BES 108 - FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Dynamics:
(i)Fluid Kinematics. Steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, uniform and
non-uniform flow. Path line, streamlines and stream tubes. Velocity and discharge. Control
volume, Equation of continuity for compressible and incompressible fluids.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering

ELWIN JAY J. TANO

Fluid Kinematics
▪ Branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the response of fluids in
motion without considering forces and energies in them.
▪ The study of kinematics is often referred to as the geometry of
motion.

Car surface pressure contours Flow around cylindrical object

and streamlines
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Fluid Flow
Rate of flow: Quantity of fluid passing through any section in a unit
time.

Type:
volume of fluid
Volume flow rate =
time

mass of fluid
Mass flow rate =
time

weight of fluid
Weight flow rate =
time
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Fluid Flow

• Let's consider a pipe in which a fluid is flowing with mean velocity, V.

• Let, in unit time, t, volume of fluid (AL) passes through section X-X,

volume of fluid AL
Volume flow rate = Q = =
time t

mass of fluid ρ AL
Mass flow rate = M= =
time t

weight of fluid ρg(AL) γ(AL)

Weight flow rate = G = = =
time t t
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Types of Flow
▪ Depending upon fluid properties
▪ Ideal and Real flow
▪ Incompressible and compressible

▪ Depending upon properties of flow

▪ Laminar and turbulent flows
▪ Steady and unsteady flow
▪ Uniform and Non-uniform flow

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Ideal and Real Flow
Real fluid flow implies friction effects.
Ideal fluid flow is hypothetical; it assumes no friction.

Velocity distribution of pipe flow

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Compressible and Incompressible Flow
Incompressible fluid flows assume the fluid has constant density while in
compressible fluid flows density is variable and becomes a function of temperature
and pressure.

Incompressible fluid Compressible fluid

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow
The flow in laminations (layers) is termed as laminar flow while the case when fluid
flow layers intermix with each other is termed as turbulent flow.

Reynold's number is used to differentiate between laminar and turbulent flows.

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Steady and Unsteady Flows
Steady flow: It is the flow in which
conditions of flow remain constant with
time at a particular section but the condition
may be different at different sections.
• Flow conditions: velocity, pressure, density or
cross-sectional area, etc.
• e.g., A constant discharge through a pipe.

Unsteady flow: It is the flow in which

conditions of flow change with time at a
particular section.
• e.g., A variable discharge through a pipe
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Uniform and Non-uniform Flow
Uniform flow: It is the flow in which
conditions of flow remain constant from
section to section.
• e.g., Constant discharge through a constant
diameter pipe

Non-uniform flow: It is the flow in which

conditions of flow does not remain constant
from section to section.
• e.g., Constant discharge through variable
diameter pipe
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Flow Condition
Constant discharge through non- Variable discharge through non-
variable diameter pipe variable diameter pipe

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Flow Combinations

Type Example
Flow at a constant rate through a duct of uniform
Steady Uniform Flow
cross-section
Flow at constant rate through a duct of non-uniform
Steady Non-uniform Flow
cross-section (tapering pipe)
Flow at varying rates through a long straight pipe of
Unsteady Uniform Flow
uniform cross-section.
Flow at varying rates through a duct of non-uniform
Unsteady Non-uniform Flow
cross-section.

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One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flows
▪ Although in general, all fluids flow three-dimensionally, with pressures and
velocities and other flow properties varying in all directions, in many cases the
greatest changes only occur in two directions or even only in one. In these cases,
changes in the other direction can be effectively ignored making analysis much
more simple.
▪ Flow is one dimensional if the flow parameters (such as velocity, pressure, depth,
etc.) at a given instant in time only vary in the direction of flow and not across
the cross-section

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One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flows
▪ Flow is two-dimensional if it can be
assumed that the flow parameters
vary in the direction of flow and in
one direction at right angles to this
direction

▪ Flow is three-dimensional if the flow

parameters vary in all three
directions, of the flow

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Visualization of Flow Pattern
The flow velocity is the basic description of how a fluid moves in time and space,
but in order to visualize the flow pattern it is useful to define some other
properties of the flow. These definitions correspond to various experimental
methods of visualizing fluid flow.

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Visualization of Flow Pattern

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Pathline and Streamline
Pathline is a trace made by a single particle over a
period of time.
Streamline shows the mean direction of a number
of particles at the same instance of time.
Characteristics of Streamline
1. Streamlines can not cross each other.
(otherwise, the cross point will have two
tangential lines.)
2. Streamline can't be a folding line, but a
smooth curve.
3. Streamline cluster density reflects the
magnitude of velocity. (Dense streamlines
mean large velocity; while sparse streamlines
mean small velocity.)
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Streakline and Streamtubes
A streakline is the locus of fluid particles
that have passed sequentially through a
prescribed point in the flow. It is an
instantaneous picture of the position of all
particles in flow that have passed through a
given point.

A streamtube is an imaginary tube whose

boundary consists of streamlines. The
volume flow rate must be the same for all
cross-sections of the stream tube.

