin sheath is a layer covering- (A) Phloem (B) Epidermis
(A) vertebrate nerve fibre (C) Xylem (D) Endodermis
(B) vertebrate muscle fibre 15. Active divisions take place in the cells of :
(C) insect nerve fibre (A) Xylem (B) Phloem
(D) chick embryo (C) Sclerenchyma (D) Cambium
6. Adipose tissues store- 16. Match the items of :
(A) protein (B) carbohydrate Column A Column B
(C) fat droplets (D) All of the above (A) Platelets (1) attached bone
7. A protective noncellular layer found on the with muscle
outside of plant organ is- (B) Neuron (2) locomotion
(A) Epiblema (B) Velamen (C) Tendon (3) blood coagulation
(C) Cuticle (D) Cork (D) Striated muscle (4) respond to
8. Contraction and relaxation are unique stimuli
features of Which of the following is correct?
(A) Epithelial tissue (A) (a-2), (b-3), (c-4), (d-1)
(B) Connective tissue (B) (a-3), (b-4), (c-1), (d-2)
(C) Muscle tissue (C) (a-4), (b-1), (c-2), (d-3)
(D) Nervous tissue (D) (a-1), (b-2), (c-3), (d-4)

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 Cell

17. Double membrane is absent in - 27. Which organelle releases oxygen?

(A) Mitochondrion (B) Chloroplast (A) Ribosome (B) Golgi appartus
(C) Nucleus (D) Lysosome (C) Mitochondria (D) Chloroplast
18. Animal cell is limited by- 28. The term “protoplasm” to the living substance
(A) Plasma membrane present inside the cell, was given by
(B) Shell membrane (A) Robert Hooke (B) Robert Brown
(C) Cell wall (C) J.E. Purkinje (D) W.Flemming
(D) Basement membrane 29. The membrane surrounding the vacuole of
19. The network of endoplsamic reticulum is a plant cell is called
present in the - (A) Tonoplast
(A) Nucleus (B) Nucleolus (B) Plasma membrane
(C) Cytoplasm (D) Chromosomes
(C) Nuclear membrane
20. Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack
in (D) Cell wall
(A) Chromosome (B) Ribosome 30. Centriole is associated with -
(C) Lysosome (D) Endoplasmic (A) DNA synthesis (B) Reproduction
reticulum (C) Spindle formation (D) Respiration
21. The radiant energy of sunlight is converet 31. The cell organelle associated with cell
to chemical energy and stored as - secretion is
(A) AMP (B) ADP (A) Plastids (B) Mitochondria
(C) ATP (D) APP (C) Golgi apparatus (D) Nucleolus
22. An animal cell differs from a plant cell in
32. Which of the following is an inclusion ?
respect of -
(A) Mitochondrion (B) Lysosome
(A) ER (B) Cell wall
(C) Ribosomes (D) Cell membrane (C) Golgi complex (D) Starch grain
23. If the nucleus is a cell’s “control centre” 33. Which of the following is called the brain
and chloroplasts its “solar collectors”. of the cell?
Which of the following might be called the (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria
cell’s combination “food processor” and (C) Ribosomes
“garbage disposer”?
(D) Plasma membrane
(A) Lysosome (B) Ribosome
34. The common feature amongst nucleus,
(C) Golgi appartus (D) Nucleolus
chloroplast and mitochondrion is -
24. The longest cell in human body is -
(A) DNA (B) Lamellae
(A) Neuron (B) Muscle fibre
(C) Epithelial cell (D) Bone cell (C) Cristae (D) All of these
25. Identify human cells which lack nucleus - 35. Nucleus is separated from surrounding
cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope which is
(A) WBC (B) RBC
(C) Platelets (D) Nerve cells (A) Single and porous
26. The energy currency of a cell is - (B) Double and porous
(A) ADP (B) AMP (C) Single and nonporous
(C) ATP (D) CTP (D) Double and nonporous

NANCE 13
 Cell

36. Nuclear membrane disappears during 43. Which cell organelle is absent in human
mitosis at - sperm?
(A) Telophase (B) Late prophase (A) ER (B) Nucleus
(C) Anaphase (D) Early prophase (C) Centrioles (D) Mitochondria
37. The function of the nucleolus in the cell is 44. Which one of the following is common in
(A) Secretory plant and animal ?
(B) Synthesis of DNA (A) Mitochondria (B) Chloroplast
(C) Synthesis of RNA and ribosomes (C) Centriole (D) Cell wall
(D) None of these 45. Which of the following is a nonliving cell
38. Which of the following phenomena is inclusion?
commonly reffered as ‘cell drinking’? (A) Vacuoles (B) Ribosomes
(A) Exocytosis (B) Pinocytosis (C) Centrosomes (D) Golgi complex
(C) Endocytosis (D) Phagocytosis
46. Which of the following is called ‘an
39. The cell organelle taking part in organelle within an organelle’?
photorespiration is
(A) Plastid (B) Ribosome
(A) Glyoxysome
(C) Lysosome (D) Microsome
(B) Dictyosome
47. The red colour of the tomato is due to
(C) Peroxisome
(A) leucoplast (B) chromoplast
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum (C) chloroplast (D) none of these
40. Endoplasmic reticulum sometime contains-
48. The cellular structure concerned with intra
(A) Ribosomes (B) Lysosomes cellular digestion is
(C) Golgi bodies (D) None of these
(A) mitochondria (B) chloroplast
41. Which of the following help in synthesis of (C) ribosome (D) lysosome
ribosomes?
49. Power house of the cell is
(A) m-RNA (B) r-RNA
(C) t-RNA (D) DNA (A) Mitochondria (B) Ribosome
(C) Lysosome (D) Golgi body
42. The sedimentation coefficient of complete
ribosome in bacterial cell is 50. ‘Physical basis of life’ is the term used for
(A) 70S (B) 80S (A) Cytoplasm (B) Protoplasm
(C) 78S (D) 60S (C) Nucleoplasm (D) Sarcoplasm

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B A B A C C C C A
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B B C C D B D A C A
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B C A B C D C A C
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C D A A B B C B C A
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. B A A A A B B D A B

NANCE 14
 Skeleton system

Skeletal system consists of a framework framework of the trunk. Each vertebra has
of bones and a few cartilages. Bone and a central hollow portion (neural canal)
cartilage are specialised connective tissues. through which the spinal cord passes. First
In human beings, this system is made up vertebra is the atlas and it articulates with
of 206 bones and a few cartilages. It is the occipital condyles. The vertebral
grouped into two principal divisions - the column is differentiated into cervical (7),
axial and the appendicular skeleton. thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1-fused)
and coccygeal (1-fused) regions starting
Axial skeleton:- from the skull. The number of cervical
Axial skeleton comprises of 80 bones vertebrae are seven in almost all mammals
distributed along the main axis of the body. including human beings. The vertebral
The skull, vertebral column, sternum and column protects the spinal cord, supports
ribs constitute axial skeleton. The skull the head and serves as the point of
attachment for the ribs and musculature
is composed of two sets of bones cranial
of the back. Sternum is a flat bone on
and facial, that totals to 22 bones. Cranial
the ventral midline of thorax.
bones are 8 in number. They form the
hard protective outer covering, cranium. There are 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is
The facial region is made up of 14 skeletal a thin flat bone connected dorsally to
elements which form the front part of the the vertebral column and ventrally to
skull. A single U-shaped bone called hyoid the sternum. It has two articulation
is present at the base of the buccal cavity surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence
and it is also included in the skull. Each called bicephalic. First seven pairs of ribs
middle ear contains three tiny bones - are called true ribs. Dorsally, they are
Malleus, Incus and Stapes, collectively attached to the thoracic vertebrae and
called Ear Ossicles. The skull region ventrally connected to the sternum
articulates with the superior region of the with the help of hyaline cartilage. The 8th,
vertebral column with the help of two 9 th and 10 th pairs of ribs do not
occipital condyles (dicondylic skull). articulate directly with the sternum but
join the seventh rib with the help by
hyalin cartilage. These are called
vertebrochondral (false) ribs. Last 2 pairs
(11th and 12th) of ribs are not connected
ventrally and are therefore, called floating
ribs. Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
together form the rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton:-
Our vertebral column is formed by 26 The bones of the limbs along with their
serially arranged units called vertebrae and girdles constitute the appendicular
is dorsally placed. It extends from the skeleton. Each limb is made of 30
bones. The bones of the hand (fore limb)
base of the skull and constitutes the main

NANCE 15
 Skeleton system

are humerus, radius and ulna, carpals Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones.
(wrist bones - 8 in number), metacarpals Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion
(palm bones - 5 in number) and phalanges of three bones - ilium, ischium and pubis.
(digits - 14 in number) . Femur (thigh bone At the point of fusion of the above bones
- the longest bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals is a cavity called acetabulum to which
(ankle bones - 7 in number), metatarsals the thigh bone articulates. The two halves
(5 in number) and phalanges (digits - 14 of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form
in number) are the bones of the legs (hind the pubic symphysis containing fibrous
limb) . A cup shaped bone called patella cartilage.
cover the knee ventrally (knee cap).
Joints:
Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in
Joints are points of contact between
the articulation of the upper and the lower
bones, or between bones and cartilages.
limbs respectively with the axial skeleton.
Force generated by the muscles is used
Each girdle is formed of two halves. Each
to carry out movement through joints,
half of pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle
where the joint acts as a fulcrum. Joints
and a scapula . Scapula is a large triangular
have been classified into three major
flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the
thorax between the second and the seventh structural forms, namely, fibrous,
ribs. The dorsal, flat, triangular body of cartilaginous and synovial.
scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called Fibrous joints do not allow any
the spine which projects as a flat, movement. This type of joint is shown
expanded process called the acromion. by the flat skull bones which fuse end-
The clavicle articulates with this. Below to-end with the help of dense fibrous
the acromion is a depression called the
connective tissues in the form of sutures,
glenoid cavity which articulates with the
to form the cranium.
head of the humerus to form the shoulder
joint. Each clavicle is a long slender bone In cartilaginous joints, the bones
with the curvatures. This bone is commonly involved are joined together with the help
called the collar bone. of cartilages. The joint between the
adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column
is of this pattern and it permits limited
movements.
Synovial joints are characterised by the
presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity
between the articulating surfaces of the
two bones. Such an arrangement allows
considerable movement. These joints help
in locomot ion and many other
movements. Ball and socket joint
(between humerus and pectoral girdle).
Hinge joint (knee joint), Pivot joint
(between atlas and axis), Gliding joint
(between the carpals) and Saddle joint
(between carpal and metacarpal of thumb)
are some examples.

NANCE 16
 Skeleton system

HIND LIMB BONES

30 in number

FEMUR TIBIA- FOOT- Patella

Femur FIBULA BONES (1 bone)
(Longest & thickest (Two bones lie (26 bones) (One sesamoid bone,
bone or body, in shank of leg) forms knee cap)
lies in thigh) (i) Tibia is inner
(i) A rounded head & thicker.
to fit in acetabulum (ii) Fibula is
of pelvic girdle. outer & thinner.
(ii) A rod-like shaft

Tarsals Metatarsals Phallanges

RIBS (7 in number, (5 in number, (14 in number,
(12 pairs, lie in thorax) in ankle) lie in sole lie in toes,
of foot) phallangel
True ribs False ribs Floating ribs formula)
7 pairs 3 pairs 2 pairs
Sternal parts Sternal parts Sternal parts
attached attached to sternal are free
th
to the sternum parts of 7 true rib
EXERCISE

1. Pelvic girdle is present in -

GIRDLES (A) Shoulder bone (B) humerus
2 types
(C) thigh (D) None of these
Pectoral Girdles Pelvic Girdles 2. The total number of canines in the
(Two, lie in shoulders) (Two, lie in hips) permanent dental set of human is -
Each formed of two Each formed of (A) 12 (B) 8
bones : Innominate bone
(i) Scapula is a large formed by fusion of (C) 6 (D) 4
triangular shoulder 3 bones. 3. The number of floating ribs, in the human
bone. (i) Ilium
(ii) Clavicle is rod- (ii) Ischium & body, is -
like bone, also called (iii) Pubis (A) 6 pairs (B) 5 pairs
collar bone. A glenoid A cup-like acetabulum (C) 3 pairs (D) 2 pairs
cavity lies at the junction lies at the junction of
of scapula & clavicle. three bones. 4. Cranium of human contains a total of -
(A) 8 bones (B) 12 bones
LIMB BONES
(C) 14 bones (D) 20 bones
FORE LIMB BONES
30 in number
5. Which of the following components is a
Humerus Radius-ulna
part of the pectoral girdle ?
Hand-bones
(Only one, lies in (Two bones, lies in (27 bones)
upper arm) fore arm) (A) Ilium (B) Sternum
(i) A rounded head (i) Radius is inner
to fit in glenoid cavity.
(ii) A rod-like shaft
and smaller.
(ii) Ulna is outer &
(C) Acetabulum (D) Glenoid cavity
larger with a deltoid larger Carpals
ridge. (8 bones in wrist) 6. Appendicular skeleton includes all except
3 types Metacarpals
(5 bones in palm)
(A) hind limbs (B) forelimbs
Phallanges (C) vertebral column
(14 bones in fingers,
phallangel formula is
2, 3, 3, 3, 3)
(D) pectoral and pelvic girdles

NANCE 17
 Skeleton system
7. Acetabulum is present in ________ joint - 18. Where is the funny bone situated ?
(A) Hip (B) Knee (A) elbow (B) knees
(C) Elbow (D) Shoulder (C) feet (D) neck
8. The ends of two bones are connected by 19. The number of ring shaped bones in the
vertebral column is -
(A) Muscles (B) Ligaments
(C) Tendons (D) Calcified (A) 30 (B) 206 (C) 33 (D) 36
9. In man, the coccygeal bones is found in - 20. Which of the following is an example of an
immovable joint ?
(A) Skull (B) Pelvic girdle
(A) Bones in the wrist
(C) Pectoral girdle (D)Vertebral column
(B) Bones in the face
10. Total number of bones in human skull is -
(C) Bones in the upper part of the skull
(A) 26 (B) 29 (D) Bones in the shoulder
(C) 30 (D) 107 21. A person is able to sit squatting on the
11. Our chest is enclosed by - ground because of the presence of -
(A) 8 pairs of ribs (B) 10 pairs of ribs (A) ball and socket joints at knees
(C) 12 pairs of ribs (D) 14 pairs of ribs (B) ball and socket joints at hips
12. The skull is made up of - (C) sliding joints at hips
(A) 18 bones (B) 22 bones (D) immovable joints at hips
(C) 24 bones (D) 5 bones 22. Ball and socket joint is found in -
13. Bones require - (A) knee (B) shoulder
(A) calcium (B) protein (C) foot (D) elbow
(C) carbohydrate (D) fats 23. Human bones are made up of -
14. Longest bone in our body is - (A) Calcium (B) Phosphorous
(A) Tibia (B) Femur (C) Calcium & Phosphorous
(C) Radius (D) Humerus (D) Calcium & Magnesium
15. Creature which has maximum number of 24. Tendons join -
ribs is - (A) muscles to muscles
(A) snake (B) cow (B) bones to muscles
(C) man (D) dog (C) bones to bones
16. The vertebral column is composed of (D) none of the above
_______________ ring like bones - 25. Which of the following is an example of
(A) 33 (B) 37 (C) 39 (D) 43 Hinge joint ?
17. Total number of bones present in human (A) Hip joint (B) Shoulder joint
skeleton is - (C) Joints between bones of the backbone
(A) 23 (B) 206 (C) 207 (D) 205 (D) knee joint

ANSWER KEY
Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D D A D C A B D B
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C B A B A A B B C C
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. B B C B D

NANCE 18
 Life process

LIFE PROCESS- NUTRITION carbohydrates, proteins and fats make up

Living things are complex organisations of most of what we eat ; vitamins and minerals
molecules, which perform certain life are only needed in tiny amounts but are
still essential ; water makes up over half of
processes such as growth, metabolism,
the body; and fibre keeps the digestive
reproduction,etc., that distinguish them from
system working properly.
non-living matter.
There are various types of nutrients on the
Life processes are those basic functions
basis of function they perform:-
of living beings which are essential for their
survival. They are the same in all types of Energy giving foods:- Carbohydrates and
living forms whether unicellular or fats.
multicellular, plants or animals. Energy is Body building foods:- Proteins and minerals
required by all of them. salts.
Living organisms exhibit many activities Regulating foods:- Vitamins and minerals.
like:-
Mode of nutrition:- Mainly two modes
(i) Nutrition of nutrition are there on the basis of the
(ii) Respiration method of food procurement.
(iii) Transport of Material Mode of nutrition
(iv) Blood Circulation
(v) Excretion
(A) Autotrophic (B) Heterotrophic
(vi) Reproduction nutrition nutrition
(vii) Control and Coordination

Nutrition:- Nutrition is a process of Holozoic Saprophytic Parasitic Mutualistic

intake as well as utilization of nutrients by nutrition nutrition nutrition nutrition
organism in various biological activities. (A) Autotrophic (Holophytic) nutrition:-
Or (Auto = self, Trophic = food). In this mode
The whole process by which an organism of nutrition, the living organisms synthesize
obtains its food is referred to as Nutrition. their food on their own with the help of
Nutrition is the sum of all those activities photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are
which are concerned with ingestion, also called autotrophs.
digestion, absorption of digested food, Ex. Plants, Bacteria and Cyanobacteria etc.
egestion, oxidation of simple food to (B) Heterotrophic nutrition:- (Hetero =
produce energy for growth, development different, Trophic = food). In this mode of
and maintenance of living organism. A nutrition, the living organisms depend upon
nutrient is an organic or inorganic autotrophs for their food supply either
substances required for the maintenance of directly or indirectly.
life and survival of a living organism. Food
provides the body with nutrients, the Ex. All animals, fungi, many bacteria and
substances it needs to work normally. some non- green plants (insectivorous
There are seven different types of nutrients: plants) and man.

NANCE 19
 Life process

Types of heterotrophic nutrition:- Ex. Tape worm, Ascaris, Plasmodium, Liver

Depending upon the mode of obtaining flukes, Cuscuta (plant) etc.
food,  Animals which depend on the blood of other
the heterotrophic nutrition is of following animals known as sanguivores. Ex. Bedbug,
types:- Mosquito, Leech etc.
(i) Holozoic nutrition (Holo- Complete +  Some organisms take in predigested food
Zoon- animal) through their body wall by the process of
diffusion. This process of nutrition is known
 In this type of nutrition all the animals including
as osmotrophic nutrition.
humans obtain their nourishment by ingesting
Ex. Tapeworm, Trypanosoma.
the whole food through mouth or some similiar
structure by the process of ingestion. (iv) Mutualistic nutrition:- The mutualistic
 The ingested matter is subsequently ingested, nutrit ion can be defined as t he
interdependent nutrition in which each
absorbed in the body and finally egested out
organism is dependent mutually on the
of the body.
other.
Ex. All animals including vertebrates and
Ex. The lichens share mutualistic nutrition
non vertebrates.
between a fungus and a cynobacterium.
(a) Herbivores:- Animals which depend on
Nutrition in human beings
green plants are known as herbivores.
In man, the nutrients are utilized in a
Ex. Goat, Cow, Deer, Rabbit etc.
specialized digestive system. It is formed
(b) Carnivores:- Animals which eat other of two parts. Alimentary canal and digestive
animals as food are called as carnivores. glands.
Ex. Lion, Tiger etc. (A) Alimentary canal:- The alimentary canal
(c) Omnivores:- Animals which eat both is basically a long tube extending from the
plants and animals as food are known as mouth to the anus. It is differentiated into
omnivores. following parts.
Ex. Rat, Pigs, Crows, Cockroaches and (i) Mouth (ii) Buccal cavity
Humans. (iii) Pharynx (iv) Oesophagus
(ii) Saprophytic or saprotrophic (Sapro- (v) Stomach (vi) Small intestine
Rotten + Phyton - plant; Trophos- (vii) Large intestine (viii) Anus.
Feeder) Nutrition:- (i) Mouth:- It is a transverse aperture
In this type of nutrition the organisms obtain bounded by movable lips.
their food from decaying organic (ii) Buccal cavity:- It is with following
substances. Organisms are also called structures.
saprophytes or saprotrophs. (a) Tongue:- It is a thick, muscular and
Ex. Bacteria, Fungi etc. protrusible structure present on floor of
(iii) Parasitic nutrition (para- other):- This buccal cavity. It is equipped with taste
mode of nutrition is the characteristic of papillae. It helps in tasting of food, mixes
parasites. The parasites live on or inside food and saliva, and facilitates swallowing.
the body of their hosts. So, the parasites (b) Teeth:- These are present in both the
are dependent either wholly or partially on jaws of man and are embedded in the
the host for nutrition. sockets of jaw

NANCE 20
 Life process

bones. In an adult human being, there are These are of following types:
32 teeth. Part of teeth:- enamel, dentine, (i) Salivary glands:- In man, there are three
pulp. Dental formula of man I 2/2. C 1/1 pairs of salivary glands. These secrete saliva
PM 2/2 M 3/3 which contains a digestive enzyme called
(iii) Pharynx:- It is funnel- shaped part where ptyalin or Salivary amylase.
the food and air passages cross each other. (ii) Gastric glands:- Gastric glands are
It has two apertures Glottis and Gullet. present in the wall of stomach and secrete
gastric juice.
(iv) Oesophagus (food pipe):- It is long,
narrow and tubular. It passes through neck (iii) Liver:- It is lobulated and reddish- brown
and thorax and opens in stomach. It coloured largest gland of body present in
the right side of upper part of abdomen. It
conducts the food by peristalsis.
synthesize and secretes bile Juice. Gall
(v) Stomach:- It is a thick, muscular and bladder is present below the right lobe of
J-shaped sac present on the left side of liver. It store and secretes bile.
upper part of abdomen. It helps in (iv) Pancreas:- It is yellow- coloured gland
mechanical churning and chemical digestion present just behind the stomach. It secretes
of food. It also stores the food. pancreatic juice. Pancreatic duct carries
(vi) Small intestine:- It is a long (about 6 pancreatic juice to small intestine.
meter) narrow, tubular and coiled part. It (v) Intestine gland:- These lie in the wall of
is differentiated into anterior duodenum, small intestine and secrete intestinal juice.
middle jejunum and posterior ileum. It is (C) Physiology of nutrition:-
mainly concerned with completion of
(i) Ingestion:-
digestion and absorption of food.
 Man is omnivorous in feeding and is holozoic.
(vii) Large intestine:- It is shorter and wider
 Ingestion involves carrying the food to the
than small intestine. It is differentiated into
mouth with the help of hands and cutting
caecum, colon and rectum. It helps in
of food with incisors or cannies depending
formation and temporary storages of faeces.
upon the nature of food.
Caecum is vestigeal in human beings. (ii) Digestion:- In man, digestion is started in
(viii) Anus:- It lies at the base of trunk and is buccal cavity and completed in intestine.
for egestion. (a) In buccal cavity:- Here, food is chewed
with the help of premolars and molars which
increases the rate of action of salivary
amylase. Food is moistened, crushed and
partially digested in buccal cavity due to
action of salivary amylase on starch. At
the end it is rolled into a small ball or bolus.
Salivary amylase
Starch    Maltose
6.8 PH,Cl
 Isomaltose
(b) In stomach:- When food enters the
stomach it get completely churned and get
(B) Digestive glands:- These secrete digestive changed into paste like form called
juices which contain digestive enzymes. chyme.Food is mixed with gastric juice

NANCE 21
 Life process

which contains mucus, hydrochloric acid, Food is mixed with three digestive juices,
pepsin, renin and a weak lipase enzyme. bile juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal
Pepsinogen + HCl  Pepsin juice.
Pepsin Amylase
Proteins   Proteoses and Strach   Maltose
Peptones (Peptides ) Maltase
Maltose   glucose  glucose
Prorennin + HCl  Rennin Lipase
Fats  Fatty acid  Glycerol
Paracasein + Calcium  Calcium
Lactase
Paracaseinate Lactose   Glucose  Galactose
(c) In small intestine:- Sucrase
Sucrose   Glucose  Fructose
The small intestine is the site of the complete aminopeptidase
Peptides   Amino acid
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Small Intestine and Associated Glands Nutrition in Plants:-
Bile salts Liver Emulsify fats
Bicarbonate ions Neutralize stomach
The synthesis of organic compound like
acid glucose from simple inorganic compound
Trypsin, Pancreas Digest protein
chymotrypsin like CO2 & H2O by the cell of green plants
Pancreatic Pancreas Digests starch
having chlorophyll in the presence of
amylase Pancreas sunlight called photosynthesis.
Pancreatic lipase Pancreas Digests lipid 1. Chlorophyll:- These are the green pigments
Nucleases Pancreas Digest nucleic acid
present in chloroplast. They are found in
Protects duodenum leaves a maximum amount as well as in
Mucus Duodenal glands from stomach acid
and goblet cells and digestive other green aerial parts of plant. There
enzymes are six different types of chlorophyll, they
Secretin Duodenum Inhibits gastric
secretions are chlorophyll a, b, c, d, e and
Stimulates sodium bacteriochlorophyll, amongst them
bicarbonate
secretion from the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the
pancreas and bile most commonly chlorophylls.
secretion from the
liver Besides chlorophyll certain other pigments
Cholecystokinin Duodenum Inhibits gastric
secretion, are also present in plants,
stimulates
gallbladder (i) Carotenes: Orange in colour e.g. Carrot.
contraction and
pancreas secretion
(ii) Xanthophylls: Orange yellow in colour e.g.
(enzymes) Maize.
Gastric Duodenum Inhibits gastric
inhibitory motility & (iii) Phycobilins: Different colours like red,
polypeptide secretion,
stimulates
violet e.g. Blue- green algae, brown algae
gallbladder etc.
contraction
Peptidases Small intestine Digest polypeptide Raw Material of Photosynthesis:
Amylase Small intestine Digest starch
Lipase Small intestine Digests lipid (i) Carbondioxide: Terrestrial plants obtain
Sucrase Small intestine Digests sucrose carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Lactase Small intestine Digests lactose
Maltase Small intestine Digests maltose

NANCE 22
 Life process

through the small openings present on (ii) Chromoplast:- Colour other than green,
leaves called as stomata. Aquatic plants found in aerial parts of the plants.
obtain CO2 dissolved in water through their (iii) Chloroplast:- Contain green pigment,
general body surface so they perform more called as chlorophyll.
photosynthesis than terrestrial plants.
* Chloroplast was discovered by Schimper.
(ii) Water:- Plants absorb water from the soil
* Chloroplast also have variable shapes, for
by the process of osmosis. This water is
example cup shaped, ribbon shaped etc.
transported to leaves by a special type of
in algae while it is discoidal in higher plants.
tissue called as xylem.
* A typical structure of chloroplast is a
* Plants utilize carbon dioxide during
double membranous structure having two
photosynthesis, the intensity of light at which
parts.
amount of CO2 used during photosynthesis
becomes equal to the amount of CO2 (i) Grana:- It is a lamellar system consisting
released during respiration by plants is of stacks of granum lamella each bounded
called as Compensation point. by a membranous box called as
thylakoids.Thylakoids per grana is 50 or
* Compensation point occurs at low light
more. Chlorophyll molecules are found
intensity that is during morning and during
inside the thylakoid membrane where they
evening hours.
trap solar energy in the form of small energy
* Site of Photosynthesis: Site of packet called photons or quanta.
photosynthesis is different in prokaryotes
Grana are interconneted to each other by
and eukaryotes.
a channel called as stroma lamellae or Fret’s
* In prokaryotes: Photosynthesis occurs in channel.
lamellar chromatophores.
(ii) Stroma:- It is a non pigment ed
* In eukaryotes: Photosynthesis occurs in proteinaceous matrix in which grana remain
chloroplast. embedded. It contains enzymes for dark
* Exception: Fungi (It lacks chlorophyll so reaction.
no photosynthesis occurs). Mechanism of photosynthesis:-
* In higher plants chloroplast is the main site 1. The chlorophyll and other pigments in plant
of photosynthesis. absorb light energy and transform it into
* Chloroplast is also known as green plastid. chemical energy.
Plastids are of three types on the basis of 2. The overall process of photosynthesis
pigments present in them: reaction
(i) Leucoplast: - White in colour, found in Dark reaction
underground parts, lacks any coloured Light energy
pigment. Helps in storage of protein 6 CO2 + 12 H2O Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6H2O +6O2
(Aleuroplast), oil (Elaioplast), starch Light reaction
(Amyloplast)

NANCE 23
 Life process

3. The entire process of photosynthesis is  During light reaction, light energy breaksup
divided in the following two major steps or water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
reaction. and thisprocess is called photolysis of water.
(i) Light reaction (ii) Dark reaction  Oxygen is released as a by product of light
reaction occuring during photosynthesis.
 Oxygen released during photosynthesis
comes from water instead of CO2 .
(ii) Dark reaction:- In this step synthesis of
carbohydrates from carbondioxide take
place. It is not light dependent hence it is
called as dark reaction. (CO2 & H2O are
converted into Glucose).
 This reaction occurs inside stroma of
chloroplasts where light energy is not
captured.
 During this reaction, the chemical energy
formed during reaction (ATP and NADPH2)
is utilised for the fixation and conversion of
carbon dioxide into a simple carbohydrate,
that is glucose.
 The glucose molecules thus formed are further
converted by the cellular machinery into
various chemicals required by the plants.
Bacterial Photosynthesis:-
1. Certain bacteria are capable for
photosynthesis. e.g. - Chlorobium (Green
sulphur), Chromatium (Purple sulphur),
Rhodospirilium, Rhodopseudomonas
(Purple non sulphur).
2. Cyclic phtophosphorylation is an important
method in bacterial photosynthesis.
3. In bacterial photosynthesis mainly H2S is
the hydrogen donar instead of water as in
normal photosynthesis. Therefore O2 is not
lilberated in bacterial photosynthesis.
(i) Light reaction:- In this step following LIFE PROCESS- RESPIRATION
processes are included (ATP, NADPH2,
Respiration:- The process of respiration
& O2 are produced)
involves taking in oxygen (of air) into the
 This step occur inside thylakoid membranes cells, using it for releasing energy by burning
of chloroplasts to prepare chemical energy in food, and then eliminating the waste
the form of biologically useful form of energy, products (carbon dioxide and water) from
that is, ATP and NADPH2. the body.

