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Electrical Submersible
Pumps Manual
Design, Operations, and Maintenance

Second Edition

Gabor Takacs, Ph.D

Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

Copyright Ó 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to
seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and
the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-814570-8

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Production Project Manager: Mohanapriyan Rajendran
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Preface to the First Edition

Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) is the only kind of artificial lifting for
which the original time of invention is known exactly and can be attributed to one
man, Armais Arutunoff. He made his first experiments in the Baku oilfields at
the Caspian Sea in the late 1910s, and was later the founder of the company
“Russian Electrical Dynamo of Arutunoff” whose acronym REDA is still very
well known all over the world. Arutunoff’s (who alone received about 90 patents
related to submersible equipment) pioneering work started an industry that today
lifts w10% of the world’s crude oil production.
From their early days on, ESP units have excelled in lifting much greater
liquid rates than most of the other types of artificial lift and have found their best
use in high-rate onshore and offshore applications. Continuous technological
development in the last almost 100 years has enormously modified the appli-
cation ranges for ESP equipment. High gas production, quickly changing liquid
production rates, viscous crudes, etc., conditions once very detrimental to ESP
operations, are now easily handled by present-day units. All these end up in the
indispensability of ESP equipment in the petroleum industry not only today but
in the foreseeable future as well.
I wrote this book with the needs of a petroleum engineering graduate student
in mind and with the objective of covering all aspects of up-to-date theories and
practices in ESP technology. While working on the manuscript, I used parts of
it in industrial short courses and I always considered the feedback from
participants when improving the material. This way, I believe, the target
audience of the book is even broader and includes practicing engineers as well.
Throughout the text, worked examples help readers understand basic principles
as well as design and analysis procedures.
This book, along with its two predecessors (Modern Sucker-Rod Pumping,
PennWell, 1993 and Gas Lift Manual, PennWell, 2005), concludes my coverage
of the three most important artificial lift methods: sucker-rod pumping, gas
lifting, and submersible pumping. Because these are the very technologies used
on the majority of artificially lifted oil wells, anyone studying these books will
have readily available a complete and up-to-date knowledge base encompassing
the major artificial lift technologies. I sincerely hope that readers will appreciate
the advantages of a uniform approach and treatment of the different topics
coming from a single author.

xv
Preface to the Second Edition

Since the publication of the first edition of this book in 2009 many important
developments have occurred in the electrical submersible pumping (ESP) in-
dustry. Most of them are evolutionary, but there are at least three revolutionary
technological changes that may shape the future. These are the use of powder
metallurgy in manufacturing submersible pump stages, the application of per-
manent magnet synchronous electric motors, and the rise of a new pump tech-
nology: the V-pump. The new stage manufacturing process produces more
complex pump stages (which are more and more frequently designed by CFD
methods) and permits to reach very high pump efficiencies never seen before.
Such stages are inherently more balanced than their casted counterparts and can
be used at exceptionally high speeds. At high speeds, pump stages develop
greatly increased hydraulic heads, so less stages are required and the length and
weight of submersible pumps decrease significantly.
The application of permanent magnet motors in other industries is quite
widespread: the ESP industry has just started using them. Their advantages are
numerous, but the most important is the lower power requirement and the longer
service life, as compared with present-day induction motors. In the present
scenario of low oil prices the proven 10%e30% reduction in production costs is
so desirable that the number of ESP installations using permanent magnet motors
grows exponentially.
The totally new pump type called V-Pump excels in conditions detrimental
for centrifugal pumps: high viscosity fluids, abrasive solids, or gas problems.
Driven by a usual ESP motor, this pump can work under such adverse conditions
where no submersible centrifugal pump could operate; it surely will expand the
application ranges of ESP operations in the near future.
One does not need ESP (this time extra-sensory perception) to predict that
these revolutionary developments will soon become part of the daily routine in
ESP operations.
This completely revised and expanded second edition of Electrical Sub-
mersible Pumps Manual describes in detail the new developments just
mentioned along with all the significant advancements in other areas. As before,
my objective was to provide the reader a clear assessment of state-of-the-art ESP
technology, which is a very important part of the artificial lift discipline. For this
reason I surveyed all available sources for new ideas, equipment, and procedures
and condensed my findings in this book for the benefit of fellow engineers. The

xvii
Contents

Preface to the First Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

1. Introduction
1.1 Artificial Lifting 1
1.1.1 Gas Lifting 1
1.1.2 Pumping 2
1.1.3 Comparison of Lift Methods 3
1.1.3.1 Lifting Capacities 3
1.1.3.2 System Efficiencies 5
1.1.3.3 Further Considerations 6
1.2 Short History of Electrical Submersible Pumping Applications 6
1.3 Basic Features of Electric Submersible Pumping Installations 8
1.3.1 Applications 8
1.3.2 Advantages and Limitations 9
References 10

2. Review of Fundamentals
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Well Inflow Performance 11
2.2.1 Introduction 11
2.2.2 The Productivity Index Concept 12
2.2.3 Inflow Performance Relationships 14
2.2.3.1 Introduction 14
2.2.3.2 Vogel’s Inflow Performance Relationship
Correlation 15
2.2.3.3 The Composite Inflow Performance
Relationship Curve 16
2.3 Hydraulic Fundamentals 21
2.3.1 Tubing Flow Calculations 21
2.3.2 Electrical Submersible Pumps 23
2.3.2.1 Operational Basics of Centrifugal Pumps 23
2.3.2.2 Specific Speed 27
2.3.2.3 Pump Performance 28
2.3.2.4 Cavitation 31
2.3.2.5 Axial Thrust Forces 32
2.3.2.6 Affinity Laws 34

v
vi Contents

2.4 Electrical Fundamentals 38

2.4.1 Alternating Current 38
2.4.2 Alternating Current Circuits, Alternating Current Power 40
2.4.3 Transformers 42
2.4.4 Electric Motors 44
2.4.4.1 Induction Motors 44
2.4.4.2 Permanent Magnet Motors 45
2.4.5 Electric Cable 47
2.5 Basics of Systems Analysis 48
2.5.1 Introduction 48
2.5.2 The Production System 49
2.5.3 Basic Principles 51
References 52

3. Electrical Submersible Pump Components and Their

Operational Features
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 The Submersible Pump 57
3.2.1 Basic Features 57
3.2.1.1 Pump Performance Curves 59
3.2.2 Floating Versus Fixed Impeller Pumps 65
3.2.3 Pump Temperature 67
3.2.4 Novel Pump Stage Design and Manufacturing 69
3.3 The ESP Motor 72
3.3.1 Induction-Type Asynchronous Motors 72
3.3.1.1 Motor Construction 72
3.3.1.2 Operational Features 80
3.3.1.3 Motor Performance 81
3.3.1.3.1 Motor Testing 82
3.3.1.3.2 Performance Curves 83
3.3.1.3.3 Startup Conditions 84
3.3.1.4 Motor Temperature 87
3.3.1.4.1 Heat Transfer Calculations 89
3.3.1.4.2 Allowed Motor Temperature 96
3.3.1.5 High-Performance Motors 97
3.3.2 Permanent Magnet Motors 98
3.3.2.1 Introduction 98
3.3.2.2 Motor Controllers for Permanent Magnet
Motors 98
3.3.2.2.1 Scalar Control 99
3.3.2.2.2 Vector Control 102
3.3.2.3 Constructional Details 103
3.3.2.4 Operational Features 105
3.3.2.5 Ultrahigh Speed Permanent Magnet
Motor Applications 109
3.3.2.6 Comparison with Induction Motors 111
3.3.2.7 Case Studies 115
3.3.2.8 Conclusions 116
 Contents vii