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Mean Velocity and Discharge

Let's consider a fluid flowing with mean velocity, V, in a pipe of uniform cross-section. Thus the
volume of fluid that passes through section XX in unit time, 𝝙t, becomes:

Volume Flow Rate : Similarly:

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Fluid System and Control Volume
A fluid system refers to a specific mass of fluid within the
boundaries defined by a close surface. The shape of the
system and the boundaries may change with time, as when
fluid moves and deforms, the system containing it also moves
and deforms.

Control volume refers to a fixed region in space, which does

not move or change shape. It is a region in which fluid flows
into and out.
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Continuity
▪ Matter cannot be created or destroyed (it
is simply changed into a different form of
matter).
▪ This principle is known as the conservation
of mass and we use it to analyze flowing
fluids.
▪ The principle is applied to fixed volumes,
known as control volumes, as shown in the
figure.

For any control volume, the principle of conservation of mass says

Mass entering per unit time -Mass leaving per unit time = Increase of mass in the control volume per unit time

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Continuity Equation
For steady flow, there is no increase in the mass within the control volume so

Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time
Derivation:
• Let’s consider a stream tube.
ρ1, v1 and A1 are mass density, velocity, and cross-sectional
area in section 1. Similarly, ρ2, v2, and A2 are mass density,
velocity, and cross-sectional area in section 2.
• According to mass conservation

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Continuity Equation
For steady flow condition

• Hence, for steady flow condition, mass flow rate at section 1 = mass flow rate at
section 2. i.e., mass flow rate is constant.
• Similarly
• Assuming incompressible fluid,

• Therefore, according to mass conservation for a steady flow of incompressible fluids

volume flow rate remains the same from section to section.
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References
Pritchard, P. J. & Leylegian, J. C. (2011). Fox and McDonald’s
introduction to fluid mechanics (8th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Potter, M. C. & Wiggert, D. C. (2008). Schaum’s outline of fluid

mechanics. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Fox, J. A. (1977). An introduction to engineering fluid mechanics (2nd

Ed.) Macmillan Press Ltd.

White, F. M. (2011, January 1). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Science,

Engineering & Mathematics.

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Thank You
BES 108 - FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Dynamics:
(ii)Hydrodynamics: Different forms of energy in a flowing liquid, head, Bernoulli's
equation and its application, Energy line and Hydraulic Gradient Line, and Energy
Equation.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering

ELWIN JAY J. TANO

Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy due to the motion of the body. A body of mass, m, when moving
with velocity, V, possesses kinetic energy.

Potential Energy: Energy due to the elevation of the body above an arbitrary datum

Pressure Energy: Energy due to pressure above datum, most usually its pressure above
atmospheric

Internal Energy: It is the energy that is associated with the molecular, or internal state of
matter; it may be stored in many forms, including thermal, nuclear, chemical and
electrostatic.
2
Head
Head: Energy per unit weight is called head
Kinetic head: Kinetic energy per unit weight

Potential head: Potential energy per unit weigh

Weight Pressure head: Pressure energy per unit weight

3
Total Head
TOTAL HEAD = Kinetic Head + Potential Head + Pressure Head

4
Bernoulli’s Equation
▪ It states that the sum of kinetic, potential, and pressure heads of
a fluid particle is constant along a streamline during steady flow
when compressibility and frictional effects are negligible.
▪ i.e., For an ideal fluid, the total head of fluid particles remains
constant during a steady-incompressible flow.
▪ Or total head along a streamline is constant during steady flow
when compressibility and frictional effects are negligible.

The general form of Bernoulli's Equation

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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line

• Static Pressure :
• Dynamic pressure :
• Hydrostatic Pressure:
• Stagnation Pressure: Static pressure + dynamic Pressure

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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
▪ Measurement of Heads
▪ Piezometer: It measures pressure head

▪ Pitot tube: It measures the sum of

pressure and velocity heads i.e.,

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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy line: It is the line joining the total heads along a pipeline.
HGL: It is the line joining the pressure head along a pipeline.

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Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid
"For steady row, the external work done on any system plus the thermal energy
transferred into or out of the system is equal to the change of energy of the system“

Flow work: When the pressure forces acting on the boundaries move, in present
case when ρ1A1 and ρ2A2 at the end sections move through 𝝙s1 and 𝝙s2, external
work is done. It is referred to as flow work.

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Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid
Shaft work: Work done by machine

Where hm is the energy added to the flow by the machine per unit weight of flowing fluid. Note: if the
machine is a pump, which adds energy to the fluid, hm is positive and if the machine is a turbine, which
removes energy from fluid, hm is negative.

Heat Transferred: The heat transferred from an external source into the fluid system over time
intervals 𝝙t is

Where QH is the amount of energy put into the flow by the external heat source per unit weight
of flowing fluid. If the heat flow is out of the fluid, the value QH is negative and vice versa.
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Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

This is the general form of the energy equation. which applies to

liquids, gases, vapors and to ideal fluids as well as real fluids with
friction, both incompressible and compressible. The only restriction is
that its for steady flow.