NANCE 24
 Life process

The process of respiration can be written (2) Anaerobic respiration:-

in the form of a word equation as follows:
Incomplete breakdown of substrate in the
Food + Oxygen  Oxidation
absence of oxygen is termed as anaeorbic
Carbondioxide + Water + Energy respiration.
The process of respiration which releases
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 +
energy takes place inside the cells of the 

body. So, it is also known as cellular 56 K.cal
respiration. Anaerobic respiration is also called
Characters Photosynthesis Respiration fermentation.
without oxygen
Site It takes place in It takes place in yeast Ethanol +CO2
+ Energy
green cells of in all living
plants. beings. Glucose In cytoplasm Pyruvate without oxygen
Lactic acid
(6- carbon (3- carbon in muscle cells
molecule) + Energy
molecule)
Time It occurs during It occurs Presence of
day time throughout the oxygen in CO2 + H2O
mitochondria + Energy
life of an
organism. Respiration in Plants:
* In plant exchange of gases takes place from
Energy Stored Released leaves, stems and roots individually.
* Transfer of respiratory gases from one part
CO2 and Used up Released
H2 O to another is very less.
Food and Produced Used up * Exchange of gases in plants occurs by simple
oxygen diffusion.
Dry weight Increased Decreased
(i) Respiration in roots:-
Metabolism Anabolic process Catabolic * In young roots, the epidermal cells are
process extended to form root hair. These root hair
remain in direct contact with the air present
Respiration is actually a biochemical
in between the soil particles. The oxygen from
process which occurs in stages and requires this air enters into the root hairs by simple
many enzymes. diffusion and reaches to other cells of root
Types of respiration:- Process of for respiration.
respiration can be divided into the following * In older roots a protective layer of dead cells
is present which have tiny openings called as
two categories:
lenticles. Diffusion of oxygen takes place
(1) Aerobic Respiration:- through these pores and carbon dioxide is
It occurs with the help of O2 and is released out through the same.
responsible for complete breakdown of (ii) Respiration in stem:
substrate into CO2 and H2O. * In herbaceous plants, stem have small
openings in their epidermal cells called as
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 
 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + stomata, the oxygen from air enters through
686 K.cal stomata and carbon dioxide is released from
the same.

NANCE 25
 Life process
* In hard and woody stems of big plants and
trees, lenticles are present in place of stomata
through which exchange of gases takes place.
(iii) Respiration in leaves:
* Surface of leaves possess numerous tiny
pores called as stomata in their epidermal
cells, exchange of gases takes place through
stomata and when CO2 concentration in cell
increases stomata opens and CO2 is released
out.
ANIMALS RESPIRATORY
ORGAN
Protozoans Body surface
(Amoeba,
Euglena, Nostril (External nares):
Paramecium)
Nostril are a pair of openings at the terminal
Porifera Body surface
(Sponges) part of the nose through which air is drawn
Coelenterata Body surface into the nasal cavity.
(Hydra) Nasal chamber:
Annelida Skin
(Earthworm) A pair of nasal chambers extend from nostril
Insecta Trachea to the pharynx. The nasal cavity is divisible
(Grasshopper, into three regions. Vestibular region is the
Cockroach,
Housefly) anterior most part of the nasal cavity, bearing
Mollusca Gills hairs and oil glands. Respiratory region is the
(Snail) middle part of the nasal cavity lined by ciliated
Prawn, Fish, Gills
Tadpole epithelium and mucus secreting cells. This
Amphibians Skin, Buccal, region filters the air and checks the entry of
(Frog& Toad) cavity, Lungs dust and microbes.Olfactory region is the
Reptilia Lungs
(Lizards, Snake) posteriormost region of nasal cavity lined with
Mammalia Lungs olfactory epithelium having sense of smell .
(Cow, Man)
Pharynx:
Respiration in man:- The pharynx is a common passage for the
The major passage of human respiratory digestive and respiratory tract. It leads into
system are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx the trachea (windpipe) and oesophagus (food
and trachea. Within the lungs, the trachea pipe). Oesophagus lies dorsal to the trachea.
branches into bronchi, bronchioles and The opening of pharynx into the trachea is
finally pulmonary alveoli. called glottis while its opening into the
External nostrils  oesophagus is called gullet. While swallowing
 Nasal cavity
the food, glottis gets covered by a small leaf-
 Pharynx 
  Larynx 
 like cartilaginous flap of skin called epiglottis.
Trachea 
 Bronchi 
 The epiglottis prevents food and water from
entering into the respiratory tract.
Bronchioles 
 Alveolar sacs.

NANCE 26
 Life process

Trachea and bronchi: expiration (removal of air or carbondioxide)

Trachea is also called windpipe. It is about is called breathing. No enzymes are
11 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. It is a involved in this process.Breathing is the
long tube, originating from larynx and after process of inhaling of fresh air exhaling of
passing through the neck, it enters into the foul air with the help of two types of
thoracic cavity. Here mucus and cilia both respiratory muscles: Internal intercostal
prevent the entry of dust particles and muscles & External intercostal muscles. It
microbes. involves two steps: Inspiration and
Bronchioles and alveoli: expiration
With the lungs, each bronchus divides into
(B) Respiration:-
several bronchioles. Bronchioles divides and
(a) Gaseous exchange in lungs (External
redivide into lobular bronchioles, terminal
respiration)
bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles to
 Exchange of gases in the lungs mainly take
constitute a bronchial tree. After repeated
place by the process of diffusion.
division, each bronchiole terminates into a
 The concentration of oxygen is higher in the
swollen atrium. Each atrium bears 6 air-sacs
inhaled air than in the venous blood present
or alveoli.Alveoli are the actual site of in the alveolar capillaries.
respiratory exchange. They are the functional  Therefore, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli
units of the lungs and are often called miniature into the blood in the capillaries.
lungs.  Similarly, concentration of CO2 is more in
Lungs: the capillaries surrounding alveoli.
Human lungs are a pair of spongy, elastic,  As a result CO2 from capillaries diffuse from
bag-like organs, lying inside the thoracic the blood vessels into the alveoli.
cavity, one on either side of the heart.  This is how exchange of gases take place in
The lungs are enclosed by a double layered human beings.
membrane called pleura. Between the two Respiratory pigment haemoglobin present
pleura lies the pleural cavity which remains in red blood cells helps in transporting
filled with plerual fluid to prevent sticking of oxygen to each and every cell of the body.
the two membranes and to allow the lungs to The pigment has very high affinity for
expand. oxygen and can readily combine with it form
The left lung is smaller bearing two lobes; oxyhaemoglobin
Superior and Inferior lobes. There is a Haemoglobin + O2  Oxyhaemoglobin
depression in the left lung called the cardiac
(b) Cellular respiration (Internal
notch to accommodate the heart. Right lung
respiration)
is larger with three lobes-
 In this, there is uptake of oxygen by the cells
Superior, Middle and Inferior.
from the blood where oxidation of food
Physiology:- takes place and CO2 is released.
(A) Breathing (B) Respiration  This CO2 is released into the blood by the
(A) Breathing:- The process involving cells. This is also a part of internal respiration.
insipiration (intake of air or oxygen ) and  Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water

NANCE 27
 Life process

and therefore is mainly transported as (i) Blood Circulatory System

bicarbonates. (ii) Lymphatic System
(i) Blood Circulatory System: It includes the
CO2 + H2O   H2CO3
following:-
LIFE PROCESS- CIRCULATION (A) Blood (B) Heart
AND TRANSPORTATION (C) Blood vessels

Circulation:- The process of transporting BLOOD:-

the absorbed food,water and waste Blood is an important fluid conducting
products from one place to another in the tissue, which transport the materials to
body is called circulation. different parts of body by conduction.
Study of blood – Haematology
There are two types of circulation system
found in the animals, Process of blood – Haemopoiesis
formation
(i) Open Circulation System
Colour – Red
(ii) Closed Circulation System By weight – 7 % to 8% of body
(i) Open Circulation System:- weight
 In this, blood finally comes out of the blood By volume – 5-6 litres in male
vessels in open spaces called lacunae and and 4-5 litres in
sinuses. In arthropods and molluscs, these female
sinuses join to form a body cavity with blood Composition of Blood:-
called the haemocoel. Liquid part – matrix – plasma 55%
 There is a direct contact between the body Solid part – Blood corpuscles – 45%
cells and blood so there is direct exchange (RBC, WBC and Platelets)
of materials. Plasma:- It composes 55% of blood and
 The respiratory pigment, when present, is is pale yellow.
dissolved in the plasma of the blood. Function of Plasma:-
e.g. Arthropoda (i)
(Cockroach), Transportation of nutrients, respiratory
Echinodermata. gases, excretion of wastes and hormones
(ii) Closed Circulation System:- of endocrine glands.
(ii) It helps in temperature regulation.
 In this, blood flows in blood vessels
(iii) Prothrombin and fibrinogen plasma
(arteries, veins and capillaries.)
proteins help in blood clotting at injuries.
 Blood is always at high pressure and high
(iv) Globulins of blood plasma act as
velocity.
antibodies and provide immunity (disease
 There is no direct contact. The exchange of
resistance). Serum is plasma from which
materials between the blood and cells takes
fibrinogen is removed.
place through the tissue fluid.
Blood Corpuscles:-
e.g. Annelida (Earhworm), Fish, Frog,
1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Corpuscles,
Human beings.
RBC):-
Circulation in Human  Mammalian RBC’s are biconcave, circular
In human beings the circulatory system is and non- nucleated.
divided into two systems:  In RBC red coloured respiratory pigment /
Iron pigment, Haemoglobin is present.

NANCE 28
 Life process

 Life span of RBC in Human = 120 days. Function:-

 Life span of RBC in New Born = 100 days. Their main function is clotting of blood.
 In adult stage RBC is produced by RBM Blood Groups:-
(Red Bone Marrow).
Landsteiner discovered antigens A and B
 Process of formation of RBC is called
and blood groups (ABO systems).
Erythropoiesis.
 Decrease in RBC Count condition is called Antigen (agglutinogen) is a glycoprotein
anaemia. present on RBCs. For each antigen there
 Destruction of RBC occur in spleen, so spleen is a corresponding antibody. Thus there are
is called grave yard of RBC. two antibodies (agglutinin) a and b
 Spleen stores excess blood corpuscles so it occurring in the blood plasma.
is called Blood Bank of body.
TABLE: BLOOD GROUP:
 Camel and Lama are mammals with bicon ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY
vex, oval shaped and nucleated RBC. Blood Antigen Antibody
Function of RBCs - Transport of CO2 and group present on in plasma
O2 . RBCs
2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC):- A A b
(A) WBC are also called as leucocytes because B B a
they are colourless. AB AB None
(B) Their cells have nucleus in it.On the basis
of nucleus and nature of 0 None a, b
cytoplasm, leucocyte are of two types.
The transfusion of blood is only done when
(i) Granulocytes  (a) Acidophils,
blood group is known. These groups are
(b) Basophils (c) Neutrophils A, B, AB and O. Blood of O group is a
(ii) Agranulocytes  (a) Monocytes, universal donar. A B group is a universal
(b) Lymphocytes recipient (receiver).
Functions of WBCs:- Table: Human blood groups and transfusion
 They protect body against allergy and
BLOOD GROUP OF RECIPIENT
parasitic infection.
Blood group of Donor O A B AB
 Phagocytic in Nature, destroy bacteria and O
viruses by phagocytosis. A
 They act as scavengers and eat up damaged B
AB
and dead cells, to keep the body clean.
 Lymphocytes provide antibodies which Heart:-
provide immunity from disease causing External structure of Heart:-
pathogens.  It is situated in thoracic cavity, between the
3. Platelets: lungs slightly on the ventral surface.
 Also known as Thrombocytes.  Its triangular, superior- broad portion is tilted
sligtly towards right (dorsal)) side, its lower
 Nucleus is absent in them.
narrow portion is tilted towards left side.

NANCE 29
 Life process
 Heart is enclosed from all the sides by an (A) Left Auricle:-
envelope of two membranes called Pericardial  This chamber receives four pulmonary veins,
membrane. two from each lung from where they bring
 The narrow space in between these two oxygenated blood. They do not have any
membranes is called Pericardial cavity. valves.
 A serous fluid is present in this cavity, it is  The left auricle empties its blood into the left
called Pericardial fluid. ventricle through a passage known as the left
 The human heart is divisible into four chambers. auriculoventricular aperture guarded by Mitral
 The upper two chambers are Auricles while or Biscuspid valve.
the lower two chambers are called Ventricles.
(B) Left Ventricle:-
 In between the auricles and ventricles, a clear
groove is present which is known as Coronary  The inner surfaces of the ventricles are ridged,
sulcus. the left more so than the right. Blood leaves
 It is divided into right and left auricles, by fissure the left ventricle by the large, main artery of
called Interauricular sulcus, which is shifted the body called the Aorta.
slightly towards left.  The opening from the left ventricle into the
 Right auricular surface is bigger than left aorta is guarded by aortic valve, which consists
auricle. of three semilunar cusps.
 Ventricles have thicker wall than auricles.  Just beyond these, semilunar valves is present
 The grooves which divide the two ventricles a pair of coronary arteries which supply blood
are termed as Inter- ventricular groove or to heart itself.
sulcus, it is oblique or tilted towards right.  This blood is brought back to heart by
Functions of pericardial fluid:- coronary veins which join to form coronary
sinus.
(i) It prevents the heart from external jerks.
(C) Right Auricle:-
(ii) It provide moisture to heart.
 The right auricle has in its walls the openings
of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
and coronary sinus.
 Blood from the veins of the head, neck and
upper limbs enters the right auricle by superior
vena cava and from the rest of the body and
lower limbs by the inferior vena cava.
 The coronary sinus, which drains venous
blood from the heart muscle, also opens into
the right auricle.
 From the right auricle blood passes into the
right ventricle through a Tricuspid valve, (so
called because it has three cusps.)
Internal structure of Heart: (D) Right Ventricle:-
Internally partition between right and left  Blood leaves the right ventricle through the
auricle is known as Interauricular septum Pulmonary valve which has three semi- lunar
while partition between the two ventricles cusps and enters the Pulmonary artery.
is known as interventricular septum.  This artery further divides into right and left

NANCE 30
 Life process

pulmonary arteries entering into the two lungs In non flowering plants tracheids are the
where they further branch into pulmonary only conducting cells.
capillaries. (I) Transportation of water and minerals:-
Double circulation:-
Ascent of Sap:-
In double circulation, the blood passes
(i) Upward conduction of water from roots
twice through the heart to supply once to
to leaves through stem against force of
the body. e.g. Birds, Mammals and some
gravity is called ascent of sap.
reptiles (crocodile and alligator).
Heart beat:- (ii) The inorganic substances dissolved in
 The sino- atrial node (SA node) found in the xylem water are called sap.
wall of the right atrium is responsible to initiate (iii) Path of ascent of Sap- The path of ascent
and maintain the heart by their rhythmic and of sap in xylem (lumen of xylem and not
spontaneous contractions. the walls), though exact mechanism is not
 SA node is also known as “Pacemaker”. clear.
 Heart beat in human, 72 times in one minute. (iv) Ringing or Girdling experiement - Malpighi
Heart - Sound (1671), Stephen Hales (1731) and Hartig
(1837) proved by ringing experiment that
I- HEART II- HEART
SOUND SOUND ascent of sap occurs through xylem.
1. LUBB DUPP (v) Mechanism of ascent of Sap- Two types
of theories have been proposed for the
2. Dull; Sharp, Shorter
mechanism of ascent of sap. Vital Force
Prolonged timed
Theory and Physical Force Theory.
3. Ventricular Ventricular
Systolic Sound Diastolic Sound Mechanism of Ascent of Sap:-
4. Caused Closure Caused by Closer  The soil solution has higher water content than
of AV valves of Semilunar the cell sap of the root hair.
valves  Hence water from the soil diffuses into the
root hair.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS  The water and minerals absorbed by the root
TRANSPORTATION:- hair from the soil pass from cell to cell by
osmosis through epidermis, root cortex,
The transport of water, food, minerals,
endodermis and reach the root xylem.
blood, hormones, oxygen and other
 In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of root,
substances from one part to another part
stem and leaves are interconnected to form a
inside the body of an organism is known
continuous water conducting channels.
as transportation.
 The water moving upward forms a column,
In plants, transportation is done by a which is maintained up to a certain height due
specialized vascular system and it is present to root pressure.
in the root, stem and leaves. Root pressure:-
Vascular system is made up of two types Positive pressure is developed into xylem
of vascular tissue. sap, due to turgidity of root cells root
1. Xylem 2 Phloem pressure.During day period Cohesion force

NANCE 31
 Life process

and Transpiration pull help in the movement  Thus, according to plants requirement, the
of sap from roots to leaves. material is translocated from osmotic pressure
Transpiration:- to lower osmotic pressure areas.
 In spring sugar stored in root or stem tissue
The loss of water in the form of water
would be transported to the buds which need
vapour from the aerial parts of a plant is
energy.
known as transpiration. Transpiration mainly
occurs through stomata, but it may also LIFE PROCESS- EXCRETION
occurs through cuticle and lenticles.
EXCRETION:
Function of Transpiration:-
The process of removal of harmful
 Help in absorption and upward movement of nitrogenous metabolic wastes from the body
water. is called excretion. Animals on the basis of
 Help in temperature regulation. excretory matter are mainly divided into
following categories:
(II) Transportation of food and other
substances:- 1. Ammonotelic:- The animals in which
urinary elimination of nitrogen is mainly in
 Sugar, amino acid and other substances are the form of ammonia (NH3). Example,
translocated from site of synthesize to site of Amoeba, leech, prawn, Pila, bony fishes,
storage through the phloem.
crocodiles, etc.
 Transport of food from leaves to different
parts of plant is termed as translocation. 2. Ureotelic:- The animals in which urinary
 Translocation of food is carried out by elemination of nitrogen is mainly in the form
phloem tissue. of urea. Example: frog, all mammals
 Phloem tissue consist of four components. including human beings.
1. Seive tubes
3. Uricotelic:- The animals in which urinary
2. Companion cells excretion of nitrogen is mainly in the form
3. Phloem parenchyma of uric acid. Example: cockroach, lizards,
4. Phloem fibre snakes, birds, etc.
Mechanism of Translocation:-
4. Aminotelic:- Are those animals in which
 Translocation takes place through energy in amino acids are excreted as waste matarial.
the form of ATP.
Example: Unio, starfish.
 Sugar (food) made in leaves and loaded into
Human Excretory system:-
the seive tubes of phloem by using energy from
ATP.  Accessory excretory organs are Skin, Liver,
Lungs, Intestine.
 It increases the osmotic pressure of the seive
 The main excretory organ in human is kidney.
tubes.
 Human excretory system consist of :-
 Water now enters into sieve tubes containing
- A pair of kidneys
sugar by the process of osmosis.
 Soluble materials is then transferred from - A pair of ureters.
phloem tissue to other tissues which have less - Urinary bladder
pressure than in the phloem. - Urethra

NANCE 32
 Life process
Location and structure of kidneys:- Ureter:-
 The main excretory organ of our body are  The collecting ducts open into the Ureter.
kidneys.  Each ureter originate from interior part of
 They are dark red in colour and bean- kidney.
shaped.  The anterior part of the ureter is broad, like a
 Located on the lower part of body cavity on funnel and called Pelvis and its posterior part
both sides of Vertebral Column. is in the form of long tubule.
 Lateral surfaces of kidney are convex while Urinary Bladder:-
medial surfaces are concave.  Each ureter opens into the Urinary bladder.
 On the inner border of each kidney is a  The structure of urinary bladder is muscular
depression called Hilum / Hilus. The human sac like and pear shaped.
kidney are not located at similar positions due  Its wall is flexible, it collect urine when
to presence of liver above right kidney, so necessary by the contraction of muscle, the
that the right kidney get slightly lower position. urine is excreted through urethra.
Internal structure of kidneys: Urethra:-
 The internal structure of kidneys can be It is a muscular and tubular structure, which
divided into two parts. extends from the urinary bladder to the
 Its outer part is called Cortex and inner part outside. It carries the urine to the outside.
is called Medulla.
 Each kidney consists of about 10 lakh very
minute tubules which are called Nephrons.
 Nephron is the unit of excretion.
 A nephron consists of a long coiled tubule
differentiated into proximal Nephron, loop of
Henle and distal Nephron. The later opens
into the collecting tubule.
 At the proximal end of the nephron, a double
walled cup shaped structure is
present called Bowman’s capsule.
 It consists of netwok of capillaries called a
glomerulus.
 One end of the glomerulus is attached to renal Micturition:- Micturition is the term used
artery and the other end to the renal vein. for urination.
 In the glomerulus, blood comes in through Function of Kidney:-
afferent arteriole and blood is drained out
 Regulation of water and electrolyte balance.
through efferent arteriole.
 Regulation of acid base balance.
 Glomerulus and Bowman capsule are
 Regulation of blood pressure.
collecticvely called Malpighian body or renal
 Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign
corpuscle.
chemicals.
 The function of glomerulus is to filter the blood * The process of maintaining the right amount
passing through it.This process is called of water and proper ionic balance in the
Ultrafiltration. body is called osmoregulation.

NANCE 33
 Life process
* Urea is always formed in liver through (i) Old Leaves:- Waste products are stored
ornithine cycle. in older leaves which soon fall off.
Chemical composition of urine:- (ii) Old Xylem:- Resins, gums, tannins and
 Urine is slightly acidic liquid, light yellow in other waste products are deposited in the
colour. old xylem which soon becomes non-
 The healthy human being has 95% water, 5% functional, e.g., heart wood.
urea, uric acid and salts of phosphoric acid.
(iii) Bark:- Bark consists of dead cells which
 A young and healthy person excretes 1.5-1.8
is peeled off periodically. Tannins and other
litres urine per day.
wastes are deposited in the bark.
Artificial kidney or Haemodialysis:-
Incidentally, tannins are raw material for
Kidney dialysis also known as
dyes and inks.
haemodialysis or renal dialysis, is a medical
treatment used to remove nitrogenous (iv) Central Vacuole:- Most plant waste
waste materials from the blood of patients products are stored in central vacuole of
lacking function or kidney failure, due to their cells. They are unable to influence the
infections, injury or restricted blood flow working of cytoplasm due to presence of
to kidneys. a selectively permeable membrane called
EXCRETION IN PLANTS tonoplast.
Plants do not produce nitrogenous wastes (v) Detoxification:- The toxic oxalic acid is
like urea and uric acid because extra amino detoxified by formation of calcium oxalate
acids and nucleotides are not formed. They which gets crystallised into needles
produce other types of waste products, (raphides), prisms (prismatic crystals), stars
called secondary metabolites, e.g., (sphaeraphides) and crystal sand. Excess
alkaloids, tannins, aromatic oils. Excess of of calcium is also precipitated as calcium
water is got rid off through carbonate crystals, e.g, cystolith.
transpiration. Excess of oxygen formed (vi) Salt Glands:- They excrete excess salts
during day in photosynthetic organs can obtained from the habitat.
be considered as waste. It passes out
EXERCISE
through diffusion. The other wastes of plant
metabolism are as follows, 1. Human beings are -
(i) Nitrogenous Waste Products (A) Omnivorous (B) Herbivorous
(ii) Organic Acids (iii) Tannins (C) Carnivorous (D) Autotrophic
(iv) Latex (v) Resins 2. Gastric juice is -
(vi) Gums (A) Acidic (B) Alkaline
In saline habitats, the plants have to absorb (C) Neutral (D) Slightly alkaline
excess salts that are required to be 3. Bile is produced and secreted by -
eliminated.
(A) Gall bladder (B) Pancreas
Mechanism:-
(C) Spleen (D) Liver
Plants do not have any mechanism to
collect, transport and throw out their waste 4. The main function of intestinal villi is -
products. They have adopted varied (A) Stimulate peristalsis
strategies to protect their living cells from (B) Prevent antiperistalsis
waste products.