3.4 The Protector or Seal Section 118

3.4.1 Main Functions 118
3.4.2 Basic Operation 119
3.4.3 Main Parts 121
3.4.3.1 The Thrust Bearing 121
3.4.3.2 Isolation Chambers 123
3.4.3.2.1 Labyrinth-Type Chambers 124
3.4.3.2.2 Blocking Fluids 126
3.4.3.2.3 Bag-Type Chambers 127
3.4.3.2.4 Metal Bellows Type Chambers 128
3.4.3.3 Shaft Seals 129
3.4.4 Other Features 130
3.5 The Gravitational Gas Separator 132
3.6 The ESP Cable 134
3.6.1 Cable Materials 134
3.6.2 Cable Construction 137
3.6.3 Operational Features 137
3.7 Miscellaneous Downhole Equipment 142
3.8 Surface Equipment 145
3.8.1 Wellhead 145
3.8.2 Junction Box 146
3.8.3 Switchboard 148
3.8.4 Transformers 149
3.8.5 Miscellaneous Equipment 149
References 149

4. Use of ESP Equipment in Special Conditions

4.1 Introduction 153
4.2 Pumping Viscous Liquids 153
4.2.1 Introduction 153
4.2.2 The Hydraulic Institute Model 154
4.2.3 Other Models 159
4.3 Low or Changing Pumping Rates 162
4.3.1 Low-Rate Pumps 162
4.3.2 Wide-Operating-Range Pumps 163
4.4 Production of Gassy Wells 164
4.4.1 Introduction 164
4.4.2 Free-Gas Volume Calculations 165
4.4.3 Pump Performance Degradation 172
4.4.3.1 Gas Interference in Centrifugal Pumps 172
4.4.3.2 Performance Criteria 175
4.4.4 Possible Solutions 177
4.4.4.1 Utilization of Natural Gas Separation 177
4.4.4.1.1 Pump Set Below the
Perforations 177
4.4.4.1.2 Use of Motor Shrouds 178
viii Contents

4.4.4.2 Rotary Gas Separators 182

4.4.4.2.1 Available Types 182
4.4.4.2.2 The Role of Inducers 184
4.4.4.2.3 Separation Efficiencies 186
4.4.4.3 Gas Handling 189
4.4.4.3.1 Legacy Methods 189
4.4.4.3.2 Modern Solutions 191
4.4.5 Conclusions 194
4.5 Production of Abrasive Solids 195
4.5.1 Conventional Pumps 195
4.5.1.1 Introduction 195
4.5.1.2 Characteristics of Abrasive Materials 196
4.5.1.3 Sand Problem Areas 198
4.5.1.3.1 Pump Erosion 199
4.5.1.3.2 Abrasion in Radial Bearings 199
4.5.1.3.3 Abrasion in Thrust Washers 200
4.5.1.4 Solutions 200
4.5.1.4.1 Reduction of Radial Wear 201
4.5.1.5 Preventing Sand Accumulation Above
the Pump 205
4.5.1.6 Conclusions 206
4.5.2 Special Pumps for Abrasive Handling 207
4.6 High Well Temperatures 210
4.6.1 Temperature Problems and Solutions 210
4.6.2 Geothermal, Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Applications 213
4.7 Variable-Frequency Operation 214
4.7.1 Pump Performance at Variable Speeds 214
4.7.2 Variable-Speed Drives 217
4.7.2.1 Constructional Details 218
4.7.2.1.1 The Rectifier 218
4.7.2.1.2 The Direct Current Control
Section 219
4.7.2.1.3 The Inverter 219
4.7.2.2 Available Variable-Speed Drive Types 220
4.7.2.2.1 “Six-Step” Variable-Speed
Drive 220
4.7.2.2.2 Pulsed Width Modulation 220
4.7.2.2.3 Sine Wave Generators 223
4.7.2.2.4 Vector Control Devices 223
4.7.2.3 Operational Characteristics 224
4.7.3 Variable-Frequency Generators 225
4.7.4 Interaction of VSD/VFG and ESP Units 226
4.7.4.1 Variable-Frequency Operation of
Electrical Motors 226
4.7.4.2 Interaction of ESP Motors and VSD/VFG
Units 230
 Contents ix

4.7.5 Benefits of Using Variable-Speed Drive/Variable-

Frequency Generator Units 233
4.8 Other Problems 235
References 236

5. Design of ESP Installations

5.1 Introduction 241
5.2 Data Requirements 241
5.3 Conventional Design 242
5.3.1 Well Inflow Calculations 243
5.3.2 Total Dynamic Head Calculations 245
5.3.3 Selection of the Pump 246
5.3.3.1 Pump Series 246
5.3.3.2 Pump Type 247
5.3.3.3 Number of Stages, Pump Power 247
5.3.3.4 Checking the Pump’s Mechanical Strength 250
5.3.4 Selection of the Protector 250
5.3.5 Motor Selection 253
5.3.6 Selection of the Power Cable 255
5.3.6.1 Cable Length 256
5.3.6.2 Cable Type 256
5.3.6.3 Cable Size 256
5.3.6.4 Checking Motor Startup 259
5.3.7 Switchboard and Transformer Selection 259
5.3.8 Miscellaneous Equipment 260
5.3.8.1 Downhole Equipment 260
5.3.8.2 Surface Equipment 260
5.4 Conventional Design Considering Motor Slip 266
5.4.1 Introduction 266
5.4.2 Interaction of the ESP Motor and the Pump 267
5.4.3 Changes in the Conventional Design 269
5.4.3.1 Finding Actual Motor Speed 269
5.4.3.2 Finding Pump Head Including Motor Slip 269
5.5 Gassy Well Design 272
5.5.1 Inflow and Free Gas Calculations 273
5.5.2 Calculation of Total Dynamic Head 274
5.5.3 The Rest of the Design Procedure 276
5.6 Design of a Variable Speed Drive Installation 283
5.6.1 Introduction 283
5.6.2 Pump Selection for Variable Speed Drive Service 284
5.6.2.1 Driving Frequency and the Number of
Stages 284
5.6.2.2 Checking Pump Operation at the Minimum
Liquid Rate 285
5.6.3 Motor Selection 285
5.6.4 Switchboard and Transformers 287
x Contents

