THE BIRTH OF A

FILIPINO NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
CIRILO GAZZINGAN, III B S C E - II
SAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES
 NATIONALISM
WHAT IS NATIONALISM (NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS)?
Nationalism (Merriam-Webster)

▷ Loyalty and devotion to a nation

▷A sense of national
consciousness
exalting one nation above all
others and placing primary
emphasis on promotion of its
culture and interests as opposed to
those of other nations or
supranational groups
Philippine Revolts

▷ these revolts failed because

of lack of communication and
the absence of national
leadership
 1.
CAUSES OF NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
WHAT ARE THEY?
 I. The Spanish
Revolution of 1868
I. The Spanish Revolution (1868)

▷ The triumph of liberalism in

Spain against the autocratic rule of
Isabela II (1833-1869) resounded
across the seas to the shores of her
overseas colonies.
I. The Spanish Revolution (1868)

▷ The people in the Philippines

came to enjoy for the first time
the sweet taste of a liberal regime
II. Opening of Suez
Canal
The Suez Canal
This canal is 103 miles long.
I. Opening of Suez Canal

▷ The opening of Suez Canal

(1869) gave more opportunities to
the illustrados and elites to travel
and gain education in different
places in Europe.
II. Opening of Suez Canal

▷ The opening of Suez Canal to

world shipping in 1869 stimulated
Philippine progress.
II. Opening of Suez Canal

▷ The transformation of the

Philippine economy into a raw
material market for Europe
unconsciously increased their
contact with the intellectual
tradition of the West
III. Spread of New
Ideas
III. Spread of New Ideas

▷ Philippines was opened by

Spain to World Trade
▷ Liberal ideas , contained books
and newspapers, were ideologies of
the American and French
Revolutions and the thoughts of
different philosophers such as:
III. Spread of New Ideas

▷ MONTESQUIEU
- separation of powers
▷VOLTAIRE
- freedom of religion
▷LOCKE
- liberalism
▷JEFFERSON
- anti-slavery
 Principalia
The Principalía or noble class was the ruling and
usually educated upper class in the towns of
Spanish Philippines
III. Spread of New Ideas

▷ Liberal ideas from Europe

filtered in when Spain gradually
exposed Phil. To international
commerce. ▷ The sons and
daughters of the principalia were
able to attain education, thereupon
giving then exposure to libertarian
ideas.
 Ilustrados
The Ilustrados constituted the Filipino educated
class during the Spanish colonial period in the late
19th century.
III. Spread of New Ideas

▷ Ilustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar

and Jaena who had their education
in Europe obtained liberal ideas on
these significant events in the
history of the world.
III. Spread of New Ideas

▷ Sentiments against the

Principales - The masses had been
skeptical about local aristocracy
due to their proportion and
influence in the society
IV. Racial Prejudice
against the Filipino
People
IV. Race Prejudice against the
Filipino Priests

▷ Two kinds of priests served the

Catholic Church in the Philippines.
These were the regulars and the
seculars.
IV. Racial Prejudice against the
Filipino Priests

▷ Conflict began when the bishops

insisted on visiting the parishes
that were being run by regular
priests. The regular priests refused
these visits, saying that they were
not under the bishop’s jurisdiction.
They threatened to abandon their
parishes if the bishops persisted.
IV. Racial Prejudice against the
Filipino Priests

▷ The regulars resented the

move because they considered
the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other reasons
they cited the Filipinos’ brown
skin, lack of education, and
inadequate experience.
IV. Racial Prejudice against the
Filipino Priests

▷ The controversy became more

intense when the Jesuits returned
to the Philippines. They had been
exiled from the country because of
certain policies of the order that
the Spanish authorities did not like.
IV. Racial Prejudice against the
Filipino Priests

▷ The issue soon took on a racial

slant. The Spaniards were clearly
favoring their own regular priest
over Filipino priests.
Racial Hirerarchy
Racial Hirerachy

Peninsulares Insulares
Spanish mestizos, Principalia
Chinese mestizos

Natives or Indios
Peninsulares

▷They are the

highest class in the
Philippines,
entrusted with the
offices of high rank.
Insulares

▷Insulares. They
are a rank below
the peninsulares.
The insulares are of
European descent
but born in the
colonies of Spain.
Insulares
▷insulares enjoy various
goverment and church
positions but as
economics and power
shifted, they changed to
capitalist driven
entrepreneurs owning
large parcels of lands.
Mestizo de Espanol

▷They are offsprings

of Spanish people
interbreeding with
Filipinos. Mestizo is
a term given to
individuals inheriting
foreign ancestry.
Mestizo de Espanol

▷They may have

better relations with
the local governors
or with the church as
they are favored
more compared to
the common man.
Mestizo de Sangley

▷A person of
Filipino or any racial
descent marrying a
Chinese, the result is
children that will be
called mestizo de
sangley.
Mestizo de Sangley
▷artisans and
petty traders
▷ allowed to lease
lands from friar
estates and earned
from it.
Natives or “Indios”

▷ pure-blooded
Filipino People
▷ lowest class in
the Philippine
society during
Spanish rule
Natives or “Indios”