NANCE 34
 Life process
(C) Provide large surface area of 14. Which one does not produce any digestive
absorption enzyme?
(D) Distribute digestive enzymes uniformly. (A) Pancreas (B) Liver
(C) Stomach (D) Duodenum
5. Pepsin digests -
15. Which of the following is the best equation
(A) Protein (B) Fat representing photosynthesis ?
(C) Carbohydrate (D) Cellulose (A) energy + 6O2 + 6 H2O
6. Major function of HCl of gastric juice is - Chlorophyll
  C5HO12 + 6O2
(A) Providing acidic medium for pepsin (B) energy + CO2 + H2O
(B) Kill microoganisms
 CH2O + O2
(C) Dissolve food (C) energy + 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O
(D) Facilitate absorption of food Chlorophyll / Light
  C6H12O6 + 6H2O
7. The end product of fat digestion is - + 6 O2
(A) Glucose (B) Fatty acids (D) energy + 12 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O
(C) Amino acids (D) Alkaloids Light / chlorophyll
   C6H12O6 + 6H2O
8. The action of bile can be called - + 6 O2
(A) Oxidation (B) Emulsification 16. Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in
(C) Esterification (D) Dehydrogena-
(A) Grana (B) Stroma
tion
(C) Matrix (D) Cytoplasm
9. The process in which water is split during 17. Photosynthesis proceed in sequence of -
photosynthesis is -
(A) Dark phase and light phase
(A) Photolysis (B) Hydrolysis (B) Light phase alone
(C) Plasmolysis (D) Hemolysis
(C) Light phase and dark phase
10. Which set is mixed with the food in small
(D) Dark phase alone
intestine ?
18. In bacterial photosynthesis, the hydrogen
(A) Saliva, gastric juice, bile donor is -
(B) Gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice (A) H2O (B) H2SO4
(C) Bile, pancreatic juice, succus entericus (C) NH3 (D) H2S
(D) Bile, pancreatic juice and saliva 19. Respiration is the process in which -
11. A good source of lipase is - (A) energy is stored in the form of ADP
(A) Saliva (B) Gastric juice (B) energy is released and stored in the
(C) Bile (D) Pancreatic juice form of ATP
(C) energy is not released at all
12. Enzymes required for digestion of fat is -
(D) energy is used up
(A) Amylase (B) Trypsin
(C) Pepsin (D) Lipase 20. Which of the following is the source of
respiration -
13. Ptyalin is an enzyme present in -
(A) Stored food (B) Fats
(A) Gastric juice (B) Pancreatic juice (C) Glucose (D) Proteins
(C) Intestinal juice (D) Saliva

NANCE 35
 Life process
21. The form of energy used in respiration is - 31. In mammals the body cavity is partitioned
(A) Chemical energy into thoracic and abdominal parts by
(B) Electrical energy (A) liver (B) lungs
(C) Mechanical energy (C) ribs (D) diaphragm
(D) Radiant energy 32. Which function is not performed by lungs
22. The exchange of gases between the (A) Elimination of carbon dioxide
external air and the blood occurs in the (B) Provision of oxygen
(A) bronchus (B) bronchiole
(C) Purification of blood
(C) trachea (D) alveoli
23. Anaerobic respiration is likely to occur in (D) removal of nitrogenous waste
(A) Ants (B) Earthworms 33. The end product of anaerobic respiration
(C) Echinoderms (D) Tapeworms is -
24. How many lobes does human lungs have (A) CO2 (B) H2O
(A) 2 in left and 3 in right lungs (C) ethyl alcohol (D) A and C both
(B) 3 in left and 2 in right lungs 34. The process of respiration is concerned with
(C) 3 in each lung (A) liberation of oxygen
(D) 2 in each lung (B) liberation of nitrogen
25. Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid (C) liberation of energy
anaerobically in - (D) intake of oxygen
(A) liver (B) muscles
35. The end product of glycolysis is -
(C) brain (D) skin
26. Oxygen is transported in vertebrates as (A) pyruvic acid (B) RUBP
(A) dissolved in plasma (C) PEP (D) ATP
(B) combined with Haemoglobin 36. Respiratory site in a cell is -
(C) dissolved in cytoplasm of erythrocytes (A) chloroplast (B) ER
(D) absorbed over the RBC (C) mitochondria (D) golgi body
27. Respiration is controlled by - 37. Respiration is a process where glucose
(A) cerebrum (B) cerebellum molecules are oxidized to release energy.
(C) Medulla oblongata (D) olfactory lobe Mitochondria are cellular organelles which
carry out aerobic respiration.
28. Respiration by lungs is called as -
(A) pulmonary respiration Which one of the following sentence is
(B) cutical respiration incorrect? (NTSE-2007)
(C) bronchial respiration (A) Green plant cells respire during day
(D) cutaneous respiration time even when they are actively
29. During expiration, the diaphragm becomes undergoing photosynthesis.
(A) oblique (B) normal (B) Bacteria can not carry out aerobic
(C) flattened (D) dome- shaped respiration as they are prokaryotic cells
30. In human body, blood is oxygenated and and lack mitochondria.
purified in the - (C) Cells of dormant seeds respire.
(A) liver (B) kidneys (D) Plant cells respire even when stomata
(C) heart (D) lungs are closed.

NANCE 36
 Life process
38. Amount of which of the following 44. Tricuspid valve is present between:
components in air does not change in (A) Right atrium and ventricle
process of respiration (NTSE-2008) (B) The two atria
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbon di- oxide (C) The two ventricles
(C) Nitrogen (D) Water Vapour (D) Left atrium and ventricle
39. Given below are some statements. 45. Eustachian valve is found in :
(NTSE-2008) (A) Middle ear
(A) The oxygen dependent respiration is (B) Internal ear
called aerobic respiration. (C) Left ventricle of heart
(B) The requirement of wat er for (D) Right auricle of heart
photosynthesis is not essential. 46. Heart is covered by :
(C) Gymnosperms such as pines are the (A) Peritoneum (B) Pleural membrane
vascular plants which produce seeds
(C) Pericardium (D) Visceral membrane
but no fruits.
47. Mitral valve connects:
(D) Root hairs provide increased surface
area for gas exchange and absorption (A) Left atrium and left ventricle
of water in plants. (B) Left atrium and right ventricle
Which one of the following alternatives is (C) Right atrium and left ventricle
correct ? (D) Right atrium and right ventricle
(A) A is true, B is false 48. Which of the following has the thickest
(B) B is true, A is false walls?
(C) B is true, C is false (A) Right ventricle (B) Left ventricle
(D) D is true, A is false (C) Right auricle (D) Left auricle
40. Single heart circuit occurs in : 49. Pacemaker influences :
(A) Fishes (B) Frogs (A) Contraction of pelvis
(C) Reptiles (D) Man (B) Heartbeat rate
41. Four chambered heart is found in : (C) Flow of blood in heart
(A) Cobra (B) Tortoise (D) Contraction of heart muslces
(C) Salamander (D) Crocodile 50. The pacemaker of heart is :
42. Right atrium of mammalian heart receive (A) AV node (B) SA node
blood from: (C) SV node (D) Tricuspid valve
51. Role of pacemaker is to :
(A) Sinus venosus
(A) Increase heartbeat
(B) Pulmonary veins (B) Decrease heartbeat
(C) Precavals (D) Initiate heartbeat
(D) Pre and postcavals (D) Control blood supply to heart
43. Mitral valve in mammals guards the opening 52. Contraction of right ventricle pumps blood
between : into :
(A) Right atrium and right ventricle (A) Dorsal aorta
(B) Left atrium and left ventricle (B) Pulmonary artery
(C) Pulmonary vein
(C) Right atrium and left ventricle
(D) Coronary artery
(D) Left atrium and right ventricle

NANCE 37
 Life process

53. Pacemaker is situated in heart : (C) They are separated from soil by
(A) In the wall of right atrium permeable membrane
(B) On the interauricular septum (D) Concentration of salts in the soil is
(C) On interventicular septum high
(D) In the wall of left atrium 60. Which one of the following is connected
54. The impulse of heartbeat originates from : with transport of water in plants?
(A) SA node (A) Phloem (B) Xylem
(B) Vagus nerve (C) Epidermis (D) Cambium
(C) AV node 61. If the cut end of a tree is put in eosin
(D) Cardiac nerve solution
55. The heart of a healthy man beat normally (A) Leaves remain fresh but ascent of sap
per minute: stops
(A) 85-90 times (B) Pholem gets coloured because of
(B) 80-90 times ascent of sap
(C) 70-80 times (C) Xylem element get stained showing
(D) 60-70 times ascent of sap through them
56. Systole causes: (D) Ascent of sap stops
(A) Entry of blood into lungs 62. The principal pathways by which water is
(B) Entry of blood into heart translocated in angiosperms is :
(C) Exit of blood from heart (A) Xylem vessel system
(D) Exit of blood from ventricles (B) Xylem and phloem
57. William Harvey is known for discovery of (C) Sieve tubes members of phloem
(A) Blood circulation (D) Sieve cells of phloem
(B) Blood clotting
63. The carbohydrate synthesized in the leaves
(C) Respiration are transported through sieve tubes most
(D) Digestion commonly in the form of
58. Mammals are said t o have double (A) Glucose (B) Triose
circulation. It means: (C) Sucrose (D) Soluble starch
(A) Blood vessels are paired 64. Excretion is
(B) There are two types of blood vessels (A) Removal of substances not required
attached to every organ by body
(C) There are two systems, one from the
(B) Removal of useless substances and
heart to the lungs and back to the rest
susbstances present in excess
of the body
(C) Formation of substances having some
(D) The blood circulates twice through the
role in body
heart
59. Water will be absorbed by root hair when: (D) All the above
(A) Concentration of solutes in the cell sap 65. In mammals the urinary bladder opens into
is high (A) Uterus (B) Urethra
(B) Plant is rapidly respiring (C) Vestibule (D) Ureter

NANCE 38
 Life process
66. Malpighian corpuscles occur in (A) Urea in tadpole & ammonia in adult frog
(A) Medulla (B) Cortex (B) Ammonia in tadpole and urea in adult frog
(C) Pelvis (D) Pyramid (C) Urea in both tadpole & adult frog
67. Loops of Henle occurs in (D) Urea in tadpole and uric acid in adult frog
(A) Cortex (B) Medulla 73. Which blood vessel contains the least
(C) Pelvis (D) Ureter amount of urea
68. “Homeostasis” term was proposed by (A) Hepatic vein
(A) Claude Bernard (B) Walter cannon (B) Renal vein
(C) Marcello Malpighi(D) Henle (C) Hepatic portal vein
69. Bile pigments are formed in (D) Renal artery
(A) Liver (B) Spleen 74. Reabsorption of useful substances from
(C) Every body cells (D) A and B both glomerular filtrate occurs in
70. Excretory material are formed in (A) Collecting tube
(A) Kidney (B) Rectum (B) Loop of Henle
(C) Liver (D) Every cell in
(C) Proximal convoluted tubule
body
(D) Distal convoluted tubule
71. Diameter of the renal afferent vessel is
(A) Same as that of efferent 75. Which one is uricotelic
(B) Smaller than that of efferent (A) Frog and toads
(C) Larger than that of efferent (B) Lizards and birds
(D) There is no efferent vessel
(C) Cattle, monkey and man
72. Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated
(D) Molluscs and teleost fishes
mainly as -

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A ns. A A D C A A B B A C
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A ns. D D D B C B C D B A
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns. A D D A B B C A D D
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A ns. D D D C A C B C A A
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A ns. D D B A D C A B B B
Q. N. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A ns. C B A A C D A D A B
Q. N. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
A ns. C A C B B B B B D D
Q. N. 71 72 73 74 75
A ns. C B B C B

NANCE 39
 Control & Coordination

sensations (physical, mechanical, electrical, Brain

chemical) and transmit the same to the cell
body. Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain
 Dendrites contain Nissl granules and
neurofibrils. Olfactory Cerebrum Diencephalon Pons Cerebellum Medulla
Lobes (2) (2 Cerebral Oblongata
Types of Neurons:- hemispheres)
The neurons are of three types:
Cerebral Corpora
(i) Sensory (receptor) neurons:- Sensory organ Peduncles Quadrigemina
to CNS (1) Forebrain (Prosencephalon):-
(ii) Motor (effector) neurons :- CNS to effector (a) Cerebrum (Telencephalon):-
organ
 It is highly developed in man and constitutes
(iii) Relaying (connector) neurons:- Joins sensory
about 2/3rd of the brain.
to motor neuron
 It is divided into right and left halves. The two
Synapse: The junction between two
halves are separated by a deep median
adjacent neurons i.e. betwen the axon
groove.
ending of one neuron and dendrites of the
next.  Large bundles of nerves called corpus
Nerve impulse:- It is an electro-chemical callosum connect both halves of the cerebrum.
information (signal) passing through neuron.  The surface of the cerebrum shows many folds
Neurotransmitters or Neurohormones:- and grooves called gyri and sulci, which
Chemical substances which either transmit increase the surface area to accommodate
or inhibit the message from one neuron to large number of nerve cells.
another.Ex- Acetyl choline (Ach), GABA  Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into
4 lobes-
The Human Nervous System
(i) Anterior:- Frontal lobe for intelligence,
knowledge, abstract, reasoning, creative
ideas and memory.
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
(ii) Middle:- Parietal lobe for taste, writing,
pain, touch and pressure.
Brain Spinal cord Nerves
(iii) Lateral:- Temporal lobe for language,
Autonomic Nervous
 System
(iv)
hearing and smell.
Posterior:- Occipital lobe meant for vision.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Nervous System Nervous System

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Central Nervous System (CNS):-
CNS consits of the brain and the spinal cord.
(A) Brain
 Brain is the most important part of human
body.
 Brain is situated in a cranial box (cranium)
which is made up of bones.

NANCE 41
 Control & Coordination

(b) Diencephalon:- (B) Spinal Cord

(i) Thalamus:- It is a downward continuation of the
 They act as relay station. medulla oblongata, which lies in the
 They receive all sensory impulse from all vertebral column.
parts of the body and these impulse are Function of spinal cord-
send to the cerebral hemispheres.
(i) Spinal cord regulates and conducts the
(ii) Hypothalamus:- reflex action.
Function:- (ii) It acts as bridge between brain & organs of
(i) Thermoregulation the body.
(ii) Behaviour and emotion (iii) It also provides relay path for the impulses
(iii) Endocrine control coming from brain.
(iv) Biological clock system Reflex Actions
(v) There are centres of temperature control, “Marshal Hall” first observed the reflex
pain, hunger and thirst. actions. Reflex actions are spontaneous,
aut omat ic, involunt ary, mechanical
(2) Mid brain (Mesencephalon):- responses produced by specific stimulating
(a) Cerebral peduncles (Crura cerebri):- receptors. The path of completion of reflex
It controls the limb muscle movement. action is called “reflex arc”.
(b) Optic lobes (Corpora Quadrigemina):- A typical reflex action has the following
These mainly control vision. pathway-

(3) Hind Brain (Rhombencephalon):-

(a) Pons or Pons Varolii :-
It regulates the breathing reaction.
(b) Cerebellum:-
Function:- It is related with body balance
& posture.
(c) Medulla oblongata:
Function:-
 It controls all the involuntary activities of the
body. e.g. heart beat, respiration.
 It also concerned with some reflexes-
sneezing reflex, coughing reflex, vomiting
reflex, yawning reflex.
Cavities of brain (Ventricles):-
Human brain is hollow. Hollow part of brain 
is called ventricle. In brain, 4 ventricles are
present. Ventricles are filled with a fluid
called cerebrospinal fluid.

NANCE 42
 Control & Coordination

Examples:- (a) Sympathetic Nervous System:-

(i) Watering in mouth on sight of food SNS is related with those such visceral
(ii) Closing of eyes when flashed with strong reactions, which increase the protection of
light. body in adverse atmospheric conditions.
(iii) Withdrawal of hand when pinched with a (b) Para sympathetic Nervous System:-
needle.  PNS is related with those reactions in which
(iv) Blinking of eyelids, gut peristalsis, yawning, energy is conversed.
sneezing, coughing.  In this way, ANS controls the activities of
Peripheral Nervous System:- visceral organs double side i.e. antagonistic
to each other.
 All the nerves arising from brain and spinal
cord are included in peripheral nervous Cerebrospinal Fluid (C.S.F.):-
system.  This fluid is clear and alkaline in nature just
 PNS consists of two sets of nerve:- like lymph.
 C.S.F is present in ventricle of brain,
(A) Cranial Nerves:- subarachnoid space between arachnoid and
 Nerves arising from brain are called cranial piameter and spinal cord.
nerves.  It acts as shock absorbing medium.
 Nerves may be sensory, motor or mixed.  Broca’s area: It is motor speech area, present
 12 pairs of cranial nerves are found in in frontal lobe of cerebrum. If it get destroyed
reptiles, birds and mammals but amphibians the animal becomes unable to speak.
and fishes have only 10 pairs.  In human brain more than 100 billion neurons
are present.
(B) Spinal Nerves:-
 In mammals the speed of nerve impulse is
 Nerves arising from spinal cord.
100-130 m /sec.
 Each spinal nerve is mixed type and arises
 White matter: It is composed of medullated
from the roots of the horns of grey matter of
nerve fibres.
the spinal cord.
 Grey matter: It is composed of cytons and
 In human only 31 pairs of spinal nerves are
non medullated nerve fibres.
found.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Endocrine system: Glands made up of
 The autonomic nervous system is that part of specialised tissues called endocrine glands,
the peripheral nervous system which controls are found in our body. The special chemical
activities inside the body that are normally substances ‘hormones’ are secreted by
involuntary. these glands which catalyze and control
various biological process. These glands
 ANS plays an important role in maintaining
secrete hormones directly to the blood so
the constant environment. (Homeostasis)
these glands are also called ductless glands.
 There are the two divisions of the ANS:- These glands are located in different parts
(a) Sympathetic nervous system of our body. Our main endocrine glands are
(b) Para sympathetic Nervous system as follows,

NANCE 43
 Control & Coordination

Gland Hormone Effect (A) Tropic movements:- They are directional

Pituitary Growth Controls growth movement of curvature in which the
hormone growth
direction of movement is determined by the
Pituitary Others Controls other
endocrine direction of stimulus
glands. (i) Phototropism:- It is directional growth
Thyroid Thyroxine Controls movement of curvature which occurs in
general
response to unidirectional exposure to light.
metabolism.
Parathyroid Parathormone Controls Positive e.g. Stem
calcium level Phototropism
in blood. Negative e.g. Root
Pancreas Insulin Controls blood (ii) Geotropism:- It is directional growth
(islets of glucose level. movement of curvature which occures in
Langerhans)
Adrenal Adrenaline Causes
response to force of gravity.
excitement, Positive e.g. Root
increases Geotropism
blood pressure, Negative e.g. Stem
heartbeat & (iii) Chemotropism:- It is directional growth
respiration
rate. movement of curvature that occurs in
Testis Testosterone Promotes response to a chemical stimulus.
development e.g. - Movement of pollen tubes and fungal
of secondary hyphae.
sexual
characters in (iv) Hydrotropism:- It is a directional growth
males. movement of curvature which occurs in
Ovary Oestrogen Promotes response to unilateral stimulus of water.
development e.g. - Root of seedlings.
of secondary
sexual (v) Thigmotropism (Haptotropism):- It is
characters in directional growth movement of curvature
females. which occurs in response to stimulus of
contact.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
e.g. - Tendrils, haustoria of Cuscuta.
(B) Nastic movements:- The movement of
Plant Movements
plant parts in response to an external
stimulus in which the direction of response
is not determined by the direction of
(A) Tropic movements (B) Nastic movements
(Directional) stimulus is called Nastic movement.
(Non- directional)
(i) Nyctinasty:- Sleep movements - Due to
(i) Phototropism (i) Nyctinasty day and night.
(ii) Geotropism (ii) Thigmonasty e.g. - Daily movement of flowers, leaves,
stomata.
(iii) Chemotropism (iii) Seismonasty
(ii) Thigmonasty or Haptonasty:- The non
(iv) Thigmotropism (iv) Photonasty directional movement of plant part in
(Haptotropism) response to the touch.
e.g. - Tentacles of insectivorous plants.

NANCE 44
 Control & Coordination

(iii) Seismonasty:- The turgor changes occur EXERCISE

in thin- walled cells of pulvinous, causing 1. The two systems that regulate the activities
folding and drooping of the compound of other systems of an animal are-
leaves. (A) nervous system and muscular system
e.g.- Mimosa pudica (Touch me not plant) (B) endocrine system and respiratory
(iv) Photonasty:- The non directional system
movement of plant part in response to light. (C) nervous system and endocrine system
e.g.- Dandelion flower (D) muscular system and sense organs
Chemical Coordination in plants:- 2. In which direction does the nerve impulse
The function of control and coordination in travel once it is received by the receptor?
plants is performed by certain growth (A) Terminal branches, axon, cell body and
regulators, which are also referred to as dendrite
plant hormones or phytohormones. The (B) Dendrite, axon, cell body and terminal
phytohormone is an organic substance branches
produced naturally in plants, controlling (C) Axon, dendrite, axon, cell body and
growth and other functions at a site remote terminal branches
its place of production and active in minute (D) Cell body, axon, dendrite and terminal
amounts. branches
3. The effect of myelin sheath on an impulse is
 First plant hormone, discovered by Went
(A) to affect the speed of the incoming
was auxin.
impulse
 A phytohormone can be defined as a
(B) to moderate the speed of the incoming
chemical substance which is produced impulse
naturally in plants and is capable of
(C) to increase the speed of conduction of
translocation and regulating one or more the impulse
physiological processes.
(D) It is insulating material and has nothing
Main phytohormones are - to do with the speed of the impulse
4. At most of the synapses-
(i) Auxins (A) an electric current jumps a gap
(ii) Gibberellins Growth Promoter (B) there is contact between two neurons
(C) heat is produced
(iii) Cytokinins
(D) neurohumors or neurohormones are
released
(iv) Abscisic acid
5. Insulin and glucagon are produced in the :-
Growth inhibitor
(v) Ethylene (A) liver
(B) thyroid
(C) Islets of Langerhans present in the
pancreas
(D) spleen

NANCE 45
 Control & Coordination

6. Insulin is :- 13. The cerebellum is concerned with:-

(A) an enzyme which digests protein (A) coordination of muscular movements
(B) a hormone which helps metabolism of (B) memorization of facts
sugar (C) perception
(C) a hormone which promotes growth (D) regulation of the working of the heart
(D) an enzyme which convert invertase into and lungs
glucose 14. Reflex action in a body is not :-
7. Injecting a tadpole with thyroxine would (A) inborn
lead to :- (B) automatic and quick
(A) giant but normal tadpoles (C) protective in nature
(B) precocious metamorphosis (D) voluntary
(C) stoppage of metamorphosis 15. The number of cranial nerves is :-
(D) atrophy of gonads (A) ten pairs in man and ten pairs in a toad
8. A very high level of calcium in the blood (B) thirteen pairs in man and ten pairs in a
suggest malfunction of the :- toad
(A) parathyroid (B) thyroid (C) twelve pairs in man and ten pairs in a
(C) thymus (D) adrenal gland toad
9. Cortisone is used for the treatment of (D) twelve pairs in man and twelve pairs in
inflammation, allergy and arthritis. Which of a toad
the following endocrine glands produces 16. The following are not the functions of
cortisone- medulla of the brain:-
(A) Thyroid (B) Pancreas (A) control of voluntary actions, memory
(C) Adrenal (D) Gonads and judgement
10. Proprioceptors are:- (B) respiration and coughing
(A) meant for detecting pressure in the skin (C) circulation and heart beat
(B) for magnifying sound in the internal ear (D) swallowing and vomiting
(C) internal sense organs which occur most 17. The amount of glucose in the blood is
frequently in muscles controlled by:-
(D) for the detection of direction of waves (A) water
in fishes
(B) combined action of insulin and
11. Production of ADH, monitor of temperature adrenaline
and blood pressure, is mainly controlled
(C) adrenaline alone
by:-
(D) insulin alone
(A) cerebellum (B) cerebrum
(C) hypothalamus (D) medulla 18. Islets of Langerhans produce:-
12. Learning, abstract thinking, memory and (A) insulin and secretin
behaviour of a person are governed by:- (B) glucagon and adrenaline
(A) cerebellum (B) cerebrum (C) insulin and glucagon
(C) thalamus (D) medulla (D) ACTH and noradrenaline

NANCE 46
 Control & Coordination
19. The type of behaviour in which a substitute 27. The gland whose hormones affects the
stimulus evokes the same response as the functions of many other endocrine glands is
original stimulus is called :- (A) thyroid gland (B) pituitary gland
(A) reflex action (C) pancreas (D) parathyroid
(B) conditioned reflex action 28. The longest cell in the body of an animal is
(C) operon (A) osteocytes (B) neuron
(D) habit (C) chromatophores (D) lymph corpuscles
20. Neurohumors released by the terminal 29. Which cell stops dividing after birth?
branches of neurons are:- (A) Glial cells (B) Epithelium
(A) acetylcholine and noradrenaline (C) Liver (D) Neuron
(B) sympathin and thyroxine 30. The largest number of cell bodies of
(C) acetylcholine and cholinesterase neurons in our body is found in :-
(D) cholinesterse and noradrenaline (A) brain (B) spinal cord
21. Maximum developed cerebrum is found in (C) tongue (D) retina
(A) sharks (B) rabbit 31. Which of the following is NOT a function of
(C) man (D) whale neuron ?
22. Dorsal nerve cord is characteristic of :- (A) Receive information
(A) earthworm (B) hydra (B) Conduct a signal
(C) amoeba (D) primates (C) Form the myelin sheath
23. The conditioned reflex was discovered by :- (D) Co-ordinate metabolic activities
(A) Watson and Crick (B) Pavlov 32. Hearing is controlled by :-
(C) Morgan (D) Mendel (A) temporal lobes (B) cerebrum
24. The main portion (s) of a neuron is /are :- (C) hypothalamus (D) parietal lobe
(A) cyton with dendrites 33. Thermostat is an insturment by which one
(B) axon with or without sheath can regulate the temperature of an oven, a
(C) terminal branch heater or a refrigerator. Functionally a
(D) All of the above similar mechanism is located in the
mammalian brain in the region of the -
25. Grey matter of the brain contains:-
(A) cerebrum (B) hypothalamus
(A) cell bodies
(C) cerebellum (D) medulla oblongata
(B) cell bodies with processes
34. Spinal cord passes through:-
(C) cell bodies with processes and a large
(A) obturator foramen
number of synapses
(B) condylar canal
(D) sensory and motor nerve cells
(C) sphenopalatine foramen
26. Hypothalamus controls the following (D) foramen magnum
function of the body, excluding:-
35. A man suddenly sees a tiger. His heartbeat
(A) sleep goes up, blood pressue increases, etc.
(B) body temperature Which hormone is released at this time in
(C) osmoregulation his body:-
(A) Parathormone (B) Adrenaline
(D) analysis of stimuli received through
sense organs (C) Corticoid (D) Thyroxine

NANCE 47
 Control & Coordination
36. Receptors of pressure present in deep 41. Avena coleoptile test to find out growth
layers of skin are:- promoting hormones was performed by:-
(A) Krause’s end bulb (A) Went (B) Lysenko
(B) Meissner’s corpuscles (C) Butler (D) Borthwick
(C) Corpuscls of Ruffini 42. Which of the following effects of auxins is of
(D) Pacinian corpuscles wide application:-
37. The speed at which impulses are (A) Induction of fruit development
conducted increase with :- (B) Induction of root initiation
(A) increasing diameter of the soma (C) Prevention of abscission
(B) increasing diameter of the axon (D) All of the above
(C) increasing number of dendrites 43. Stem elongation is affected by :-
(D) increasing branching of the dendrites (A) Gibberellin and florigen
38. Reflex arc is formed :- (B) Auxin and gibberellin
(A) receptor- brain- muscles (C) Florigen and kinin
(B) muscles- spinal cord- receptor (D) Kinin and auxin
(C) receptor - spinal cord- muscles 44. Apical dominance means:
(D) muscle- brain- receptor (A) Supression of growth of apical bud by
39. In mammals, the autonomic system is axillary buds
composed of:- (B) Supression of growth of axillary buds
(A) sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves by the presence of apical bud
(B) cranial and spinal nerves (C) Stimulation of growth of axillary buds
(C) brain and spinal cord by removal of apical bud
(D) medullated and nonmedullated nerves (D) Inhibition of growth of axillary buds by
40. Which part of the donor’s eye is used for removal apical bud
grafting in order to cure certain cases of 45. Which of the following is not natural
blindness? occuring plant hormone:-
(A) Retina (B) Lens (A) 2, 4-D (B) Cytokinin
(C) Cornea (D) Iris (C) Gibbrellin (D) I.A.A