5.7 Design of a Permanent Magnet Motor Installation 297

5.7.1 Design Considerations 297
5.7.1.1 Selection of the Pump 297
5.7.1.2 Selection of the Permanent Magnet Motor 300
5.8 Comparison of Induction Motor and Permanent Magnet
Motor Installations 304
References 305

6. Analysis and Optimization 307

6.1 Introduction 307
6.2 NODAL Analysis 307
6.2.1 Using the HeadeRate Coordinate System 309
6.2.1.1 Single-Phase Cases 310
6.2.1.1.1 Constant Pumping Speed 312
6.2.1.1.2 Variable Pumping Speeds 315
6.2.1.1.3 Variable Wellhead Pressures 316
6.2.1.2 Multiphase Cases 318
6.2.1.2.1 Calculation Model 320
6.2.1.2.2 Applications 323
6.2.2 Using the PressureeRate Coordinate System 327
6.2.2.1 Single-Phase Cases 329
6.2.2.2 Multiphase Cases 334
6.3 Determination of Well Inflow Performance 336
6.3.1 The Conventional Method 336
6.3.2 Use of Variable-Speed Drives 339
6.3.3 Calculation of Bottomhole Pressures 341
6.3.3.1 Introduction 341
6.3.3.2 Annular Liquid Gradients 342
6.3.3.2.1 Static Conditions 343
6.3.3.2.2 Flowing Conditions 344
6.4 Power Efficiency of ESP Installations 348
6.4.1 Power Flow in the ESP System 349
6.4.2 Energy Losses and Efficiencies 351
6.4.2.1 Hydraulic Losses 352
6.4.2.1.1 Tubing Losses 352
6.4.2.1.2 Backpressure Losses 353
6.4.2.1.3 Pump Losses 354
6.4.2.1.4 Power Loss in Gas Separator 354
6.4.2.2 Electrical Losses 354
6.4.2.2.1 Motor Losses 355
6.4.2.2.2 Cable Losses 355
6.4.2.2.3 Surface Electrical Losses 356
6.4.3 System Efficiency 356
6.5 Optimization of Electrical Submersible Pump Operations 360
6.5.1 Introduction 360
6.5.2 Basics of Economic Optimization 361
References 365
 Contents xi

7. Operation, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Electrical

Submersible Pumping Systems
7.1 Introduction 367
7.2 Guidelines for Running and Pulling 367
7.2.1 Transportation to the Wellsite 368
7.2.2 Equipment Installation 368
7.2.2.1 Motor Installation 368
7.2.2.2 Protector Installation 369
7.2.2.3 Pump Installation 369
7.2.2.4 ESP Cable Installation 370
7.2.2.5 Final Measures 370
7.2.3 Running Equipment in the Well 370
7.2.4 System Startup 371
7.2.5 Pulling ESP Equipment 372
7.3 Production Control 373
7.3.1 Introduction 373
7.3.2 The Effects of Using Wellhead Chokes 374
7.3.2.1 The Need for Wellhead Chokes 374
7.3.2.2 Use of Variable-Speed Drive Units 377
7.3.2.3 Sample Calculations 378
7.4 Monitoring ESP Operations 383
7.4.1 Introduction 383
7.4.2 Acoustic Surveys 386
7.4.3 Downhole Measurements 387
7.4.3.1 Instruments and Communications 388
7.4.3.2 Measured Parameters and Their Use 389
7.4.4 Surface Controllers 390
7.4.4.1 Introduction 390
7.4.4.1.1 Fixed-Speed Drives 390
7.4.4.1.2 Variable-Speed Drives 390
7.4.4.2 ESP Controller Functions 391
7.5 Surveillance of ESP Operations 391
7.5.1 Introduction 391
7.5.2 Key Challenges and Requirements in Production
Operations 393
7.5.3 The Digital Oilfield 394
7.5.3.1 An Overview 394
7.5.3.2 Digital Oilfield: Step-by-Step Progression 396
7.5.4 ESP Data Visualization 398
7.5.4.1 Well Status and Well Group Status 398
7.5.4.2 Analysis Using Data Trend Visualization 401
References 404

8. Failures and Troubleshooting

8.1 Introduction 405
8.2 System Failures 405
xii Contents

8.2.1 General Causes of Failures 405

8.2.1.1 Vibrations in the ESP System 407
8.2.2 Typical Failures of System Components 409
8.2.3 ESP Teardown Analysis 411
8.2.3.1 Introduction 411
8.2.3.2 General Considerations 412
8.2.3.3 Motor Inspection 413
8.2.3.4 Protector Inspection 415
8.2.3.5 Pump Inspection 416
8.2.3.6 Cable Inspection 418
8.2.3.7 Inspection of Other Equipment 418
8.2.4 Failure Tracking 419
8.2.5 Run-Life Estimation 420
8.2.5.1 Introduction 420
8.2.5.2 Run-Life Measures 421
8.2.5.3 Lifetime Distribution 424
8.3 Troubleshooting Electrical Submersible Pumping
Installations 425
8.3.1 Interpretation of Ammeter Charts 425
8.3.2 Nodal Analysis Techniques 440
8.3.2.1 Introduction 440
8.3.2.2 Applications 440
8.3.2.3 The Use of Measured Pump Intake and
Discharge Pressures 443
References 447

9. Special Installations
9.1 Introduction 449
9.2 Tubing Deployed Installations 449
9.2.1 Producing a Single Zone 449
9.2.1.1 Shrouded and Horizontal Well
Installations 449
9.2.1.2 Parallelly Connected Installations 450
9.2.1.3 Series-Connected Installations 451
9.2.2 Dual Zone Installations 453
9.2.2.1 Production Commingling 453
9.2.2.2 Selective Production 455
9.3 Alternative Deployed Installations 456
9.3.1 Cable Suspended Units 457
9.3.2 Coiled Tubing Installations 458
9.3.2.1 Cable Led Outside the Coiled Tubing
String 458
9.3.2.2 Cable Led Inside the Coiled Tubing String 460
9.3.3 Thru-Tubing Deployed Systems 462
9.3.3.1 Retrievable ESP Pumps 462
9.3.3.2 Retrievable ESP Systems 464
9.3.4 Conclusions 467
 Contents xiii

9.4 Horizontal Pumping Systems 468

9.4.1 Available Configurations 468
9.4.2 Typical Applications 469
References 469

Appendices 471
Class Problems 497
Index 545
xviii Preface to the Second Edition

close to 300 references cited in the text prove that all significant contributions to
the advancement of our industry were detected and properly considered.
While researching for the book, I received tremendous amounts of help from
too many individuals to name; their contributions are gratefully appreciated.

Gabor Takacs, PhD

Budapest, May 2017
xvi Preface to the First Edition

My work on this project spanned several years and I started writing the book
while heading the Petroleum Engineering Department of the Miskolc University,
Hungary. Final chapters, however, were written in Abu Dhabi where, from
August 2007 on, I assumed the position of acting Director of the Petroleum
Engineering Program at The Petroleum Institute. My sincere thanks are due to
the management of both institutions for their continuous support.
Last but not least the everlasting patience and understanding of my wife Bea
and a loving family is earnestly appreciated.