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Energy Equation for Incompressible Fluid
▪ For incompressible fluids

▪ From the general form of the energy equation

▪ Where hL = (I2-I1)-QH = head loss. It is equal to its gain in internal

energy minus any heat added by an external source.
▪ hm is head removed/added by machines. It can also be referred to as
head loss due to pipe fitting, contraction, expansion and bends, etc
in pipes.

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Energy Equation for Incompressible Fluid
▪ In the absence of a machine, pipe fitting, etc.

▪ When the head loss is caused only by wall or pipe friction, hL

becomes hr, where hr is head loss due to friction

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Power
▪ Rate of work done is termed as power
Power=Energy/time
Power=(Energy/weight)(weight/time)
▪ If H is total head = total energy/weight and 𝛾Q is the weight flow
rate then the above equation can be written as
Power = (H)(𝛾 Q) = 𝛾 QH
▪ In BG: 1 horsepower = 550ft.lb/s
Power in (horsepower) = (H)(𝛾Q)/550
▪ In SI:
Power in (Kilowatts) = (H)(𝛾Q)/ 1000

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Examples
P1. Assume frictionless flow in a long, horizontal, conical pipe, where the diameter
is 3.6 ft at the entrance and 2.4 ft at the exit. The pressure head at the smaller end
is 15 ft of water. If the water flows through this cone at the rate of 95 cfs, find the
velocities at the two ends and the pressure head at the larger end.

Answer:
➢ 9.33 fps
➢ 21.0 fps
➢ 20.5 ft

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Examples
P2. Refer to the figure. Assume 𝑎 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 =
4 𝑚 and the flow is frictionless in the siphon.
Find the rate of discharge in m3/s and the
pressure head at B if the pipe has a uniform
diameter of 150 mm.

Answers:
➢ 0.1565 m3/s
➢ -5.00 m

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Examples
P3. A vertical pipe of 1.5 m in diameter and 20 m long has a pressure head at the
upper end of 6.3 m of water. When the flow of water through it is such that the
mean velocity is 5.6 m/s, the pipe friction head is hf = 1.09 m. Find the pressure
head at the lower end of the pipe when the flow is (a) downward and (b) upward.

Answers:
➢ 25.2 m
➢ 27.4 m

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Examples
P4. in the figure, the pipe AB is of uniform diameter h = 28 ft.
The pressure at A is 30 psi and at B is 40 psi. In which direction
is the flow, and what is the pipe friction head loss in feet of the
fluid if the liquid has a specific weight of (a) 35 lb/ft3 ; (b) 92
lb/ft3?

Answers:
➢ -13.14 ft ; B to A
➢ 12.35 ft ; A to B

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Examples
P5. Water flows through a pipe at 14 cfs. At a point where the pipe diameter is 18
in, the pressure is 30 psi; at a second point, further along the flow path and 2 ft
lower than the first, the diameter is 9 in and the pressure is 18 psi. Find the pipe
friction head loss between two points. Neglect other head losses.

Answers:

➢ 15.07 ft

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Examples
P6. Water from a reservoir is being supplied to a
powerhouse that is located at an elevation 325 m below
that of the reservoir surface (figure). Discharging through
a nozzle, the water has a jet velocity of 75 m/s and a jet
diameter of 250 mm. Find the kW lost to friction
between the reservoir and the jet, and find the power of
the in kW.

Answers:
➢ 10350 kW
➢ 1383 kW

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Momentum and Force in Fluid Flow
▪ We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces. The lift force on an aircraft is
exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of water from a hose exerts a
force on whatever it hits.
▪ In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way as in
solid mechanics - by use of Newton's laws of motion.
▪ i.e .. F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to relate applied force to
acceleration.
▪ In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we should use so we
use a different form of the equation.

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Momentum and Force in Fluid Flow
Newton’s 2nd Law can be written as:
The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force acting on the body
and takes place in the direction of the force.

• The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in momentum must be in the same
direction as force.

It is also termed as impulse-momentum principle

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Examples
P7. A conical reducing section connects an existent 1 0. 16 cm diameter pipeline
with a new 5.08 cm diameter line. At 689.30 kPa static pressure under no-flow
conditions, what is the tensile force exerted on the connectors at joint A assuming
no end restraint from the pipe?

Answers:
➢ 4.19 kN

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Examples
P8. A small block of wood of density 0.4 x 103 kg/m3 is submerged in water at a
depth of 2.9 m. Find the acceleration of the block toward the surface when the
block is released in water whose viscosity is to be negligible.

Answers:
➢ 14.71 m/s2

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Examples
P9. The jet discharges water at the rate of 0.10 m3/s and at a speed of 18 m/s to a
stationary plate, Determine the force on the plate.

Answers:
➢ 1800 N

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References
Pritchard, P. J. & Leylegian, J. C. (2011). Fox and McDonald’s
introduction to fluid mechanics (8th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Potter, M. C. & Wiggert, D. C. (2008). Schaum’s outline of fluid

mechanics. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Fox, J. A. (1977). An introduction to engineering fluid mechanics (2nd

Ed.) Macmillan Press Ltd.

White, F. M. (2011, January 1). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Science,

Engineering & Mathematics.

26
Thank You