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B C D C B B A C C
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C B A D C A B C B A
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C D B D C D B B D A
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D A B D B D B C A C
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. A D B B A

NANCE 48
 Reproduction

REPRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Multiple fission:-
Reproduction is the ability of living This is the division of parent cell into several
organisms to produce new organisms of small, nearly equal sized daughter individuals.
same kind. Ex. Plasmodium
Importance of Reproduction: (ii) Budding: Process in which an outgrowth
 It is an essential life process which helps in (bud) is formed on the body of parent
survival of species. organism which then detaches and become
 It helps in maintaining continuity of the race a new organism (mostly in coelenterates).
and group immortality. Ex. Yeast, Hydra, Sponges.
Types of Reproduction:- (iii) Spore formation: A spore is a single or
There are t wo main methods of several celled reproductive structure,
reproduction in living organism detaches from the parent and give rise,
 Asexual reproduction directly or indirectly to a new individual.
 Sexual reproduction Ex. Rhizopus, Penicillium, Bacillus bacteria.
Asexual Reproduction in plants and (iv) Fragmentation:- The breaking up of the
animals:- body of a simple multicellular organism into
Definition:- Production of offsprings by a two (or more) pieces on maturing, each of
single parent without the formation and which subsequently grows to form a
fusion of gametes is called as asexual complete new organism, is called
reproduction. It is more primitive type of fragmentation.
reproduction. It ensures rapid increase in Ex. Spirogyra, Planaria & tape worm.
number.
(v) Regeneration:-Regeneration may be
(A) Characteristics: defined as the ability of an organism to
 This is the uniparental reproduction (one regenerate its lost parts of the body which
parent is involved). have been removed, as the injury or
 No formation and fusion of gametes occurs. autotomy (self-amputation of body parts,
 It involves mitosis. e.g., some lizards can break off part of the
 New organisms are produced from somatic tail).
part of parent body, e.g. Amoeba, Ex. Spirogyra, Hydra, Sponges.
Paramecium, Sponges (Scypha),
Coelenterata (Hydra, Tubularia) etc. (vi) Vegetative propagation: This is an
Types of Asexual Reproduction: Asexual asexual method of reproduction. In
reproduction takes place in the following vegetative propagation, new plants are
principle ways: obtained from the parts of old plants (like
(i) Fission: Parent organism splits to form two stems, roots and leaves), without the help of
new organisms (Binary fission) or more any reproductive organs.
multiple fission) Vegetative propagation is of two
Binary fission:- Fission of single parent cell types:-
results in the formation of two new unicellular (A) Natural vegetative propagation
organisms. Hence, it is called binary fission. (B) Artificial Vegetative propagation
Ex. Euglena, Amoeba

NANCE 49
 Reproduction
(A) Natural vegetative propagation:  Cells or tissue which isolated from the growing
 By leaves: Leaves of some plants produce tip of plant called explant.
adventitious buds on their margin. Thus buds  The explant develops into undifferentiated
develop into new plants e.g. Bryophyllum, mass of cell called callus in the proper culture
Kalanchoe. medium.
 By stem: In many plant, underground stems  The callus is transferred to another medium
produce aerial shoots annually under containing hormones for growth and
favourable condition. e.g. Potato, Ginger, differentiation, that forms plantlet.
Onion, Grass.  The plantlets are tansplanted into pot or soil
 By roots: Roots produce adventitious buds to form mature plant.
which develops into new plants. e.g. sweet  This technique is known as micropropagation.
potato. e.g. Orchids, Chrysanthemum, Asparagus.
(B) Artificial vegetative propagation : Advantages of Vegetative Propagation:
(i) Cutting:- A small part of a plant which is
removed by making a cut with a sharp knife  It is a rapid, cheap and easy method of
is cutting. Cutting can be treated with reproduction for the multiplication of plants.
Auxins then put in soil. Cutting develops  Disease free plants can be produced.
roots and grows into a new plant.  Superior qualilty fruits or flowers can be
e.g. Rose, Sugarcane, Potato, Cactus. produced by grafting.
(ii) Grafting:- Grafting is a method in which  Generally identical plants are produced.
the cut stems of two different plants (one  Important Points:-
with roots and other without roots) are  In fission the organism have lost their
joined together in such a way that the two parental identity while in budding they have
stems join and grow as a single plant. maintained their identity.
The plant of which roots remain in the soil  Grafting is not possible in monocot plants.
is called as stock. Cutting part of a plant  Cambium activity is essential for the union
that is grafted on the other plant is called of stock and scion.
scion. Cambium of stock and scion should
be in direct contact.  Tissue culture is also called micro
E.g. Mango, Apple, Lemon, Rubber, Pear, propagation because a large number of
Guava. plants are formed form a small tissue.
 Virus free plants are produced by
(iii) Layering : In this method, a branch of the micropropogation.
plant in pulled towards the ground and a Sexual Reproduction in Plants:-
part of it is covered with moist soil leaving
the tip of branch exposed above the Sexual reproduction takes place through the
ground. After some time, new roots develop agency of flowers in angiosperm.
from the part of the branch burried in the A typical flower has four whorls arranged
soil. The branch is then cut off from the on the thalamus.
parent plant. The part of the branch which Non essential organs :-
has developed roots grow to become a 1. Calyx 2. Corolla
new plant.
Essential organs:-
 Layering is of two types : 1. Androecium 2. Gynoecium
(a) Mould or Soil layering Bisexual Flower:- When the male and
(b) Air layering
female reproductive parts present in the
Example : Jasmine Plant same flower are called bisexual flower.
(iv) Tissue culture or micropropagation: e.g. Hibiscus, Mustard.

NANCE 50
 Reproduction

Unisexual flower:- When the male and Antipodal cell and synergids
female reproductive parts are present in become degenerate May be
different flowers. Triploid nucleus Endosperm consumed
Embryo by embryo
Ex. Papaya, Date palm, Mulberry, Gourd, Fertilize egg
Ovule
Integuments Seed coat Seed
Water melon.
Funiculus Stalk of the
 The male gamete is produced by stamens seed
within the pollen grain.
Parthenogenesis:-
 Each pollen grain produces two male
In Parthenogenesis the unfertilised egg is
gametes.
stimulated to undergo development. The
 The female gamete is produced within the organism produced by parthenogenesis is
ovule. generally haploid.
Pollination:- Ex. invertebrates, ants, beer, wasps
Process in which pollen grains are
transferred from the ripe anther to the
stigma. It is of two types:
Transfer of pollen from one flower to
another is achieved by agents like wind,
water or animals.
Fertilization:-
 Fertilization is the process of fusion of the
male and female gametes, which takes
place in the embryo sac present in the
ovule.
 After pollination, pollen grains germinate on
the stigma by producing pollen tube.
 The nucleus in the pollen tube divides into Reproduction in animals:-
two male gametes. Sexual reproduction: In this type of
 It penetrates the stigma and passes through reproduction formation and fusion of
the style and enters the ovule through gametes occur.
micropyle. (A) Characteristics:-
 It releases two male gametes in embryo sac.  This reproduction invloves two parents so it
is biparental reproduction.
 One male gamete fuses with egg cell and
 It invloves formation and fusion of gametes.
second fuses with the two polar nuclei.
 In it meiosis occurs during gametogenesis
 One male gamete + Egg cell 
Syngamy
 Zygote and mitosis occurs after zygote formation.
Ex. Human beings, birds etc.
 Second male gamete + Two polar nuclei
Triplefusion
Basic process of Reproduction:
  Triploid nucleus (Primary (A) Gametogenesis: It is the process of
Endosperm Nucleus) formation of haploid male gamete (sperm)
 Syngamy + Triple fusion = Double fertilization and female gamete (ovum). Sperm

NANCE 51
 Reproduction
production occurs in testis and ovum Inside testes seminiferous tubules are
production occurs in ovary. present which give rise to sperms. Millions
(B) Fertilization: This fusion of haploid of sperms are produced by the testes.
gametes i.e. sperm and ovum to form Sperms are very small in size, each has a
diploid zygote is called as fertilization. This head, a middle piece and a tail. Sperm is
is the diploid phase. single cell structure.
(C) Embryogenesis: Zygote undergoes mitosis (ii) Epidymis:- This is an elongated, flattened
and form embryo which develops into the structure formed of six meter long highly
foetus. coiled tube.
(D) Parturition: Birth of developed young one (iii) Vasa deferentia:- It is a long (about 30
is called as parturition. cm), narrow, muscular tube which meets
Types of Animal on the basis of with ejaculatory duct of seminal vesicle
presence of sex organs: (forms 60 % semen), prostrate gland (form
30% semen) and Cowper’s gland after
Unisexual Animals:- uniting with urinary duct to form urinogenital
These are also called as dioecious animals canal.
in which male and female sexes remain
(iv) Penis:- It is a cylindrical, erectile and
separate. e.g. Human beings.
copulatory organ, which forms the external
Bisexual Animals:- genitalia of male.
These are also called as monoecious It is the copulatory organ of males.
animals in which male and female sex
Female Reproductive System:-
organs are present in single body e.g.
Earthworm. It includes the following organs:
Types of Fertilization: (i) Ovaries:- These are one pair, small,
primary female sex organs,involved in
This can be of two types:
formation of ovum.
(i) External Fertilization: In this process
(ii) Fallopian tubes:- These are one pair long
fusion of gametes occurs outside the female
(about 12 cm.) tubes, ciliated and muscular.
body. A layer of jelly holds the eggs
It conducts ovum from ovary to uterus.
together and provides protection to the
eggs e.g. Frogs etc. (iii) Uterus:- It is a large,hollow, muscular, pear
shaped organ. It is the site of foetal growth
(ii) Internal Fertilization: In this process
during pregnancy and takes part in placenta
fertilization occurs inside the female body
formation. It has a broad main body and a
e.g. Human beings etc.
narrow cervix.
Human Reproductive System:-
1. Male Reproductive System: (iv) Vagina:- It is a long (about 7.5 cm)
This system is concerned with sperm muscular tube extends backward in front of
formation. It is formed of following organs. rectum from cervix to vestibule. It acts as a
copulation canal and birth canal.
(i) Testes:- One pair, oval and pinkish
structures which are primary sex organs as (v) Vulva:- It forms the external genitalia of
formation of sperms occurs in them. females.
Testes are present in thin walled scrotal as Gamete Formation:-
here temperature is 2°C lower than body Primary sex organs produce male and
temperature. female gemetes.

NANCE 52
 Reproduction
 In males the germ cells of inner layer of Parturition:-
seminiferous tubules undergo meiosis to It is the expelling of the fully formed young
form haploid sperms. one from the mother’s uterus after the
 In females germ cells of lining of ovary gestation period.
undergo meiosis to form haploid ovum.  The developing foetus secretes hormones
FERTILIZATION from it’s adrenal gland which stimulate the
The first step in the process of reproduction release of birth hormone mother’s pituitary
is the fusion of a sperm and an ovum. When and it causes labour pains which pushes the
sperms come in contact with an egg, one of body out of uterus through vagina.
the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such
 After birth umbilical cord is tied and then cut
fusion of the egg and the sperm is called
which finally shrinks into a scar called navel.
fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the
egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This The animals which give birth to young ones
results in the formation of a fertilized egg or are called viviparous e.g., human dog, cat
zygote. etc.
Formation of baby inside the womb:- The animals which lay eggs are called
 By copulation sperms transferred to female oviparous e.g., Frog, Fish etc.
vagina. Young ones to adults:
 Sperms fuse ovum to form diploid zygote this The transformation of the larva into an adult
is called as fertilization. through drastic changes is called
 Zygote start mitotic division to form metamorphosis.
multicellular embryo by cleavage. Silkworm egg.  larva or caterpillar
 After cleavage zygote forms a single layered  pupa  adult
hollow spherical stage called as blastula. Frog egg  tadpole larva  adult
 Now from the surface of blastula organ
Test tube baby or in vitro fertilisation
specific areas migrate to their predetermined
positons and form a three layered stage called (IVF) :
as gastrula stage. Test tube baby is the main achievement of
 Now three primary germ layers form specific biotechnology in human welfare. The most
organ syst ems. This is called as important human aspect of this technique is
morphogenesis and differentiation. that the ladies deprived of children become
Placenta:- capable of being pregnant. In this technique,
It is a physiological barrier and an ultrafilter the ovum is obtained from the body of the
between the foetal blood and the maternal female and is fertilized by the sperm of the
blood. male, under controlled conditions. This
 Basic structure of baby is generally formed whole process is completed outside the
during the first three months of pregnancy. body of the female, in the laboratory. If the
During that period developing baby is called egg cell or ovum is correctly fertilized and
as foetus. Pregnancy is mainly maintained by the process of cleavage starts in the
progesterone hormone so called as pregnancy fertilized egg, then it is transplanted into the
hormone. uterus of the female, where it undergoes
 Gestation peroid: The period from the normal development. Test tube baby is a
fertilization to the birth of baby is called as baby obtained by normal development in
gestation period.It is 280 days in human uterus of the female but after in- vitro
female. fertilization in the lab. The first test tube

NANCE 53
 Reproduction
baby of the world, Louise Joy Brown was 4. How many cleavages occur for the
born on 25th July, 1978 in Britain. The first formation of 32 blastomeres?
test tube baby of India “Harsha” was born (A) Six (B) Five
in 1986.
(C) Four (D) Three
Story of Dolly :
5. Middle piece of mammalian sperm contains
Cloning is the production of an exact copy
(A) nucleus (B) centriole
of a cell, any other living part, or a complete
(C) mitochondria (D) vacuole
organism. Cloning of an animal was
successfuly performed for the first time by 6. During a women’s life time she produce
Lan Wilmut and his colleagus at the Roslin about
Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. They (A) 416 eggs (B) 4000 eggs
successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. (C) 365 eggs (D) 40 eggs
Dolly was born on 5th July 1996 and was 7. If mamallian ovum fails to get fertilized,
the first mammal to be cloned. Dolly was which one of the following is unlikely?
given birth by Scottish blackface ewe, it
(A) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
was found to be absolutley identical to the
Finn Dorestt sheep from which the nucleus (B) Estrogen secretion further decreases
was taken. Since the nucleus from the egg (C) Primary follicle starts developing
of the Scottish blackface ewe was (D) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
removed, Dolly did not show any character 8. The testes in human are normally present in
of the Scottish blackface ewe. Dolly was a
(A) scrotum (B) abdomen
healthy clone of the Finn Dorestt sheep and
(C) marsupium (D) none of these
produced several offspring of her own
through normal sexual means. 9. In fishes fertilization is
Unfortunately, Dolly died on 14th February (A) external (B) internal
2003 due to a certain lung disease. (C) both of above (D) none of above
EXERCISE 10. Fertilization is
(A) formation of sperms
1. In a fertile human, on which day of (B) formation of ovum
menstrual cycle does ovulation takes place? (C) fusion of sperm with ovum
(A) Day 1 (B) Day 10 (D) none of the above
(C) Day 15 (D) Day 19 11. Vegetative Propagation in Bryophyllum
2. In most mammals, testes are located in takes place by:-
scrotal sacs for (A) stem (B) leaf
(A) sex differentiation (C) root (D) none of these
(B) sperm development in cooler condition 12. The group of petals is called:-
(C) independent functioning of kidneys (A) sepals (B) calyx
(D) more space to visceral organs (C) root (D) None of these
3. How many days after ovulation, fertilized 13. During grafting, the portion of plant that is
ovum in human is implanted on the uterus? grafted is called:-
(A) 1 Day (B) 7 Days (A) stock (B) scion
(C) 10 Days (D) 14 Days (C) stalk (D) stem

NANCE 54
 Reproduction
14. In roses, the method commonly used to 22. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to
produce new plants is:- stigma is termed:-
(A) tissue culture (B) cutting (A) ovulation
(C) layering (D) None of these (B) double fertilization
15. Pollen grains are produced by:- (C) pollination
(A) ovary (B) anther (D) fertilization
(C) stigma (D) petal 23. Fertilization in plants occurs in the :-
16. Which one is applicable to insect pollinated (A) embryo sac
flowers:
(B) style
(A) Flowers are very small produced in
large quantities. (C) pollen tube

(B) Flowers are not prominent and without (D) stigma

nectar. 24. Stem cutting are commonly used for
(C) Flowers are conspicuous and scented propagation in:-
having nectar. (A) mango
(D) None of these (B) jasmine
17. The group of sepals is called:- (C) cotton
(A) gynoecium (B) calyx (D) sugarcane
(C) corolla (D) androecium
25. Vegetative reproduction in plants like citrus,
18. Maize is :- jasmine and grapevine is done by the
(A) self pollinated process of:-
(B) cross pollinated by rain
(A) stem layering
(C) cross pollinated by insects
(B) stem cutting
(D) cross pollinated by wind
(C) stem grafting
19. Which of the following produces male
gametes in a flowers:- (D) none of these
(A) sepals (B) petals 26. If the pollen is transferred to the stigma of
(C) carpels (D) stamens the same flower, it is termed:-
20. During pollination, pollen grains get carried (A) allogamy
to which part of the carpel? (B) geitnogamy
(A) Ovary (B) Stigma (C) autogamy
(C) Ovule (D) Style
(D) all of these
21. At the time of entering into ovule, pollen
27. Which part of the flower forms the fruit?
tube has:-
(A) Whole flower
(A) three male nuclei
(B) Only stamens and carpel
(B) two male nuclei
(C) one gamete nucleus (C) Only ovary
(D) four male gamets (D) Only carpel

NANCE 55
 Reproduction
28. In angiosperm after the fertilization 33. Female sex hormone is
endosperm become:- (A) oestrogen (B) ADH
(A) Haploid (C) insulin (D) adrenaline
(B) Diploid 34. In mammals, fertilization takes place in -
(C) Triploid (NTSE-2007)
(D) Tetraploid (A) Ovary (B) Fallopian tube
(C) Uterus (D) Vagina
29. After fertilization ovule grows into :-
35. Embryo testing is banned because it has
(A) seed (B) fruit changed- (NTSE-2007)
(C) placenta (D) None (A) sex ratio
30. Which is not a part of carpel:- (B) Population density
(A) Stigma (B) Ovary (C) Birth rate
(C) Anther (D) Style (D) Death rate
36. Asexual reproduction in plants is important
31. Which is a part of stamen:-
for the following reasons(NTSE-2008 )
(A) Stigma (B) Filament
(A) Flowers are produced
(C) Style (D) None
(B) Plants can rapidly colonize new areas
32. Asexual reproduction by budding is (C) Reproduction takes less energy
common in (D) Self- pollination can occur
(A) Hydra Which one of the following alternatives is
(B) Planaria correct?
(C) Paramoecium (A) A, B (B) C, D
(C) B, C (D) A, D
(D) Plasmodium

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B B B B A D A C C
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D B B B C B D D B
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B C A D A C C C A C
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ans. B A A B A C

“Time lost can never be regained, so don’t wait for

tomorrow for what you want to do today”

NANCE 56
 Crop Production

Introduction: 1. Agriculture:- Agre- Field. Culture-

Food is the combination of various organic Cultivation
and inorganic substances which is capable  It is the applied biological science which deal
of providing, with the production of plants and raising of
 Energy for the various metabolic activities. livestock for human use is called agriculture.
 Materials for repair / replacement of  Involving soil cultivation.
worn- out tissues in the body.  Crop Farming.
 Materials for growth & reproduction.  Breeding and managment of crop and live
 Regulatory substances, body secretions and stock.
metabolic activities, etc. Modern agriculture :
Sources of Food: Modern agriculture is a combined effort of
Classification of Crop Plants art, science and technology to provide
food, cloth and shelter to increasing human
Type of Examples Importance
crop
population, for improving the efficiency of the
plant agriculture process and contribute to
1. Cereals Wheat, Rice, Maize, Rich in increased output. These are as follows.
Minor millets, carbohydrates for
Sorghum energy  Tools and machines are made and used.
requirements  Building of dams and canals for irrigation.
2. Pulses Gram (Chana), Pea Rich in proteins
(Mater), Black gram that are body  Development of new pest resistant and high
(Moong), Pigeon builders. yielding variety.
pea (Arhar), Lentil
(Masoor) etc
 Used fertilizer and pesticides for nutrition and
3. Oil Soyabean, Rich in oils and protection of crop.
seed Groundnut fatty acids Crop:-
crops Sunflower, Niger, Plants of same kind are grown and cultivated
Sesamum, Castor,
Mustard, Linseed. at one place on a large scale known as crop.
4. Root Turnip, Carrot, These are utilized Different types of crop require different
crops Turmeric, Sweet as the vegetables climatic conditions. Crops are divided into
potato & Ginger & medicines
5. Sugar Sugarcane and Beet Important for wine
two groups based on growing season.
crops industry Kharif crop :
6. Fibre Jute & Cotton Important for jute Sowing starts in summer or rainy season.
crops & cotton industry.
They are sown in June -July
7. Tea, Coffee, also called as cash Ex.- Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Jowar
Plantation Coconut and Rubber crops.
crops
Rabi crop :
8. Fodder Maize, Sorghum and Provide fodder for Sowing starts in winter season
crops Elephant grass. animals They are sown in October-November
9. Apple, Banana, Provide vitamims, Ex.- Wheat, Barley, Gram, Pea
Horticult Pomegranate, Pear, minerals along Agricultural implements :
ure crops Chilly, Coriander, with small The tools which are used in cultivation of
(Fruits Carrot, Raddish, quantities of
and Cabbage, carbohydrates, plants are known as agricultural implements.
vegetabes Cauliflower, proteins and oils. Some of these tools are used manually
) Spinach etc. whereas others are used with the help of some

NANCE 57
 Crop Production

animals like bullocks and camels. Advantages of levelling :

Now a days tractors and combine harvesters  Uniform distribution of water and manure.
help the farmers in their work.  Prevent the loose soil from being eroded by
Agriculture practices:- water or air.
(1) Soil preparation:- (c) Manuring:- Farmers have to add manure to
(a) Ploughing - by plough the field to replenish the soil nutrient process
(b) Levelling - by leveller. known as manuring.
(c) Manuring Manure or organic manure :
(2) Sowing (3) Irrigation Organic substances are obtained from the
(4) Weeding (5) Harvesting decomposition of plant and animal wastes,
(6) Threshing (7) Winnowing which added to soil in order to increase soil
(8) Storage. fertility, aeration and water holding capacity.
(1) Soil preparation: Types of manure :
(a) Ploughing or Tilling - Process of loosening and
(i) Farm yard manure : Consist of cattle dung,
turning of the soil is called ploughing or tilling farm refuse, fallen leaves and wings.
done by plough.
(ii) Compost : Consist of rotten vegetable, sewage
Advantages of ploughing:- and sludge and animal refuse.
 It allows good root penetration so the plant is (iii) Green manure : These are fast growing
held firmly to the soil. herbaceous crops which are ploughed down and
 It allows mixing of manure and fertilizer more mixed with the soil, while still green.
uniformly. Advantages of manure :
 Roots are able to breathe more easily.  Increase organic matter in soil and have low
 Loosened soil promotes growth of worms and cost.
microbes which help to maintain the fertility  Reduced soil erosion.
of soil.
 Increase soil fertility, water holding capacity
 Seeds are also able to germinate more easily.
and aeration.
Plough:- This is made of wood or iron and  Improve the texture of soil.
is drawn by a pair of bulls.It contains triangular  Increase the number of friendly microbes.
iron strip called ploughshare and main part of
Disadvantages of manure :
the plough is a long of wood called ploughshaft.
One end of the shaft is handle and other end  They have low amount of nutrient.
is attached to a beam which is placed on the  Manure are bulky and not easy to be
bulls necks. absorbed.
Hoe:- This is used for removing weeds and Fertilizer :
for loosening the soil. It has a long rod or These are commerically manufactured
wood or iron. A strong, broad and bent plate inorganic salts containing one or more essential
of iron is fixed to one of its ends and work plant nutrients like N, P, K, which are used to
like a blade. It is pulled by animals. increase soil fertility.
Cultivator:- Ploughing is done by tractor Advantages of fertilizers :
cultivator. The use of cultivator saves labour  They are nutrient specific and require in small
and time. amount.
(b) Levelling:- Soil is levelled with wooden  They are water soluble and absorbed by the
planks or iron leveller process called levelling. plant easily.

NANCE 58
 Crop Production

Disadvantages of fertilizers:- Sowing can be done by :

Fertilizers can change the chemical (i) Broad casting:- Seeds are scattered by hand
composition of soil and cause water pollution or manually.
(eutrophication). (ii) Traditional tool:- The tool used traditionally
Differences between manure and fertilizer:- for sowing seeds is shaped like a funnel. The
Manure Fertilizer seeds are filled into the funnel, passed down
through two or three pipes having sharp ends.
Organic substances obtain Artificial inorganic These ends pierce into the soil and place
by the decomposition of salts. seeds there.
plant and animal waste. (iii) Seed drill- The other method is to use a seed
drill. A simple seed drill consists of an iron
They are rich in organic They are rich in tube with a funnel at the top attached to t h e
nutrient not rich in (N.P.K.) nitrogen plough. Seeds are introduced into the funnel
(N.P.K.). phosphorus and opening and then released into the soil furrows
potassium made by a plough. By this method seeds are
sown at the correct depth and interval. It
They are not nutrient They are nutrient
saves time and labour also.
specific specific.
They are not soluble in They are soluble in Precaution during sowing seed.
water so slowly absorbed water and quickly  Use good quality, healthy and disease free
by plants. absorbed seeds.
They are not harmful to They are harmful to
 Distance should be proper.
the environment. the environment.  Should be enough water in the soil.
Transplantation :
They have nutrients in They have higher There are certain crops like paddy and some
small quantity so needed amount of nutrients vegetables for which seeds are not directly
in large quantity. so required in very sown in the field. They are first germinated in
small quantity. nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred
to the main field. This process is known as
transplantation.
They are bulky substances They are in
Irrigation :
so difficult to store and concentrated form
transport and easy to Supply of water to crop at different intervals
is called irrigation. Sources of irrigation:- Well,
transport and
tube well, ponds, lakes, river, canal and dams.
storing.
Methods of irrigation :
They are prepared in field They are prepared Traditional methods -
in factories. (i) Moat (pulley system)
(ii) Chain pump
Sowing : (iii) Dhekli
Process by which seeds are sown in the soil (iv) Rahat (lever system)
known as sowing. Before sowing good quality  These are cheaper and less efficient methods.
(healthy and good variety) seeds are selected.
 Cattle and human labour is used.