Gabor Takacs
Abu Dhabi, May 2008
Other documents randomly have
different content
 CHAPTER CCXXXIII.

THE PETTY GERMAN PRINCES EXCELLENT PATRONS OF LITERATURE AND

LEARNED MEN.—THE DUKE OF SAXE WEIMAR.—QUOTATION FROM BP.
HACKET.—AN OPINION OF THE EXCELLENT MR. BOYLE.—A TENET OF THE
DEAN OF CHALON, PIERRE DE ST. JULIEN,—AND A VERITABLE PLANTAGENET.

Ita nati estis, ut bona malaque vestra ad Rempublicam pertineant.

TACITUS.

“We have long been accustomed to laugh at the pride and poverty of
petty German Princes,” says one of the most sensible and right
minded travellers that ever published the result of his observations in
Germany;1 “but nothing,” he proceeds, “can give a higher idea of the
respectability which so small a people may assume, and the quantity
of happiness which one of these insignificant monarchs may diffuse
around him, than the example of the little state of Weimar, with a
Prince like the present2 Grand Duke at its head. The mere pride of
sovereignty frequently most prominent where there is only the title to
justify it, is unknown to him; he is the most affable man in his
dominions, not simply with the condescension which any prince can
learn to practise as a useful quality, but from goodness of heart.” The
whole population of his state little if at all exceeds that of
Leicestershire; his capital is smaller than a third or fourth rate county
town; so in fact it scarcely deserves the name of a town; and the
inhabitants, vain as they are of its well earned reputation as the
German Athens, take a pride in having it considered merely a large
village: his revenue is less than that of many a British Peer, great
Commoner, or commercial Millionist. Yet “while the treasures of more
weighty potentates were insufficient to meet the necessities of their
political relations, his confined revenues could give independence
and careless leisure to the men who were gaining for Germany its
intellectual reputation.” It is not too much to say that for that
intellectual reputation, high as it is, and lasting as it will be, Germany
is little less beholden to the Duke of Weimar's well-bestowed
patronage, than to the genius of Wieland, and Schiller and Goëthe.
“In these little principalities, the same goodness of disposition can
work with more proportional effect than if it swayed the sceptre of an
empire; it comes more easily and directly into contact with those
towards whom it should be directed: the artificial world of courtly rank
and wealth has neither sufficient glare nor body to shut out from the
prince the more chequered world that lies below.”
1 RUSSELL.

2 A. D. 1822.

Alas no Prince either petty or great has followed the Duke of Saxe
Weimar's example! “He dwells,” says Mr. Downes, “like an estated
gentleman, surrounded by his tenantry.” Alas no British Peer, great
Commoner, or commercial Millionist has given to any portion of his
ampler revenues a like beneficent direction.

A good old Bishop3 quoting the text “not many wise men after the
flesh, not many mighty, not many noble are called,” cautions us
against distorting the Scripture as if it pronounced nothing but
confusion to the rulers of the earth, “let not the honourable person,”
said he, “hang down his head, as if power and wisdom, and noble
blood, and dignity were causes of rejection before God: no beloved!
Isaiah foretold that Kings should be nursing fathers, and Queens
should be nursing mothers of the Church, but it is often seen that the
benignity of nature and the liberality of fortune are made
impediments to a better life; and therefore Nobles and Princes are
more frequently threatened with judgment. I adjoin moreover that the
Scriptures speak more flatly against illustrious Magistrates, than the
common sort; for if God had left it to men, whose tongues are
prostituted to flattery, they had scarce been told that their
abominable sins would bring damnation.”
3 BISHOP HACKET.
When our philosopher considered the manner in which large
incomes are expended, (one way he had opportunities enough of
observing at Doncaster) he thought that in these times high birth
brought with it dangers and evils which in many or most instances,
more than counterbalanced its advantages.

That excellent person Mr. Boyle had formed a different opinion. To

be the son of a Peer whose prosperity had found many admirers, but
few parallels, and not to be his eldest son, was a happiness that he
used to “mention with great expressions of gratitude; his birth, he
said, so suiting his inclinations and designs, that, had he been
permitted an election, his choice would scarce have altered God's
assignment. For as on the one side, a lower birth would have too
much exposed him to the inconveniences of a mean descent, which
are too notorious to need specifying; so on the other side, to a
person whose humour indisposes him to the distracting hurry of the
world, the being born heir to a great family is but a glittering kind of
slavery, whilst obliging him to a public entangled course of life, to
support the credit of his family, and tying him from satisfying his
dearest inclinations, it often forces him to build the advantages of his
house upon the ruins of his own contentment.”

“A man of mean extraction,” he continues, “is seldom admitted to the

privacy and secrets of great ones promiscuously, and scarce dares
pretend to it, for fear of being censured saucy, or an intruder. And
titular greatness is ever an impediment to the knowledge of many
retired truths, that cannot be attained without familiarity with meaner
persons, and such other condescensions, as fond opinion, in great
men, disapproves and makes disgraceful.” “But he himself,” Mr.
Boyle said, “was born in a condition that neither was high enough to
prove a temptation to laziness, nor low enough to discourage him
from aspiring.” And certainly to a person that affected so much an
universal knowledge, and arbitrary vicissitudes of quiet and
employments, it could not be unwelcome to be of a quality, that was
a handsome stirrup to preferment, without an obligation to court it,
and which might at once both protect his higher pretensions from the
guilt of ambition, and secure his retiredness from contempt.
There would be more and higher advantages in high birth than Mr.
Boyle apprehended, if the Dean of Chalon, Pierre de St. Julien, were
right when he maintained contre l'opinion des Philosophes, et
l'ordinaire des Predicamants,—que la vraye Noblesse a sa source
du sang, et est substancielle.

Ces mots Gentilhomme de sang, et d'armes, de race genereuse, de

bonne part, &c., says the well-born Dean, who in his title pages let
us know that he was de la maison de Balleurré,—sont termes non de
qualité, ny d'habitude; ains importants substance de vray, comme il
est bien dit,

veniunt cum sanguine mores;

et aillieurs,

Qui viret in foliis venit à radicibus humor;

Sic patrum in natos abeunt cum semine mores.

Et comme le sang est le vehicule, et porteur des esprits de vie,

esquels est enclose la substance de l'ame; aussi est il le comme
chariot, qui porte et soustient celle substance qui decoule des peres,
et des ayeulx, par long ordre de generation, et provient aux enfants,
qui, nez de bonne et gentille semence, sont (conformement à
l'opinion du divin Philosophe Platon) rendu tels que leurs
progeniteurs, par la vertu des esprits enclos en la semence.—
Tellement qu'on ne peut nyer, que comme d'une bonne Ayre sortent
de bons oyseaux, d'un bon Haras de bons chevaux, &c., aussi il
importe beaucoup aux hommes d'estre nez de bons et valeureux
parents; voire tant, que les mal nez, ennemys de ceste bien
naissance, ne sont suffisants pour en juger.