▷ considered
as “slaves”
IV. Racial Prejudice against the
Filipino People

▷ Filipinos are considered as

an inferior race with limited
intelligence
V. Martyrdom of
GomBurZa
GomBurZa

Gomburza or GOMBURZA
refers to three Filipino
Catholic priests (Mariano
Gómez, José Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora), who were
executed on 17 February
1872 at Luneta in
Bagumbayan
On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed at
the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt against the Spanish
government’s voiding of their exemption from the
payment of tributes. The Cavite Mutiny led to the
persecution of prominent Filipinos; secular priests
Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—
who would then be collectively named GomBurZa—
were tagged as the masterminds of the uprising. The
priests were charged with treason and sedition by the
Spanish military tribunal—a ruling believed to be part of
a conspiracy to stifle the growing popularity of Filipino
secular priests and the threat they posed to the Spanish
clergy. The GomBurZa were publicly executed, by
garrote, on the early morning of February 17, 1872 at
Bagumbayan.
V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

▷ The Filipino people deeply

resented the execution of Fathers
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.
▷ They were acclaimed as the
executed priests as true martyrs of
their fatherland.
V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

▷ The execution of GOMBURZA

speed up the growth of Philippine
Nationalism, which ultimately brought
about Spain’s downfall.
V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

▷ The concept of nationhood

coincided with the development of the
concept of Filipinos.
▷ Before, Filipinos would only refer
to the españoles insulares. Later, it
included the mestizos de sangley and
the native elite who had Hispanized
themselves
V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

▷ Also the invention of printing press

helped the propagandist express and
show their thoughts and ideas through
newspaper. Because of this, Filipino
masses became more aware on the
events happening around them.
V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

▷ The propagandists tried to infuse

Filipino with national meaning, which
later included the entire people in the
archipelago
▷ Since then, Filipinos recognize
the importance of expressing their
self, their own nationality, and their
freedom.
Summary

Opening of Suez Canal Spread of New Ideas The Spanish Revolution

Stimulated the spread of The concept of liberalism of 1868
intellectual practices and engaged the Filipinos to fight Start of a liberal regime
traditions from Europe for their rights and freedom

Race Prejudice against Martyrdom of

the Filipino People GomBurZa
Filipinos are considered as an Started the uprising of
inferior race with a limited Filipino Nationalism
intellectual capabilities
THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
PROPAGANDA
What is PROPAGANDA?
Propaganda (Merriam-Webster)

▷ideas or statements that are often

false or exaggerated and that are
spread in order to help a cause, a
political leader, a government, etc.
Propaganda
Movement

The emergence of
more Filipino
ilustrados gave
birth to a unifies
nationalist
movement.
Propaganda
Movement

The campaign was

known in our
history as the
Propaganda
Movement
Propaganda
Movement

Rizal, del Pilar and

Lopez Jaena are
considered to be
the pillars of the
Propaganda
Movement
Aim of Propaganda Movement

▷ to have a peaceful assimilation,

referring to the transition of the
Philippines from being a colony to a
province of Spain.
Graciano
Lopez Jaena
▷ left the
Philippines for
Spain in 1880
after publishing a
satirical novel,
Fray Botod
(Father Fatso).
Graciano
Lopez Jaena
▷In 1889, he
started the
newspaper, La
Solidaridad
Marcelo H.
Del Pilar
▷ lawyer and
journalist from
the town of
Bulacan
Marcelo H.
Del Pilar
▷ became the
editor-in-chief
of the La
Solidaridad
Jose Rizal
▷His more
popular works
were his two
novels Noli Me
Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
▷He
annotated the
book, Sucesos
de las Islas
Filipinas which
showed that
Filipinos had
developed
culture even
before the
Spanish
occupation.
The Propaganda Movement

▷Many Filipino propagandists

turned into masons because they
needed the help of the masons in
Spain and in other countries in their
fight of reforms.
▷This organization is
called Freemasonry
La Liga Filipina
La Liga Filipina

▷Rizal wrote the constitution of La

Liga Filipina while living in Hong
Kong with the help of Jose Ma Basa
 “
“Unus Instar Omnium”
- La Liga
The objectives of La Liga were:
▷ the unification of the whole
archipelago into one compact,
vigorous, and homogeneous body
▷ protection in cases of want and
necessity
▷ defense against violence
and injustice
▷ study and implementation
of reforms
La Liga Filipina

▷ On July 6, 1892, Rizal was

secretly arrested by order of
Governor Despujol and
subsequently imprisoned at Fort
Santiago.
La Liga Filipina

▷ The following day, the governor

general ordered the deportation of
Rizal to Dapitan, Zamboanga del
Norte as punishment of his
allegedly submersive materials
 End of the
Propaganda
Movement
The End of the Propaganda
Movement
▷ Rizal’s arrest marked the
crucial period of the
propagandists
▷ La Liga Filipina collapsed
▷M.H. Del Pilar and Lopez
Jaena died in Barcelona (1896)
The Revolution Begins
The end of the propaganda
movement marked the beginning of
a revolution. The writings by the
Propaganda Movement inspired
Andres Bonifacio to establish the
“Katipunan” and set the Philippines'
revolution in place.
 “
“He who does not know how to
look back at what he came from
will never get to his destination.”
- Jose Rizal
Good Afternoon!
Thank you for
listening