NANCE 59
 Crop Production

Modern methods of irrigation : (a) Mechanical control- It can be done by

(i) Sprinkler system:- ploughing, burning and cutting of weeds
 Useful for sandy soil and uneven land. before they produce flower and seeds.
 Efficient system in the canal irrigated area of (b) Chemical control- By Spraying weedicides.
Haryana, Rajasthan, M.P. (c) Biological control- By living organisms to
 Spread water uniformly over plant and field. destroy weeds. Cassia plant prevents the
 In this system the perpendicular pipes having growth of Parthenium weed. Herbivorous fish
rotating nozzles on top, are joined to main (Carps) feed on aquatic weeds (Hydrilla).
line at regular intervals. Cochineal insect used to remove opuntia.
Advantage :
(ii) Drip system:-Boon in poor water region.
 It does not cause pollution.
 Provide water to plants drop by drop at the
root.  Organisms are harmless to the main crop.
 Water is not wasted at all. Pest- Organisms which damage or destroy
cultivated plants or plant product. Ex. Insect,
 Best irrigation technique for fruit crop, garden
Rats, Mites, Weeds, Fungi etc. Pathogen-
and trees.
Disease causing organism. Ex. Bacteria, Fungi
Advantages of irrigation :
and Virus etc.
 Maintain the moisture of soil.
Weeds- Undersirable plant grow naturally.
 Nutrient dissolved in water get transported
Ex. Parthenium.
to each part of plant.
Pesticides or Biocides :
Disadvantages of Excessive or Untimely
Chemical substances which are used to kill,
Irrigation:-
control or repel pest.
All crop plants require water at different stages
of their development. Plants require the right Disadvantages of using pesticide :
amount of water at the right time. Spray can affect wild life in a particular area.
 Excess of water (waterlogging) in the soil They can enter the food chain. Water pollution.
inhibits the process of germination of the seeds Preventive measures avoiding use of pesticides -
as the seeds do not get sufficient air to respire.  Crop rotation and multiple cropping.
 Roots do not grow well if t here is  Use of pest and disease resistant hybrid
waterlogging in the field. varieties of crop plant.
 If the crop is irrigated when fully mature, it  Sowing healthy seeds and summer ploughing.
gets damaged. The plants, which are unable  Selection of optimum time of cropping.
to resist the strong winds, fall down affecting
Harvesting:- The cutting of crop after its
the yield. The falling down of the crop due to
maturation called Harvesting, can done
untimely irrigation is termed as lodging. The
manually by sickle or by a machine called
excess from the field then has to be drained
harvester.
of immediately.
Threshing:- The process of beating out the
Crop protection management :
grain from the crop is called threshing. A
It includes eradication of pests, pathogens,
combine machine can harvest and thresh.
weeds and other organisms that is harmful to
Winnowing:- The process of separating the
the crop plants.
chaff from the grain is called winnowing.
Weeding :
Removal of weeds or desirable plants is called Storage:- There are two types of food
weeding. materials perishable and non- perishable.

NANCE 60
 Crop Production

1. Perishable food materials:- Perishable Cold storage :

food materials are those which get spoiled This method is used for storage of perishable
easily when kept for sometime at room food materials. These food material have very
temperature. For example, vegetables, fruits, short shelf- life so that these are usually stored
fish, meat and milk. at low temperature. Icebox or refrigerator is
2. Non- perishable food materials:- Non- used at home to store fruits, vegetables, milk,
perishable food materials are those which do milk products, fish etc. On commercial
scale, the perishable food materials are stored
not get spoiled even kept for a long time at
in either a deep freezer or a cold storage.
room temperature. For example, wheat flour,
Advantages of Food Storage :
food, grains, spices and sugar.
 It prevents the food from being spoiled by
Mode of storage :
the action of enzymes and microorganisms.
There are two different modes of storage: dry
 It increases the storage period of food
storage and cold storage. materials.
Dry storage :  It helps in the availability of season fruits and
 This method is used for storage of non- vegetables round the year.
perishable food materials, Foodgrains are  It makes the transportation of food materials
dried in the sun to bring down the moisture easier.
content below 14% weight to prevent the  It helps to maintain prices in the market.
attack by pests. The dried foodgrains are then  It helps in maintaining buffer stock to meet
weighed, packed in gunny bags and any emergency in the country.
transferred to properly ventilated halls called
godowns or granaries. Precautions :
The gunny bags in the godown should be kept  They should be safe from moisture insect, rats,
about 60 to 70 cm away from the walls and and microorganism.
on wooden platforms about 10 to 15 cm  Grains are properly dried in the sun.
above the ground. The godown must be kept  Store grains in jute bags or metallic bins.
pests free by spraying various pesticides from  Store in silos, granaries and godown with
time to time.Farmers store foodgrains for their chemical treatment.
personal use in metal bins. Dried neem  Dried neem leaves are used for storing food
leaves are added in the bin to prevent pest grains.
infestation. Cropping patterns :
 Grain silor are specially designed tall Different ways of growing crops can be used
cylindrical structures for bulk storage of to give maximum benefit.
foodgrains. These silor can store different (a) Mixed cropping- Growing two or more types
of crop on same field. Products and wastes
stocks of foodgrains at different levels. The
from one crop can stimulate the growth of
required foodgrain can be taken out from the
other crop in it.
openings provided in the silor.
Ex. Wheat – Gram, Sunflower – Groundnut
 Granaries and silor should be inspected from Ragi – Gram, Cotton crop – Groundnut.
time to time to check for infestation of any (b) Intercropping:- Two or more crops grown in
kind. In our country food grains are stored a definite row pattern is called intercropping.
in large godowns by agencies like Food (c) Crop rotation:- Process in which different
Corporation of India, State Warehousing crops are grown alternately in the same field.
Corporation, etc. Ex. Wheat – Gram

NANCE 61
 Crop Production

Green revolution :  Prevention and care of animal diseases from

Yield of crop per hectare has greatly increased spreading.
due to the use of various improved techniques  Proper breeding of animals.Animals that
of agriculture and better irrigation facilities. provide food for human consumption may
 Developed new varieties of rice, wheat and be listed as:
maize that have increase food production of Dairy animals :
India. They include animals that provide milk e.g.
 Father of green revolution in India - Dr. M.S. cow, buffalo, goat, camel etc. India has the
Swaminathan. (Produce Sharbati sonara largest population of milk producing animals
variety of wheat) but the total quality of milk produced by them
Methods for the genetic improvement of crop used to be comparatively low as compared
plants:-
to some other countries. But in recent years,
Plant breeding :
with t he efforts of National Dairy
Branch of botany which deals with
Development Board (NDDB) , it has greatly
improvement in heredity of crop and
increased.
production of new varieties.
Milk is a highly nutritious food. It contains
Aim of plant breeding:-
nearly all the nutrients required by us and is
 Increase in yield of seed, fibre and oil etc.
called as complete food. Cow’s milk contains
 Resistance to disease, pest, drought, frost and
3.6 % fat, 4% protien, 4.5 % sugar, 0.70 %
heat.
minerals and 87.20 % water. Milk is mostly
 Adaptibility to wider range of conditions. obtained from cows and buffaloes.In order
 Change in maturity behaviour. to get more milk, the cows and buffaloes have
(i) Selection- Economic plants having best been brought from other countries. They are
desirable characters. called exotic breeds while Indian breeds are
(ii) Hybridization- Cross breed of two called indigenous breeds. Efforts are being
genetically dissimilar varieties of crop plant made to produce better breeds of cows
Hybridization may be : and buffaloes which produce more milk.
 Inter specific hybridization- Between two Poultry animals :
different species. Eggs and meat are obtained from hen, duck
 Inter generic hybridization - Between two and turkey. Over the year, the demand of eggs
different genera. and meat has increased considerably. Hence
Ex. Rabbage = Radish + Cabbage efforts are being made to improve the egg and
Triticale = Secale + Triticum meat production.
Pomato = Tomato + Potato Fish farming :
Animal husbandry:- Fish and other varieties of sea food constitute
The branch of agriculture which deals with a good source of nutritious food. The meat of
the management, breeding, feeding, weeding fish contains fat 2.6%, protien 19%, minerals
and care of domestic animals is called animal 1.3% and water 77.20%. Fish provide
husbandry. Important components of animal nutritious food, oil, fertilizers and many other
husbandry are as follows: useful products. The term fisheries includes
 Proper feeding and clean drinking water. fish and all other edible aquatic animals like
 Clean and ventilated shelter. crabs, shrimps, lobsters etc.

NANCE 62
 Crop Production

Both fresh water and marine (sea water) fish Some breeds of Indian Cattle
are used as food. Some fresh water fish are Fresh water Marine Fishes
catla, rohu singhara, calbasu, malli, magur etc. Fishes
Some popular sea water fish are hisla, Rohu (Labeo Bombay duck
pomfret and Bombay duck. rohita) (Harpodon sp.)
Calbasu (L. Eel (Anguilla
Meat providing live stock:- The main meat calbasu) sp.)
providing animals are goat, sheep, pig and Catla (Catla catla) Hilsa (Hilsa)
broilers.Goat’s meat is in great demand. Singhara (Mystus Pomphret
singhala) (Stromateus)
Honey bees:- Honey bees produce honey Magur (Clarius Salmon
from the nectar of flowers. Its constituents are batrachus) (Aluitheronema)
water, sugar, minerals and enzymes. Honey Singhi Sardine
is used in various medicines. Rearing of honey (Heteropneustes) (Sardinella)
bees on a large scale is known as apiculture. Malli (Wallago
Honey is highly nutritious product. attu)
THE REVOLUTIONS : Major Animal Diseases :
1. Green revolution:- Production of good Cattle Diseases
quality grains (wheat etc.) in the country to Anthrax Tuberculosis Mastitis Brucellosis
make it self sufficient.
2. Silver revolution:- Production of eggs by Salmonel Blue tongue Rinderp Mouth and
losis est foot diseases
using high yielding breeds of hens.
3. White revolution:- For the enhancement Bacterial diseases
of production of milk. Pathogen Disease
4. Blue revolution:- For the production of Pasteurella Fowl cholera
fish and food from water resources. Salmonella pullorum Pullorum
Some breeds of Indian Cattle Mycoplasma Mycoplasmosis
gallisepticum
Milch Draught General Spirochaete Spirochaetosis
Breeds breeds utility Viral disease:
breeds
Gir Malvi Ongole Ranikhet Fowlpox
Deoni Nagari Haryana disease
Infectious Lymphoid
Sahiwal Hallikar Kankrej
bronchitis leukosis
Red Kangayam Tharparkar
Sindhi  Special Points:-
1 Vermicompost:- Vermicompost is the
Some exotic breeds of Fowl product of composting the organic matter with
the help of worms. Ex. Earthworm.
White Leghorn Plymouth New 2. Eutrophication:- Excessive growth of algae
Rhode Island Rock Hampshire (water bloom) due to the high concentration
Red of N.P.K. fertilizers in water is known as
Eutrophication.

NANCE 63
 Crop Production

3. Buffer stock:- Grains are stocked for EXERCISE

emergencies or buffer stock is the surplus
stock of grains which is preserved for times 1. Horticulture deals with -
like drought and floods. (A) Production of crops
4. Organic farming:- Organic farming is a (B) Breeding of animals
farming system with minimal or no use of (C) Study of soil
chemicals or fertilizers , pesticides, weedicides (D) Production of fruits and vegetables.
and maximum input of organic manure, farm 2. Which one of the following is not true about
waste, biofertilizers, biopesticides like neem ploughing -
leaves or turmeric and healthy cropping (A) Loosens the soil
systems like crop rotation, inter cropping. (B) Aerates the soil
5. Macronutrients:- Essential elements which (C) Makes the soil hard
are utililzed by the plants in relatively large (D) Allows easy penetration of roots into the
quantities are called macronutrients or major soil
nutrients. Macronutrients include Nitrogen, 3. Separating the grain from chaff is called -
Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium (A) Winnowing
and Sulphur. Among them Nitrogen, (B) Hybridisation
Phosphorus and Potassium are required in (C) Threshing
more amount, thus they are called primary (D) Harvesting
elements. 4. Organic substances obtained from the
6. Micronutrients:- These elements are needed decomposition of dead plants and animals
by plants in a very small quantity (or traces) wastes are called-
and are called micronutrients or minor (A) Fertiliser (B) NPK
(C) Herbicide (D) Manure
nutrients. For example Iron, Manganese,
5. Biological methods of pest control involve-
Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum and
(A) Spraying chemical to kill plants
Chlorine. Though micronutrients are needed
(B) Killing pests by using other
in small quantities as compared to (C) Spraying DDT
macronutrients but both are equally important (D) Weeding
and essential for the growth, development and 6. Which one of the following is not a method to
maintenance of plants. maintain the fertility of soil.
Disease Pathogen (A) Crop rotation
1. Late blight of Phytopthora (B) Multiple cropping
Potato Infestance (C) Fallow method
2. Leaf spot of Helminthosporium (D) Ploughing
paddy 7. Which one of the following can be used to
prevent the disease called rust in wheat?
3. White rust of Albugo candida
(A) An insecticide (B) A rodenticide
crucifers
(C) A fungicide (D) A herbicide
4. Black rust of Puccinia graminis 8. Which of the following machines would you
wheat used to harvest a crop as well as to beat out
5. Yellow rust of Puccinia striformis the grain from the chaff ?
wheat or p.glumarum (A) Mechanical harvester
(B) Combine
(C) Thresher
(D) Harrow

NANCE 64
 Crop Production

9. Denitrifying bacteria give out - 20. Which one of the following does not use plant
(A) Carbon (B) Nitrogen diseases.
(C) Oxygen (D) Hydrogen (A) Viruses (B) Bacteria
10. Plants get their nitrogen from the soil as - (C) Fungi (D) Protozoa
(A) Nitrates (B) Nitrogen dioxide 21. Which one of the following includes only
(C) Nitrogen oxide (D) Nitric acid macronutrients?
11. First cultivated crop plants were- (A) C, N, Ca (B) H, Fe, P
(A) Cereal crop (B) Pulses (C) O, K, Cl (D) K, S, Zn
(C) Fodder crop (D) Fibre crop 22. The unwanted wild plants growing along with
12. Transplantation is - the crop plants are called
(A) Process of scattering the seed. (A) weeds (B) seedlings
(C) minor crops (D) grasses
(B) Process of loosening and turning of soil
23. Damp grains in storage gets heated due to
(C) Process of shifting of tiny sapling from
(A) infestation by insects
the nursery to a field
(B) decrease in humidity
(D) None of these
(C) decrease in atmospheric pressure
13. Which preventive measures avoid use of (D) high moisture content and growth of
pesticides- moulds
(A) Crop rotation 24. Green manuring refers to
(B) Use pest resistant varieties of crop plant (A) adding green leaves to the soil
(C) Summer ploughing (B) growing of young and green crops of
(D) All of these leguminous plants along with non leguminous
14. Chemical substances which are used to kill plants
insects - (C) addition of decomposed organic matter
(A) Fungicide (B) Insecticide to soil
(C) Weedicide (D) All of these (D) none
15. Process of cutting of crop after its maturation- 25. Improved storage structure includes
(A) Threshing (B) Harvesting (A) grain silos (B) pusa bin
(C) Winnowing (D) None of these (C) pusa kothar (D) all of these
16. Transfer of seedlings from the nurseries to the 26. Which one of the following does not cause
main field is termed as - plant diseases?
(A) Sowing (B) Weeding (A) Viruses (B) Bacteria
(C) Transplantation (D) Ploughing (C) Protozoa (D) Fungi
17. The unwanted wild plants growing along with 27. EDB is a very effective
the crop plants are called - (A) rodent bait
(A) Seedlings (B) Weeds (B) spraying insecticide
(C) Minor crops (D) Grasses (C) fumigant for killing insects
18. Vermicomposting involves - (D) preservative of food grains
(A) Cockroach (B) Earthworm 28. Dalapon is used to kill
(C) Leech (D) Roundworm (A) weeds (B) Insects
19. Weedicides among the following are - (C) pests (D) rodents
(A) 2, 4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine 29. Ditches made between the two rows of a crop
(B) Atrazine, BHC, Pyrethrum are
(C) Pyrethrum, EDB, Methyl bromide (A) furrows (B) canals
(D) 2. 4-D, BHC, EDB (C) lines (D) none

NANCE 65
 Crop Production

30. Which one of the following is a weed? 40. Bombay duck is :

(A) wheat (B) Chenopodium (A) Hilsa ilisha
(C) maize (D) rice (B) Harpodpn neherius
31. Pullorum is caused due to - (C) Pediceps ruficolis
(A) Pasturella (B) Mycoplasma (D) Coreochromis mossambicus
(C) Salmonella (D) Spirochaete 41. Jaffrabadi is a breed of :
32. Murrah is a high- yeilding breed of (A) Sheep (B) Cattle
(A) cow (B) hen (C) Horse (D) Buffalo
(C) buffalo (D) sheep 42. Pashmina is obtained from a variety of :
33. Catla and rhou are examples of (A) Sheep (B) Goat
(A) marine fish (B) freshwater fish (C) Yak (D) Rabbit
(C) brackish water (D) none of these 43. Which of the following is popularly called
34. The production and managment of fish is called ‘Ship of the desert’
(A) aquaculture (B) breeding (A) Yak (B) Camel
(C) pisciculture (D) insemination (C) Donkey (D) Horse
35. White revolution is related to the increase in 44. Lohi is a breed of
the production of (A) Goat (B) Sheep
(A) egg (B) milk (C) Horse (D) Buffalo
(C) meat (D) wool 45. Fish liver - oil is rich in vitamins
36. Silver revolution is related to the increase in (A) A and B (B) B and C
the production of (C) A and E (D) A and D
(A) egg (B) milk 46. The young chicken raised specially for meat
(C) meat (D) grains are called
37. The process of of cross- breeding two (A) Hen (B) Broilers
individuals of different varieties is (C) Pullets (D) Ducklings
(A) artificial insemination (B) feeding 47. Ranikhet disease is associated with
(C) hybridization (D) none of these (A) Fishes (B) Hens
38. Buffalo’s milk does not contain (C) Pigs (D) Honeybees
48. Name of freshwater edible fish
(A) vitamin C (B) vitamin E
(A) Hilsa (B) Pomphret
(C) protein (D) carbohydrate
(C) Calbasu (D) Bombay duck
39. One of the following is a disease of poultry:
49. National Dairy Research Institute is situtated
(A) Anthrax (B) Pebrine disease
in
(C) Ranikhet disease
(A) Lucknow (B) Patna
(D) Foot and mouth disease
(C) karnal (D) Ludhiana
ANSWER KEY
Q . N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D C A D B D C B B A
Q . N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A C D B B C B B A D
Q . N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A A D B D C C A A B
Q . N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C C B C B A C A C B
Q . N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Ans. D B B B D B B C C

NANCE 66
 Microbial World

Micro- organisms are microscopically small  Some bacteria help in tanning of leather.
organisms. These include Bacteria, Viruses,
 Some medicines, e.g., streptomycin is
Fungi, Protozoa and some Algae.
produced by Streptomyces grisieus bacteria.
Micro-organisms can flourish in all kinds
of environment. Some even live inside human  Some human diseases are caused by bacteria,
intestine as endoparasites. e.g., Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Diptheria etc.
Few can reproduce independently, while  Some bacteria help in the disposal of sewage
some multiply only by attaching themsleves by converting organic faecal matter into manure
to specific hosts. These are very hard and and humus.
can survive under exteme unfavourable
conditions by forming cysts around them and Fungi:
remain inactive. Under favourable Fungi are simple plants that reproduce mostly
conditions, they come out from cysts and by means of spores and which lack chlorophyll,
start their regular activity. Micro- organisms hence are either saprophytes or parasites.
are useful as well as harmful and Fungi include unicellular as well as multicellular
cause various diseases. Viruses are in organisms and reproduce asexually and
between living and non- living characters. In
sexually. Moulds and yeast are major
free state, viruses cannot grow. They grow
representative of fungi.
on other living cells, viruses are obligate
parasites. Economic Importance of Fungi :
 Because of high content of vitamin B1, B12 and
Bacteria:- C, yeast are used for preparation of digestive
They are unicellular micro- organisms and tablets.
their sizes vary between 0.3 and 2  m in
 Bread and cakes are made by the action of
diameter. They differ from plant and animal
yeast.
cell in that their nucleus is not a distinct
organelle surrounded by a membrane.  Morchella, Agaricus and Lycoperdon are most
Bacteria are like plant cells in that they are commnon edible fungi.
surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Majority of  Wines and beers are produced by the action
them posses cilia and flagella for movement. of fungi.
Some are even photosynthetic.  Few very important medicines, such as penicillin
Economic Importance of Bacteria is made by the fungi- Penicillium notatum and
penicillium chrysogenum.
 Some bacteria increase soil fertility by fixing
free atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous
 Some fungi cause disease in plant, while others
cause athletes foot and ring worm in humans.
compounds, e.g., Clostridium, Azotobacter
and Rhizobium.  Few fungi also cause diseases in animals.
 Some decompose dead animal and plant  Amanitia is very poisonous fungus to man.LSD
materials to form nutrients in the soil. drug is extracted from the fungi- Claviceps.
 Acetobacter aceti bacteria produce vinegar Algae :
from sugar solution. Algae is a large and extremely diverse group
of plants including some prokaryotic forms,
 Certain bacteria are present in the intestines
although the majority are eukaryotic. The plant
of cattles and are helpful in the digestion of
body may be unicellular or multicellular. They
cellulose.

NANCE 67
 Microbial World

are mostly aquatic. Most of them contain Viruses :

chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Their Viruses are submicroscopic parasitic micro
sizes range from 1.0 micron (microscopic organisms often called microbes. They
unicellular forms) to several meters long sea comprise of a protein or protein / lipid sheath
weeds. containing nucleic acid (DNA / RNA). Viruses
Economic Importance of Algae are inert outside the living host cell and can
 Some algae are utilized as food in Japan and multiply only in host cells. They are in between
China, e.g., Porphyra. non- living and living as they possess both the
 Chlorella alga contains proteins and vitamins characters. Tobacco plant and foot and mouth
A and D in abundant quantity. disease (FMDV) in cattles. Viruses parasitize
 Gelidium and Gracilaria algae produce bacteria are called Bacteriophage.
Agar- agar, often used in the manufacture of Micro- organism and Diseases :
ice creams. Disease causing micro- organisms are called
 Nostoc and Anabaena algae convert Pathogenic micro- organisms. Microbial
atomospheric nitrogen into nitrogen diseases which can spread through air, water,
compounds which are absorbed by higher food or physical contact are known as
plants. Communicable Diseases. For example,
 Kelp is a brown algae and is rich source of common cold, cholera, and chicken pox etc.
iodine and potassium. Sometimes insects act as carriers of
 Some algae cause water blooms in water pathogenic micro-organisms, e.g., housefly
reservoirs and emit bad smell. spreads cholera. Anopheles mosquito spreads
 Carrageenin extract, which is another product malarial fever. Carriers of specific micro-
of algae origin, acts as a blood coagulant. organisms are called Vectors. Thus,
 An effective vermifuge is obtained from the Anopheles and Aedes are mosquito vectors
extracts of Codium, Alsidium, Digenea and causing malaria and yellow fever respectively.
Durvillen. List of Bacterial diseases
Protozoa : 1. Cholera 2. Typhoid
Protozoans are unicellular (single cell) animals 3. Tuberculosis 4. Diphtheria
and are microscopic. These animals do not 5. Pneumonia 6. Tetanus
posses a cell wall. They have variable 7. Leprosy
structure, such as amoeba does not posses a List of Viral (Virus) diseases
definite structure and its pseudopodia can 1. Small pox 2. Common cold
change its shape. Paramecium has a slipper 3. Chicken pox 4. Influenza
like shape and the body is covered by 5. Measles 6. Mumps
numerous cilia. 7. Poliomyelitis 8. Rabies
Economic Importance of Protozoa 9. AIDS
 Some protozoans feed on bacteria and fungi, List of diseases caused by Protozoans
which are decomposers of organic matter, 1. Malaria
thus finally degrade the wastes. 2. Amoebic dysentery
 Some are found in intenstine of termites and 3. Sleeping sickness
4. Kala-azar
help in the digestion of cellulose.
List of diseases caused by Fungi
 Serveral protozoans cause human diseases.
1. Ringworm (tinea)
 Some animals feed on diatoms and other
2. Athlete’s food
protozoans.

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 Microbial World

Uses of Micro-organisms : Vaccination leads to the formation of

1. Medicinal uses of micro-organisms antibodies and the ability to produce large
It has been scientifically found that the lethal quantities rapidly at the time of disease
effect of one micro- organism can check the infection. A specific antibody is made for each
growth of another micro- organism. Thus antigen. After vaccination, the injected viral
substances produced by micro- organisms cells (pathogens) are encountered by the
that kill or prevent growth of other micro- specialized white blood corpuscles and kill
organisms are called Antibiotics. This property the pathogens by producing antibodies. These
of micro-organism is made use of in the antibodies once formed remain for some time
treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. in the body and fight any infection by that
Alexander Fleming first noted this property pathogen in future. This type of resistance
of micro- organisms in 1928. The production created in the body is called immunity and
of first antibiotic drug for medicinal use was the process of vaccination against diseases is
Penicillin by Chain and Florey. Other well called immunization.
known antibiotics are Streptomycin, 3. Commercial uses:-
Tetracycline, Gentamycin etc. Some of them Certain substances are made by the help of
are made from bacteria and others from fungi. micro- organisms which are very useful to us
2. Vaccination:- such as curd, bread, penicillin, alcohol and
Vaccination is the method of inducing immunity organic acids. Yeasts are used for the
to infectious disease caused by bacteria and commercial production of wines and alcohols
viruses. Starting from the information that from carbohydrates. Yeasts (fungi) break
farm-workers, who had accidently acquired down the carbohydrate molecules by their
cowpox by milking infected cows, were enzymes and produce alcohol by chemical
resistant to smallpox. Jenner inoculated reaction. Certain bacteria break down
cowpox material into non- immune persons carbohydrates (potato and corn) to produce
who then showed resistance to smallpox. organic acids, e.g. acetic acid and lactic acid.
Later Pasteur extended this work to cholera, Certain leguminous plants (pulse) have
human Anthrax and Rabies. Pasteur nitrogen fixing bacteria in their root nodules
established that smallpox and few other which fix atmospheric nitrogen into soluble
diseases were caused by viruses. Thus, nitro-genous compounds (nitrates) . Plants
Pasteur started the practice of injecting a fulfil their nitrogenous need in the form of
small amount of pathogens into the body to nitrates and for proteins. These nitrogen fixing
develop resistance against a specific disease, nodule bacteria are mostly Rhizobium. All
and applied the same to other diseases, such pulses are mostly rich in proteins.
as cholera and tuberculosis and called this Storage and Preservation:
practice Vaccination. The term vaccination Many micro- organisms grow and spoil useful
became general for all methods of inducing materials, such as wood, leather, textile,paper
immunity by inoculation of products of the and grains. Thus these substances are well
infectious organism. Antitoxins were soon kept and treated to avoid the attack of micro-
developed in which specific immunity to organisms. Some methods of preservation are
disease toxins was induced. One of the body’s described below,
defence mechanisms is called antibodies
(proteins) which are made by specialized Chemical method:-
white cells to counter foreign proteins known Useful substances are often treated with
as antigens (pathogens). chemicals to inhibit the growth of harmful

NANCE 69
 Microbial World
micro- organisms. Insecticides and fungicides methods. Microbes often spoil edible things
are often used to protect the substances from by breaking their molecules and producing
the attack of these microbes. It is observed amines; which have foul smell. Some microbes
that food and pickles are often spoiled by the completely spoil the food by producing
growth of micro- organisms. To check the poisonous toxins. These toxins produce illness
spoilage of edible substances, certain and even sometimes prove fatal. Therefore,
preservatives are used. Acid preservatives are it is quite neccessary to store food properly.
mostly used to check the activities of micro-  Points to Remember:-
organisms. These acids check the enzymes
 Blue green algae or cyanobacteia are
action of microbes. Salt is also used as
prokaryotic and autotrophic organisms.
preservatives. Salt draw water from
Ex. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Spirulina
substances and thus check the growth of
 Blue green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and
microbes. Salts and acetic acid are used as
increase soil fertility. They have specialized
preservatives in pickles, while sodium
cells to fix nitrogen, such cell named
benzoate or sodium metasulphate is used in
heterocysts.
jams and squashes for preservation.
 Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Heat and cold treatments : Their cell wall contain cellulose but is largely
Water is often boiled and then cooled before made up of silica. This silicated cell wall is
drinking. Thus the harmful microbes present called shell or frustule.
are eliminated. Similarly milk is also boiled  When diatoms die, their covers (cell wall)
before keeping it for some duration. Boiling settle at the bottom of the oceans or lake.
is a way of killing microbes although the spores Over the year these form diatomaceous earth
of micro- organisms are not destroyed by or diatomite or keiselgurh.
boiling. Edible substances are kept in
 Diatoms are also known as golden aglae or
refrigerators. Both cold and hot treatments
jewels of sea.
are used to keep things for longer duration.
By both ways the enzymes present in micro-
 The wine (brewery) and bread (bakery)
industries are based on fermentation activity
organisms are inactivated, thus microbes are
of yeast.
unable to spoil the food.
Pasteurization of milk is a process of sterilizing  Yeast is used in the production of riboflavin
milk for improving storage qualities. This is (vitamin-B1)
done by keeping the mik at about 65°C for  Mycoplasmas are also known as cell- wall
30 minutes and then suddenlly chilling it. less bacteria.
Disease producing bacteria, particularly those  The first polio vaccine was prepared by Jonas
causing tuberculosis, are thus destroyed with Salk (1953) by killing polio virus with
a minimum effect on the flavour. formaldehyde.
Isolation :  Sabin prepared an oral polio vaccine (OPV).
Generally materials are stored in closed, It consists of living but attenuated polio virus.
sometimes airtight containers to check the  Mycoderma aceti and Acetobacter aceti used
growth of harmful microbes. Aft er for large scale production of acetic acid
harvestation, grains are kept in large containers (vinegar).
called ‘silos’ . The chances of microbial growth  Mycorrhiza are the symbiotic associations of
are reduced in this way but cannot be checked fungal hyphae and roots of higher plants.
entirely. Best way of storing materials, the  Lichens are the symbiotic associations of fungi
containers must be sterilized by different and algae.