Sir Robert Cotton once met with a man driving the plough, who was
a true and undoubted Plantagenet. “That worthy Doctor,” (Dr.
Hervey) says that worthy Fuller (dignissimus of being so styled
himself,) “hath made many converts in physic to his seeming
paradox, maintaining the circulation of blood running round about the
body of man. Nor is it less true that gentle blood fetcheth a circuit in
the body of a nation, running from Yeomanry, through Gentry to
Nobility, and so retrograde, returning through Gentry to Yeomanry
again.”

“Plust à Dieu,” said Maistre François Rabelais, of facetious memory,

“qu'un chacun saust aussi certainement—(as Gargantua that is,) sa
genealogie, depuis l'Arche de Noé, jusqu'à cet âge! Je pense que
plusieurs sont aujourd'hui Empereurs, Roys, Ducs, Princes et Papes
en la terre, lesquels sont descendus de quelques Porteurs de
rogatons et de constrets. Comme au rebours plusieurs sont gueux
de l'hostiere, souffreteux et miserables, lesquels sont descendus de
sang et ligne de grands Roys et Empereurs; attends l'admirable
transport des Regnes et Empires,

Des Assyriens, és Medes;

Des Medes, és Perses;
Des Perses, és Macédoniens;
Des Macédoniens, és Grecs;
Des Grecs, és François.

Et pour vous donner à entendre de moy qui vous parle, je cuide que
suis descendu de quelque riche Roy, ou Prince, au temps jadis; car
oncques ne vistes homme qui eust plus grande affection d'estre Roy
ou riche que moy, afin de faire grand chere, pas ne travailler, point
ne me soucier et bien enrichir mes amis, et tous gens de bien et de
sçavoir.”

CHAPTER CCXXXIV.

OPINION OF A MODERN DIVINE UPON THE WHEREABOUT OF NEWLY

DEPARTED SPIRITS.—ST. JOHN'S BURIAL, ONE RELIC ONLY OF THAT SAINT,
AND WHEREFORE.—A TALE CONCERNING ABRAHAM, ADAM AND EVE.
 Je sçay qu'il y a plusieurs qui diront que je fais beaucoup de petits fats contes, dont je
m'en passerois bien. Ouy, bien pour aucuns,—mais non pour moy, me contentant de
m'en renouveller le souvenance, et en tirer autant de plaisir.

BRANTÔME.

Watts who came to the odd conclusion in his Philosophical Essay,

that there may be Spirits which must be said, in strict philosophy to
be no where, endeavoured to explain what he called the ubi or
whereness of those spirits which are in a more imaginable situation.
While man is alive, the soul he thought might be said to be in his
brain, because the seat of consciousness seems to be there; but as
soon as it is dislodged from that local habitation by death, it finds
itself at once in a heaven or hell of its own, and this “without any
removal or relation to place, or change of distances.” The shell is
broken, the veil is withdrawn; it is where it was, but in a different
mode of existence, in the pure intellectual, or separate world. “It
reflects upon its own temper and actions in this life, it is conscious of
its virtues, or its vices,” and it has an endless spring of peace and joy
within, or is tormented with the anguish of self condemnation.

In his speculations the separation of soul from body is total, till their
re-union at the day of judgment; and this unquestionably is the
christian belief. The fablers of all religions have taken a different
view, because at all times and in all countries they have
accommodated their fictions to the notions of the people. The grave
is with them a place of rest, or of suffering. If Young had been a Jew,
a Mahommedan, or a Roman Catholic, he might be understood as
speaking literally when he says,

How populous, how vital is the grave.

St. Augustine had been assured by what he considered no light

testimony that St. John was not dead, but asleep in his sepulchre,
and that the motion of his breast as he breathed might be perceived
by a gentle movement of the earth. The words of our Lord after his
Resurrection, concerning the beloved disciple, “If I will that he tarry
till I come, what is that to thee,” gave scope to conjecture concerning
the fate of this Evangelist, and yet in some degree set bounds to that
spirit of lying invention which in process of time annexed as many
fables to corrupted Christianity as the Greek and Roman poets had
engrafted upon their heathenism, or the Rabbis upon the Jewish
faith. “Sinner that I am,” said a French prelate with demure irony,
when a head of St. John the Baptist was presented to him to kiss in
some Church of which it was the choicest treasure,—“sinner that I
am, this is the fourth head of the glorious Baptist that I have had the
happiness of holding in these unworthy hands!” But while some half
dozen or half score of these heads were produced, because it was
certain that the Saint had been beheaded, no relic of St. John the
Evangelist's person, nor of the Virgin Mary's, was ever invented. The
story of the Assumption precluded any such invention in the one
case,—and in St. John's the mysterious uncertainty of his fate had
the same effect as this received tradition. The Benedictines of St.
Claude's Monastery in the Jura exhibited his own manuscript of the
Apocalypse,—(the most learned of that order in no unlearned age,
believed or affected to believe that it was his actual autograph,)—
and they considered that it was greatly enhanced in value by its
being the only relic of that Saint in existence.

The fable which St. Augustine seems to have believed, was either
parent or child of the story told under the name of Abdias, that when
the Beloved Disciple had attained the postdiluvian age of ninety
seven, our Lord appeared to him, said unto him, “come unto me, that
thou mayest partake at my feast with thy brethren,” and fixed the
next Sunday, being Easter, for his removal from this world. On that
Sunday accordingly, the Evangelist after having performed service in
his own temple at Ephesus, and exhorted the people, told some of
his chosen disciples to take with them two mattocks and spade, and
accompany him therewith. They went to a place near the city, where
he had been accustomed to pray, there he bade them dig a grave,
and when they would have ceased from the work, he bade them dig
it still deeper. Then taking off all his garments except a linen
vestment, he spread them in the grave, laid himself down upon
them, ordered his disciples to cover him up, and forthwith fell asleep
in the Lord. Abdias proceeds no farther with the story; but other
ecclesiastic romancers add that the evangelist enjoined them to
open the grave on the day following; they did so and found nothing
but his garments, for the blessed virgin in recompence for the filial
piety which he had manifested towards her in obedience to our
Lord's injunctions from the cross, had obtained for him the privilege
of an Assumption like her own. Baronius has no objection to believe
this, but that St. John actually died is, he says more than certain,—
certo certius; and that his grave at Ephesus was proof of it, for certe
non nisi mortuorum solent esse sepulchra.

Yet the Cardinal knew that the historian of his Church frequently
represented the dead as sentient in their graves. The Jews have
some remarkable legends founded upon the same notion. It is
written in the book of Zohar, say the Rabbis, how when Abraham
had made a covenant with the people of the land, and was about to
make a feast for them, a calf which was to be slaughtered on the
occasion, broke loose and ran into the cave of Machpelah. Abraham
followed, and having entered the cave in pursuit, there he discovered
the bodies of Adam and Eve, each on a bed, with lamps burning
between them. They were sleeping the sleep of death, and there
was a good odour around them, like the odour of repose. In
consequence of having made this discovery it was that he desired to
purchase the cave for his own burial place; and when the sons of
Jebus refused to sell it, he fell upon his knees, and bowed himself
before them, till they were entreated. When he came to deposit the
body of Sarah there, Adam and Eve rose up, and refused their
consent. The reason which they gave for this unexpected prohibition
was, that they were already in a state of reproach before the Lord,
because of their transgression, and a farther reproach would be
brought upon them by a comparison with his good deeds, if they
allowed such company to be introduced into their resting place. But
Abraham took upon himself to answer for that; upon this they were
satisfied with his assurances, and composed themselves again to
their long sleep.
The Rabbis may be left to contend for the authority of the book of
Zohar in this particular against the story of the Cabalists that Adam's
bones were taken into the Ark, and divided afterwards by Noah
among his sons. The skull fell to Shem's portion; he burnt it on the
mountain which for that reason obtained the name of Golgotha, or
Calvary,—being interpreted, the place of a skull, and on that spot, for
mystical signification the cross whereon our Saviour suffered was
erected;—a wild legend, on which as wild a fiction has been grafted,
that a branch from the Tree of Life had been planted on Adam's
grave, and from the wood which that branch had produced the cross
was made.

And against either of these the authority of Rabbi Judas Bar Simon
is to be opposed, for he affirms that the dust of Adam was washed
away by the Deluge, and utterly dispersed.

The Rabbis have also to establish the credit of their own tradition
against that of the Arabs who at this time shew Eve's grave near
Jeddah;—about three days journey east from that place, according
to Bruce. He says, it is covered with green sods, and about fifty
yards in length. The Cashmerian traveller Abdulkurreem who visited
it in 1742, says that it measured an hundred and ninety-seven of his
footsteps, which would make the mother of mankind much taller than
Bruce's measurement. He likens it to a flower-bed; on the middle of
the grave there was then a small dome, and the ends of it were
enclosed with wooden pales. Burckhardt did not visit it; he was told
that it was about two miles only, northward of the town, and that it
was a rude structure of stone, some four feet in length, two or three
in height and as many in breadth, thus resembling the tomb of Noah,
which is shewn in the valley of Bekaa, in Syria. Thus widely do these
modern travellers, on any one of whom reasonable reliance might
have been placed, differ in the account of the same thing.
 CHAPTER CCXXXV.

THE SHORTEST AND PLEASANTEST WAY FROM DONCASTER TO JEDDAH,

WITH MANY MORE, TOO LONG.

Πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει

Πᾶ πᾶ γὰρ οὐκ ἔβαν ἐγώ.
SOPHOCLES.

We have got from the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the Eastern shore
of the Red Sea, without the assistance of mail-coach, steam-packet,
or air-balloon, the magical carpet, the wishing-cap, the shoes of
swiftness, or the seven-leagued boots. From Mr. Bacon's vicarage
we have got to Eve's grave, not per saltum, by any sudden, or
violent transition; but by following the stream of thought. We shall get
back in the same easy manner to that vicarage, and to the quiet
churchyard wherein the remains of one of the sweetest and for the
few latter years of her short life, one of the happiest of Eve's
daughters, were deposited in sure and certain hope. If you are in the
mood for a Chapter upon Churchyards, go reader to those which
Caroline Bowles has written;—you will find in them every thing that
can touch the heart, every thing that can sanctify the affections,
unalloyed by anything that can offend a pure taste and a masculine
judgement.

But before we find our way back we must tarry awhile among the
tombs, and converse with the fablers of old.

A young and lovely Frenchwoman after visiting the Columbarium

near the Villa Albani, expressed her feeling strongly upon our custom
of interring the dead, as compared with the non-burial of the
ancients, usage odieux, said she, qui rend la mort horrible! Si les
anciens en avaient moins d'effroi, c'est que la coutume de brûler les
corps dérobait au trépas tout ce qu'il a de hideux. Qu'il était
consolant et doux de pouvoir pleurer sur des cendres chéries! Qu'il
est épouvantable et déchirant aujourd'hui de penser que celui qu'on
a tant aimé n'offre plus qu'une image affreuse et décharnée dont on
ne pourrait supporter la vue.

The lady in whose journal these lines were written lies buried in the
Campo Santo at Milan, with the following inscription on her tomb;
Priez pour une jeune Française que la mort a frappée à vingt ans,
comme elle allait, après un voyage de huit mois avec un epoux
chéri, revoir son enfant, son pere et sa mere, qui venaient joyeux au-
devant d'elle. Her husband wished to have her remains burnt, in
conformity to her own opinion respecting the disposal of the dead,
and to his own feelings at the time, that he might have carried her
ashes to his own country, and piously have preserved them there, to
weep over them, and bequeath them to his son; mais les amis qui
m'entouraient, he says, combatterent mon desir, comme une
inspiration insensée de la douleur.

There can be no doubt that our ghastly personification of Death has

been derived from the practice of interment; and that of all modes in
which the dead have ever been disposed of, cremation is in some
respects the best. But this mode, were it generally practicable, would
in common use be accompanied with more revolting circumstances
than that which has now become the Christian usage. Some
abominations however it would have prevented, and though in place
of those superstitions which it precluded others would undoubtedly
have arisen, they would have been of a less loathsome character.

The Moors say that the dead are disturbed if their graves be trodden
on by Christian feet; the Rabbis that they feel the worms devouring
them.

On the south side of the city of Erzeroom is a mountain called Eyerli,

from the same likeness which has obtained for one of the English
mountains the unpoetical name of Saddleback. The Turkish traveller
Evlia Effendi saw on the top of this mountain a tomb eighty paces in
length, with two columns marking the place of the head and of the
feet. “I was looking on the tomb,” he says, “when a bad smell
occurred very hurtfully to my nose, and to that of my servant who
held the horses; and looking near, I then saw that the earth of the
grave, which was greasy and black, was boiling, like gruel in a pan. I
returned then, and having related my adventures in the evening in
company with the Pashaw, Djaafer Effendi of Erzeroom, a learned
man and an elegant writer, warned me not to visit the place again,
for it was the grave of Balaam the son of Beor, who died an infidel,
under the curse of Moses, and whose grave was kept always in this
state by subterraneous fires.”

When Wheler was at Constantinople, he noticed a monument in the

fairest and largest street of that city, the cupola of which was covered
with an iron grating. It was the tomb of Mahomet Cupriuli, father to
the then Grand Vizier. He had not been scrupulous as to the means
by which he settled the government during the Grand Seignior's
minority, and carried it on afterwards, quelling the discontents and
factions of the principal Agas, and the mutinies of the Janizaries.
Concerning him after his decease, says this traveller, “being buried
here, and having this stately monument of white marble covered with
lead erected over his body, the Grand Seigneur and Vizier had this
dream both in the same night, to wit, that he came to them and
earnestly begged of them a little water to refresh him, being in a
burning heat. Of this the Grand Seigneur and Vizier told each other
in the morning, and thereupon thought fit to consult the Mufti what to
do concerning it. The Mufti, according to their gross superstition,
advised that the roof of his sepulchre should be uncovered, that the
rain might descend on his body, thereby to quench the flames which
were tormenting his soul. And this remedy the people who smarted
under his oppression think he had great need of, supposing him to
be tormented in the other world for his tyrannies and cruelties
committed by him in this.”