NANCE 70
 Microbial World
 Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Proteus are used 2. Viruses are -
for the treatmemt of sewage. (A) Living organisms
 Christian Gram developed a technique to stain (B) Non- living organisms
bacteria, called Gram staining. (C) In between living and non-living organisms
(D) None of the above
 Gram positive bacteria retain the stain while
3. Bacteria is regarded as plant cell, because-
the Gram negative ones do not. The two types
of bacteria primarily differ in the structure (A) It has clear nucleus
and composition of cell walls. (B) It has rigid cell wall
(C) It reproduces by binary fission
 Gram positive bacteria e.g. Salmonella,
(D) It is parasitic
Spirillum, Escherichia coli.
4. Bacteria are-
 Gram negative bacteria e.g. Staphylococcus, (A) Aerobic only
Streptococcus. (B) Non- aerobic only
 Kelps (Sea weeds algae) are the sources of (C) Aerobic and non- aerobic both
iodine and potassium. (D) None of the above
 An antibiotic chlorellin is obtained from the 5. Which of the following beneficial bacteria is
algae chlorella. found in the colon of man?
 Claviceps purpurae: A narcotic drug- LSD (A) Lactobacillus (B) Pseudomonas
(Lysergic acid Diethylamide) is obtained from (C) Clostridium (D) Escherischia coli
it. 6. The bacterial action in milk is -
 Neurospora- red or pink mold known as (A) Alkaline (B) Acidic
Drosophila of Plant Kingdom. (C) Neutral (D) Saline
7. Which bacteria produces vinegar in sugar
 Bioremediation- The use of microorganisms
solutions?
to clean up the environment or to remove
(A) Escherischia (B) Azotobacter
pollutants from the environment.
(C) Acetobacter aceti (D) Rhizobium
 Plant diseases caused by bacteria
8. Streptomycin is produced by -
Citrus canker, fire blight of pear, Leaf blight (A) Fungi (B) Yeast
of rice, Crown gall, Black root of cabbage, (C) Bacteria (D) Virus
Red stripe of sugarcane, Wilt of potato. 9. Which of the following is present in the
 Plant disease caused by viruses. Yellow vein intestines of termites to digest cellulose?
mosaic of ladyfinger, Tobbaco mosaic, (A) Yeasts (B) Bacteria
Bunchy top of banana, Leaf roll of potato. (C) Protozoans (D) Algae
 Plant diseases caused by fungi, Late blight of 10. Typhoid is caused by -
potato caused by Phytophthora infestans. This (A) Fungi (B) Virus
disease is known as Famine of (C) Bacteria (D) Protozoa
Ireland (1845).
Leaf spot of rice- Famine of Bengal (1945), 11. Which of the following grows on wet bread?
Smut of wheat, Rust of wheat, Powdery (A) Yeast (B) Mould
mildew of wheat (C) Both A and B (D) None
EXERCISE 12. Yeasts cause dough in maida, due to the
1. Micro- organisms can be seen by the aid of - formation of -
(A) Microscope (B) Hand lens (A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen
(C) Naked eye (D) None (C) Carbon dioxide (D)Carbon monoxide

NANCE 71
 Microbial World
13. Which of the following is used in the 26. Kelp is -
preparation of digestive tablets? (A) Red algae (B) Blue-green algae
(A) Yeast (B) Mould (C) Brown algae (D) All the above
(C) Algae (D) None of these
14. Edible fungi is - 27. Rich source of iodine is -
(A) Morchella (B) Agaricus (A) Red algae (B) Green algae
(C) Lycoperdon (D) All the above (C) Blue- Green algae (D) Brown algae
15. Antibiotic penicillin is obtained from - 28. Which of the following protozoan possesses
definite shape?
(A) Bacteria (B) Moulds
(A) Amoeba (B) Paramecium
(C) Yeasts (D) Algae
(C) Both A and B (D) None of these
16. Yeast helps in the production of -
29. Pasteurization of milk destroys its-
(A) Oxygen (B) Glucose
(A) Vitamins
(C) Alcohol (D) Salts
(B) Proteins contents
17. Bacteria generally multiply by -
(C) Fat contents
(A) Binary fission (B) Multiple fission
(D) Pathogenic bacteria
(C) Longitudinal fission (D) All of the above 30. Viruses are inert-
18. Which of the following is used as culture (A) Outside host cell
medium of bacterial growth ?
(B) Inside host cell
(A) Iodine (B) Agar- agar
(C) Both A and B
(C) Sugar (D) Alcohol
(D) None of the above
19. Mushroom is a type of -
(A) Yeast (B) Algae 31. Bacteriophage virus-
(C) Mould (D) Protozoa (A) Parasitize man
20. LSD drug is extracted from a - (B) Parasitize bacteria
(A) Algae (B) Fungi (C) Parasitize cattles
(C) Virus (D) Bacteria (D) Parasitize dogs
21. Most algae can make their own food because 32. The host for malaria causing protozoan is -
they conatin- (A) Anopheles mosquito
(A) Clear nucleus (B) Pigments (B) Dog
(C) Chlorophyll (D) None of the above (C) Earthworm
22. Most fungi cannot make their own food due (D) Housefly
to lack of - 33. The most common carrier of communicable
(A) Chlorophyll (B) Pigments diseases is -
(C) Clear nucleus (D) All the above (A) Mosquito (B) Cow
23. The red colour of red - sea is due to - (C) Dog (D) Housefly
(A) Brown algae (B) Green algae 34. Leprosy is caused by -
(C) Red algae (D) All the above (A) Bacteria (B) Fungi
(C) Protozoan (D) Virus
24. China grass is -
(A) Fungi (B) Algae 35. AIDS is a -
(C) Both A and B (D) none of these (A) Baterial disease (B) Viral disease
(C) Protozoan disease (D) Fungal disease
25. Which of the following algae produce Agar-
agar? 36. Malaria is caused by a -
(A) Gelidium (B) Gracilaria (A) Virus (B) Bacteria
(C) Both A and B (D) None of these (C) Protozoa (D) Fungus

NANCE 72
 Microbial World
37. Athlets’ foot and ringworm are caused by - 45. Jams and squashes are preserved by adding-
(A) Bacteria (B) Fungi (A) Acetic acid
(C) Protozoa (D) None (B) Sodium benzoate
38. Which of the following is an antibiotic? (C) Hydrochloric acid
(A) Insulin (B) Streptomycin (D) Sulphuric acid
(C) Dextrose (D) Alcohol 46. In Blue green algae, the structure specialized
39. Salting the food helps to preseve it by- for nitrogen fixation is
(A) Extracting the water from it (A) Thylakoid (B) Harmogonia
(B) Increasing alkalinity (C) Heterocyst (D) Endospore
(C) Lowering the temperature 47. The most ancient group of organisms on the
(D) None of the above earth is
40. Disease causing micro-organisms are known (A) Eubacteria (B) Cyanobacteria
as - (C) Archaebacteria (D) PPLO
(A) Microbes (B) Pathogens 48. The similaity between bacterium and
(C) Antibody (D) All the above cyanobacterium is in the presence of
41. The process of immunization is known as- (A) Flagella (B) Nucleoid
(A) Pathogenesis (B) Sterilization (C) Size (D) 80S ribosomes
(C) Immunity (D) All the above
42. Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed in leguminous 49. Which one of the following statements is
roots by- correct?
(A) Chorophyll (B) Carbon dioxide (A) Legumes fix nitrogen through specialised
(C) Bacteria (D) All the above bacteria that lives on their leaves.
43. Plants take nitrogen in the form of - (B) Legumes are incapable of fixing nitrogen
(A) Nitrates (B) Nitrites (C) Legumes fix nitrogen only through
(C) Ammonia (D) All the above specialised bacteria that lives in their roots
44. Pickles are mostly preserved by adding- (D) Legumes fix nitrogen independently of
(A) Sodium benozoate the specialised bacteria that live in their roots
(B) Acetic acid 50. Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by
(C) Hydrochloric acid (A) Rickettsia (B) Fungi
(D) Sulphuric acid (C) Bacteria (D) PPLO

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans . A C B C D B C C B C
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . B C A D B C A B C B
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . C A C B C C D B D A
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans . B A D A B C B B A B
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans . C C A B B C C B C A

NANCE 73
 Human Diseases

 Vitamins are usually divided into two (i) malfunctioning or improper functioning of
categories on the basis of their solubility in body parts.
two different solvents: (i) fat soluble vitamins (ii) Genetic disorder
(A, D, E and K) and (ii) water soluble vitamins (iii) Hormonal imbalances
(B and C).
2. Extrinsic factors - Factors which enter the
Roughage : human body from outside.
 Roughage is the dietary fibre made up of (i) Unbalanced diet
cellulose. Salad, vegetables and fruits are (ii) Disease causing pathogens
sources of roughage. Cellulose is not (iii) Environmental pollutants
digested, but helps in the movement of food
(iv) Tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs.
and faecal matter along the alimentary canal.
Corn (bhutta) and whole broken wheat (dalia) Types of Diseases :
are good sources of roughage. Lack of  Acute Disease:-
roughage cause constipation.
A disease that occurs suddenly and lasts for
* A balanced diet in one that provides all the a short period of time is called an acute
nutrients required by the body in the correct disease e.g. common cold, Malaria disease.
proportions.
 Chronic Disease:-
A disease that lasts for a long time is called
HUMAN DISEASE chronic disease e.g. tuberculosis.
Disease :  Noninfectious disease:-
The word disease (dis-ease) literally means A disease that is not caused by an infectious
distrubed ease or uncomfortable. Thus agent is called a noninfectious disease.
disease can be defined as “Malfunctioning of Disease like diabetes, cancer, anaemia and
the body or a part of it due to one reason or arthritis are noninfectious.
the other”. Or  Communicable disease:-
Disease is a condition of the body or a part An infectious diseases that can be spread
of it in which functions are disturbed or from one infected individual to another is
deranged. called a communicable disease. An infectious
disease can be spread from an infected person
Factors affecting health : to a healthy person in many ways such as
1. Intrinsic factors- Disease causing factors through food, water, air, direct contact,
which exist within human body. through a disease carrier like a mosquito, etc.

Protozoan Disease:-
Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure
Malaria Plasmodium High fever with chill of intermittent Periodically Pain
in joints- Quinine Vector- Anopheles
Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Intestinal spasms, dysentry, Antibiotics
Diarrhoea Giardia intestinalis Vomiting, loose motions
African sleeping Trypanosoma gambiens Patient feels sleepy, nervous system impairment,
sickness Vector- Tse- tse fly
Kala azar Leishmania donovani High fever associated with enlargement of spleen and
liver, Vector- Sand fly

NANCE 75
 Human Diseases

Helminth Diseases:-
S. No. Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure
1. Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides Abdominal spasm,
insomia, vomiting, loose
motion, restlessness.
2. Dracunculiasis Dracunulus Blisters on skin of arms,
medinenis shoulder and legs
3. Elephantiasis Wuchereria bancrofti Swelling of hand,
scrotum, testis and
breasts
4. Taeniasis Taenia solium Abdominal pain, nausea,
Anaemia, loss of
appetite, indigestion,
nervous disorders

Bacterial Disease-

S. No. Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure

1. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Chronic cough, Fever, weakness,
tuberculosis bloody sputum, breathlessness.
Treatment: DOTS- Direction
observation treatment strategy.
Vaccine: B.C.G. bacille Calmette
Guerin
2. Cholera Vibrio cholerae Diarrhoea- dehydration, vomiting
Antibiotics- ORS and salt sugar
solution
3. Typhoid Salmonella typhi Fever, loss of appetite, intestinal
Fever ulcers.
Erruption of spots and rashes on
abdomen diarrhoea
Detection by widal test, Antibiotics
and vaccine.
4. Diarrhoea Salmonella; Watery stools, vomiting, headache,
Shigella fever, abdominal pain- Antibiotics
like penicillin.
5. Diphtheria Corynebacterium High grade fever, difficulty in
diphtheriae breathing DPT vaccine: Diphtheria,
Pertussis, Tetanus vaccine
6. Whooping Bordetella pertussis Persistant large bouts of cough
cough Prevention by DPT vaccine
(Pertussis)
7. Pneumonia Streptococcus Infection in lungs and difficulty in
pneumoniae breathing, high fever

NANCE 76
 Human Diseases

S. No. Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure

8. Tetanus or Lock Clostridium tetani Sustained contraction of body
jaw muscles, spams, Lock jaw,
unconsiousness. T.T. vaccine
(Tetanus, toxoid)
9. Plague or Black Yersinia pestis High Fever, headache,
Death unconsciousness, Enlargement
of axillary lymphnodes
Antibiotics
10. Leprosy or Mycobacterium leprae Patches on skin, ulcer and
Hanson disease nodules
formation in skin and nerves
deformilites wasting of fingers
and toes
Treatment- Multidrug therapy
(MDT)

11. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Symptoms like common cold

Nausea, Vomiting, Ultimately
Blood vomiting.
12. Acne (Black Propionibacterium Acne or Pimples in age of
heads or pimples) acnes adolescence
13. Food poisoning or Clostridium botulinum Severe diarrhoea
botulism

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS 1. Protein Energy Deficiency :-

Causes Name of Symptoms
Balanced Diet : Disease
A balanced diet is the first condition necessary Deficiency
for good health. A balanced diet is one that Protein Marasmus Shrivelled
(Infants appearance,
provides all the nutrients required by the body
below 1 thinning of limbs,
in correct proportions. The nutrients required Year) prominent ribs,
by our body are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, retarded physical
vitamins and minerals. When our diet lacks and mental
growth, digestive,
one or more of these nutrients, we get repeated
deficiency diseases. For example, if our diet diarrhoea.
lacks the mineral iron, we may get a disease Protein kwashiorkor Loss of appetite,
called anaemia. A balanced diet prevents ( 1 to 3 stunted growth,
years age) bulging eyes,
deficiency disease. It also increases our ability enlarged
to fight infections in general. stomach, long
thin and curved
legs.

NANCE 77
 Human Diseases

2. Minerals Deficiency:-
Causes Name of Symptoms
Disease Vitamin Source Functions Deficiency
diseases
Deficiency
B1 Yeast, Metabolism General
Iron Mycrocytic Become pale, loose Thiamin liver, bran of fatigue and
anaemia appetite, feels tired of cereals, carbohydrate loss of muscle
nuts, -s and tone
pulses, nutrition of Ultimately
Iodine Goitre Abnormal enlargement rice nerve cells leads to
of thyroid, swelling in polishings beriberi,
the neck, reduced , egg yolk, Stunted
thyroid function, legumes growth
retarded growth. B2 Liver, Carbohydrat Cheilosis
Riboflavin yeast, -e and Dermatitis Eye
-e milk, protein lesions
3. Vitamins Deficiency:- eggs, metabolism
green Healthy skin
Fat -Soluble vitamins vegetables and eyes
, kidney,
Vitami Source Functions Deficienc- fish roe
n y diseases B6 Meat, Protein Very rare
A Milk, Maintains Pyridoxin- liver, metabolism
Retinol butter, healthy Xerophtha e vegetables Production
cheese. epithelial lmia , bran of of antibodies
egg yolk, tissues cereals,
fish, liver and Nightblin- egg yolk,
oils, green cornea. dness beans
and Formation B12 Liver, Maturation Pernicious
yellow of visual Cobalami- milk, of RBCs, anaemia
vegetabl- purple n moulds, DNA Degeneration
es fermentin synthesis of nerve fibres
g liquors, of the spinal
D Fish, liver, Facilitates Rickets egg cord
Calcifer oils, milk, the (children) B Dark Formation Anaemia
ol cheese, absorption Osteomala Folic acid green of RBCs
egg yolk and -cia vegetables DNA
utilization (adults) , liver, synthesis
of calcium kidney,
and eggs.
phosphoru Synthesise
s (healthy -d in
bones and colon
teeth) B Yeasts, Carbohydrat Dermatitis,
E Egg yolk, Prevents Anaemia Biotin liver, -es and fat conjunctivitis
Tocoph milk, catabolis- kidney, metabolism Hypercholester
er-ols butter, m of Cystic pulses, -olaemia
green polyunsat fibrosis nuts
vegetabl- urated fats B Liver, Associated Unkown
es, nuts Pantotheni yeast, egg with amino
K Leafy Formation Slow -c acid yolk, acid
Phyllo- vegetabl- of blood fresh metabolism
vegetables
quinone es, fish, prothromb clotting
liver, fruit -in and Haemorrh
factors -ages in
VII, IX the
and X in newborn
the liver

NANCE 78
 Human Diseases

Vitamin Source Functions Deficienc polio, so no child will be infected by the polio
y diseases virus.
Niacin Yeast, Necessary Prolonged Smallpox vaccine :
(nicotinic offal, for cell deficiency
acid) fish, respiration causes An immunization programme was carried out
pulses, Inhibits pellagra, earlier to eradicate smallpox. Earlier, in small-
wholeme production i.e. pox epidemics people were afraid of going
-al of determatiti
near someone suffering from it. Smallpox was
cereals. cholesterol -s,
Synthesis diarrhea controlled and eradicated with the help of a
-ed in the dementia vaccine.
body Genetic Disease:-
from
tryptopha
Couse Disease
-n
C Citrus Formation Multiple Trisomy 21st Down Syndrome
Ascorbic fruits, of collagen haemorrha
acid currants, Maturation -ges, chromosome
berries, of RBCs Slow Trisomy 18th Edward
green wound chromosome Syndrome
vegetable healing, Trisomy 18 th Patau Syndrome
s, Anaemia,
potatoes, Gross
chromosome
liver and deficiency 44 Autosomes + Turner Syndrome
glandular causes XO
tissue in scurvy 44 Autosomes + Kline filter
animals
XXY Syndrome
Vaccination :
Jenner took some pus with a sterile needle EXERCISE
from the cowpox rash of an infected girl and 1. A healthy person is one who is free from -
injected it into scratches made in the skin of (A) disease
an uninfected boy, who soon got cowpox. (B) mental tension
After he recovered, Jenner injected the boy’s
(C) disease and mental tension
arm with pus from the spots of a person
(D) bacteria
suffering from smallpox. Luckily, the boy did
not get smallpox and Jenner’s experiment was 2. Fruit and vegetables bought from the
successful. The modern term ‘vaccination’ market-
comes from the Latin words vacca which
(A) may be coated with pesticides
means cow and ‘vaccinia’ which means
cow pox. It tells us how Jenner made the first (B) may carry germs
vaccine aganist smallpox using the microbes (C) may carry eggs of worms
of cowpox, a similar but less severe disease. (D) all the above
Pulse polio programme :
3. Breathing polluted air causes diseases of the
The pulse polio programme is an immunization
drive against polio. Polio is a disease of the (A) nervous system
muscles and nerves which can cause paralysis. (B) circulatory system
To prevent polio, oral vaccine are given (C) respiratory system
periodically to all children under 5 years of (D) digestive system
age in our country. This is an effort to eradicate

NANCE 79
 Human Diseases

4. Which disease is likely to occur in crowded 13. Leprosy is also famous as -

areas ? (A) Koch’s disease
(A) Non infectious (B) Infectious (B) Hensen’s disease
(C) Genetic (C) Pertussis
(D) Deficiency disease (D) Cholera
5. What kind of a disease is arthritis? 14. Typhoid fever is caused by -
(A) An acute disease (A) Giardia (B) Salmonella
(B) A chronic disease (C) Shigella (D) Escherichia
(C) An infectious disease 15. One of the following is the correct match
(D) A communicable disease for diseases and causative agents -
6. Which of the following is due to external (A) AIDS- Bacillus
causes ? (B) Syphylis- Treponema pallidum
(C) Malaria - Trypanosoma
(A) Jaundice (B) Diabetes
(D) Gonorrhoea- Virus
(C) Arthritis (D) Cataract
16. Genus Aedes is a vector of -
7. Houseflies are the vectors of - (A) Filaria (B) Dengue
(A) cholera (B) malaria
(C) Malaria (D) Elephantiasis
(C) dengue (D) cataract 17. Sleeping sickness is caused by -
(A) Entamoeba (B) Gregarina
8. M osquitoes spread -
(C) Trypanosoma (D) Plasmodium
(A) influenza (B) rabies 18. Yersinia causes -
(C) malaria (D) AI DS
(A) plague
9. Tuberculosis is caused by - (B) Whoophing cough
(A) a bacterium (B) a virus (C) Leprosy
(C) a protozoan (D) AI DS (D) Syphilis
10. A type of rhabdovirus causes 19. Which of the following is not a water borne
(A ) AI DS (B) TB disease
(C) influenza (D) rabies (A) Asthma (B) Cholera
(C) Amoebiasis (D) All of these
11. The infectious agents responsible for which
diseases can be spread when the patient 20. Leprosy is caused due to -
coughs? (A) Clostridium (B) Salmonella
(C) Mycobacterium (D) Bacillus
(A ) AIDS, TB and hepatitis
21. Which of the following does not spread AIDS
(B) TB, influenza and cholera
by -
(C) TB and influenza
(A) having sex with unknown person
(D) TB and hepatitis
(B) kissing on lips
12. The diseases that can be transmitted (C) transfusing infected blood
through body fluids are -
(D) taking unsterlized injections
(A ) AI DS and hepatitis B 22. The disease marasmus in children is caused
(B) TB and typhoid due to the deficiency of -
(C) influenza and cholera (A) carbohydrates (B) proteins
(C) fats (D) vitamins
(D) cholera and rabies

NANCE 80
 Human Diseases

23. Which disease has been totally eradicated 33. Anaemia is related to
from India (A) iodine deficiency
(A) Plague (B) Small pox (B) food adulteration
(C) Tuberculosis (D) none above (C) iron deficiency
24. Pick up the set of bacterial diseases - (D) all of these
(A) Tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis
34. Ascariasis is a disease caused by -
(B) Small pox, influenzae, tetanus
(A) bacteria
(C) Meningitis, measles, syphyllis
(B) fungal growth
(D) None above
(C) worms
25. Diphtheria is caused by -
(A) bacteria (B) virus (D) None of these
(C) nematodes (D) fungi 35. In goitre, there is swelling of the
26. About 70% of our energy requirement (A) eyes (B) limbs
should be met by (C) abdomen (D) thyroid gland
(A) vitamins (B) fats 36. Kwashiorkor is likely in children who get
(C) proteins (D) carbohydrates (A) low- iron diet
27. The energy produced by 1 g of carbohy (B) low- vitamin diet
drate is (C) low- fat diet
(A) 4.6 cal (B) 4.2 kal (D) low- protein diet
(C) 9 joules (D) 9.2 kcal
37. An example of an air borne disease from
28. Endemic disease is caused by -
the following is -
(A) bacteria (B) environment
(C) human culture (D) immoral society (A) cholera (B) small pox
29. The term non- essential amino acid’s is (C) typhoid (D) AIDS
applied to fatty acids that are 38. Deformed bones are associated with
(A) synthesized in the body (A) pellagra (B) beriberi
(B) water- soluble (C) anaemia (D) rickets
(C) required by the body but not essetial 39. A balanced diet has
(D) useless (A) vegetarian and non- vegetarian dishes
30. Cholesterol is synthesised in (B) salty and sweet dishes
(A) Brunner’s (B) Pancreas (C) carbohydrates, fats and proteins
(C) liver (D) Spleen (D) all nutrients, water and roughage
31. Gastroenteritis is a disease caused by - 40. Syphilis is an example of -
(A) virus (B) fungi (A) water- borne disease
(C) algae (D) bacteria
(B) advanced form of jaundice
32. Vitamins are
(C) air- borne disease
(A) inorganic substances that cannot be
(D) veneral disease
synthesised by animal
(B) inorganic substances that can be 41. Which of the following nutrients do not
synthesised by the animal provide energy for animals?
(C) organic substances that cannot be (A) Fats
synthesised by animal (B) Carbohydrates
(D) organic substances that can be (C) Vitamins
synthesised by animal (D) Proteins

NANCE 81
 Human Diseases

42. Night blindness is due to (A) vector

(A) excessive drinking of alcohol (B) causative agent
(B) excess secretion of adrenals (C) carrier
(C) vitamin A deficiency (D) All of these
(D) inheritance by X-chromosome 47. Vitamin B2 is related with
43. The common housefly is responsible for (A) FMN (B) NAD
causing many water- borne diseases. It role (C) NADH (D) ATP
is that of a -
(A) carrier 48. Pernicious anaemia failure of erythrocytes
(B) vector to mature is mainly due to lack of
(C) causative agent (A) vitamin K
(D) none of these (B) thiamine
44. Vitamin A is responsible for (C) pyridoxine
(A) rhodopsin
(B) night blindness (D) cyanocobal
(C) pellagra 49. Botulism is caused by -
(D) cirrhosis (A) Salmonella typhae
45. Cod liver oil is source of (B) Clostridium botulinum
(A) vitamin B (C) Crasticium botulinum
(B) vitamin C (D) Staphylococci
(C) iodine
(D) vitamin A 50. Castle intrinsic factor relates to intestinal
46. Insects like cockroach and spider are absorption of
responsible for food poisoning and diseases. (A) cobalamin (B) thiamine
They play the role of a- (C) riboflavin (D) pyridoxine

ANSWER KEY

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans . C D C B B A A C A D
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . C A B B B B C A A C
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . B B B A A D B A A C
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans . D C C C D D B D D D
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans . C C B B D A A D B A

“There will never be another now, and I will make the most of today.
There will never be another me, I will make the most of myself”

NANCE 82
 Our environment

Ecology:- Ecology is the scientific study of (b) Edaphic factors: For example-
the interaction of living organisms and their topography, soil texture etc. These
environment. These interactions are studied factors influence the distribution of
with a view to discover the principles which number, metabolic processes and
govern them. behaviour of organisms.
Ecosystem: Ecological system or 2. Biotic components: They are divided in
ecosystem is an open space built by following parts:
physical and biological components of an
(i) Producers:
environment. Ecosystem is result of an
active interaction between living and non- They are chlorophyll containing plants
living components. Ecosystem is where which include algae, grasses and plants.
community of plants, animals and their They convert solar energy into chemical
environment function as a whole, and energy by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is
relationship between organism and the source of food for majority of animals.
environment thrives blissfully.
Green plants are also called autotrophs
Ecosystems have no particular size. An since they synthesize their own food.
ecosystem can be as large as a desert or
lake or as small as a tree or a puddle. If you (ii) Consumers:
have a terrarium, gardens or crop field that Those organisms which cannot synthesize
is an artificial ecosystem. their own food but depend on others for the
same are called Heterotrophs. They are
Structure of Ecosystem:- Ecosystem is
mostly animals. Those animals which are
composed of two components –
directly dependent on plants for food are
1. Abiotic components: It includes inorganic,
called herbivores e.g. locust, goat, sheep,
organic and climatic factors like air, water,
soil and sunlight etc. rabbit. Those animals which depend on
herbivores for food are called carnivores
(i) Inorganic substances:
e.g. lion, cat. The carnivores can be
These include nutrient elements and
predators or parasites. Those organisms
compounds like- carbon, nitrogen, sulphur,
phosphorus, carbondioxide and water. All which depend on both plants as well as
these substances undergo cycling in animals for food are called omnivores e.g.
ecosystem. cockroach, man.
(ii) Organic compounds: (iii) Decomposers:
These include proteins, fats, carbohydrates They include mostly bacteria and fungi. In
and humic substances. They usually belong ecosystem generally bacteria attack or act
to the living body of organisms and link on animal tissues and fungi on plant tissues.
compounds of abiotic (non- living) and They digest dead tissues by the secretion
biotic (living) origin. of enzymes liberating their basic elements
(iii) Climatic factors: These are of two types:- of protoplasm in environment. The
(a) Atmospheric factors: For examples- light, liberating elements are utilised by
temperature, humidity, precipitation etc. producers.