If Cupriuli had been a Russian instead of a Turk, his body would

have been provided with a passport before it was committed to the
grave. Peter Henry Bruce in his curious memoirs gives the form of
one which in the reign of Peter the Great, always before the coffin of
a Russian was closed, was put between the fingers of the corpse:
—“We N. N. do certify by these presents that the bearer hereof hath
always lived among us as became a good Christian, professing the
Greek religion; and although he may have committed some sins, he
hath confessed the same, whereupon he hath received absolution,
and taken the communion for the remission of sins: That he hath
honoured God and his Saints, that he hath not neglected his prayers;
and hath fasted on the hours and days appointed by the Church:
That he hath always behaved himself towards me, his Confessor, in
such a manner that I have no reason to complain of him, or to refuse
him the absolution of his sins. In witness whereof I have given him
these testimonials, to the end that St. Peter upon sight of them, may
not deny him the opening of the gate to eternal bliss!”

The custom evidently implies an opinion that though soul and body
were disunited by death, they kept close company together till after
the burial; otherwise a passport which the Soul was to present at
Heaven's gate, would not have been placed in the hands of the
corpse. In the superstitions of the Romish church a re-union is
frequently supposed, but that there is an immediate separation upon
death is an article of faith, and it is represented by Sir Thomas More
as one of the punishments for a sinful soul to be brought from
Purgatory and made to attend, an unseen spectator, at the funeral of
its own body, and feel the mockery of all the pomps and vanities
used upon that occasion. The passage is in his Supplycacyon of
Soulys. One of the Supplicants from Purgatory speaks:

“Some hath there of us, while we were in health, not so much

studied how we might die penitent, and in good christian plight, as
how we might solemnly be borne out to burying, have gay and
goodly funerals, with heralds at our herses, and offering up our
helmets, setting up our scutcheons and coat-armours on the wall,
though there never came harness on our backs, nor never ancestor
of ours ever bare arms before. Then devised we some Doctor to
make a sermon at our mass in our month's mind, and then preach to
our praise with some fond fantasy devised of our name; and after
mass, much feasting, riotous and costly; and finally, like madmen,
made men merry at our death, and take our burying for a brideale.
For special punishment whereof, some of us have been by our Evil
Angels brought forth full heavily, in full great despight to behold our
own burying, and so, stand in great pain, invisible among the press,
and made to look on our carrion corpse, carried out with great pomp,
whereof our Lord knoweth we have taken heavy pleasure!”

In opposition to this there is a Rabbinical story which shows that

though the Jews did not attribute so much importance to the rights of
sepulture as the ancient Greeks, they nevertheless thought that a
parsimonious interment occasioned some uncomfortable
consequences to the dead.

A pious descendant of Abraham, whom his wife requited with a

curtain lecture for having, as she thought improvidently, given alms
to a poor person in a time of dearth, left his house, and went out to
pass the remainder of the night among the tombs, that he might
escape from her objurgations. There he overheard a conversation
between the Spirits of two young women, not long deceased. The
one said, “come let us go through the world, and then listen behind
the curtain and hear what chastisements are decreed for it.” The
other made answer, “I cannot go, because I have been buried in a
mat made of reeds, but go you, and bring me account of what you
hear.” Away went the Ghost whose grave-clothes were fit to appear
in: and when she returned, “well friend, what have you heard behind
the curtain,” said the ghost in the reed-mat. “I heard,” replied the
gad-about, “that whatever shall be sown in the first rains, will be
stricken with hail.” Away went the alms-giver; and upon this
intelligence which was more certain than any prognostication in the
Almanack, he waited till the second rains before he sowed his field;
all other fields were struck with hail, but according as he had
expected his crop escaped.

Next year, on the anniversary of the night which had proved so

fortunate to him, he went again to the Tombs: and overheard another
conversation between the same ghosts to the same purport. The
well drest ghost went through the world, listened behind the curtain,
and brought back information that whatever should be sown in the
second rains would be smitten with rust. Away went the good man,
and sowed his field in the first rains; all other crops were spoilt with
the rust, and only his escaped. His wife then enquired of him how it
had happened that in two successive years he had sown his fields at
a different time from every body else, and on both occasions his
were the only crops that had been saved. He made no secret to her
of his adventures, but told her how he had come to the knowledge
which had proved so beneficial. Ere long his wife happened to
quarrel with the mother of the poor ghost who was obliged to keep
her sepulchre; and the woman of unruly tongue, among other insults,
bade her go and look at her daughter, whom she had buried in a
reed-mat! Another anniversary came round, and the good man went
again to the Tomb; but he went this time in vain, for when the well-
dressed Ghost repeated her invitation, the other made answer, “let
me alone, my friend, the words which have past between you and
me have been heard among the living.”

The learned Cistercian1 to whom I owe this legend, expresses his

contempt for it; nevertheless he infers from it that the spirits of the
dead know what passes in this world; and that the doctrine of the
Romish Church upon that point, is proved by this tradition to have
been that of the Synagogue also.
1 BERTOLACCI.

The Mahommedans who adopted so many of the Rabbinical fables,

dispensed in one case for reasons of obvious convenience, with all
ceremonies of sepulchral costume. For the funeral of their martyrs,
by which appellation all Musselmen who fell in battle against the
unbelievers were honoured, none of those preparations were
required, which were necessary for those who die a natural death. A
martyr needs not to be washed after his death, nor to be enveloped
in grave-clothes; his own blood with which he is besmeared serves
him for all legal purification, and he may be wrapt in his robe, and
buried immediately after the funeral prayer, conformably to the order
of the Prophet, who has said, “bury them as they are, in their
garments, and in their blood! Wash them not, for their wounds will
smell of musk on the Day of Judgement.”

A man of Medina, taking leave of his wife as he was about to go to

the wars commended to the Lord her unborn babe. She died
presently afterwards, and every night there appeared a brilliant light
upon the middle of her tomb. The husband hearing of this upon his
return, hastened to the place; the sepulchre opened of itself; the wife
sate up in her winding sheet, and holding out to him a boy in her
arms, said to him take “that which thou commendedst to the Lord.
Hadst thou commended us both, thou shouldest have found us both
alive.” So saying she delivered to him the living infant, and laid
herself down, and the sepulchre closed over her.

* * * * *

PARS IMPERFECTA MANEBAT.—VIRG. ÆN.

The following materials, printed verbatim from the MS. Collection,

were to have completed the Chapter. It has been thought advisable
in the present instance to shew how the lamented Southey worked
up the collection of years. Each extract is on a separate slip of paper,
and some of them appear to have been made from thirty to forty
years ago, more or less.