NANCE 83
 Our environment
Types of Ecosystem:- 2. The carbon cycle: Plants convert the
Ecosystem carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into
carbon compounds, which are used by
animals that consume the plants.
Natural ecosystem Artificial ecosystem 3. The nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen from the
(Cropland, Industry,
Laboratory) atmosphere is fixed by bacteria and made
available to plants.
Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem
(Forest, grassland, desert) 4. The phosphorus cycle: Phosphate
dissolves in water, making phosphate ions
Fresh water Marine water available to plants. Plants convert the
phosphorus into biological molecules, which
Lotic Lentic are then passed through the ecosystem’s
(River, Water fall) (Pond, Lake) food chain.
Productivity in Ecosystem:-
There are two main types of
ecosystems: The flow of energy through an ecosystem is
1. Natural ecosystem: They are self not an efficient process. Only around 1
controlled in natural conditions. The percent of the solar energy that reaches a
interference of human being is minimum; plant is used to produce food. From there,
These can be further classified as follows on at each level that organisms consume each
the basis of specific type of habitats. other for food, energy is lost as heat.
Scientists use three calculations for
(a) Terrestrial ecosystem: For example-
measuring plant productivity in an
forests, grasslands, deserts etc.
ecosystem: Primary productivity measures
(b) Aquatic ecosystem: It is of two types- how much energy is produced by the
fresh water ecosystem and marine water photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem.
ecosystem. Fresh water is again of two Gross primary productivity measures the
types- Lotic e.g. river, water fall etc.and total amount of organic matter produced by
Lentic e.g. pond, lake etc. the photosynthetic organisms in the
2. Artificial ecosystem: They are completely ecosystem. Plants also use some of the
controlled by man, e.g. cropland which matter they produce for respiration. The
includes fields of wheat, bajra, rice etc. In remainder is available for heterotrophs.
this type man controls the biotic community Net primary productivity (NPP) measures
and physico- chemical atmosphere of the the amount of matter produced that is
ecosystem. available for heterotrophs. NPP for an
In addition to the above two main types a ecosystem is generally measured in grams
third type ‘space ecosystem’ has also been per square meter (g/m2).
recognized. *
,,,, Biomass is the total weight of all an
There are four main cycles that occur in ecosystem’s organisms. Biomass increases
ecosystem: as net primary productivity increases.
1. The water cycle: Liquid water from the Secondary productivity is a measure of the
ocean evaporates, condenses to form rate of biomass production by an
clouds, falls to the Earth as ecosystem’s heterotrophs. Only around 10
precipitation, and returns to the ocean as percent of the energy available at one
runoff. trophic level is available to the next. Energy

NANCE 84
 Our environment
may be lost as feacal matter or converted to (v) cacti  ants / locusts  spiders  lizards
heat. As energy passes from consumer to  snakes (desert)
consumer down the food chain, the amount Food chains can be long or short depending
of available energy is continuously upon the number of trophic level involved.
diminished, limiting the number of steps a
There are several different kinds of food
given ecosystem’s food chain can sustain
chains, including
the energy.
* predator chain : plant herbivore, carnivore,
* Biomes are ecosystems that have similar
larger carnivore.
climates and organisms. There are eight
major biomes: trophic rainforest, savanna, * parasite chain: various organisms
desert, temperate grassland, temperate sequentially parasitize one another
deciduous forest, temperate evergreen * saprophyte chain: decomposers, especially
forest, taiga , and tundra. fungi, which feed an dead organic matter,
Marine Ecosystem:- including the body of other decomposers.
Marine ecosystems are characterized based Food web:-
on water depth and light levels. A food web consists of many food chains.
The neritic zone is the relatively shallow A food chain only follows just one path as
region along the edges of continents and animals find food. e.g: A hawk eats a snake,
islands. It stretches to a depth of 300 which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a
meters. grasshopper, which has eaten grass. A food
web shows the many different paths plants
The pelagic zone is the area of water above
and animals are connected. E.g. : A hawk
the ocean floor, stretching from the surface
might also eat a mouse, a frog or some
to depth approaching 1,000 meters.
other animal. The snake may eat a beetle, a
The benthic zone is the ocean floor. caterpillar, or some other animal. And so on
Food chain and Food web:- for all the other animals in the food chain.
A food chain shows how each living thing A food web is several food chains
gets its food. Some animal eat plants and connected together.
some animals eat other animals. For
example, a simple food chain links the trees
& shrubs, the giraffes (that eat trees &
shrubs), and the lions (that eat the giraffes).
Each link in this chain is food for the next
link. A food chain always starts with plant
life and ends with an animal.
Following are some more examples of
food chain.
(i) grains  sparrows  cats
(ii) Algae, moss and food crumbs in the
drains  cockroach  lizard  birds
(iii) grass  rabbit  hawks (garden and
parks)
(iv) bark of a tree  wood house  spider
 shrew  fox (woodland)

NANCE 85
 Our environment

Trophic Levels and Food Chains:- Secondary consumers:-

The trophic level of an organism is its These are the carnivores that eat
position in a food chain, the sequence of
herbivores. This group include terrestrial
consumption and energy transfer through
the environment. spiders, frogs, insects- eating birds, lions,
many fish, and sea- stars.
For example, a simple grazing food chain is
comprised of Tertiary consumers:-
Plant  herbivore  carnivore These are the carnivores that eat other
At the base of the food chain lies the carnivores. eg. Eagle, etc.
primary producers. Detritivores:-
These are the consumers that derive energy
from organic wastes and dead organisms
some examples include the bacteria and
fungi. Also include scavengers such as
cockroaches and bald eagles. This level
often forms a major link between primary
producers and higher- level consumers, and
is important components of the recycling
process.
Fungi are important components of the
Primary producers:- decomposers
Autotrophs (usually photosynthetic) are the Ecological efficiency:-
organisms that support all other trophic Ecological efficiency is the ratio of net
levels either directly or indirectly by
productivity at one trophic level compared
synthesizing sugars and other organic
molecules using light energy. to net productivity at the level below. It can
Some examples of these include terrestrial vary greatly depending on the organisms
plants, aquatic photosynthetic protists, and involved, but is roughly 10%. This means
cyanobacteria. An exception is communities that 90% of the energy available at one
of organisms living around hot water, deep trophic level never transfers to the next.
sea vents where producers are
Habitat Destruction and the
cheomosynthetic bacteria that oxidize H2S
Biodiversity Crisis:-
(driven by geothermal energy).
Primary consumers:- The destruction of natural systems due to
These are herbivores that consume primary human encroachment has resulted in only a
producers. Some examples are terrestrial small proportion of natural, undisturbed
insects, snails, grazing mammals, seed- habitat remaining in existence. Over 75% of
eating birds, aquatic zoo-plankton, and the Earth’s original forests have been
some fish. cleared or severely disrupted.

NANCE 86
 Our environment

One result of the destruction of natural EXERCISE

habitat will be the exitinction of many
species as their ecosystem disappear. This 1. Term ‘ecology’ was proposed by-
biodiversity crisis has many aspects that (A) William (B) Odum
must be considered in order to protect (C) Reiter (D) Daubenmier
endangered species. Not only is localized 2. Habitat together with functions of species
protection necessary, but many migratory constitute is -
species are facing habitat destruction in (A) Trophic level (B) Boundary
both their northern breeding grounds and (C) Topography (D) Niche
their tropical wintering grounds. 3. The best source of energy in the
Ecological pyramids: environment is -
* Ecological pyramids are diagramatic are (A) Water (B) Soil
representation that show the relationships (C) Trees (D) Ponds
between the trophic levels of an ecosystem. 4. Which one of the following factors is biotic
The pyramid shape reflects the loss of
(A) Photoperiod
energy that occurs from one trophic level to
(B) CO2 extent to the soil
the next. There will generally be many
(C) Texture and porosity
individuals at the lowest trophic level, where
(D) Rainfall
energy levels are more abundant. Since only
10 percent of the energy is passed on to the 5. As a biologist, if you become very
next level, there will be fewer individuals at interested in the study of the interaction of
the second level, and even fewer at the organisms with each other and the
third. environment your subspeciality would be -
(A) Zoology (B) Ecology
Ecological pyramids can be represented in
(C) Botany (D) Herpetology
three ways:
6. As energy is passed from one trophic level
1. A pyramid of numbers shows the number of
to another, the amount of usable energy -
individuals at each level.
(A) Increases
2. A pyramid of biomass shows the amount of
biomass produced at each level. (B)Decreases

3. A pyramid of energy shows the amount of (C) Remain the same

energy available at each level. (D) Energy is not passed from one trophic
* A population is a group of individuals of the level to another
same species occupying a given area. It has 7. An example of a producer in the aquatic
a characteristic size, density, distribution, food web would be -
and age structure as well as characteristic (A) Duckweed (B) Ducks
ranges of heritable traits. (C) Fish (D) Insects

NANCE 87
 Our environment

8. When you were a child, you may have 14. Individuals of any species at a place form-
heard the old poem, “Fishy, fishy in the
(A) biotic community (B) ecosystem
brook, daddy catch it with a hook,
mamma fries it in pan, baby eats it like a (C) population (D) biome
man.” This poem illustrates the biological 15. The part of earth comprising water is called
concept of - an -
(A) Trophic levels in a food web (A) atmosphere (B) hydrosphere
(B) Primary productivity (C) lithosphere (D) none of these
(C) The decomposition of organic matter
16. The last chain of food is -
(D) A poem that would be considered
politically incorrect today (A) producers (B) decomposers
9. In the biosphere, which of the following is (C) parasites (D) none
the ultimate source of energy - 17. Trophic levels are formed by -
(A) Carbon (B) Water (A) only plants
(C) Sunlight (D) Nitrogen (B) only animals
10. Free services provided to humans by
(C) only carnivores
ecosystems include -
(D) organism linked in food chain
(A) control of atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration. 18. Which of the following is the most important
(B) prevention of soil erosion. climatic factor
(C) filtering of pollutants from water and air. (A) precipitation (B) soil
(D) all of the above (C) gradient of slope (D) atmosphere
11. Each step in a food chain is called a 19. In an ecosystem green plants are known as
(A) trophic level. (B) consumer level (A) primary consumers
(C) food web (D) producer
(B) secondary consumers
12. As a black widow spider consumes her
mate, what is the lowest trophic level she (C) producers
could be occupying- (D) tertiary consumers
(A) third (B) first 20. Sun gives radiations in the form of -
(C) second (D) fourth
(A) Infra- red radiation
13. How do mountain ranges create deserts -
(B) Visible light
(A) by lifting land up into colder, driver air
(B) by completely blocking the flow of air (C) Ultra- violet
into desert areas, thus preventing (D) All of the above
clouds from getting there 21. For corrosion of metals, there should be-
(C) by forcing air to first rise and then fall, (A) Exposed surface of metal
thus causing rain on one side of the
(B) Moisture
mountains and desert on the other
(D) by causing the global wind patterns that (C) Air
make certain latitudes very dry (D) All of the above

NANCE 88
 Our environment

22. Which of the following constitute a food- 28. The study of the relationship between living
chain ? things and the environment is called
(A) evolution (B) paleontology
(A) Grass, wheat and mango
(C) ecology (D) cytology
(B) Grass, goat and human
29. Which of the following would be
(C) Goat, cow and elephant
considered a population?
(D) Grass, fish and goat
(A) all the insects in the world
23. Which of the following are environment- (B) all the birds in North America
friendly practices?
(C) all the bullfrogs in a pond
(A) Carrying cloth- bags to put purchases
(D) all the trees in a state park
in while shopping
30. All the living organisms and the nonliving
(B) Switching off unnecessary lights and
environment in a particular, location make
fans
up what is called a(n)
(C) Walking to school instead of getting
(A) population (B) species
your mother to drop you on her
(C) biotic factors (D) community
scooter
31. The physical location an organism lives is
(D) All of the above sometimes referred to as its
24. Pyramids of energy are- (A) gene pool (B) biosphere
(A) always upright (B) always inverted (C) habitat (D) population
(C) mostly upright (D) mostly inverted 32. The portion of the earth’s surface that
25. The maximum energy is stored at following supports life is known as
tropical level in any ecosystem- (A) the biome (B) the atmosphere
(A) Producers (B) Herbivores (C) the biosphere (D) the strata
(C) Carnivores (D) Top carnivores 33. An organism that cannot synthesize its own
26. In an ecosystem the function of the organic molecules is called a
producers is to- (A) producer (B) autotroph
(A) Convert organic compounds into (C) heterotroph (D) A and B
inorganic compounds 34. Which of the following would not be
(B) Trap solar energy and convert it into considered an autotroph ?
chemical energy (A) plant
(C) Utilize chemical energy (B) algae
(D) Release energy (C) photosynthetic bacteria
(D)mushroom
27. Pyramid of energy in a forest ecosystem is 35. Organisms that feed on producers in the
(A) Always inverted ecosystem are called
(B) Always upright (A) first level consumers
(C) Both upright and inverted depending on (B) second level consumers
ecosystem (C) autotrophs
(D) First upright then inverted (D) none of these

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 Our environment

36. In energy pyramids, which of the following 41. Transpiration is when

trophic levels contains the largest amounts (A) atmospheric nitrogen is chemically fixed
of us able energy ? as ammonia
(A) producers (B) ice is changed directly into water vapor
(B) first level consumers
(C) liquid water that has entered a plant
(C) second level consumers
leaves as water vapor
(D) third level consumers
(D) water vapor is changed into liquid
37. Which of the following organisms feeds on
water
animal and plant material?
42. Which of the following would best describe
(A) carnivores
the niche of a rabbit?
(B) herbivores
(A) its fur color
(C) omnivores
(B) how many offspring it produces
(D) autotrophs
(C) the grass it eats in the environment
38. Which of the following is not correct
concerning the nitrogen cycle ? (D) the enzymes present in its blood
(A) nitrogen is an element needed to 43. Which of the following conditions would
produce amino acids probably result in the most competition for
(B) atmosphere nitrogen is converted to food?
ammonia by certain bacteria (A) a lion and a zebra in a savannah
(C) denitrification is when atmospheric (B) an elephant and an ant colony in a
nitrogen is changed into ammonia forest
(D) plants use nitrates in the soil to make (C) a spider and a plant in someone’s
proteins backyard
39. The burning of fossil fuels releases large (D) a deer and a rabbit in a grass field
amounts of
44. Commensalism is
(A) iron into the soil
(A) an interaction among two species
(B) carbon into the atmosphere
where both species benefit from the
(C) oxygen into the atmosphre
relationship
(D) sulfur into the soil
(B) an interaction among two species where
40. Which organisms are responsible for one species benefits and the other
removing carbon from the atmosphere and species is unaffected
fixing this carbon into organic molecules (C) an interaction among two species
(A) autotrophs where one species benefits and the
(B) plants other species is harmed
(C) producers (D) when two organisms do not interact at
(D) all of these all in an environment

NANCE 90
 Our environment

45. In the process of ecological succession, the (C) parasites

final community or group of organisms that (D) heterotroph
will exist in the ecosystem are called
48. What characteristic is usually used as the
(A) pioneer organisms major identifying factor of a particular
(B) climax community
biome ?
(C) secondary consumers
(A) latitude
(D) none of these
(B) longitude
46. Which of the following statements are true
about secondary succession ? (C) rock formations
(D) climax plant life
(A) Secondary succession will begin in an
area that has no soil. 49. Which of the following biomes receives the
(B) Secondary succession occurs on a site highest annual rainfall?
where no previous community existed. (A) taigas
(C) Secondary succession will begin in an (B) deserts
area that has been disturbed by a
(C) grasslands
condition, such as fire, that destroys
(D) tropical rainforests
the vegetation, but leaves the soil.
50. Which of the following biomes contains
(D) Secondary succession will cause all
many trees that lose their leaves in the
plant life in the area to die.
colder months of the year ?
47. The first organism that will appear in an
area experiencing primary succession is (A) tropical rainforest
called a(n) (B) grasslands
(A) pioneer organisms (C) temperate deciduous forest
(B) secondary consumer (D) tundra

ANSWER KEY
Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A n s. C D C B B B A A C D
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A n s. A D C C B B D A C D
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A n s. D B D A A B B C C D
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A n s. C C C D A A C C B D
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A n s. C C D B B C A D D C

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

 Forest provides home, shelter and protection the flow of strong winds obstructing its
to a large number of animals. It provides passage. This also results in settling of dust
nesting place to birds. We know all organisms particles in the air, making air free from
are inter- related by food web and thus pollutants.
equilibrium in forest, ecosystem is maintained. * Less of rain and snow: Deforestation affects
the rains at a place resulting in the non-
 Forest are economically very important. They
availability of fresh water on land for drinking
provide timber for house and ship building,
and irrigation.
wood (or fuel), wonderful drugs and raw
* Increase in humidity and carbon dioxide in
material such as grass, bamboo from which air is the direct effect of deforestation resulting
paper is made. They provide a number of in rise in temperature and air pollution.
edible fruits and seeds. Gum, resins and dyes * Soil degradation and soil erosion: Soil gets
are also plant products. less fertile and particles in soil get loose
 Wild life living in forest is also of great resulting in erosion of soil by wind and water.
economic importance. Skin, tusk,honey, lac, Loss of worms and microbes from such soil
silk, fur and some medicines all are obtained degrades the quality of soil.
from animals. * Global warming is the immediate effect of
 Forest provides a great attraction to nature deforestation and pollution of atmosphere
lovers.There beauty is soul satisfying. which results in fast melting of snow along the
Deforestation means destroying the natural poles and glaciers.
beauty. The indiscriminate cutting of forests * Decreasing groundwater table is also the result
has disturbed the ecological cycle. This results of deforestation and reduced availability of
in drought and unprecedented floods, rise in fresh water on land.
atmospheric temperature, soil erosion and The breath of life: Air
loss of wild life to the extent that now its stress
Air is an important form of inexhaustible
is being felt on our economy and social life.
natural resource which is essential for our
Effect of Deforestation: survival. Air consists of a mixture of gases,
* Loss of biodiversity : Loss of forests results containing nitrogen (78%) and oxygen(21%).
in loss of natural habitats for many species of . Carbon dioxide, ammonia, ozone and noble
plants and animals. Thus life being supported gases (helium, argon etc.) constitute to 1% of
by forests is being reduced. The result is loss the total volume of the air. Atmosphere is the
of a great variety of wild life. layer of air above the earth surface. The
* Non- availability of forest products: Wood, density of air in the atmosphere varies at
fodder, medicinal plants, animal products different altitudes from the surface of the earth.
(flesh, bones and fur), and many other The atmosphere is thus divided into different
secretions from wild plants are not easily zones. The air, which we breathe, exists in
available. There is a shortage of supply and the first zone, 10 to 12 km from the surface
demand has increased. Wild animals face of the earth. This zone of the atmosphere is
shortage of food and they run to cultivated called troposphere. Above the troposphere
fields resulting in damage to crops. is the stratosphere. This is rich in ozone gas
* Change in climatic conditions: Destruction of forming ozone layer. It absorbs many harmful
forests is brought about by - solar radiations such as ultraviolet rays. This
Strong winds and floods: Forest trees check

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

zone provides protection to our life. Some of factors of large scale global winds are the
the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays radiation differential heating between the equator and
are cataracts, inflammatory diseases, cancer, the poles (difference in absorption of solar
etc. This zone provides protection to our life. energy between these climate zones), and the
* It is observed that a normal human being rotation of the planet. Differential heating is
requires about 250 to 265 kg air per day for the motive force behind land breezes and sea
doing various activities. Air is also essential breezes (or, in the case of larger lakes, lake
to grow crops, support animal life and as a breezes), also known as on- or off- shore
medium of communication. winds. Land absorbs and radiates heat faster
than water, but water releases heat over a
* Study of atmosphere is very important for us.
longer period of time. The result is that, in
Atmosphere plays an important role in the
locations where sea and land meet, heat
formation of clouds, occurence of rain and absorbed over the day will be radiated more
formation of snow. It prevents certain harmful quickly by the land at night, cooling the air.
radiation from reaching the surface of the Over the sea, heat is still being released into
earth. It also helps in the formation of winds. the air at night, which rises. This convective
The studies on atmosphere also help in making motion draws the cool land air in to replace
weather forecast. The weather forecast help the rising air, resulting in a land breeze in the
us taking necessary measures to prevent loss late night and early morning. During the day,
of human life, cattle and crops due to torrential the roles are reversed. Warm air over the land
rains, cloud bursts, cyclones and dry spells. rises, pulling cool air in from the sea to replace
They also facilitate in taking appropriate it, giving a sea breeze during the afternoon
measures against drought and floods. In a way, and evening.
weather forecast helps us in disaster Water: A wonder liquid
management. Water is essential for sustaining life. It is an
* Air carries many impurities, which are not important medium for all the life processes
good for our health. The chief constituents of and acts as universal solvent. The most unique
feature of water is that its density is similar to
the impurities are carbon dioxide, carbon
that of protoplasm. Water is a prime natural
monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,
resource, basic human need and precious
fluoride compounds, met als and national asset. We have both the surface and
hydrocarbons. These impurities are known as ground water. India has rich water bodies
pollutants, which cause air pollution. Air consisting of rivers, lakes, streams and ponds
pollution causes many diseases; therefore, we besides a long coastline. Water resources in
must maximize our effort to keep air pure for our country have been estimated to an average
our survival. run off in the river system of 1,896 km3 and
* Nitrogen reduces the activity of oxygen in air. 432 km3 ground water. We are dependent
* At sea level, atmospheric pressure is on water for many purposes like drinking ,
approximately equal to the weight of 1 kg mass cooking, cleaning, agriculture, transportation,
acting on every square centimeter. hydelpower, etc. The surface and ground
water available to us come from the rainfall
Wind: and snow which are a part of the hydrological
Wind is the flow of air. More generally, it is cycle.
the flow of the gases which compose an In our country, the intensity of annual rainfall
atmosphere; since wind is not only an Earth varies from region to region and accordingly
based phenomenon. The three major driving we have four zones

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

(i) Wet zone:- Rainfall is very high in this Conservation:

region(over 200 cm) * The wise and careful use of natural resources,
(ii) Intermediate zone:- Heavy rainfall (100- is called conservation.
200 cm) * The total number of life forms (varieties of
(iii) Semi arid zone:- Annual rainfall in the zone living organisms) on the earth are referred to
is moderate (50 to 100 cm). as biodiversity (bio meaning life, diversity
(iv) Arid zone:- Annual rainfall in this zone is very meaning variety).
* Term “Flora” is used to include all types of
low (20-50 cm).
plants on this earth. Though this word has
Water that percolates into the ground through come from flora meaning flower but it includes
the pore spaces of the rocks is available as non- flowering plants, even fungus plants and
ground water. The porous rocks are saturate bacteria. Similarly, term “Fauna” is used to
with water at a certain level below the surface include all types of animals.
that is known as zone of saturation. The upper * Natural disasters and human activities results
level of the zone of saturation is called the in degeneration of biodiversity.
water table. The water table is expressed with * There are endangered species exposed to
reference to the mean sea level. However the danger of extinction. Endemic species are
more endangered. They need conservation.
vertical distance from a place on the surface
* The International Union for conservation
to the water table is called water level. The
of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN)
water table reaches the surface in springs,
has made five main conservation categories.
permanent rivers, lakes and swamps and it is These are extinct, endangered, vulnerable,
deeper on hilltops and in dry areas. The rare and insufficiently known species. To bring
ground water provides soil moisture for plant the focus to threatened species, IUCN has
growth, supplements water in streams and started issuing lists of threatened plants and
lakes, and is frequently used for human animals on a global basis. IUCN has also
consumption. started publication of a Red data book.
About 84 percent of the total global * Biosphere reserves are multipurpose
evaporation occurs from ocean surface and protected areas with major objectives such
16 percent from land surface. At any given as:
time, the amount of moisture in the air is only (i) to conserve diversity and integrity of plants,
enough to meet a total rainfall requirement of animals and micro organisms
10 days. (ii) to encourage ecological conservations and
About 77 percent of the total rainfall on earth (iii) to educate, train and create awarenes about
is received on the sea surface (as against 84 environmental aspects.
percent evaporation from this segment) and * Twelve biosphere reserves have been set up
in the country. They are Nilgiri, Nandadevi,
23 percent on land (16 percent share of total
Nokrok, Great Nicobar, Gulf of Mannar,
evaporation to the atmosphere). There is a
Mannas, Sunderbans, Similipal, Pibru
net gain of 7 percent rainfall water on land
Saikhowa, Oebong Oeband, Punchmarhi and
surface to support plant and animal life Kanchanjangha.
throughout the year. * Biological diversity day: 29th December.

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

* Green Data Book: A book containing a list (iv) protection of soil erosion from wind water by
of rare plants growing in protected areas like growing protective plants to cover the soil
Botanical Gardens. surface.
* Dodo bird (Didus ineptus) of Mauritius * The Three R’s to save the environment:
extensively killed due to its beautiful features. The three R’s of waste management: Reduce,
* According to December 26th 1995 report, reuse, and recycle. Practicing all three of these
the “Red Panda Project” has been started to activities every day is important for a healthy
protect Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) environment.
endangered species from extinction in Reduce:
Himalayan region. Reduce / Reduction: to make something
* Endemic species: A species found in a smaller or useless, resulting in a smaller
particular natural habitat only e.g., Ficus amount of waste. “Source reduction” is
religiosa, Butea monosperma. reducing waste before you purchase it, or by
* Cheetah has recently become extinct from purchasing products that are not wasteful in
India. Only wild population of cheetah is found their packaging or use. A key part of waste
in Africa. “reduction” is “conservation”- using natural
* Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is found only in resources wisely, and using less than usual in
India. order to avoid waste.
* Willian Hornday: Coined the term wildlife,
Reuse:
wrote the book “Our Vanishing Wild life”.
Reuse materials in their original form instead
* World Conservation Day : 3rd December
of throwing them away, or pass those
* World Animal Day : 3rd October
materials on to others who could use them
* Wild life Institute of India: Located at
too.
Dehradun.
* The top soil is rich in humus which makes the Recycle:
soil fertile. Recycling occurs when you save and take
* The soil fertility is lost by soil erosion. reusable materials to places where they can
* The removal of fertile top soil by wind, rains be remade into either the same product or
or floods is called soil erosion. new products, rather than to just toss them in
* The techniques to check soil erosion is called the trash.
soil conservation. Making new items from recycled ones also
* The main component of the hydrosphere is takes fewer energy and other resources than
water. making products from brand new materials.
* When water falls on the earth a very small Buy toilet paper, paper towels and stationery
fraction of this water percolates deep into the made from recycled paper, tile from crushed
ground, this is called ground water. light bulbs, garden hose from used tired and
* Harvesting of rain water is a technique to yard furniture from recycled plastic bottles.
conserve water. Some Biosphere reserves (National
* The soil conservation practices are: parks and sanctuaries) in India are:
(i) alternate cropping  Assam: Kaziranga Sanctuary (one horned
(ii) growing of legumes rhino), Manas, Dibru.
(iii) application of optimum manures and  Arunachal: Pakhui- Nameri, Namdapha,
fertilizers
Dehang Debang.

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

 Andhra Pradesh: Nagarjunsagar- Sripailam  Non- biodegradable materials, such as

 Bihar: Balmiki (Valmiki) Sancturary. chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (dichloro
 Gujarat: Gir Sancturary for lion, chital, diphenyl trichloro ethane or DDT, benzene
Sambhar hexachloride or BHC, etc.), waste plastic
 Jharkhand: Palamau bottles, polyethylene bags, used soft- drink
 Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri, cans, etc. are either not degraded, or
Bandipur (elephant), Indravati, Panchmarhi. degraded only very slowly by decomposers
 Madhya Pradesh: Pench, Bandhavgarh, in the nature. Therefore, non -biodegradable
pollutants are difficult to manage, and in most
Panna, Bori- satpura, Kanha.
cases there is no treatment process to handle
 Maharastra: Tadoba- Andheri, Melghat,
the anthropogenic input of such materials in
Pench with M.P.
the ecosystem.
 Meghalaya: Norkek
 Biodegradable pollutants, such as market
 Mizoram: Dampha
garbage, livestock wastes, municipal sewage,
 Great Nicobar: Entire Island for wetland etc., on the other hand, can be decomposed
preserve. efficiently by the decomposers.
 Orrisa: Similipal (tigers), Nandankanan Therefore,biodegradable pollutants are
(breeding tigers). easily managable by natural processes or in
 Rajasthan: Ranthambore, Sariska (tiger), engineered system such as the waste
Bharatpur (birds). treatment plants. If managed properly,
 Sikkim: Kanchanjunga hills. biodegradable waste can be turned into
 Tamil Nadu: Gulf of Mannar (wetland, corals), useful resources.
Kalakad- Mundanthurai  Pollution can be classified according to the
 Uttaranchal : Jim Corbet National Park (tiger) components of environment that are
 West Bengal: Sunderbans, Buxa. polluted.
These are:
Pollution:
 Air pollution
 Pollution is an undesirable change in
 Water pollution
physical, chemical or biological
 Soil pollution (land pollution).
characteristics of our air, land or water,
caused by excessive accumulation of Air Pollution:
pollutants. These changes deteriorate our  Degradation of air quality and natural
raw-material resources and the environment. atmospheric conditions constitutes air
Pollution affects the health, survival, or pollution. Natural sources of air pollution are
activities of human or other living organisms. forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust
 A pollutant is a substance present in the storm and decay of organic matters. Pollen
environment in concentrations that is grains floating in air are also a natural source.
harmful to the environment and to living Man- made sources are population explosion,
organisms. These include substances (e.g. deforestation, urbanisation and industrializa-
smoke), chemicals (e.g. gases, metals, salts) tion. Certain activities of human beings release
or factors (e.g. heat, noise, etc.). several pollutants in air, such as carbon
 Pollutants can be categorised into non- monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons,
biodegradable and biodegradable oxides of nitrogen, lead, arsenic, asbestos,
pollutants. radioactive matter, and dust.

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

the Earth. Acid deposition includes wet and

 Air pollutants can be classified into two
dry deposition. Wet deposition refers to acidic
categories. These are: primary and
water received through rain, fog, and snow.
secondary air pollutants.
Dry deposition relates to the wind blown
 Primary pollutants enter the atmosphere acidic gases and particles in the atmosphere
directly from various sources. Amongst the that settle down on the ground. About half of
primary air pollutants, most important are the acidity in the atmosphere is transferred to
particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), Earth through dry deposition. Dry deposited
hydrocarbons (HCs), sulphur dioxide (SO2) gases and particles can also be washed from
and nitrogen oxides (NOx). trees and other surfaces by rainfall. Nitrogen
 Secondary pollutants are formed during oxides (NOx) and SO2 are produced during
chemical reactions between primary air the combustion of coal (in industry) and
pollutants and other atmospheric constituents, petroleum (in automobile). Lightning in sky
such as water vapour. Commonly, these also produces NOx naturally. These gases are
reactions occur in the presence of sunlight. highly reactive in air. They rapidly oxidise to
 Photochemical smog occurs in urban areas acids (sulphuric or nitric), which quickly
receiving large amounts of sunlight; caused by dissolve in water and are washed out to the
photochemical (light- induced) reactions ground as acid rain. Normally, rainwater is
among nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and slightly acidic (pH 5.6-6.5) because water and
other components of polluted air that produce CO2 combine in air to form a weak acid. The
photochemical oxidants. Photochemical smog pH of acid rain is less than 5.6, and could be
is composed mainly of ozone (O 3 ), as low as 4 or below. Acid rain results in
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and NOx . It is discolouration and deterioration of buildings,
often called brown air where solar radiation sculptures, painted surfaces, fabrics, paper,
is intense. In areas or seasons of lesser solar leather, etc. Our heritage monuments (such
radiation, smog formation is incomplete and as Taj Mahal at Agra) are threatened by the
the air is referred to as grey air. corrosive action of acid deposition. Acid rain
 Smog, ozone may damage plant as well as adversely affects terrestrial and aquatic
animal life. In plants, the main damage occurs vegetation. Low pH conditions also harm soil
in leaf. Ozone aggravates lung diseases in microbial community.
humans. Ozone, an effective oxidant,  Gases that trap the heat of the sun in the
corrodes the heritage building surfaces and Earth’s atmosphere, producing t he
damages marble statues and other cultural greenhouse effect. The two major
assets. Several plant species are also very greenhouse gases are water vapour and
susceptible to PAN in smog. PAN damages carbon dioxide (CO2). Other greenhouse
chloroplasts and, thus, the photosynthetic gases include methane (CH 4), ozone,
efficiency and growth of plants are reduced. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrous
It also inhibits electron transport system and oxide (N2O).
interferes with enzyme system that perform
significant role in cellular metabolism. In
 The atmosphere cover around the Earth acts
humans, PAN causes acute irritation of eyes. like a window glass pane. It allows most of
the solar radiation to enter right up to the
 Acid rain refers to various ways in which Earth’s surface, but does not allow a
acids from the atmosphere are deposited on significant amount of the long wave radiation

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

emitted by the Earth to escape in space. The which get dissolved in water from natural
greenhouse gases normally present in the deposits in and around water sources.
atmosphere absorb the outgoing long- wave Microorganisms, such as protozoans and
infrared radiation. The atmosphere radiates other metals, detergents, domestic waste and
part of this energy back to the Earth. This radioactive wastes are also water pollutants.
downward flux of radiation, called greenhouse Soil Pollution:-
flux, keeps the Earth warm. Consequently, the
 Any unfavourable alteration in soil by
atmospheric greenhouse gases forming a
addition or removal of substances and
blanket over the Earth, control the escape of
factors, which decreases soil fertility, is
heat from the Earth’s surface to outer space
called soil pollution.
so as to keep it warm and hospitable. This
phenomenon is referred to as greenhouse  Natural agents like water and wind, constantly
effect. tend to remove the topsoil and cause
erosion. Rain falling upon the unprotected
Bhopal gas leakage tragedy:- topsoil, washes it down into the streams. Due
The leakage of poisonous gas pollution air with to the absence of plant covering, eroded soil
‘methyl isocyanate’ from a gas plant with a cannot hold water. Water rushes into the
‘Carbile’ factory at Bhopal killed thousands rivers and overflows as flood.
of people in their sleep and disabled many  Dust storm also causes soil erosion. The
with nervous disorders. particles of topsoil are picked up in such
Water Pollution: quantities that they form clouds of dust.
 The water pollution may be defined as Human beings also cause soil erosion. The
“presence of foreign organic, biological, growing human habitation and expansion of
radiological or physical substance in water that urban areas lead to removal of vegetation.
ends to lower its quality and either constitutes Once vegetation is removed, the naked soil
a health hazard or decreases the utility of gets exposed to wind and water.
water”.
 There are two types of sources of water EXERCISE
pollution: (1) Point sources (2) Non- point 1. Pollutant from motor car exhaust that causes
sources. Point sources include factories, mental diseases is
power plants, underground coal mines and (A) lead (B) NO2
oil wells situated close to water source.They (C) SO2 (D) Hg
discharge pollutants directly into the water 2. Minamata disease is a pollution- related
source. But, it is generally possible to treat disease, which results from
the pollutants before they enter the water (A) release of human organic waste into
body. Non- point sources are scattered and drinking water
do not have any specific location for (B) accumulation of arsenic into atmosphere
discharging pollutants into a particular water (C) release of industrial waste mercury into
body. They include run- off from fields, lawns, fishing water
gardens, construction sites, logging areas, (D) oil spills into sea
roads and streets, etc. Non- point sources
are difficult to monitor, regulate and treat. 3. Lichens are important in the studies on
atmospheric pollution because they
 Water pollutants are substances (impurities)
(A) can also grow in greatly polluted
such as calcium and magnesium compounds,
atmosphere

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 NATURAL RESOURCES

(B) can readily multiply in polluted 13. Major source of methane in India is
atmosphere (A) rice fields
(C) are very sensitive to pollutants like SO2 (B) sugarcane plantation
(D) efficiently purify the atmosphere (C) wheat fields
4. World environment day is (D) fruit orchards
(A) 5th June (B) 28th February 14. Formation of ozone hole is maximum over
(C) 5th August (D) 28th April (A) India (B) Africa
5. Measurement of rate of oxygen utilisation by (C) Antarctica (D) Europe
a unit volume of water over a period of time 15. Which pigment protects plants from UV
is to measure damage?
(A) biochemical oxygen demand (A) Chlorophyll (B) Xanthophyll
(B) biosynthetic pathway (C) Phycocyanin (D) Carotenoids
(C) biogas generation 16. Among pollutants that has the most lasting
(D) fermentation effect
6. Eutrophicataion leads to death of fish due to (A) carbon monoxide
(A) increased O2 content (B) pesticides
(B) increased algae content (C) sulphur dioxide
(C) decreased algae content (D) smoke from chimneys
(D) decreased O2 content 17. Which is not dangerous for life?
7. The two great industrial tragedies namely, (A) Nuclear blast
MIC and Carbonyl tragedies respectively (B) Deforestation
occurred where and at which time ? (C) Biopollutants
(A) Bhopal 1984, Ukraine 1990 (D) Ozone layer
(B) Bhopal 1984, Ukraine 1988 18. Thermal pollution is more prevalent near
(C) Bhopal 1984, Ukraine 1986 (A) hot water springs
(D) Bhopal 1986, Russia 1988 (B) coal based power plants
8. Sewage infection of wat er will be (C) temperate zones
demonstrated by cyst of (D) tropical zones
(A) Entamoeba 19. Pollution indicator plants
(B) Escherichia coli (A) are resistant to pollution
(C) Pseudomonas (B) can purify the atmospere
(D) Leishmania (C) are very sensitive to pollution
9. Chlorofluorocarbon releases a chemical (D) are very sensitive to pollutants
harmful to ozone 20. Some effects of SO2 and its transformation
(A) fluorine (B) sulphur dioxide products on plants include
(C) nitrogen peroxide (D) chlorine (A) chlorophyll destruction
10. Ozone day is (B) plasmolysis
(A) January 30 (B) December 25 (C) Golgi body destruction
(C) April 21 (D) September 16 (D) exosmosis
11. Noise pollution is measured in 21. A sewage treatment process in which a portion
(A) hertz (B) fathoms of the decomposer bacteria present in the
(C) nanometres (D) decibels waste recycled into the beginning of the
12. Cadmium pollution is associated with disease process is called
(A) itai- itai (B) anaemia (A) activated sludge treatment
(C) minamata (D) pneumoconiosis (B) primary treatment

NANCE 100
 NATURAL RESOURCES
(C) tertiary treatment 31. BOD of a pond is related to ___________
(D) cyclic treatment in per unit volume of water.
(A) all the plants (B) all the nektons
22. How does carbon monoxide, a poisonous
(C) all the microbes (D) all the animals
gas, emitted by automobiles, prevent
transport of oxygen into the body tissues? 32. Which of the following is not found in
(A) By changing oxygen into carbon dioxide polluted water?
(B) By obstructing the reaction of oxygen with (A) Blue green algae
haemoglobin (B) Larvae of stone fly
(C) Thermal power project (C) Water hyacinth
(D) By forming a stable component with (D) Sewage fungi
haemoglobin 33. If fertilisers are added to fresh water
23. Warm ocean surge of Peru current recurring (A) plants will die
every 5-8 years or so in the East Pacific of (B) overall animal population will increase
South America is widely known as (C) eutrophication will occur
(A) Gulf stream (B) Aye- Aye (D) fish population will decrease
(C) EI Nino (D) Mangox 34. Air pollution causing photochemical oxidants
production include
24. Ozone hole refers to (A) nitrous oxide, nitric acid fumes, nitric oxide
(A) hole in ozone layer (B) ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, aldehydes
(B) reduction in thickness of ozone layer in (C) oxygen, chlorine, fuming nitric acid
stratosphere (D) sulphur dioxide
(C) reduction in thickness of ozone layer in 35. The effect of pollution is first and most marked
troposphere on
(D) increase in concentration of ozone (A) natural flora of a place
25. Acid rain is caused due to increase in (B) natural balance of our environment
concentration of (C) natural geochemical cycles
(A) SO2 and NO2 (D) all the above three
(B) CO and CO2 36. World environment day is celebrated on -
(C) CO and SO3 (A) 15th March (B) 15th April
(D) ozone and dust (C) 4th May (D) 5th June
26. Ozone depletion is caused by 37. Conservation is -
(A) carbon dioxide (B) CFCs (A) Protection of natural resources
(C) CO (D) SO2 (B) Management of natural resources
27. Smog is a combination of (C) Proper use of natural resources
(A) fire and water (D) All the above
(B) smoke and frog 38. If the high altitude birds become rare or
(C) water and smoke extinct, the plants which may disappear along
(D) air and water
with them are -
28. Sound becomes a hazardous noise pollution
(A) Pine (B) Oak
if its level is above
(C) Orchids (D) Rhododendrons
(A) 30 dB (B) 120 dB
39. Plants are killed in winter by frost -
(C) 80 dB (D) 150 dB
(A) Because of mechanical damage to the
29. Maximum threat to the world is from
tissue
(A) global warming (B) ozone hole
(B) Because no photosynthesis take place at
(C) water pollution (D) soil erosion
such a low temperature
30. Which of the following is not a pollutant? (C) Because respiration ceases at such low
(A) SO2 (B) CO2 temperature
(C) CO (D) NO2 (D) Because there is no transpiration

NANCE 101
 NATURAL RESOURCES

40. It is said, the Tajmahal may be destroyed due to 45. The biological process by which carbon is
(A) Flood in Yamuna river returned to its reservoir is -
(B) Decomposition of marble as a result of (A) photosynthesis
high temperature (B) denitrification
(C) Air pollutants released from oil refinery (C) carbon fixation
of Mathura (D) cellular respiration
(D) All the above 46. Which of the following groups does not
41. Carbon monoxide is a pollutant because- contain only biodegrable items?
(A) It reacts with O2 (A) Grass, flowers and leather
(B) In inhibits glycolysis (B) Grass,wood and plastic
(C) Reacts with haemoglobin (C) Fruit- peels, cake and lime- juice
(D) Makes nervous system inactive (D) Cake, wood and grass
42. CO2 absorbs some of the ......... that radiates 47. In order to maintain proper ecological
from the surface of Earth to space- balance-
(A) ozone (B) heat (A) The existing forests would be cleared and
(C) ultraviolet light (D) smog new ones should be planted
43. Human- caused changed to the nitrogen cycle (B) Some quick growing annuals should be
are expected to result in - planted if a tree must be cut for other uses
(A) an increase in acid rain. (C) Tree must be cut whenver necessary
(B) an increase in the loss of species from because the underground part performs the
ecosystems. useful purpose
(C) higher concentrations of a greenhouse gas. (D) A tree should be planted in place of one
(D) all of the above to be cut
44. Why do scientists think human- induced 48. ‘Project tiger’ in India was started in-
global warming will be more harmful to plants (A) 1970 (B) 1973
and animals than were past, natural climate (C) 1981 (D) 1985
fluctuations- 49. The gas of vital importance to all living
(A) because temperature will change faster organisms present in the stratosphere is -
(B) because the temperature changes will be (A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen
larger (C) Ozone (D) Carbon dioxide
(C) because species now are less adaptable 50. The gas that contributes the most to the
than species in the past greenhouse effect is -
(D) because ecosystems are now more (A) methane (B) water vapor
complicated than they used to be (C) ozone (D) carbon dioxide
ANSWER KEY
Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A C C A A D C A D D
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D A A C D B D B C A
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A D C B A B B C B B
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C B C B A D D D A C
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C B D A D B D B C D

NANCE 102
 NTSE FLASH BACK
1. Match the items of: which of the following combinations is
Column A Column B correct
a) Platelets 1) Attach bone with muscle (A) A,C (B) B, C
b) Neuron 2) Locomotion (C) A,B (D)A,B,D
c) Tendon 3) Blood coagulation 5. Which of the following food will provide the
d) Striated 4) Respond to stimuli nutrient for the growth of tissue in human
muscle body-
Which of the following is correct ? (A)Cheese (B) Fruit
(A) (a-2) (b-3) (c-4) (d-1) (C) Sweets (D)Vegetables
(B) (a-3) (b-4) (c-1) (d-2) 6 Bile is produced by
(C) (a-4) (b-1) (c-2) (d-3) (A)Stomach (B)Liver
(D) (a-1) (b-2) (c-3) (d-4) (C) Gall bladder (D) Pancreas
2. Examine the following statements.
(A) Iron, necessary for the human body, is Read the passage given below and answer
abundantly found in green vegetables. the question no. 7 to 14. Animals can’t produce
(B) Zinc is one of the essential trace their food themeselves, they obtain their food
elements required for human body. from green plants. Where as green plants are
(C) Fats and minerals are not the essential capable to convert solar energy into chemical
nutrients for a balanced diet of humans. energy for the production of food .This
(D) The food that generate energy in the process is represented by following equation.
body after complete oxidation are in the
form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Sunlight
Which one of the following alternatives is 6CO2 12H2O 
Chlorophyll
C6H12O6  6O2  6H2O
wrong ?
7. The process represented by above equation
(A) A (B) B
is-
(C) C (D) D
(A) Photosynthesis
3. Which of the following statement is wrong ?
(B) Reduction of carbohydrate
(A) Quinine, a malarial drug is obtained
(C) Respiration
from the plant cinchona.
(D) Protein synthesis
(B) Pulses are rich sources of starch and
8. The gas produce in above process are-
minerals.
(A) Oxygen
(C) Sunflower is a good source of
(B) Carbon di oxide
vegetable oil.
(C) Water vapour
(D) Green vegetables are good sources of
(D) All above
vitamins and minerals.
9. The essential factors for above process are-
4. Ecological importance of earth worm is that
(A) Temprature and Cytoplasm
(A) It damages roots of plants.
(B) Sunlight and Chlorophyll
(B) It takes organic matter from soil surface
(C) Chlorophyll and Humidity
deeper into soil for absorption by plants.
(D) Sunlight and Air
(C) Its castings are rich in organic matter.
(D) It serves as food for protozoa.

NANCE 103
 10. This process is stopped at night because - 4. The complex substances of food in human
(A) CO2 increases are broken down into simpler ones with the
(B) O2 decreases help of digestive juices secreted by -

(C) Water is not transported (A) Rectum, Pancreas and Small Intestine

(D) Sunlight is not available (B) Salivary gland, Liver and Pancreas

11. In which substance the chemical energy is (C) Liver, Oesophagus and Large Intestine
stored by the above process ? (D) Salivary gland, Appendix and
(A) O2 (B) CO2 Duodenum
(C) C6H12O6 (D) H2O 15. Immunization is induced in a body by-
12. The process of photosynthesis in green (A) Antibiotics (B)Vaccination
plants involves - (C) Sterlization (D)Blood transfusion
(A) Intake of nitrogen and release of 16. Which of the following disease is caused by
insect bite -
oxygen (A) Scurvy (B)Dengu
(B) Intake of oxygen and release of (C) Pneumonia (D) Asthama
nitrogen 17. Which nitrogen base is present only in RNA
(C) Intake of carbon dioxide and release (A) Adenine (B) Guanine
of oxygen (C) Thymine (D) Uracil
18. If a nucleus is removed from a living cell, the
(D) Intake of oxygen and release of carbon
remaining part will be-
dioxide
(A) Nucleoplasm (B) Protoplasm
13. Some body system and the related part of (C) Cytoplasm (D) Cell sap
system are given in column P & Q
19. True statement is -
respectively
(A) Plant cell has cell membrane
P Q (B) Number of Ribosome is constant
(1) Digestive system (i) Kidney (C) Protein synthesis is done in plastids.
(2) Circulatory system(ii) Stomach (D) The shape of animal cells is spherical
(3) Excretory system (iii) Arteries 20. Synthesis of protein in cell occurs at-
(4) Reproductive system(iv) Fallopian tube (A) Nucleus (B) Chloroplasts
(C) Cell membrane (D) Ribosomes
The correct option is -
(A) 1 (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) 21. Suicidal bags of cells are-
(B) 1 (ii) 2 (iv) 3 (i) 4 (iii) (A) Lysosomes (B) Ribosomes
(C) Centrosomes (D) Nucleosomes
(C) 1 (iii) 2 (i) 3 (ii) 4 (iv)
(D) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (i) 4 (iv)

NANCE 104
 22. Genetic characters of a living being are 28. Soil erosion due to running water can be
transmitted to the offsprings by- checked by:
(A) Ribosomes (B) Chromosomes (A) Animal grazing
(C) Plasma (D) Lysosomes (B) Afforestation
23. Elephants eat grass and both have cells. (C) Building reservoirs
Read the following statements regarding (D) Cultivation on steep slopes
cells. Identify the correct ones. 29. Biogas is a mixture of :
(A) Elephant cells are bigger than grass (A) Methane and Carbon dioxide
cells. (B) Methane and Hydrogen
(B) Elephant cells have plastids and small (C) Propane and Benzene
vacuoles. (D) Nitrogen and Hydrogen
(C) Grass cells have walls and vacuoles. 30. Match the column :
(D) Grass cells have cilia and chloroplasts Column I Column II
A. Jim corbett a. One horned rhinoceros
(E) Elephant cells have cell membrane and
mitochondria national park
Which one of the following alternatives is B. Gir sanctuary b. Tiger
correct? C. Bandipur c. Asiatic Lion
(A) A and C (B) B and C national park
(C) C and E (D) D and E D. Kaziranga d. Indian elephant
24. Amount of Glucose is higher in urine of a national park
person. The reason is deficiency of hormone Which one of the following is correct
(A) Thyroxine (B) Astrogen (A) A-c, B-d, C-a, D-b
(C) Insulin (D) Adrenalin (B) A-b, B-c, C-d, D-a
25. Insulin is produced by - (C) A-a, B-b, C-c, D-d
(A) Stomach (B) Liver (D) A-d, B-c, C-b, D-a
(C) Gall bladder (D) Pancreas (D) A-d, B-c, C-b, D-a
26. Which hormone when secreted increases 31. Which of the following disease is caused by
heart beats- bacteria?
(A) Insulin (B) Adrenalin (A) Small pox (B) Polio
(C) Cortisone (D) Testosterone (C) AIDS (D) Cholera
27. The best solution to stop environmental 32. Sleeping sickness is caused by a protozoan
pollution is: Trypanosoma. This protozoan is present in
(A) Water conservation the salivary gland of a blood sucking insect.
(B) Land conservation (A) Culex mosquito
(C) Control on industries (B) Anopheles mosquito
(D) Population control (C) Fruit fly
(D) Tsetse fly

NANCE 105
 33. Read the following passage: When tissue 34. Examine the statements given below:
culture raised pine plants were planted in a (A) The activity of fungi is absolutely
nursery they did not survive. But when a essential for the recycling of inorganic
small amount of soil from the hills where pine resources in the biosphere.
plants grow was mixed with the nursery soil, (B) The spore is a typical reproductive unit
the plantlets survived. Later investigations of a fungi
showed that the hill soil contained specific (C) The greenish growth on bread is due to
fungi which are required for growth of pine fungi
plants: (D) All fungi have a cell wall composed of
Which of the following statements regarding cellulose, a nitrogen cont aining
soil micro-organisms is NOT correct? polysaccharide.
(A) They provide certain proteins and poly- Which one is the correct alternative?
saccharides required for growth of plants. (A) B, C and D are true, A is false
(B) Roots of most of the plants are closely (B) A, C and D are true, B is false
associated with fungi. (C) A, B & D are true, C is false
(C) They maintain certain mineral element in (D) A, B & C are true, D is false
soluble form in the soil for easy absorption 36. Which disease is cured by DOTS strategy?
by roots. (A) T.B. (B) Typhoid
(D)They absorb and transfer minerals from (C) Rabbies (D) Malaria
soil to roots of plants. 37. Diagnostic test for AIDS is-
(A) Widal test (B) Lepamin test
(C) Elisa test (D) Biopsy

Q. N. 1 2 3
ANSWER
4 5
KEY
6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C B B A B A A B D
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C D B B B D C A D
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A B C C D B D B A B
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans. D D A C A C C

NANCE 106