And so the virtue of his youth before

Was in his age the ground of his delight.
JAMES I.
 Ἔνθεν δὲ Σθενέλον τάφον ἔδρακον Ἀκτορίδαο·
Ὅς ῥά τ Ἀμαζονίδων πολυθαρσέος ἐκ πολέμοιο
Ἄψ ἀνιὼν (δὴ γὰρ συνανήλυθεν Ἡρὰκλῆϊ)
Βλήμενος ἰῷ κεῖθεν ᾽επ᾽ ἀγχιάλον θάνεν ἀκτῆς.
Ὀυ μέν θην προτέρω ἀνεμέρεον· ἧκε γὰρ αὐτὴ
Φερσεφόνη ψυχὴν πολυδάκρυον Ἀκτορίδαο
Λισσομένην, τυτθόν περ ὁμήθεας ἄνδρας ἰδέσθαι.
Τύμβου δὲ στεφάνης ἐπιβὰς σκοπιάζετο νῆα,
Τοῖος ἐὼν οἷος πόλεμονδ᾽ ἴεν· ἀμφὶ δὲ καλὴ
Τετράφαλος φοίνικι λόφῳ ἐπελάμπετο πήληξ,
Καὶ ῥ᾽ ὁ μὲν αὖτις ἔδυνε μέγαν ζόφον· οἱ δ᾽ ἐσιδόντες
Θάμβησαν. τοὶς δ᾽ ὦρσε θεοπροπέων ἐπικελσαι
Αμπυκίδης Μόψος, λοιβῆσί τε μειλίξασθαι.
Ὃι δ᾽ ἀνὰ μὲν κραιπνῶς λαῖφος σπάσαν, ἐκ δὲ βαλόντες
Πείσματ᾽ ἐν αἰγιαλῷ Σθενέλου τάφον ἀμφεπένοντο,
Χύτλα τέ οἱχεύαντο, καὶ ἥγνισαν ἔντομα μήλων.
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.

The Abaza (a Circassian tribe) have a strange way of burying their

Beys. They put the body in a coffin of wood, which they nail on the
branches of some high trees and made a hole in the coffin by the
head, that the Bey as they say, may look unto Heaven. Bees enter
the coffin, and make honey, and cover the body with their comb: If
the season comes they open the coffin, take out the honey and sell
it, therefore much caution is necessary against the honey of the
Abazas.

EVLIA EFFENDI.

Once in their life time, the Jews say, they are bound by the Law of
Moses to go to the Holy Land, if they can, or be able, and the bones
of many dead Jews are carried there, and there burnt. We were
fraughted with wools from Constantinople to Sidon, in which sacks,
as most certainly was told to me, were many Jew's bones put into
little chests, but unknown to any of the ship. The Jews our
Merchants told me of them at my return from Jerusalem to Saphet,
but earnestly intreated me not to tell it, for fear of preventing them
another time.

Going on, one of my companions said, if you will take the trouble of
going a little out of the way, you will see a most remarkable thing.
Well, said I, what should be the object of all pains taken in travelling,
if it were not to admire the works of God. So we went on for an hour
to the north, but not taking the great road leading to the Plain of
Moosh, we advanced to a high rock that is a quarter of an hour out of
the road. To this rock, high like a tower, a man was formerly chained,
whose bones are yet preserved in the chains. Both bones and
chains are in a high state of preservation. The bones of the arms are
from seven to eight cubits in length, of an astonishing thickness. The
skull is like the cupola of a bath, and a man may creep in and out
without pain through the eye-holes. Eagles nestle in them. These
bones are said to be those of a faithful man who in Abraham's time
was chained by Nimrod to this rock, in order to be burnt by fire. The
fire calcined part of his body, so that it melted in one part with the
rock; but the arms and legs are stretching forth to the example of
posterity. We have no doubt that they will rise again into life at the
sound of the trumpet on the day of judgement.
 EVLIA EFFENDI.

The Magistrates of Leghorn have authority to issue out orders for

killing dogs if they abound too much in the streets, and molest the
inhabitants. The men entrusted with the execution of these orders go
through the city in the night, and drop small bits of poisoned bread in
the streets. These are eaten by the dogs and instantaneously kill
them. Before sunrise the same men go through the streets with a
cart, gather hundreds of the dead dogs, and carry them to the Jew's
burying ground without the town.

HASSELQUIST.

In the ROMANCE OF MERLIN it is said that before the time of Christ,

Adam and Eve and the whole ancient world were (not in Limbo) but
actually in Hell. And that when the Prophets comforted the souls
under their sufferings by telling them of the appointed Redeemer, the
Devils for that reason tormented these Prophets more than others.
The Devils themselves tell the story, et les tourmentions plus que les
autres. Et ilz faisoyent semblant que nostre tourment ne les grevoit
riens; ainçois comfortoyent les aultres pecheurs et disoyent. Le
Saulveur de tout le monde viendra qui tous nous delivrera.

At the time of the deluge the wife of Noah being pregnant, was
through the hardships of the voyage delivered of a dead child to
which the name of Tarh was given, because the letters of this word
form the number 217 which was the number of days he was carried
by his mother instead of the full time of 280 days, or nine months.
This child was buried in the district now called Djezere Ibn Omar, the
Island or Peninsula of the son of Omar, and this was the first burial
on earth after the deluge. And Noah prayed unto the Lord, saying,
Oh God thou hast given me a thousand years of life, and this child is
dead before it began to live on earth! And he begged of the Lord as
a blessing given to the burial-place of his child, that the women of
this town might never miscarry, which was granted; so that since that
time women, and female animals of every kind in this town are all
blessed with births in due time and long living. The length of the
grave of this untimely child of Noah is 40 feet and it is visited by
pilgrims.

EVLIA EFFENDI.

They suppose that a few souls are peculiarly gifted with the power of
quitting their bodies, of mounting into the skies, visiting distant
countries, and again returning and resuming them; they call the
mystery or prayer by which this power is obtained, the Mandiram.

CRAUFURD.

The plain of Kerbela is all desert, inhabited by none but by the dead,
and by roving wild hounds, the race of the dogs which licked the
blood of the martyrs, and which since are doomed to wander through
the wilderness.

EVLIA EFFENDI.

Shi whang, the K. of Tsin becoming Emperor, he chose for his

sepulchre the mountain Li, whose foundation he caused to dig, if we
may so speak, even to the centre of the earth. On its surface he
erected a mausoleum which might pass for a mountain. It was five
hundred feet high, and at least half a league in circumference. On
the outside was a vast tomb of stone, where one might walk as
easily as in the largest hall. In the middle was a sumptuous coffin,
and all around there were lamps and flambeaux, whose flames were
fed by human fat. Within this tomb, there was upon one side a pond
of quicksilver, upon which were scattered birds of gold and silver; on
the other a compleat magazine of moveables and arms; here and
there were the most precious jewels in thousands.
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